• Vasiliev Alexey Yurievich, Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor
• Bashkir State University Sterlitamak branch

• YOUNG SPECIALIST
• GRADUATE
• EMPLOYMENT
• WORK

The article deals with the problem of employment of university graduates. The author believes that at the moment there are already mechanisms for solving this problem. However, according to the author, they are either not used, or are not used quite correctly. The author believes that real assistance in finding employment should involve the organization of a system of measures, which is described in this article.

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Today, the problem of employment of graduates after graduation is quite acute. Very often, a young specialist with no work experience faces great competition in the labor market. In this connection, among young people there is the most high level unemployment, about 30% of all registered unemployed. Moreover, 25% of them are university graduates.

Thus, identifying the reasons for the formation of this process and finding ways to solve this problem is a task that needs to be resolved as soon as possible.

What are the most common problems graduates face? The first is the lack of work experience. Any employer is interested in an employee whose professional training is not only confirmed by the knowledge accumulated at the university, but also by the practice of working in real conditions. What can be proof of this? Of course, a positive assessment of the previous employer, but it will play an important role only in cases where the specialist performed work in his specialty, or functions close to it. And in our time, what do students usually work with? Waiters, couriers, handymen and other specialties offered as part-time jobs for the duration of training. This is where a paradox arises, which, unfortunately, very often leaves many graduates without work and forces them to look for new areas of activity.

How to deal with this, or what measures to take? Here it is worth turning to history, since the solution to this problem existed even in the Russian Empire. This method was called "work by distribution." What is the meaning of this method? At its core, this is the practice of compulsory employment for a certain period after graduation from a higher educational institution. This method was widely developed in the USSR, where a total work was carried out on the distribution of university graduates among enterprises throughout the country. The distribution was carried out in the last months of study at the university, where a specially formed commission determined the place, position and deadline for performing compulsory work. Moreover, a student could be sent absolutely anywhere in the country, but at the same time he was entitled to housing benefits, gratuitous payments and assistance in placing children in preschool institutions. Most often, the period of compulsory work was three years, but it could be reduced for a number of reasons, for example, if a graduate had already served in the army, he was entitled to a reduction in the period of work, for the period of service. A distribution worker, throughout the entire period of work, received the status of a “young specialist” and could not be fired without the permission of a special commission. But at the same time, the graduate himself did not have the right to change his place of work until the end of the “distribution” period.

Is it possible to use this method in our time? We think this is quite realistic, but only with some changes, such as reducing the term of work from three years to one, and introducing voluntary participation in this program. But is it possible to rely on only one method for solving such a difficult task? Perhaps it is also worth changing the learning process itself, thereby improving the quality of education. Therefore, the second step in solving the problem can be the creation of corporate institutions. A corporate institution is nothing more than a specialized subdivision involved in the education of managers and employees of the company. Thus, the goal pursued by the corporate institution is not limited to teaching the employee the necessary skills and knowledge of working at the enterprise, but also pays great attention to creating student motivation and corporate spirit. A style of thinking is being formed - based on achieving success in a particular area of ​​work. And if there is success in studies, the student automatically receives a position in the company. A good example is the world-famous Hamburger University, founded back in 1961 to train McDonald's network managers. This university is rightfully considered the founder of corporate institutions. There are also successful examples of creating corporate institutions in Russia. Universities can serve as them created by Sberbank, Gazprom, Russian Railways and other large companies.Most often, the infrastructure of such universities is a series of complexes including media and libraries, sports facilities, open areas, etc., which almost every state university can envy.

It is worth remembering that the implementation of these methods, without the active participation of universities, on the one hand, and private and public companies, on the other hand, is impossible. That is, universities should also adjust curricula to the really necessary skills of a particular specialty that they teach students, and companies should be interested in hiring young professionals with all the necessary work skills.

Thus, in order to solve the problem of employment of university graduates, in our opinion, it is necessary to combine two areas: firstly, to increase the quality of education by means of training at universities that are in close connection with large companies. This will allow the student to constantly be close to the real employment market, which means to see its trends and changes, and also be able to find a job or do an internship directly in the company that owns the higher education institution. Secondly, assistance in initial employment, in order to gain real work experience. This will make it possible to smooth out the shortcomings of traditional education and provide an opportunity to obtain the necessary knowledge for further professional activities. And, of course, the students themselves should be active. You should not expect that you will be desirable by the employer, therefore, you should prove yourself both during your studies and during your work, showing the presence of responsibility, the ability to make decisions and competence in certain areas.

Bibliography

1. Abramova N.V., Dneprovskaya I.V. Corporate institutions as a solution to the problem of shortage of qualified workers // Modern trends in the development of science and technology. 2017. No. 1-5. S.6-7.
2. Zaugolnikov S.A. The problem of employment of graduates after graduation // Proceedings of the Regional Financial and Economic Institute. 2015. No. 2 P.62-64.
3. Polikarpova A.I. Organization of interaction in the system "University - Graduate - Employer - State" in the employment of young specialists // Bulletin of the North Caucasian federal university. 2017. No. 1 P.117-123.
4. Antonova M.I. The system of work with university graduates on primary employment // Council of Rectors. 2015. No. 7. pp.69-71.

• Anisimova Victoria Sergeevna, Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor
• Russian State Social University

• EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS
• GRADUATE
• LABOR MARKET
• YOUNG SPECIALIST
• EMPLOYMENT

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• Formation of ecological culture of modern youth on the example of the city of Belgorod

The problem of employment of graduates of universities, secondary schools today has become more relevant due to the aggravated need not only for the practical implementation of the acquired knowledge and skills, but also for providing oneself with the means for normal life and satisfying one's own needs. Moreover, the system of state distribution of graduates is a thing of the past.

In modern conditions, young professionals are faced with rather tough market conditions. It should be noted that at present young people represent the largest social group of the unemployed (more than 30% of total number officially registered unemployed, and graduates of educational institutions of higher and secondary vocational education of this number represent 25-28%). Therefore, identifying the causes of difficulties in finding employment for graduates and finding ways to solve this problem is a task that needs to be resolved as soon as possible.

