Until 1976, the education sector was under the jurisdiction of the states, while the central government coordinated and determined the standards of special and higher education. In 1976, under a constitutional amendment, governments shared responsibility for the area. Since that time, decisions to determine the structure of education are made by the states. The quality and standards of education are determined by the central government. The Education Department of the Department of Human Resources Development shares planning responsibility with the states. The Central Board of Education, founded in 1935, continues to play a major role in the development and control of educational policies and programs, the main ones being the National Education Policy (1986), the Program of Action (1986) and the updated versions. these documents (1992).

Elementary education
In accordance with the National Education Policy for the 21st Century, compulsory free education a decent level should be received by all children under the age of 14 years. As a result of the efforts of the central and state governments, today in almost every locality in rural areas there are primary schools (at the disposal of 94% of the rural population primary schools within a radius of 1 km). Schools of secondary education within a radius of 3 km are accessible to 84% of rural residents. Thus, since independence, the enrollment of children aged 6 to 14 in primary and secondary schools has increased to 87% and 50% respectively. Between 1950 and 1997 the number of these schools increased from 223,000 to 775,000, while the number of teachers in them increased from 624,000 to 3.84 million over the same period. The number of girls enrolled in school also increased significantly. At some point, the central government and the state governments have developed a strategy for accounting for children who leave school prematurely, as well as a policy aimed at improving student achievement, which focuses on the following aspects: 1) increasing parental participation; 2) improvement school curriculum and the learning process (the minimum required level of education); 5) district program general education and 6) the National School Nutrition Program. To consolidate the universal right and obligation to receive primary education, the Upper House of Parliament introduced the 83rd amendment to the Constitution. Subsequently, an expert group on education finance, set up to examine the needs for additional resources necessary for the introduction of compulsory education for children aged 6-14 years, presented a report, which is now under consideration by the government. A National Organization for Primary Education was also created. The National Committee of State Education Ministers, chaired by the Minister for Human Resources Development, was established to chart the way for universal compulsory primary education.

In 1987, a special program (Operation Blackboard Scheme) was launched, which was designed to provide all primary schools in the country with the necessary conditions for learning, in particular, to provide two teachers to each school and school equipment. In 1993, the number of teachers provided by the program was revised and increased from two to three, with an enrollment of over 100 children. Also, as part of the program, the number of teachers in secondary schools has increased, and additional funds have been allocated for the needs of schools. study guides. The central government fully covers the costs of teaching, teaching aids and pays salaries to teachers during the period of the plan. Building schools is the responsibility of the states. In 1997-1998 522,902 and 125,241 textbooks were distributed to all primary and secondary schools respectively. A third teacher position was authorized to be introduced in 53,037 primary schools, while 71,614 secondary schools received additional teachers. In 1999-2000 it was proposed to approve the introduction of 30,000 additional third teacher positions in primary schools and 20,000 additional teachers in secondary schools.

In 1979, the Non-Formal Education Program was launched, which was designed to provide education for children aged 6-14 who remained outside of formal education. The main focus of the program was the 10 states with low levels of education, but it was also carried out in urban slums, mountainous, tribal and other backward areas.

Teacher training
In accordance with the National Education Policy and Action Plan of 1986, the Central Government-sponsored Teacher Training Reorganization Program came into effect in 1987-88. The program provided for the creation of a viable institutional infrastructure, academic and resource base for training and pedagogical qualification school teachers, adult educators and non-formal educational institutions, as well as specialists in the field of teacher retraining. As part of this program, it was decided to open an educational-preparatory institute in each district in order to provide academic support to teachers primary school and educators for adults and non-formal educational institutions. The program also included raising the status of secondary school teacher training institutes to the level of colleges. teaching education and institutions fundamental research in the field of education (Institutes of Advanced Studies in Education) to train newcomers and improve the skills of existing teachers. The task of IASE is to conduct preparatory programs for primary school teachers, advanced training programs for teachers of primary and secondary schools and principals of secondary schools, basic and applied research, especially in interdisciplinary areas, preparation of methodological aids (guidelines) for district educational institutions, as well as assistance teacher training colleges. In total, by March 31, 1999, permits had been issued for the opening of 451 district educational institutions, 76 teacher training colleges, and 34 institutes for fundamental research in education in various states and union territories. Twenty Educational Research and Training Councils received financial support. A million teachers completed a preparatory course as part of a special program to determine the specialization of school teachers, during which they learned to work with educational material and equipment, and also got acquainted with the requirements of the minimum level of knowledge (Minimum Levels of Learning), where the emphasis is on teaching language, mathematics and learning environment. In 1995, the National Council for Teacher Training was established by the Government of India. Its task is to ensure the planned development of the teacher training system, regulation and maintenance of standards and norms teacher education and etc.

