Summary: Functional styles of the Russian literary language. Functional styles of literary language. general characteristics

Speech in an official setting scientific conference, at a business meeting, at a meeting of parliamentarians, lecturing, a lesson at school) differs from that used in an informal setting (talk at the festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue at lunch, dinner at home). Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, there is a selection of various language means. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .

In the modern Russian literary language, book functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business, who act primarily in writing speech, and colloquial, which is characterized mainly by the oral form of speech.

Some scholars also distinguish as a functional style artistic (fiction), that is, the language fiction. However, this point of view raises fair objections. Writers in their works use the whole variety of linguistic means, so that artistic speech is not a homogeneous system linguistic phenomena. On the contrary, artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic isolation, its specificity depends on the characteristics of individual author's styles.

The styles of the literary language are first of all compared on the basis of an analysis of their lexical composition, since it is in the lexicon that the difference between them is most noticeable. If we compare synonymous words ( appearance - appearance, lack - deficiency, misfortune - misfortune, fun - entertainment, alteration - transformation, warrior - warrior, eyeball - ophthalmologist, liar - liar, huge - gigantic, squander - squander, cry - complain), it is easy to see that these synonyms differ from each other not in meaning, but in their stylistic coloring. The first words of each pair are used in colloquial and everyday, and the second - in popular science, journalistic, official business speech.

In addition to the concept and stylistic coloring, the word is able to express feelings, as well as an assessment of various phenomena of reality. There are two groups of emotionally expressive vocabulary: words with a positive and negative assessment. Compare: excellent, wonderful, superb, marvelous, marvelous, splendid, splendid(positive assessment) and vile, vile, disgusting, ugly, insolent, insolent, obnoxious(negative score). Depending on what kind of emotional-expressive assessment is expressed in a word, it is used in various styles of speech. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in colloquial and everyday speech, which is distinguished by liveliness and accuracy of presentation. Expressively colored words are also typical for journalistic style. However, in scientific, technical and official business styles of speech, emotionally colored words are usually inappropriate. In everyday everyday dialogue, characteristic of oral speech, mostly colloquial vocabulary is used. It does not violate the generally accepted norms of literary speech, but it is characterized by a certain freedom. For example, if instead of expressions blotting paper, reading room, dryer use words blotter, reader, dryer, then, quite acceptable in colloquial speech, they are inappropriate for official, business communication.

The lexical meaning of book words, their grammatical arrangement and pronunciation are subject to the established norms of the literary language, deviation from which is unacceptable.

The sphere of distribution of book words is not the same. Along with words common to scientific, technical, newspaper-journalistic and official-business styles, there are also words in the book vocabulary that are assigned only to any one style and constitute their specificity. For example, terminological vocabulary is used mainly in scientific and technical styles. Its purpose is to give an accurate and clear idea of scientific concepts(for example, technical terms – bimetal, centrifuge, stabilizer; medical terms - X-ray, angina, diabetes; linguistic terms – morpheme, affix, inflection and etc.).

The journalistic style is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning ( humanity, progress, nationality, glasnost, peace-loving).

In a business style - official correspondence, government acts, speeches - vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations ( plenum, session, decision, decree, resolution). A special group in the official business vocabulary is formed by clericalisms: hear (report), read out (decision), forward, incoming (number).

Unlike colloquial vocabulary, which is characterized by concrete meaning, book vocabulary is predominantly abstract. Terms bookstore and colloquial vocabulary are conditional, since they are not necessarily associated with the idea of only one form of speech. Book words typical of writing, can also be used in oral speech (scientific reports, public performance etc.), and colloquial - in writing (in diaries, everyday correspondence, etc.).

Colloquial vocabulary is adjacent to colloquial, which is outside the styles of the literary language. Colloquial words are usually used for the purpose of a reduced, rough description of phenomena and objects of reality. For example: lads, glutton, junk, nonsense, throat, shabby, buzz and others. In official business communication, these words are unacceptable, and in everyday colloquial speech they should be avoided.