Graduates are in a difficult situation, primarily due to their low competitiveness in the labor market due to factors such as lack of work experience, lack of knowledge, the need for mentoring, etc.

According to Rosstat, 22.6% of the unemployed are people with no work experience. February 2015 their number was 1 million people. Among the unemployed who do not have work experience, 16.7% are young people aged 15 to 19, 47.3% - from 20 to 24 years, 16.6% - from 25 to 29 years.

Experts believe that there are already five times more unemployed people aged 15-24 in Russia than unemployed people aged 30-49. In September, 31.6% of Russians aged 15–24 were among the unemployed in urban areas, according to Rosstat. In 20-24-year-olds, this figure is 13.5%, and by the age of 25-29 it drops to 4.6%.

Let us turn to the diagnosis of the causes of this situation. Of course, as noted above, the key reasons for the reluctance of employers to hire "yesterday's students" are the latter's lack of experience, lack of knowledge in the field of future work, etc. Also, high competitiveness in the labor market is not the last in the ranking of reasons, especially among so-called common and popular professions.

By the way, studies have shown that the professions most in demand among graduates are economist, accountant, manager, lawyer, programmer, web designer, telecommunications specialist, bank employees, advertisers, marketers, brand managers.

One of the causes of youth unemployment is the discrepancy between the aspirations of graduates and reality. Many want to be high-flying specialists, lawyers, bankers, but mainly couriers, salesmen, locksmiths and insurance agents are required. This is the kind of work most often offered to young people.

Also, within the framework of this study, it makes sense to present the main identified reasons for the complexity of the employment of young professionals at the present stage:

• ignorance of applicants about labor market trends, about professions in demand, therefore there are cases when the received specialty in fact turns out to be simply unclaimed;
• poor awareness of graduates about the state of the modern labor market, about the requirements for the employee;
• low level of interaction between the “educational organization-employer” system, as well as poorly established communication between the university and the employment service, as well as other important structures in the field of employment;
• underestimation by employers of such qualities inherent in young people as learning ability, mobility, stress resistance, sociability, etc.;
• higher perceptions of graduates about their knowledge, skills and abilities, the prestige of the profession received, therefore, the desire for remuneration is overestimated, which leads to employers' disinterest in this candidate, etc.

At the end of the study, we note that current situation in the labor market for young people is unsatisfactory. Graduates experience enormous difficulties in finding employment. Most of the graduates noted that the surest way to find a job today is to have the “necessary” acquaintances and connections.

Thus, we see that we cannot do without cardinal transformations in the labor market. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the interaction of the educational organization with representatives of employers, and even at the level of industrial and pre-diploma practices, to orient graduates and employers to each other. In this regard, an increase in the volume of hours of practical training in universities will be an increase in the skills and practical skills of graduates. The systematic holding of job fairs also, of course, contributes to the favorable resolution of existing barriers to the employment of graduates.

An important factor is state support: pursuing an active policy, developing and implementing appropriate legislation, allocating jobs specifically for graduates, organizing active support for employers hiring young professionals, etc. .

Thus, in order to solve the problems of employment of graduates of educational organizations, it is necessary, first of all, to improve the legal framework of the state youth policy, develop a mechanism for career guidance and professional training to increase the competitiveness of a graduate in the labor market in modern conditions with the active involvement of executive authorities, local self-government, employment services, government and public organizations, as well as the introduction of the mechanism of state order for the training of specialists in educational institutions of higher and secondary vocational education.

Bibliography

1. Afinogenova I.N. Problems of personal and professional development of a student in a higher educational institution // Professional and personal development of a teacher and a student: traditions, problems, prospects Materials of the III All-Russian scientific and practical conference(with international participation). 2015. S. 427-430.
2. Akhmedov A.E., Smolyaninova I.V., Shatalov M.A. Formation of a system for training highly qualified personnel in the conditions continuing education// Territory of science. 2015. No. 5. S. 7-11.
3. Godovnikova A.M. A specialist must be trained from school // Territory of science. 2013. No. 1.S. 11-13.
4. Zhilnikov A.Yu. Formation of a health saving system for students in an educational organization // Synergy. 2016. No. 3. S. 31-36.
5. Zaitsev I.S. Higher education and advanced training of pedagogical specialists: issues of continuity // Territory of science. 2016. No. 3. S. 28-32.
6. Zaitseva V.A. 2016. Vol. 2. No. 51. P. 259-263.
7. Mychka S.Yu., Shatalov M.A. Marketing of educational services as a tool to attract applicants to higher educational institutions // Strategy 2015: education through life. Traditions and innovations Collection of articles of the scientific-practical conference. Udmurt State University, Institute of Additional Professional Education. 2016. S. 59-63.
8. Nikitina A.V. Characteristics of the system of infocommunication interaction of the subjects of the educational process // Synergy. 2015. No. 1. S. 21-25.
9. Sas N.N. Ensuring the relationship between the foundations of theory, standards of professional activity, methodological support and learning outcomes innovation management educational institutions based on the competence-based approach and modular organization of the learning process // Synergy. 2015. No. 1. S. 8-20.
10. Sviridova G.F. 2016. Vol. 2. No. 48. P. 258-262.
11. Smolyaninova I.V., Shatalov M.A. Directions of modernization of higher professional education // Socio-economic policy of Russia in the transition to an innovative path of development Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and practical conference. 2015, pp. 146-148.
12. Shatalov M.A., Akhmedov A.E., Smolyaninova I.V. Formation of the system of professional mobility in conditions of continuous education // Territory of Science. 2015. No. 6. S. 74-78.