<Высшее образование>
The higher education system includes approximately 178 universities and 39 educational institutions that consider themselves universities, as well as 11 national educational institutions, 65 research institutions, 6759 general colleges and 1770 vocational colleges. For admission to higher educational institution no need to submit entrance exams.

The largest universities in India are: Calcutta (150 thousand students), Bombay (Mumbai, 150 thousand), Rajasthan (150 thousand), Delhi (130 thousand), M.K. Gandhi (150 thousand).

In addition to traditional universities, there are universities in India with a pronounced specificity: Visva Bharati and Indira Kala Sangith in Hairagarh, where they introduce exclusively Indian music; Rabindra Bharati in Calcutta, which focuses on teaching Bengali and Tagore studies, is also known as a women's university in Bombay.

In recent decades, the number of engineering students has dominated, although the proportion of graduates from liberal arts universities remains high - about 40%. Technical education plays an extremely important role in India's national economy and human resource development. Over the past half century, this area of ​​education has developed significantly. Currently, 185 institutes offer graduate programs in engineering and technical disciplines, where 16.8 thousand students enter annually. Except state institutions and technological institutes in the states, there are those that are jointly run by the central and state governments, as well as private institutions.

Among the main institutions that train technologists and managers, technical institutes in Mumbai, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Chennai and Guwahati, as well as six management institutes in Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Bangalore, Lucknow, Indore and Calicut. It takes three years to complete a first university degree. Within the higher education system in India, there are three levels of principles of qualifications: Bachelor, Master (Postgraduate level) and Doctoral. A bachelor's degree in arts, commerce and sciences requires 3 years of education (after 12 years of schooling). To obtain a bachelor's degree in agriculture, dentistry, pharmacology, veterinary medicine, the study period is 4 years, while studying architecture and medicine takes a longer time (5-5.5 years). Completely different terms for obtaining a bachelor's degree in journalism, library science and law.

The higher education system of India gives three degrees:
- Bachelor - Undergraduate level, study time from those to five years or more, depending on the specialty,
- master - postgraduate level, two years of study,
- doctor - pre-doctoral level,

Academic Qualification Structure:

Bachelor's degrees in arts, commerce and sciences require three years of education (after a 12-year cycle of schooling). A bachelor in agriculture, dentistry, pharmacopeia, veterinary medicine requires four years of study, while architecture and medicine take longer (five and five and a half years respectively). Completely different terms for obtaining a Bachelor's degree in journalism, library science and jurisprudence.

Obtaining a master's degree usually takes two years. The pre-doctoral level is accepted upon completion of the Master's degree.

Keywords: Education system in India, Education system of India, Education in India, School education in India, Higher education in India, India, Higher education institutions in India
Key Words: India, Education, The education system in India
List of sources:
1.
2.

1. Information about the country.
The official name is the Republic of India;
State in South Asia. Capital - Delhi;
Parliamentary republic;
Official languages ​​- Hindi, English.

2. Conditions for the legalization of education/qualification documents in the Russian Federation.
Education documents issued educational organizations India,have legal force on the territory of the Russian Federation without any additional certificate, - do not require no consular legalization, no apostille. This means that translations and copies of documents can be certified by a notary in the country where the documents were issued.

Base:
1. Treaty of October 3, 2000 between the Russian Federation and the Republic of India on legal assistance and legal relations in civil and commercial matters.

3. Education management system.
The Ministry of Human Resources Development is the main body regulating education policy. The Department of School Education and Literacy is responsible for school education. The Department of Higher Education exercises management in the field of higher education, including control over the activities of higher educational institutions.
The Central Council for Secondary Education - the main tasks are to control the formation and activities of secondary educational institutions, conduct exams for grades 10 and 12 throughout the country, develop study plans, etc.
Education in most universities in India is conducted on English language. Higher education in the country is provided at the level of programs of European universities.
Ministry of Human Resources Development - the main body regulating education policy. The Department of School Education and Literacy is responsible for school education. The Department of Higher Education exercises management in the field of higher education, including control over the activities of higher educational institutions.
National Council for Quality Assessment and Accreditation- a body subordinated to the Commission on University Grants, which accredits higher education institutions and assesses the quality of educational services in the higher education sector.
Central Board of Secondary Education- the main tasks are to control the formation and activities of secondary educational institutions, conduct exams for grades 10 and 12 throughout the country, develop training plans, etc.