However, not all words are distributed among different styles of speech. The Russian language has a large group of words that are used in all styles without exception and are characteristic of both oral and written speech. Such words form a background against which stylistically colored vocabulary stands out. They are called stylistically neutral .

In order to more clearly present the features of each functional style of the literary language, we will give examples of texts belonging to different styles.

functional styles speech - a historically established system speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

There are 5 functional styles:

scientific - the meaning is to give an accurate and clear representation of scientific concepts (for example, terminological vocabulary)

official business - official correspondence, government acts, speeches; vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations (plenum, session, decision, decree, resolution)

journalistic - abstract words with a socio-political meaning are characteristic (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving)

colloquial - it is distinguished by a large semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness

fiction - used in fiction

1 Scientific style

2 Formal business style

3 Publicistic style

4 Conversational style

5 Art style

scientific style

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and real nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. Its genres are scientific article, educational literature, monograph, school essay etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (uniqueness), abstraction, generalization.

Formal business style

business style used for communication, informing in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style exists exclusively in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public. Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

Publicistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, appraisal, invocativeness.

This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

Conversational style

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Usual form of implementation conversational style- dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Art style

Main article: Artistic style

The artistic style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

End of work -

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language code. Switching and mixing codes

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Our speech in a formal setting (speaking at a scientific conference, at a business meeting, giving a lecture or a lesson at school) differs from that used in an informal setting (talking at the festive table, writing to a friend, dialogue in the home circle).

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, there is a selection of various language means to ensure adequate speech behavior in a particular situation. As a result, varieties of the literary language are created, which are called functional styles. The adjective "functional" in this term emphasizes that styles are distinguished on the basis of functions(role) they perform in the communication process.

Under functional styles understand the historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means used in a particular area of communication and correlated with a particular area of professional activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, there are bookstores functional styles: scientific, journalistic (or newspaper-journalistic), official-business, which appear mainly in writing, and colloquial, which is predominantly oral. However, this requirement is not mandatory. So, for example, a lecture on a scientific topic corresponds to the book style, but has the form of oral speech, and private writing is a conversational style, but has the form of written speech.

As a book functional style, some scholars also distinguish artistic (fictional), that is, the language of fiction. However, this point of view sometimes raises objections, primarily because writers use the whole variety of linguistic means in their works, i.e., artistic speech is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. Supporters of this approach believe that artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic isolation, its specificity depends on the characteristics of individual author's styles. So, V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The concept of style as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles, and even journalistic and scientific styles. The language of national fiction is not fully correlated with other styles, types or varieties of literary and colloquial speech. He uses them, includes them, but in peculiar combinations and in a functionally transformed form.

Each functional style is complex system, which includes both linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics (see Table 2).

Table 2. Functional styles of literary language

Style name	main function	Style features	Sphere use	Main genres	Language tools
Scientific	Communication of scientific information, facts	Strict consistency, objectivity, accuracy, generality	The official setting in a scientific or learning activities	Scientific article, monograph, dissertation, abstract, abstract, report, lecture	Terminology, the prevalence of nouns and adjectives, set expressions, complicated syntax
Official business	Regulatory message	Accuracy, consistency, detail, must-prescribed. the nature of the presentation.	Sphere of legal, official, relations	Acts, contracts, laws, power of attorney statement reference	Special terminology, cliches, clericalism, standardized form
3.Publicistic	Impact and informative message	Expressiveness, subjectivity, evaluativeness, simplicity, accessibility	Life, economics, politics, culture	An article in a newspaper or magazine, an essay, a report, a feuilleton, oratory, a court speech, a speech	Newspaper phraseology, newspaper stamps and standards, figurative vocabulary, borrowings, poetic and colloquial syntax
4. Artistic	Emotional-figurative impact	Imagery, consistency, coherence, subjectivity, accessibility	Fiction	Novel; story, story, drama, fable, poem, etc.	All language means of the national language,
5. Spoken	Communication	Emotionality, imagery, subjectivity	Life, the sphere of informal. Relations	Household dialogue, correspondence	Profanity, verbs with a specific meaning, phraseological units, simple syntax

Scientific style.