Problems of employment of graduates

V. I. Marmyshev

Deputy Head of the Department - Head of the Department of Vocational Training and Career Guidance of the UFGSZN in the Nizhny Novgorod region

N. L. Potemina

Chief Specialist of the Research and Development Department of the UFGSZN for the Nizhny Novgorod Region, Nizhny Novgorod

It is well known that one of the main problems of all levels of vocational education is its insufficient adequacy to the needs of the labor market. According to a number of experts, due to the weak mobility of the labor force and the relative isolation of regional labor markets, this problem will only worsen in the future. This is especially true for higher education. Higher education institutions, as a rule, prepare specialists in traditional specialties for each educational institution, satisfying the growing needs of the population, rather than the economy, to a greater extent. The consequence of this is the fact that in the country as a whole, about 30% of university graduates work outside their specialty. Up to 250 billion rubles are spent annually on the retraining of specialists /

At the same time, in 2003, Russia joined the Bologna Declaration, one of the important provisions of which is the orientation of higher educational institutions on the final result: the knowledge of graduates must be applicable and practically used. In this regard, the problems of the quality of training of specialists highest qualification and their future employment are of particular importance.

The Nizhny Novgorod region is one of the leading regions in Russia educational centers, including 17 state higher educational institutions (5 universities, 6 academies, 6 institutes), 19 branches and 20 not state universities.

As in the whole country, the number of students in the universities of the region is constantly growing, from 1999 to 2005 the number of students entering all forms of education increased by 1.6 times (in 2005 by 3.6%) (Fig. 1) .

Rice. one.

At the beginning of the 2004/2005 academic year, the number of students studying at the universities of the Nizhny Novgorod region was 161.8 thousand, of which 152.4 thousand were students of state universities (94.2% of total students).

The number of university students per 10,000 inhabitants of the Nizhny Novgorod Region in 2005 was 528, of which 178 were state-funded students, which corresponds to the level determined by Russian legislation.

And in terms of the proportion of students in the total number of young people aged 17-25 (32.51%), we even surpass the indicators of the Volga Federal District and the average Russian ones.

The distribution of students by departments in state and non-state universities is shown in Table 1.

At the same time, it should be noted that, as in other regions of Russia, the training of specialists in commercial universities was mainly focused on economic specialties - 36%, jurisprudence - 22%, management - 22%. The distribution of students of non-state universities by industry groups (admission in 2005) is shown in Figure 2.

Table 1

Distribution of students by departments

Rice. 2.

The reasons for the “overproduction” of the total number of graduates, regardless of the professions and specialties that are in demand, often lie in insufficient control over the process of opening and maintaining the work of non-state educational institutions. The distribution of students of state universities by industry groups (admission in 2005) is shown in Figure 3.

Rice. 3.

Compared to 1995, there has been a noticeable increase in the training of specialists in the humanities and social sciences, natural sciences, engineering and technical specialties, as well as specialties in education, culture and art, economics and management, agriculture and fisheries. At the same time, the number of students studying health care specialties decreased by 2.7%.

At the same time, an interesting fact is noted: an increase in the scale of education in the universities of the region leads to a reduction in the employment of graduates in the specialties they have received. According to the results of the research, less than half of the graduates realize their professional opportunities in their chosen specialty. The rest either choose a job that is not related to their specialty (about 45%), or register as unemployed (annually from 6 to 8%). At the same time, most organizations in all sectors of the economy are experiencing serious problems with staff renewal.

The share of young people in the total number of unemployed citizens of the region over the past 5 years has been steadily fluctuating within 20-25%, of which more than 60% are young people aged 18-24 years.

The factors that currently exacerbate the problems of youth employment include: low wages for young professionals; futility of solving their social needs, first of all, the possibility of acquiring housing; lack of practical skills and insufficient qualifications, inconsistency of the profile of the acquired profession, specialty with the needs of the labor market; the prevailing orientation of graduates to employment in the non-productive sphere, with a focus on high wages and a lack of awareness of trends in the labor market and behavior skills in it.

The fact that a young person begins his career with the status of unemployed requires deep reflection and adequate measures. Every 5th university graduate who received the status of unemployed went through professional education in the direction of the employment service.

The dynamics of applications of university graduates to the employment service is shown in Figure 4.

Rice. four.

The professional composition of university graduates in 2005 who applied to the employment service is shown in Table 2.

table 2

As can be seen from Table 2, among graduates of Nizhny Novgorod universities registered as unemployed, 37% are engineers, 15% are economists, accountants, and 14% are teachers. At the same time, according to students, the professions of an accountant, economist, lawyer, and manager are still considered the most prestigious professions. Thus, one of the key problems of youth employment is the lack of clear mechanisms regulating the relationship between the labor market and the educational services market.

In modern conditions, the problem of the quality of education is of particular importance. It should be assessed not only by the degree of assimilation of educational programs, but also by their relevance, the successful implementation of the acquired professional knowledge in practice. According to V. Senashenko, G. Tkach, the quality of education is perceived as a comprehensive integral characteristic educational activities and its results. It is difficult to achieve results in conditions when the university is not directly interested in the implementation of its product - the quality employment of its graduates in the specialty they have received. At the same time, a dynamic transition to the production of new types of products leads to a limitation of the labor market needs in some professions and an increase in demand for new ones with higher requirements for the level of professional training of personnel.

According to Yu. P. Skachkov, A. M. Danilov, I. A. Garkina, the traditional approach in education should be replaced by a broader strategic approach - a student-centered one. The student must not only have knowledge and be able to apply it in the chosen field of future activity, but also be a person capable of solving the tasks set by life: research, design, organizational, entrepreneurial, etc. The student's readiness for self-education must also be formed.

The choice by each university of the correct long-term strategy for training specialists is essential. A reasonable choice of such a strategy allows you to change in a timely manner both the range and the number of graduates in various training specialties, introduce new disciplines and training technologies into training programs and, as a result, feel confident in the conditions of fierce competition in the educational services market. Pokholkov Yu. in his article cites 7 principles of an innovative type of university, where he reflects in the space of criteria-based assessments such an important criterion: the demand for and employment of graduates in enterprises. So far, in practice, this criterion is rarely used among university performance assessments.