4. Education system.
The education system of India includes 8 levels of education:
. preschool education Pre-School Education (starts for children at the age of 4, lasts 2 years);
. elementary education Elementary Education (for children from 6 years old lasts 8 years);
. incomplete secondary education Intermediate Education (from the age of 12 and lasts for 3 years; upon completion, a Basic Education Certificate is issued);
. secondary education Secondary Education (from the age of 14, training lasts 2 years; upon completion they receive a Secondary School Certificate);
. senior secondary education Higher Secondary Education (from the age of 16, training lasts 2 years, upon completion they receive a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate);
. vocational education Vocational and Technical Education (Admission at 16-18 years old, training lasts 0.5 - 3 years, as a result, students receive an Undergraduate Professional Certificate (Diploma));
. Undergraduate First Undergraduate Level
Bachelor (main degree) - admission at 18 years old, training 3-5.5 years. Depending on the duration of training, the volume of the program ranges from 90 to 150 credits;
Bachelor (second degree) - admission at 21, 1-3 years of study. The volume of the program is from 30 to 90 credits. In some cases, the first and second bachelor's degrees are awarded after the end of a single program lasting 5 years. In this case, the volume of the program ranges from 150 to 180 credits.
. Master's degree Postgraduate Level (Postgraduate Certificate (Diploma) admission at the age of 21, training lasts 1-3 years, is assigned a Master's Degree);
. Doctorate
Doctor of Philosophy - study period 2-3 years. On the basis of a master's degree, one can obtain a Ph.D. degree with a study period of at least 3 years; on the basis of a master's degree in philosophy, the duration of study is usually 2 years. Academically, this qualification leads to a PhD in any other field;
Master of Philosophy - study period 1-2 years. The programs leading to this qualification are a preparation course for admission to programs leading to a doctorate degree.

The academic year in India runs from July to March and includes 200 school days in school and 185 in higher education institutions.
Primary education in India is compulsory. In middle and senior high school students take annually final tests. Examinations of grades 9 and 11 are conducted by the management of educational institutions by their own efforts. The 10th and 12th grade exams are administered centrally by the State Examination Boards. Certificates containing data on the results of passing exams for grades 10 and 12 are documents indicating the completion of the corresponding level of education. Testing in grades 10 and 12 is carried out in 5-6 subjects. To successfully pass the student must score a minimum number of points in each subject. If the tests on the subject contain theoretical and practical parts, it is necessary to score a minimum of points, both in theory and in practice. Those students who have not scored a passing number of points in 1-2 subjects can retake these disciplines.
In the system of higher education, a credit system for recording the progress of students can be used. In this case, one credit contains 1 academic hour for theoretical subjects and 2-3 hours for practical subjects. Higher education institutions, in addition to conferring basic qualifications, also offer programs ranging from 6 months to 2 years leading to various certificates and diplomas, both in the first and second stages of higher education. Some educational institutions implement distance education programs.
Documents on education, indicating the completion of a certain level of secondary education, may differ depending on the authority authorized to issue the relevant documents, as well as on the date of issue. These documents are issued in Hindi, English, the official language of the state, or in two languages ​​- English and one of official languages state. Documents must contain the following distinguishing characteristics:
- the emblem of the authority responsible for issuing this type of document;
- signature of a person authorized by the issuing authority (as a rule, this is the Secretary of the Council); additionally, the signature of the head of the school may be present;
- name of the authority that issued the document;
- the name of the exams and the date they were held;
- the name of the candidate;
- name of the school;
- direction of the training program;
- list of examination subjects;
- the total number of points scored and the maximum value;
- the result of passing the exam (division/grade/class).
The certificate of completion may be accompanied by information on the results of the exam (markssheet, marksstatement, markscard, etc.), containing complete data on the subjects and grades passed (in the event that the certificate itself does not contain such data). Back side The certificate of passing the exams in most cases contains additional information regarding the results of the exams and their interpretation.
Documents on education, indicating the completion of a higher education program, may be bottled depending on the educational institution and on the date of issue. These documents are issued in Hindi, English, the official language of the state, or in two languages ​​- English and one of the official languages ​​of the state. Documents must contain the following distinguishing characteristics:
- a document on the completion of a higher education program is a combination of a certificate / diploma and a report card;
- the certificate/diploma must contain a seal educational institution and the signature of a person authorized by the educational institution;
- for some programs, the issuance of intermediate certificates / diplomas is provided, followed by the issuance of basic documents to the graduate;
- a report card, as a rule, is issued for each year of study.
The report card contains information about the disciplines studied and the grades received, but does not contain information about the volume of disciplines studied; in order to obtain this kind of information, it is necessary to obtain the curriculum of the program from the educational institution, however, in universities that use the credit system of assessment, the volume of subjects may be indicated in credits.

Student assessment system
The grading system in India can be points, descriptive, percentages or letters.

Diagram of the country's education system

Contrary to popular belief that India is one of the developing countries, and therefore education there is in its infancy, the level of knowledge that can be obtained in Indian universities is not inferior to the educational level of European universities. Until recently, despite the rich historical heritage, where in the field of education the country occupied one of the leading positions on the world stage, and a highly developed culture, India was just on the verge of economic development and lagged far behind other countries in this respect. As a result, the general level of education of the population was low. In recent decades, the situation has changed dramatically. India has become one of the rapidly developing countries and has taken an important position in the world economy. Now, more than ever, the country needs highly qualified personnel, so the support and development of the educational sphere and training is the most important task of the country's social policy.