Sphere social activities in which the scientific style functions is science.

Genres of this style are: a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and teaching aids etc.), scientific and technical works (instructions, safety regulations, etc.), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular science literature.

The main features of the scientific style are accuracy, abstractness, consistency and objectivity of presentation, which is achieved by using specially selected linguistic means.

Linguistic characteristics scientific style include a number of features. So, the leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in the number of various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech is increasing.

Feature of use vocabulary scientific style is that polysemantic lexically neutral words are not used in all their meanings, but only in one. For example, the verb "count", which has four meanings, in the scientific style implements mainly the meaning: "to make some conclusion about someone or something, to recognize, to believe." The use in one, becoming terminological, meaning is typical for nouns and adjectives: body, strength, movement, sour, heavy etc.

This functional style is characterized by the use special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and in recent times here more and more space is occupied by international terminology (in economic speech: manager, management, real estate agent, etc.).

In scientific speech, in comparison with other styles, abstract vocabulary is more widely used than concrete.

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms.

The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repeated repetition of the same ones. An example is the following passage:

"Transport intershop communications for the main types of raw materials and finished products, as well as the transfer of goods between production shops and warehouse and transport appointments, for the most part, are provided with continuous transport".
In the scientific functional style there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring.

This style is less than journalistic or artistic, evaluative. Ratings are used to express the author's point of view, to clarify a thought, to attract attention, and are rational, not emotionally expressive: "Intensive development industrial enterprises transport in the Urals big environmental and economic damage to forestry, up to complete deforestation, and ultimately human health."

In syntactic structures scientific style of speech maximally demonstrates the detachment of the author, the objectivity of the information presented. This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is believed, it is known, presumably, one can say etc. This also explains the use of a large number of passive constructions in scientific speech, in which the real producer of the action is indicated not by the grammatical form of the subject in the nominative case, but by the form minor member in the instrumental case or is omitted altogether. In such structures, the action itself comes to the fore, and dependence on the producer fades into the background or is not expressed at all by linguistic means:

"In the system of modern management, firstly, organizations or enterprises-commodity producers are considered as an object of management, and secondly, processes, management as phenomena (...) Modern management is considered as a special dynamic organization of management".

Strict definitions are given in scientific style texts, new concepts and phenomena are considered. This requires a special organization of the text based on emphasized logic and coherence. The desire for logical presentation of the material, as well as the informational saturation of the sentence (an equally important feature of the scientific style of speech) leads to the active use of complex allied sentences, as well as constructions that complicate a simple sentence: introductory words and phrases, participles and participle turns, common definitions, etc.:

"Management is a complex socio-economic, informational and organizational-technological phenomenon, a process of activity that deals with a change in states, qualities of an object, which implies the presence of certain trends and stages. From here it is associated with laws and principles that are the subject of any science. Here and genesis, and evolution, and jumps, and impasses, and hope. Management includes knowledge, skills, techniques, operations, procedures - i.e. everything that is included in the concept of social and human technologies.

In this fragment, in the first sentence, a scientific definition of management is given, which is supplemented and refined in subsequent sentences, which creates general idea about management.

The use of appropriate (italicized) linguistic means allows each sentence to be logically connected to the preceding and subsequent information:
Texts of the scientific style of speech can contain not only language information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. To a greater extent, this applies to texts of natural and applied sciences: mathematics, chemistry, physics, etc. Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information - this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.

Literary language has two forms - oral and written. Their names indicate that the first is a sounding speech, and the second is a graphic design. The oral form is original.