At the All-Russian conference held by the Committee on Social and Labor Relations Russian Union Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), Rector of the Higher School of Economics Ya. Kuzminov cited the data of economic monitoring of education, conducted on the instructions of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. A detailed survey of employers made it possible to identify the share of expenses for continuing education within enterprises. These expenses accounted for up to 40% of education costs (private, public). In other countries this share is 15-20%. The losses of enterprises due to the fact that they initially do not participate in the education system, but then are forced to invest in continuing education, today reach significant numbers. On the part of enterprises, therefore, reciprocal steps and participation are needed both in the formation of curricula and in the training itself.

In the Nizhny Novgorod Region, there are examples of effective cooperation between the system of higher professional education and industrial enterprises in training general specialists in accordance with the requirements of a market economy, expanding targeted contract training, and introducing changes agreed with employers into the curriculum. Of particular note here is JSC Zavolzhsky Motor Plant, which is developing its Training Center and investing in the development of young personnel, OAO Nizhpharm, OAO Nizhny Novgorod Oil and Fat Plant.

In order to ensure quality education and attract young professionals to educational and healthcare institutions of the Nizhny Novgorod region in 2006, the region launched the program "Socio-economic support for young professionals working in educational and healthcare institutions" for 2006-2020 (approved by the Law of the Nizhny Novgorod Region dated May 3, 2006 No. 38-З). To date, the participants of the program are 200 young professionals who, on September 1, started working in educational institutions and health rural areas areas. In order to secure them in their jobs on the terms of a soft and long-term loan, they were provided with comfortable housing and cars.

In connection with the identified problems, the question naturally arises about the role of the employment service in solving them, about improving interaction with all subjects of the labor market (Fig. 5).

The employment service, being an active participant in the labor market, is involved in solving the problems of youth employment, including university graduates. There are 4 main aspects of the activity of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Employment Service in this direction:

1. Adjustment of volumes and profiles of training in vocational schools.

2. Development and improvement of the career guidance system.

3. Monitoring the appeal of graduates of professional educational institutions, informing about the situation on the labor market, about demanded and promising professions.

4. Assistance in the creation of employment centers in universities and the development of optimal schemes for cooperation with them.

Rice. 5.

First of all, the employment service seeks to use the available opportunities to influence the elimination of the supply-demand imbalance for university graduates. But our conclusions on the volumes and profiles of personnel training in accordance with the needs of the regional labor market in the absence of regulatory powers are rather advisory in nature and, as practice shows, are not always taken into account by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. And this is one of the reasons why last years unjustifiably expanded the network of universities, their branches and representative offices.

Taking into account the mobility and instability of supply and demand, not only in the professional and qualification context, but also in changing the requirements of employers for the personality of a young specialist, it is necessary to take into account many not only objective factors - economic, social, demographic, but also subjective - the choice of school graduates themselves and their parents.

In the current situation, one of the ways to promote the employment of graduates is employment centers at universities, created with the assistance of the employment service. It is these structures that are called upon to establish interaction between universities and enterprises of various sectors of the economy, including through their graduates, to increase the adequacy of the educational services market to the labor market. As a positive example, we can cite the activities of the employment center at the Nizhny Novgorod State University. UNN is one of the large (more than 10,000 students) universities that have big number faculties, departments. The University successfully trains competitive specialists in a wide range of specialties. The tasks of the employment center at UNN are concentrated in two main areas: tactical tasks related to direct assistance in the employment of graduates, temporary employment of students and their adaptation to the labor market, and strategic ones aimed at solving the problem of effective employment of graduates.

Thus, the trends emerging in the regional labor markets and the prospects for their development require a qualitative update of the system of vocational education, especially in terms of the formation of new professional standards training, linked to the needs of the labor market and the prospects for the economic development of the region.

Of particular importance today is early career guidance work with young people, primarily in schools (line 1 in Figure 5). Preventive services for the entire population, and especially for schoolchildren, have firmly entered the practice of the employment service. At the same time, often in rural areas, the employment service is the only structure that can assist schoolchildren in choosing professional path, including in the choice of a university with a focus on higher education. Career guidance conversations, business games, fairs of educational services are held with schoolchildren.

For students and graduates of universities (line 2), the course "Employment Strategy" is introduced into the educational process. Such events as “Graduate Day”, group lessons"Looking for a job." Fairs of vacancies, jobs and training places, TV fairs of vacancies, career days in professional educational institutions are regularly held. It was possible to significantly increase the efficiency of these areas of activity thanks to the creation of Youth Information Agencies.

In 2003, the employment service created the Youth Information Agency (MIA) at the employment center of the Sovetsky district of Nizhny Novgorod, which was a new resource for young people in the labor market. The main task of the agency is to inform and assist in the employment of young people for vacancies at enterprises of all forms of ownership. In addition, the MIA took on the task of coordinating the activities of structures to promote the employment of graduates of vocational schools, conduct vocational guidance, and provide psychological support to young people.

For three years of work, about 12,000 people applied to the agency. Of these, young people aged 18 to 22, 7,800 people are university students, which is 65% of the number of applicants, as well as 1,600 people are university graduates.

As part of the implementation of the Russian-British project "Economic Recovery and Creation of Jobs", 3 more MEAs were opened this year - in Balakhna, Gorodetsky and Pavlovsky districts. Young people turn to the MIA more willingly than directly to employment centers. Information preventive services began to receive a much larger number of young people, especially students and university graduates.

MIA interacts with existing employment centers at universities: exchange of experience, development of projects, provision of teaching materials.

The Employment Service of the Nizhny Novgorod Region annually monitors applied graduates of higher, secondary and primary vocational education. Monitoring data are published in the media, discussed at joint activities employment services and social partners in order to inform and make joint efforts to eliminate the disproportion between the structure of vacancies and the structure of professions that university graduates receive.