History of Indian education

Since time immemorial, India has been the largest cultural and educational center worldwide. It was in India in 700 BC. e. The first university in the world was founded in Taxila. Indian scientists gave life to such important sciences as algebra and trigonometry. The Indian scientist Shridharacharya introduced the concept quadratic equations. Do not forget that Sanskrit is an ancient Indian literary language- formed the basis of all Indo-European languages. Ayurvedic medical practices, which came to us from India, are used today throughout the world. Another interesting fact: the art of navigation also comes from India - it originated here as early as 4000 BC. e. It is noteworthy that in modern word“navigation”, which has a common root in many Slavic and European languages ​​​​(English, German, French navigation, Italian navigatione), is an Indian etymology: it is based on the Sanskrit “navgatih” (shipmanship). Concept modern education in India is aimed at educating a diversified person who knows how to appreciate the beauty, art and rich cultural heritage of the country. At the heart of the modern educational system are orientation to the needs of the people, the preservation mother tongue and cultural traditions. One of the main directions of the country's social policy today is to increase the general level of education of the population, therefore, schools are being built everywhere in the states, the education of children in schools is promoted, as opposed to home education and work from an early age.

Preschool education

The system of preschool education in India as such does not exist. Home preschool education is traditionally developed in the country. Until the age of four, the child is at home under the supervision of the mother. If both parents are busy at work, they resort to the services of a nanny or relatives. Some schools have preparatory groups, where you can still send the child if it is not possible to educate him at home. In such groups, the baby spends most of the day and, in addition to being under constant supervision, goes through the stage of preparation for school and even begins to learn foreign languages ​​​​(mainly English).

Features of secondary education

Basic secondary education in India today is required to receive every citizen, regardless of gender and social status. This step is free. The minimum educational level is 10 classes. Here children study from 4 to 14 years old. The second stage: 11-12 grades, the stage is preparatory for those students who decide to continue their education at the university and get a specialty. Despite the fact that every citizen of India has the right to receive a free complete secondary education, there is a system of private schools in the country where in-depth study of individual subjects can be carried out, increased attention is paid to foreign languages. All educational institutions use innovative teaching methods, but the quality of education in private schools is much higher than in many public schools. educational institutions. The average cost of tuition in a private school is between $100 and $200 per month, and sometimes more.

It is interesting:

• all secondary schools provide students with free meals;
• it is in India that the world's largest (!) school is located, in which more than 32 thousand students study.

Video: about the cost of studying in Indian schools

Russian schools in India

Today in India there are only three full-fledged Russian-language schools: two elementary schools at the Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Mumbai and Chennai and one secondary comprehensive school at the Embassy Russian Federation located in New Delhi. Alternative ways of getting education for Russian-speaking children living with their parents in India are distance learning, family education or external studies. , where the largest number of Russian-speaking families live today, there is a practice of creating private preschool institutions with Russian-speaking teaching staff. But, as a rule, such children's institutions are created privately on the initiative of parents and do not work systematically.

Higher education system

The higher education system in India has a three-tier structure:

• undergraduate;
• magistracy;
• doctoral studies.

The duration of training directly depends on the chosen specialty. So, the period of study in the field of trade, arts is three years, and to get a specialty in the field Agriculture, medicine, pharmacology or veterinary medicine, you need to study for four years.

Bachelor's studies require a mandatory document of complete secondary education (12 years). After completing a bachelor's degree, a graduate has the right to continue his studies in a master's program (2 years) or go to work. In view of the active development of the country's economy in recent decades, the main emphasis in the higher education system of India has been placed on technical specialties, while humanitarian areas account for about 40% of total number. State and private enterprises are interested in obtaining highly qualified specialists, therefore they take an active part in the development of the educational structure of the country. The most popular majors in Indian higher education institutions are:

• IT technologies;
• engineering specialties;
• management;
• pharmacology;
• jewelry business.

For citizens of India, education in public institutions of higher education can be free. Foreign citizens accepted in state universities on a budgetary basis only if the university provides a grant for training. At the same time, the price in commercial Indian universities is quite low by European standards: the cost of two full semesters in the most prestigious higher education institution in India does not exceed $15,000 per year. When entering on a contract basis, the applicant is required to provide proof of solvency (this may be an extract from a bank card). Virtual and distance learning has become widespread in the system of Indian higher education. Many universities take part in international scientific programs, share their own engineering courses for free, information technologies and other areas. IT-specialists educated in one of the Indian universities are in demand all over the world today.

The system of higher education in neighboring China is somewhat different:

Indian women study at universities on an equal footing with men, but when applying for a specialty, preference is still given to male specialists

Popular universities in India

The higher education system in India is represented by more than 200 institutions of higher education with more than 6 million students from India and other countries of the world. Today, India ranks third in the world after China and the United States in terms of the number of institutions of higher education. Indian universities are divided into federal universities and universities offering education within the same state.