When implementing each of the forms, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words to express his thoughts, and makes sentences. Depending on the material from which speech is built, it acquires a bookish or colloquial character.

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, there is a selection of various language means. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles.

The following functional styles are usually distinguished:

official business,
journalistic,
colloquial.

Speech cannot be the same for all occasions and different situations. And according to the functioning of speech in a particular socially significant area of social practice, functional styles are distinguished: “these are varieties of a single literary language that have historically developed at a given time in a given language community, representing the relative patterns of a system of linguistic unities that regularly function in various spheres of social activity.”

Our speech in a formal setting is different from our speech in an informal setting. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice stylistic devices, speech structure compositions for each specific case.

The term "functional styles" emphasizes that varieties of language are distinguished on the basis of the function that the language performs in a particular case.

The styles of the literary language are first of all compared on the basis of an analysis of their lexical (vocabulary) composition, since it is in the lexicon that the differences between them are most noticeable.

The attachment of words to certain styles of speech is explained by the fact that in lexical meaning many words, in addition to the subject-logical content, also include emotional-stylistic coloring. Compare: mother, mother, mommy, mommy. The words of each row have the same meaning, but differ stylistically, so they are used in different styles. Mother is mainly used in an official business style, the rest of the words are used in colloquial everyday.

Depending on what kind of emotional-expressive assessment is expressed in a word, it is used in various styles of speech. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in colloquial and everyday speech, which is distinguished by liveliness and accuracy of presentation. Expressively colored words are also characteristic of public style. However, in scientific, technical and official business styles of speech, emotionally colored words are usually inappropriate.

If the speaker finds it difficult to determine whether a given word can be used in a particular style of speech, then he should turn to dictionaries and reference books.

In order to more clearly present the features of each functional style of the literary language, let us dwell on the general characteristics of speech styles.

scientific style

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This functional style has a wide variety of speech genres; among them, the main ones are: a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals, etc.), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety rules, etc.), annotations , abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular science literature.

The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of the media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, the increase in the number of various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech increases.

The main features of the scientific style in both written and oral form are accuracy, abstractness, logicality and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style. This style is characterized by the use of special terminology, and recently more and more space has been occupied by international terminology.

In the scientific functional style there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Ratings are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more accessible and understandable, to clarify a thought, to attract attention, and are mostly rational, not emotionally expressive: “The widely held opinion is that the achievement of ambient air quality at the level of sanitary and hygienic maximum permissible concentrations guarantees at the same time high quality natural environment, erroneously” (Ekologiya, 1993).

Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistency and objectivity of presentation. Texts of the scientific style of speech can contain not only language information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. To a greater extent, this applies to texts of natural and applied sciences: mathematics, chemistry, physics and others. Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the features of the scientific style.

Formal business style

The main area in which the official business style of the Russian literary language functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need for communication in documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. The texts of this style include: charter, law, order, contract, instruction, complaint, various kinds of statements, as well as many business genres (for example, an explanatory note, autobiography, statistical report, and others).

Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common stylistic features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for the possibility of differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotyping, standardization of presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, strictness of expression of thought, as well as objectivity and logic, which are also characteristic of scientific speech.

The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes requirements for unambiguous interpretation on the corresponding texts.

The lexical composition of the texts of this style has its own characteristics associated with the indicated features. First of all, these texts use words and phrases of the literary language that have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring, for example: plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, detention, researcher and others, among them a significant number of professional terms.

The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of word meanings, to simplify their semantic structure, to the unambiguity of lexical designations, up to narrow terminology.

Typical for business language are compound words formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, above etc. The formation of these words is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition leads to the use of clichéd language means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standardized character. Consider an example: "Notary public private practice, must be a member of the notarial chamber, perform all notarial actions provided for by law on behalf of the state, have the right to have property and personal non-property rights and obligations, hire and dismiss employees, dispose of income, act in court, arbitration court on their own behalf and perform other actions in in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the republics within the Russian Federation"(Consultant. 1997. No. 24).