As part of the implementation of the Russian-British project, we were convinced that today's youth does not aspire to business. M. Agranovich cites interesting data in Rossiyskaya Gazeta: while, for example, in China, every third young person is thinking about creating his own company, in Russia only a few percent are striving for this. Motivation for entrepreneurship within the framework of the seminars "Start your own business", assistance to young people in self-employment have become quite an effective tool in the hands of employment service specialists. And publications in the press about the successes of those who opened their own business, incl. young people, make many think.

Established partnerships between the employment service and employers are of great importance for solving the problems of employment of university graduates. At the request of employers, the employment service (line 3) selects personnel from among young professionals, arranges guaranteed interviews, and, as part of job fairs, a presentation of young professionals (as a rule, almost everyone is employed, and many receive several offers from different employers).

Efficiency of the work of employment centers is facilitated by: agreements on joint activities with educational institutions for the employment of graduates, the formation of training programs in accordance with the needs of the district economy, the creation and activities of regional and district interdepartmental commissions to promote the development of personnel in production, discussion of training issues at meetings of coordinating committees, partnership councils, support in solving these problems from the regional Association of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, etc.

To solve the problems of balancing the needs of the labor market and the employment of university graduates, we consider it necessary to empower the interdepartmental group created for these purposes, which would include both the employment service and the marketing services of the education sector, to adjust the volumes and profiles of training. The current advisory nature of the employment service does not give the desired effect.

In the future plans of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Employment Service to solve the problems of employment of university graduates:

systematic analysis of supply and demand for specialists with higher education using data from the employment service on vacancies and applications of graduates, data from recruiting agencies, employment centers at universities, data collected by the MIA;

Assistance in the conclusion of agreements between the university and the enterprises of the city for the organization of internships and industrial practices for students;

· Strengthening the information block (publishing a regular information bulletin “Labor market for students”, stands in universities, updating information on the Internet, systematic collection and dissemination of information on vacancies, informing about young people who have achieved success in business, etc.);

· to expand and work out the scheme of interaction of the employment service with educational authorities, educational institutions to implement specific measures aimed at improving the quality of vocational education.

The experience of past years has shown that a more educated and active population quickly adapts to new conditions. As M. M. Grabeel emphasizes, education has a positive impact on the success of finding a job in the labor market, not only in itself, but also through the skills to use information, the ability to obtain information and establish the necessary connections and contacts.

There is no doubt that regions with a higher quality of education of the population, with a developed network of universities, such as the Nizhny Novgorod region, are capable of adapting to modern conditions. The Employment Service will have to find ways of closer interaction with educational authorities, employers to determine the profiles, volumes and quality of training, to work out interaction schemes for all social partners interested in solving the problems of youth employment, including MIA at employment centers and employment centers at universities.

Bibliography

1. Agranovich M. Businessman from the school desk M. Agranovich Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2006. No. 142.

2. Grabeel M. M. Social and human capital as factors of welfare and development: Abstract of the thesis. M. M. Grabeel. M., 2003.

3. Pokholkov Yu. Criteria for an innovative type university from the point of view of higher education professionals. Issue. 1 Comp. Ya. B. Zenitskaya; Ural State University. Yekaterinburg, 2006.

5. Senashenko V. The Bologna process and the quality of education / V. Senashenko, G. Tkach // Higher School Bulletin. 2003. No. 8.

6. Skachkov Yu. P. Development of methodological principles, structure and content of the system for training and retraining of engineering personnel / Yu. P. Skachkov, A. M. Danilov, I. A. Garkina // Network electronic scientific journal "System Engineering". 2003. No. 1.

7. Smirnov S. N. Preparation of a program to support social reforms / S. N. Smirnov, I. I. Isaev // Social security of economic reforms. IET, 2002, p. 20.

8. Labor potential and economic growth. Discussion Club // Man and Labor. 2005. No. 12.

Graduate work

"THE PROBLEM OF EMPLOYMENT OF UNIVERSITY GRADUATES"

Murmansk

INTRODUCTION.. 3

1.1 Employment as social phenomenon: basic concepts. 9

1.2. Imbalance between the education market and the labor market. fifteen

1.3. Contradictions between social value orientations, professional expectations of university graduates and the requirements of employers in the labor market. 22

1.4. Employment and employment of university graduates: assistance system. 31

INTRODUCTION

Substantiation of the relevance of the topic: the work of youth, its employment is one of central issues social and labor relations, which is given constant attention at the national, regional and international levels.

Youth employment is one of the most difficult issues in the implementation of the state youth policy. Significant problems with youth employment are caused by the fact that in the process of formation of a market economy and labor market in the country, there are significant changes in the structure of employment of the population, in the demand for various categories of workers. Demand is often inconsistent with supply. AT recent times more and more often they say that the system of vocational education must meet the constantly changing needs of the labor market in specialists. The situation in the educational space shows a different trend - the choice of a specialty and an educational institution is often not associated with subsequent employment (or is only partially oriented). This is the problem: the labor market requires education to meet its socio-economic needs in a skilled labor force, and the education market satisfies the personal needs of individuals in obtaining education.

Thus, the current situation on the labor market is characterized, on the one hand, by a decrease in demand for young professionals, and on the other hand, by a significant tightening of requirements for their professional training, so a significant part of university graduates face serious difficulties in finding employment.

The interaction of the education system and the labor market is also connected with the attitude of young people to work. Recently, material well-being, the cult of money has risen to the first place in the hierarchy of value orientations of a significant part of young people. In the minds and behavior of young people, including university graduates, social pragmatism is becoming increasingly stronger. Understanding the current realities, young people strive for social self-sufficiency.

At present, a number of researchers note an exacerbation of the disproportion between the professional orientations of young people and the real needs of the labor market. The professional orientation of the younger generation is often based not on knowledge of the content of the profession and labor operations, but on its external attributes. For two decades now, the professions of a lawyer and an economist have been in the rank of prestigious school graduates, and sometimes, in addition to its name, or rather, the professional direction, high school students do not know anything else about their future work activity. These stereotypes continue to work, despite the saturation of the labor market with specialists in this field, the lack of relevant vacancies (demand) and the emergence of unemployment among graduates with these specialties.