Table: the most popular and largest universities in India

university	Description
One of the oldest universities in India. It has been operating since the middle of the 19th century. Today, more than 150 thousand students study at the university in various faculties and specialties: humanitarian, legal, organization and business management, art, science, pedagogy, journalism and librarianship, engineering, and agriculture.
Bombay (Mumbai) University	Located in Mumbai and today has more than 150 thousand students. Included in the number of federal universities. Training is provided in the following specialties: management, chemistry, medicine, engineering, etc.
Rajasthan University	Located in Jaipur. Specializes in agricultural areas.
The university is located in New Delhi and has been operating since the beginning of the 20th century. Has status state university. Today, about 220 thousand students study here.
University. M.K.Gandhi	It is one of the leading universities in the country. Founded in 1983. Offers training in the following programs: physics, chemistry, research in the field of nanotechnology, medicine, psychology, philosophy, public relations, environmental studies.
Hairagarh University Indira Kala Sangeeth	Specialized University. Students who have decided to devote themselves to Indian music study here.
Varanas University of Hinduism	A fairly young institution of higher education (founded in 1916), however, it is one of the most popular universities in India today. The university has more than 15 thousand students studying Indian philosophy, Buddhism, culture and art, and many other areas.
Nalanda University	One of the oldest universities in India - founded in the 5th century. n. e. on the basis of a Buddhist monastery and functioned for many centuries. The university recently received modern life - in 2012, the first admission was made to two faculties: historical sciences and the environment. Currently, the reconstruction of the historical building of the university is underway, which is planned to be completed by 2020. By this time, the university will have 7 faculties.

Photo Gallery: Top Indian Universities

In the walls ancient university Nalanda, the first shoots of Indian philosophical currents, medical, engineering and other knowledge were born Since 1996, the University of Bombay has been named Mumbai - after the name of the city in which it is located More than 150 thousand students study at 8 faculties of Calcutta University from the leading universities of India Delhi University is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher education in the country

Features of the educational process

Teaching at universities in India is conducted, as a rule, in English, so a good language base is one of the main requirements for applicants. There are no higher educational institutions where teaching in Russian would be conducted in India. At individual universities, teaching is conducted in the languages ​​of the respective states in which the university is located. However, even in such universities, English-language education is still preferable even among local residents. Unlike Russia and many other countries of the world, where the academic year begins in September, Indian schoolchildren and students begin their studies in July. It is curious that each educational institution sets the start date of the educational process independently, that is, studies can begin either on July 1 or on July 20. At the end of each semester, students take exams. As for schools, there is no system of ongoing assessment of knowledge. At the end school year students take their final exams oral or as a test. The longest holidays in Indian educational institutions in May and June are the hottest months in the country. It is customary in Indian schools to wear school uniform. Girls wear elongated dresses here, boys wear shirts or T-shirts and shorts.

Admission to universities in India for foreigners

In order to enter a higher educational institution in India for a bachelor's degree, you must have a certificate of complete secondary education. Certificate confirmation is not required - a document received after graduating from a Russian school is equivalent to twelve years of education in India. It is only necessary to translate the certificate into English and certify it with a notary. For admission to the master's degree, you will need copies of a certificate of complete secondary education and a bachelor's degree, translated into English and certified by a notary. Another important requirement for admission is the presence of a certificate of completion of English language courses. Teaching in many universities is conducted in English, so language training is extremely important for subsequent education. There is no need to take entrance exams, only some universities use a pre-testing system. During their studies, foreign students, as a rule, live in hostels or hotels, which are provided to students free of charge. If for some reason there is no desire to use the free housing provided, you can rent an apartment. Renting an apartment will cost between $100 and $300 per month, depending on the city and state where the university is located. A big disadvantage for foreign students is the lack of opportunities to earn extra money while studying. The official employment of students during the period of study is prohibited by Indian law. If desired, it is possible to find illegal work (today the shadow labor market in India is more than 80% of total jobs), but be aware that informal employment is severely punished by Indian law.

Scholarships and grants

Indian universities are becoming increasingly popular among young people from many countries around the world. Despite the fact that state universities enroll only applicants with Indian citizenship for state-funded places, today foreign students have the opportunity to get higher education at one of the Indian universities for free. To do this, you must apply for a scholarship or grant and achieve its approval. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations is responsible for issuing scholarships and grants for studying at one of the universities in India. As a rule, leading federal universities annually allocate several grants for foreign students. Therefore, if you are interested in studying at a particular university, you should wait until the university allocates a grant for the specialty you are interested in (as a rule, information is posted on the website of the Embassy of India or on the website of the corresponding university), and apply.