Business speech is characterized by impersonal presentation and lack of evaluation. Here there is an impartial statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence. Therefore, the 1st person is permissible only in a limited number of situations when legal relations are established between individuals and an organization or the state, for example, when issuing various powers of attorney, when concluding an employment agreement, etc.

Newspaper-journalistic style

The newspaper-journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory speeches, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reporting, and others), in journalistic articles, in periodicals. It is implemented both in written and oral form.

One of the main characteristic features of the newspaper-journalistic style is the combination of two trends - the tendency towards expressiveness and the tendency towards the standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: the information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of social activity is addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of this society (and not just specialists in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very significant: information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible, which is not at all important, for example, in an official business style.

The newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, publicistic speech contains a sufficient number of clichés, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires ever new language means to influence them. It is this purpose that all the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve.

The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even jargon elements. It also actively uses foreign words. It is thanks to the media that the active vocabulary of foreign words that make up the Russian language has recently been significantly replenished: privatization, demonstration, and others.

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with generalization, and others. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, phraseological constructions, etc.

Functional styles of literary language. general characteristics.

The term functional style emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the function (role) that the language performs in each specific case.

The following functional styles are usually distinguished: 1) scientific, 2) official business, 3) journalistic; 4) colloquial and everyday.

The styles of the literary language are first of all compared on the basis of an analysis of their lexical composition, since it is in the lexicon that the difference between them is most noticeable.

The attachment of words to a certain style of speech is explained by the fact that, in addition to the subject-logical content, the lexical meaning of many words also includes emotional and stylistic coloring. Compare: mother, mother, mommy, mommy, ma; father, daddy, daddy, daddy, pa. The words of each row have the same meaning, but differ stylistically, and therefore are used in different styles. Mother, father are mainly used in an official business style, the rest of the words - in colloquial everyday.

Considering the dependence on what kind of emotional-expressive assessment is expressed in a word, it is used in various styles of speech. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in colloquial and everyday speech, which is distinguished by liveliness and accuracy of presentation. Expressively colored words are also typical for journalistic style. At the same time, in scientific, technical and official business styles of speech, emotionally colored words, as a rule, are inappropriate.

The words of the colloquial style are distinguished by great semantic capacity and colorfulness, they give speech liveliness and expressiveness.

Unlike colloquial vocabulary, which is characterized by concrete meaning, book vocabulary is predominantly abstract. The terms book and colloquial vocabulary are conditional, since they are not necessarily associated with the idea of only one form of speech. Book words typical of written speech can also be used in oral speech (scientific reports, public speaking, etc.), and colloquial words in writing (in diaries, everyday correspondence, etc.).

The colloquial vocabulary is adjacent to the colloquial vocabulary, which is outside the styles of the literary language. Colloquial words are usually used for the purpose of a reduced, rough description of phenomena and objects of reality.

If speakers find it difficult to determine whether a given word can be used in a particular style of speech, then they should turn to dictionaries and reference books. AT explanatory dictionaries Russian language marks are given indicating the stylistic characteristics of the word:

ʼʼbook.ʼʼ - book,

ʼʼrazᴦ.ʼʼ - colloquial,

ʼʼofficialʼʼ - official, ʼʼspecialʼʼ - special,

ʼʼsimple.ʼʼ - vernacular, etc.
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For example, in the ʼʼDictionary of the Russian Languageʼʼ of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the following words are given with such marks:

autocrat(book) - a person with unlimited supreme power, an autocrat;

prankster(razᴦ.) - naughty, prankster;

outgoing(official-case) - a document, paper sent from an institution;

measure(special) - to measure something;

farce(simple) - rude, vulgar buffoonery.

Functional styles of literary language. General characteristics. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Functional styles of the literary language. General characteristics." 2017, 2018.

language code. Switching and mixing codes

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