Researchers note another problem that graduates face in finding employment, this is the breadth of the specialty (“management of the organization”). On the one hand, it allows you to realize yourself in many areas, on the other hand, when applying for a job, you need in-depth knowledge in one direction.

In our region, there are problems of a clear predominance of humanitarian specialties over technical ones and a clear demand for blue-collar specialties.

The above problems of youth employment are well described in the literature, they remain relevant, but to this day, young people in most cases continue to make those choices that lead to their preservation and even strengthening. Therefore, it is of interest to study the extent to which young people are aware of these problems and the reasons why young people continue to make well-established educational and professional choices.

The degree of development of the problem: problems of employment of university graduates is a complex and disciplinary topic. Many scientists of various branches of knowledge - sociologists, economists, psychologists - were engaged in the study of these problems. In turn, the above problems are related to the following areas of sociology: the sociology of education, the sociology of labor, and the sociology of youth.

The following foreign scientists dealt with the problems of the concepts of employment and unemployment: W. Petit, A. Smith and D. Ricardo, K. Marx, D.M. Keynes. And our domestic researchers: D.Zh. Markovich, V.V. Kolosovsky, V.V. Radaev, O. Volkova, V.S. Afanasiev, A.V. Shuvaev, E.V. Shuvaeva, V. Ryzhikov.

The following scientists were engaged in analyzing the transformations taking place in the education system as a social institution: T.V. Pletneva, I.I. Zadorozhnaya, A. Molchanov, T. Belchik, modernization Russian education the report of the Ministry of Education of Russia was also devoted.

The following scientists were engaged in the study of the professional and qualification imbalance of the labor market: I. Ivanova, G. Zborovsky, E. Pyankova.

O. Grishchenko, E. Pyankova, D. Zakharov, S. Skutneva, V. Karpets, E. Kogan, O. Urban, N. Malieva , F. Sheregi.

Scientists who dealt with the topic of the system of promoting the employment of graduates: E. Ilyasov, E. Kuleshova, Yu. Zemledeltseva, N. Malieva, G. Gonchar, A. Molchanov, I. Ivanova, O. Dubovova, V. Radaev.

In this literature, the problems of educational and professional choice of young people, employment and employment, obtained in empirical studies and presented above when describing the problem field, are quite fully and comprehensively described, but at the same time, the awareness of young people themselves about these problems and the reasons why young people continue to to produce them, which is what this thesis is aimed at.

object thesis is the phenomenon of employment of modern youth.

Subject study are the problems of employment of university graduates.

The main goal of the work to study the problems of employment of university graduates.

Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:

To study employment as a social phenomenon;

To identify the imbalance between the education market and the labor market;

Determine the contradictions between social value orientations, professional expectations of university graduates and the requirements of employers in the labor market;

To study the system of promoting employment and employment of university graduates.

The task of empirical research is a study of the opinion of 4th and 5th year students of the Moscow State Pedagogical University on the existing problems of professional choice and employment of graduates and possible ways to solve them.

Methodological base of the diploma research: As a theoretical basis for the thesis work, a structural-functional approach to the study of the problems of employment of university graduates was chosen.

empirical base students of the 4th and 5th courses of the Moscow State Pedagogical University acted for the study. Accordingly, they acted as the object of sociological research, and the subject of study was the opinions of students on the problems of professional choice and employment.

The thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, divided into paragraphs and subparagraphs, a conclusion, five appendices and a list of references. The first chapter deals with such concepts as “employment”, “labor market”, “youth labor market”, “unemployment”, “youth unemployment”, reveals the causes of the imbalance between the education market and the labor market, discusses the contradictions between social value orientations, professional expectations of university graduates and the requirements of employers in the labor market, and the system of assistance in employment and employment of university graduates is being studied. The second chapter contains a study, the purpose of which was to study the opinions of 4th and 5th year students of Moscow State Pedagogical University on the existing problems of professional choice and employment of graduates and possible ways to solve them. The appendices contain transcripts of group discussions held with students.

I. THEORETICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF EMPLOYMENT OF UNIVERSITY GRADUATES

1.1 Employment as a social phenomenon: basic concepts.

Disclosing the theoretical principles of studying the problems that arise for university graduates in finding employment involves clarifying the basic concepts of the sociology of labor. The most significant for this study are the concepts of “employment”, “labor market”, “youth labor market”, “unemployment” and “youth unemployment”.

Employment- the concept is very capacious, combining the economic and social results of the functioning of the entire economic system. The history of the emergence of the problem of employment is studied in his monograph by V.S. Afanasiev. He writes that the emergence of the phenomenon of employment in history arises with the advent of capitalism. Then a large number of theories of employment appear. During the period of early capitalism, which is characterized by extensive production, there was a need for a large and cheap labor force, so the theorists of primitive capital accumulation, in particular William Petit, emphasize the importance of labor force. According to William Petty, with the development of capitalism, the free competition of capital, the freedom of employment, receives its full expression. It is in such conditions that the issues of employment and unemployment arise.

During the period further development capitalism, representatives of the English school of political economy - Adam Smith and David Riccardo found that under capitalist relations, employment depended not only on existing needs, but also on the goodwill of the employer. Therefore, employment has always been less than the supply of labor.

Karl Marx gave the most complete explanation of employment, which is the scientific basis for the sociological study of employment, which has not only an economic, but also a sociological aspect. He showed that under capitalism the accumulation and concentration of capital lead to an increase in the organic composition of capital, i.e. more and more money is invested in the means of production and less and less in the labor force, so there is unemployment.

Among the first theorists who realized that unemployment in a capitalist society could not be explained by classical market theories (liberal theories) was John Maynard Keynes. He laid out the theory that employment is not a permanent reality in a capitalist society. On the contrary, under capitalism there is forced unemployment, he believed, and this is the main problem. D.M. Keynes believed that full employment could only be achieved if complete offer and full demand, and unemployment will disappear when the total demand for goods and services is less than their supply. The theories of employment that have arisen to this day in capitalist society, trying to explain unemployment and find the conditions under which full employment could be realized, have not yet been able to solve this problem.