In addition, there are a number of government funding programs through which citizens of Russia and other CIS countries can receive free education in India. One of the most popular is ITEC: the program offers students to get a free education in one of the federal Indian universities in the areas of banking, public relations, small business, and management. At the same time, students under the ITEC program are regularly paid a scholarship of about $ 100 per month, and a free hostel or hotel is also provided. A student has the right to study under the ITEC program only once. Another real opportunity to study at an Indian university is the internship and exchange programs in which Indian universities are actively involved.

Obtaining a student visa

Citizens planning a trip to India, as well as staying there for the purpose of studying, must apply for a student visa, which opens for a period of 1 to 5 years and can only be issued upon official enrollment in a higher educational institution. In addition, the establishment without fail must be accredited (especially for commercial universities). In addition to the standard package of documents (application form, original and copy of a foreign passport, copy of a civil passport, 3 photographs), a person applying for a student visa must provide:

• acceptance letter from the university;
• upon admission to study on a contract basis - confirmation of payment for the first two semesters, as well as confirmation of the student's solvency: a one-year stay - at least $ 1,000, a stay for a longer period - at least $ 2,000;
• upon admission to budgetary framework- Confirmation that the inviting party bears all expenses related to accommodation and training.

Employment prospects after graduation

In the matter of employment, one should face the truth: it is almost impossible for a university graduate who does not have Indian citizenship to get a vacant place. Today, about 500 specialists with higher education and excellent command of English and Hindi apply for one vacancy in a large company. A foreign student who hardly knows Hindi and in most cases studied in English is unlikely to be able to compete local residents. The only chance to stay after studying in India, get a job and a residence permit is to prove yourself while studying. Indian manufacturing and other companies are actively cooperating with universities and betting on especially talented students, including those from other countries.

If you wish, you can use the chance and go to work in China:

Table: Pros and Cons of Pursuing Higher Education in India

pros	Minuses
During the period of study, there is an opportunity to get to know the rich Indian culture, as well as improve the knowledge of the English language.	Mandatory requirement for students of faculties of various fields - good knowledge of English language.
Low cost of education.	Low standard of living.
Low cost of living.	There is no way to work while studying.
Indian educational institutions give good level preparation. IT-specialists-graduates of Indian universities are in demand today in many countries of the world.	After receiving a diploma, the chances of employment in one of the Indian companies are very small.
Scholarship and grant programs are actively developed, which means that there is a high probability of free education.
You don't need to take an entrance exam to enter a university.
Foreign students are provided with a free hostel or hotel room.

India is an amazing country where people strive to gain knowledge, contrary to the popular stereotypes that have developed about the state in European countries. Poverty is the only thing that complicates the process of getting an education.

Today in India, the situation with education is quite difficult. Here, the mentality of people that has developed since ancient times and, of course, the economic component of the country as a whole, has its influence. In a country of many millions, where a large percentage of people live on the threshold of poverty, there are very few educated people. But thanks to the latest reform in the education system, all children can receive the necessary minimum, school education. What about further education, almost half of the families cannot afford to send their children to a higher educational institution.

Here are the main demographic indicators of India for 2014:

• Births: 26,631,414 people
• Dead: 9,499,426 people
• Natural population growth: 17,131,987
• Migration population growth: -152,397 people
• Men: 664,489,564 (as of December 31, 2014)
• Women: 622,466,828 (as of December 31, 2014)

Preschool education

For centuries, in the Indian family, mothers have always sat with children until they enter school, i.e. there have never been any kindergartens in India. And all their education began only at school. In modern conditions, when both parents have every right to work, children need to be left somewhere. Therefore, they began to appear preschool institutions, which are paid and have already become mandatory for admission to school. Further you will find out why.

In order for children to get into school, they will have to successfully pass difficult tests, both for knowing and writing the alphabet, simple words, counting to 100 and addition. After that, the children are issued the first certificate in their life with grades, on the basis of which the schools decide on the enrollment of the child for further study. Of course, in order to obtain such knowledge, parents have to send their children to various preparatory schools from a very early age, already from 3 years old.

The poor in India are more likely to force their children to work than send them to school. Although there have been free schools in the country for a long time and a law has been passed under which parents are obliged to provide their child with the opportunity to attend school.

Groups in Preparatory Schools

There are 4 main groups in preparatory schools through which the child passes:

• play group- groups for the smallest, children are sent here from the age of 2. Here children stay and play up to three hours a day, and visiting this group is not necessary;
• "Nursery group"- this group is already required to attend and is called the nursery group. Here, children are already learning much more than playing, although almost half of the learning takes place in the form of play. It is very difficult to force a three-year-old child to study. It is here that children receive their first homework assignments, which are mandatory. It turns out that children at 3-4 years old already have their own small responsibilities;
• LKG - Lower Kinder Garten- familiar to us senior group. Children at the age of 5 are already required to know and write all english alphabet, read and write the first few letters of the main language of India - Hindi, learn to count up to 100;
• UKG - Upper Kinder Garten — preparatory group. After completing this stage of education, at the age of 6, the child knows and can fully tell and write the alphabet in Hindi, freely write and read words in English from 5-7 letters, can write any number up to 100, solve a simple mathematical example (addition, subtraction, determining more or less). After this group, the child goes to school.