In addition, as noted by V.V. Kolosovsky, the employment situation characterizes the state of not only economic relations, but also social system generally. In reforming societies, it remains inadequate to the requirements of a market economy. It is much more difficult to transform social and labor relations than the general macroeconomic conditions of development, since the competitive nature of employment presupposes the existence of a mature labor market.

From modern theories employment, one can note the theory of employment of Markovich D.Zh. and Radaeva V.V. Markovich D.Zh. notes that employment means the fact when able-bodied members of society, independently or in community with other members of society, carry out any kind of socially useful work aimed at satisfying their own and certain social needs. To carry out a certain employment, it is necessary to have real opportunities, that is, it is necessary that people can use the means of production. Radaev V.V. in his lectures on economic sociology, he draws attention to the fact that employment relations express the conditions under which jobs are created and workers are distributed among jobs. These relations include: the search for work and labor, the procedure for hiring and releasing workers, the conditions and content of labor, the establishment of the level of payment and forms of related benefits.

In this way, existing concepts There is a lot about employment, but in this work, we will understand employment as the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the law and brings in earnings, labor income and includes the following indicators: the completeness of the inclusion of the active part of the population in social production; the level of balance of jobs and labor resources and the correspondence of employment to the socio-economic needs of the population.

Employment is closely related to the concept unemployment. According to the researchers, this is one of the most difficult conditions in which a person can find himself. Shuvaev A.V. writes that unemployment is a characteristic feature and an integral element of the modern labor market. It is explained by the impossibility of finding work for people of working age (in accordance with their skill level, professional capabilities and desires) and is primarily due to a shortage of demand for labor and an excess of its supply. At the same time, it is a complex social phenomenon that causes a number of serious consequences both for a particular person and for society as a whole. The problems of unemployment are already widely reflected in the works of such well-known foreign scientists as V. Petty, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, J. Mill. Describing unemployment as a negative socio-economic phenomenon, they point to certain causes that give rise to this phenomenon. However, the main ones, in their opinion, are excessive population growth and competition in the labor market, fluctuations in demand for labor and crop failures in agriculture, the ruin of landowners and the seasonality of production, the introduction of machine production and wage growth.

In the transition to a market economy, the negative effect of unemployment is even more noticeable than in the established market economy, since the system of material support for the unemployed in the transition period is at the stage of its formation and therefore is ineffective. The lack of financial resources does not allow maintaining unemployment benefits at an acceptable level, at least close to the subsistence level. Finally, the able-bodied population, formed under the conditions of stable high employment in the planned economy, psychologically perceives the loss of a job more difficult.

In this paper, it is of interest to study youth unemployment. Youth unemployment- a socio-economic situation in which the youngest part of the active, able-bodied population cannot find a job that matches their training and abilities. Youth unemployment as a social problem is actualized when the proportion of unemployed aged 16-29 significantly exceeds the proportion of unemployed in other age groups. In the labor market, young people are one of the least protected categories of workers along with women and the disabled. The low competitiveness of young people is explained by the lack of sufficient production experience and the necessary work experience in the specialty.

Also of great interest is the study of such a concept as labor market. The labor market is a competitive relationship based on demand and voluntary supply of hiring by workers of certain professions and qualifications. The labor market is formed on the basis of supply and demand, the cost of labor, marginal labor productivity and competition between workers with different resources of professionalism and ability to work. It assumes a changing share of the unemployed in the working-age population, is associated with economic cycles of ups and downs in business activity.

For a long time, the problems of the labor market in our country were not dealt with, since it did not exist. Under the conditions of the administrative-command system, human resource management was carried out centrally. For university graduates, there was a system of compulsory distribution. Citizens of Russia received the right to freely dispose of their ability to work in 1991 with the adoption of the law on employment. The system of compulsory distribution of graduates ceased to exist.

Youth labor market formed by young people in need of employment. These are unemployed graduates of universities, secondary technical and secondary specialized, general educational institutions. Not all graduates of educational institutions look for work and enter the labor market. Some of them plan to continue their education, others are not employed for other reasons. The issue of the participation of young people in professional work and their attitude towards it can and should be considered in general context labor relations. Without their own experience, young people are not always able to understand and formulate what they want, but they are very sensitive to social signals - how much society appreciates work. The problem of including young people in the labor sphere of life is of central importance today, since it is this group that will determine the quality of Russia's human potential in the next thirty to forty years.

Thus, we can say that these concepts have many interpretations, many foreign and domestic researchers dealt with the problems of "employment" and "unemployment", "youth labor market" and "youth unemployment". From the above definitions in this work, by employment we will understand the activities of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, not contradicting the law and bringing earnings, labor income and including the following indicators: the completeness of the inclusion in social production of the active part of the population; the level of balance of jobs and labor resources and the correspondence of employment to the socio-economic needs of the population, this definition most fully reflects the essence of the phenomenon of employment. In the concept of unemployment, we are most specifically interested in youth unemployment, and by it we will understand the socio-economic situation in which the youngest part of the active, able-bodied population cannot find work that matches their training and abilities.

Similar information.

The method of "magic" questions as applied to this problem.