School

School education in India is free, but wealthy parents always have the opportunity to send their child to various private schools and prestigious state institutions. The cost in such schools fluctuates around $ 100 per month, but the level of knowledge received by the child, in this case, is much higher. In such schools, children receive the full scope of language knowledge, and, after graduation private school, children will fully speak three languages ​​- this is English, the language of their state and Hindi.

good public school we still need to look, but parents are ready to send their children to any school where they have the opportunity to receive the minimum necessary education. main feature of all schools in India is free meals for all students. This does not mean that schools have a varied menu, but the child will definitely not remain hungry.

After the parents have decided on the choice of school, they need to collect the necessary documents for admission, pay the mandatory fee for all, and the child must pass the necessary test and interview.

Higher education in India

There are more than 200 higher education institutions in India today. Of these, 16 are considered the most prestigious. The leading place is occupied by Nalanda University, which was built in the 5th century AD.

There are a lot of universities in this country that teach one narrowly specialized direction. For example, the Rabinda Bharati University, where they teach the language of Tagore and Bengali; Indira Kala Sangeeth University, where students are introduced to Indian music. The most famous universities are in the cities of Mumbai, Kolkata and the state of Rajasthan.

Since India was a British colony for a long time, the education system here practically corresponds to the British version. In higher educational institutions, there are 3 levels of education, each of which can be mastered by a student: bachelor, master and doctor of science.

To date, the most popular direction at universities is engineering, where highly qualified engineers are trained. Due to the fact that the Indian economy is developing dynamically, such specialists are in great demand.

trigonometry, algebra and, most importantly, the decimal system came to us. The ancient game of chess also comes from India. Indian physicians knew the caesarean section, achieved a high level of skill in repositioning bones, and plastic surgery was more advanced than anywhere else in ancient times.

What was India's education system like in the past?

According to the prescriptions of sacred writings, the training of a boy (brahmacharina) began in the fourth or fifth year of life and had to take place in the house of a brahmana mentor (guru). The student was obliged to show his mentor all respect, serving him and unquestioningly obeying. Little attention was paid to the education of girls.

The training began with the assimilation of the rules for performing sandhya, i.e. morning, noon and evening rites, consisting in reading the "Gayatri", holding the breath, swallowing and spraying water, as well as in the libation of water in honor of the Sun, which was more a symbol of the personal god of the believer, for example, Vishnu or Shiva, and not a deity in itself yourself. Rites were considered obligatory for all and in various forms carried out up to the present.

The main subject of study was the Vedas (hymns). The mentor recited the Vedas by heart to several students who sat on the ground in front of him, and from morning to evening they repeated verse by verse until they were completely memorized. Sometimes, in order to achieve complete fidelity, hymns were memorized in several ways: first in the form of connected passages, then for each word separately (padapatha), after which the words were grouped according to the principle ab, bv, vg, etc. (kramapatha) Or in an even more intricate way. Thanks to such a developed system of training in patience and mnemonic control, many generations of mentors and students developed those exceptional memory properties that made it possible to preserve the Vedas for posterity in the exact form in which they existed about a thousand years before our era.

The disciples who lived in the house of the guru did not limit themselves to the study of the Vedas alone. There were other areas of knowledge, the so-called "Parts of the Veda", i.e. auxiliary sciences necessary for the correct understanding of sacred texts. These six Vedantas were: kalpa - the rules for performing the ritual, shiksha - the rules for pronunciation, i.e. phonetics, chhandas - metrics and prosody, nirukta - etymology, i.e. explanation of incomprehensible words in the Vedic texts, Vyakarane - grammar, Jyotish - the science of the calendar. In addition, mentors taught special secular subjects - astronomy, mathematics, and literature.

Some cities became famous thanks to the famous teachers who lived in them and acquired a reputation as centers of education. Varanasi and Takshashila (Taxila) were considered the oldest and largest centers. Among the famous scholars are called Panini, a grammar of the 4th century. BC e., the Brahmin Kautilya, the founder of the science of public administration, as well as Charaka, one of the luminaries of Indian medicine.

Although according to the ideals of the Smriti, there should be only a few students under one master, nevertheless, in the "university cities" there were larger training centers. Thus, an educational institution for 500 students was organized in Varanas with a relatively small number of teachers. All of them were supported by charity.

With the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, education could be obtained not only in the home of a teacher, but also in monasteries. In the Middle Ages, some of them became real universities. The most famous was Buddhist monastery Nalanda in Bihar. The educational program at Nalanda was not limited to the training of neophytes in the field of Buddhist religious teachings, but also included the study of the Vedas, Hindu philosophy, logic, grammar and medicine. In Nalanda, at least 10,000 students were educated free of charge, who were served by a large staff of servants.

The Gurukul system has not disappeared in India until now. Modern gurus are considered the embodiments of knowledge, ethics and care, and in the image of shishya the strong-willed component has increased, but it is still a respectful student who considers his teacher a beacon illuminating the right path. Thanks to an integrated approach, students become more interesting to learn, it is easier to be curious and more free to create.

The word "Teacher" sounds very respectable in India, because everyone understands the importance of the role of such a person both for education and for society throughout the country.

Teacher's Day is celebrated on September 5, the birthday of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and is a tribute to the memory of the great teacher.

The modern education system was formed in India after the state gained independence in 1947.

Educational education system country includes several stages:

Preschool education;

School (secondary and complete);

Secondary vocational education;

Higher and postgraduate education with academic degrees (bachelor, master, doctor).

The state educational system operates under two programs. The first provides for the education of schoolchildren, the second - for adults. Age range - from nine to forty years. There is also a system open learning, within the framework of which several open universities and schools.

Early childhood education starts with three years learning takes place in the form of a game. The process of preparing for school lasts two years.

School education in India is built according to a single scheme. The child starts school at the age of four. Education during the first ten years (secondary education) is free, compulsory and carried out according to the standard general education program. Main disciplines: history, geography, mathematics, computer science and a subject, the free translation of which is denoted by the word "science". From the 7th grade, “science” is divided into biology, chemistry, and physics familiar to Russia. "Politics" is also taught, the equivalent of our natural sciences.

Reaching the age of fourteen and moving into high school (complete secondary education), students make a choice between fundamental and vocational education. Accordingly goes in-depth study subjects of the chosen course.

India is rich in a large number and variety of craft schools. There, for several years, the student, in addition to secondary education, receives a profession that is in demand in the country.

In schools in India, in addition to the native (regional) language, it is mandatory to study an “additional official” - English. This is explained by the unusually large number of languages ​​​​of the multinational and numerous Indian people. English is the generally accepted language of the educational process, most of the textbooks are written in it. It is also obligatory to study a third language (German, French, Hindi or Sanskrit).

Schooling takes place six days a week. The number of lessons varies from six to eight per day. Most schools have free meals for children. There is no grading system in Indian schools. On the other hand, compulsory general school examinations are held twice a year, and in the senior classes - national ones. All exams are written and taken as tests. The vast majority of teachers in Indian schools are men.

School holidays in India fall in December and June. AT summer vacation, which last for a whole month, children's camps are opened in schools. There, in addition to recreation and entertainment with children, traditional creative educational activities are held.

The Indian secondary education system has both public and private schools.

Higher education in India is prestigious, diverse and popular among young people. More than two hundred universities operate in the country, most of which are focused on European standards of education. The system of higher education is presented in the usual three-level form for Europeans. Students, depending on the period of study and the chosen profession, receive bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees.

Among the most popular and prestigious universities are Calcutta, Mumbai, Delhi, Rajasthan, each of these universities has 130-150 thousand students. In recent decades, due to the steady development of the Indian economy, the number of universities has increased engineering orientation. One of the most attractive and worthy here are the Indian Institute of Technology and the Institute of Management. Moreover, in the latter 50% of students are foreign students. The proportion of humanities graduates in India is about 40%. Postgraduate education in India can also be free, as well as initial university education. For these purposes, institutions regularly allocate grants, which require at least a diploma and all the same knowledge of the English language.

Higher education in Russia is becoming more and more popular among Indian youth. This is explained by several factors:

High and ever-increasing level of higher education in Russia;

Compared to European prices, education in Russian universities is much cheaper;

The overall low cost of living.

It is noteworthy that for admission to Russian universities on a commercial basis with instruction in English, there is no need to pass entrance exams. In many Russian universities, including the Voronezh State medical University named after N.N. Burdenko, conduct Russian language classes (RFL) for Anglophones.

All documents of foreign students must be legalized: translated into Russian, certified by a notary.

The education system in India has undergone significant changes in the direction of development and improvement over the past decades. The reason for this is the rapid growth of the country's economy and an increase in the need for qualified scientific and working specialists. Much attention is paid to all levels of education - from preschool to higher education, good education and a worthy specialty among the population of the country is one of the vital tasks of life.

Bibliography

1. Basham A.L. The miracle that was India. Per. from English., M., Main editorial office of oriental literature of the Nauka publishing house, 1977. 616p. From ill. (Culture of the peoples of the East).

2. India: Customs and etiquette / Broom Kingsland; per. from English. E. Bushkovskaya. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 128s. ("A short guide").