• 1. Whoinvolved in the problem and could influence its solution?
• ? The students themselves as potential employees and carriers of ZNU.
• ? Employers who need workers and who offer vacancies.
• ? Third party in the form of various recruitment agencies, employment offices, labor exchanges that help in finding employment.
• ? The government of the Russian Federation, which does not ensure the replenishment of jobs and the employment of university graduates.
• ? A university that provides a particular level of education, and ZNU, which are valued or not valued in the labor market.
• ? Parents and their "connections" to get a job "by pull".
• ? Competitors in the form of other applicants, etc.
• 2. Whatactually occurs and affects the development of the problem?
• ? Lack of real jobs: the demand for jobs many times overrides their supply in the market.
• ? Inefficient search, which often ends in failure.
• ? Unattractive job options associated with inconvenient work schedules, low wages, unfavorable location of the workplace, etc.
• ? Lack of adaptation of students to the requirements of the labor market. Lack of practical work experience among graduates, which is the main reason for refusing employment.
• ? Weak training programs that are not adapted to the needs of the market.
• ? Weak teaching staff (TS), when many of the teachers do not have practical experience in their specialty, ignorance of real production.
• ? Weak preparation young professionals after graduation.
• ? Lack of practical orientation of the learning process. There are no trainings, business games, internships. Lack of practical ZNU, which are insufficiently provided by the university.
• ? An inconvenient schedule that is impossible to work with in parallel with studies, and for many students, work is vital because it allows them to survive without having financial support from their parents.
• ? Language ignorance, etc.
• 3. Whereproblem manifests itself?
• ? In most regions of Russia, including Moscow and the Moscow region.
• ? In the offices of companies-employers, personnel departments, personnel services, etc.
• ? In the offices of recruitment agencies, employment offices and labor exchanges.
• ? At the university during the training of students when looking for a part-time job in their future specialty.
• ? In the Government of the Russian Federation, which does not create conditions for the employment of graduates.
• ? In all industries.
• ? In the home and soul of every graduate, when there is an acute problem of employment, etc.
• 4. Whenthis problem appears?
• ? When looking for a job.
• ? During studies, when training programs do not provide real practical knowledge.
• ? At the time of graduation from the university and receiving a diploma.
• ? During a crisis in the country's economy, when the problems of enterprises are exacerbated.
• ? When moving to another region or city.
• ? With the growth of ambitions, when needs are ahead of opportunities, etc.
• 5. Whythis problem exists?
• ? Lack of practical work experience, ZNU, language training, etc.
• ? Growing needs in society and among university graduates in particular.
• ? Lack of “connections” (the right people) to help you find a job.
• ? Laziness! Weak motivation!
• ? Ignorance of job search technology, inability to competently write a resume, prepare and pass an interview, inability to behave during an interview, etc.
• ? The psychology of a loser (they will refuse anyway!), self-doubt and self-doubt. Personal problems and personal shortcomings.
• ? Lack of funds for life and satisfaction of needs. Very low scholarship, which does not allow somehow to exist without the support of parents. But a low scholarship is also a “plus”, as it encourages students to earn extra money during their studies, earning money for a living and the necessary work experience.
• ? Inconvenient schedule, which is not adapted to students' part-time jobs. Many universities do not approve part-time work. Moreover, students who work are considered almost “criminals” who do not want to study. This is fundamentally wrong. For many students, part-time work is the only way to survive and learn.
• ? The impossibility of combining study and work without skipping classes.
• ? Lack of consideration of students' opinions in the field of improving the educational process.
• ? Lack of understanding of the prospects for work in the specialty and, as a result, the impossibility of developing a strategy for one's career, at least for a short period.
• ? Academicism of university knowledge, lack of practical orientation of the educational process. Few or no trainings, business games, internships.
• ? Many teachers do not have practical experience in their specialty.
• ? There is no connection between universities and large enterprises - future employers.
• ? There is no mandatory distribution of young specialists upon graduation.
• ? There is no effective strategy for the development of Russia, which focuses on the development of production, the creation of new jobs and the modernization of the education system.
• ? There is no clear priority of education in the country, etc.
• 6. How to solve this problem? You can create a preliminary list of ways to solve the problem.
• ? Search and develop methods that correct the educational process for the possibility of students to earn extra money. Make a convenient schedule!
• ? To allow officially part-time work for students, starting from the third year.
• ? Legislatively introduce the concept of "student's working time", as a result of the implementation of the new schedule.
• ? The leadership of the departments and the institute should receive feedback from students in order to build these methods.
• ? Development and implementation of an effective strategy for the development of Russia, when production will develop and new jobs will be created.
• ? National Priority - a good education, as the core of the development and strengthening of Russia!
• ? Adjust curricula and programs to give them a practical focus. Make wider use of trainings, business games, and internships at enterprises.
• ? To allow teaching only the teaching staff (PTS), having a large practical experience by specialty.
• ? Students can start looking for a job and earn money legally while still studying at the university.
• ? Change your attitude to learning and improve your skills during training (for students). Change the attitude towards the work of students (for teachers).
• ? Passing practical trainings during studies at the university (at the university itself or in third-party training centers), developing the necessary ZNU, pulling up language training, studying best practices, etc.
• ? Overcome laziness! Raise the level of motivation.
• ? Learn how to properly write a resume, emphasizing your strengths, prepare for an interview, tune in to a positive result, which will allow you to overcome psychological barriers.
• ? To open research and production enterprises (complexes) at universities, where students could work, while combining the interests of the university and students. The university gets the opportunity for additional funding from the profits of these enterprises, and students get additional earnings and practical work experience.
• ? Activation of acquaintances, relatives, the right people and "connections" to find a job.
• ? Open your own business, which will give you the opportunity to create jobs yourself, providing work for yourself and other people, etc.

Conclusion. The problem is very relevant. The strategy of every developed country is aimed at creating social welfare. And the well-being of students as a youth cell of society is an important part of this strategy. The problem of student employment nullifies their motivation to study, which worsens the quality of knowledge of graduates and seriously hinders the development of the country. Answers to the key questions "why?" and “how?” allow a completely different look at the problem of employment. The main thing is that at present, both students and the university should think together about the future work of students as specialists. In addition to good studies, students need practical work experience, since without it it is almost impossible to get a good position. Universities need to think about how to ensure this. On the one hand, it is possible to optimize the schedule by creating special “windows” for students to work part-time (this is the simplest), and on the other hand, to open research and production complexes at universities, creating jobs for studying students, where the latter could work, earn money and work experience.

Of course, ideally, we also need direct contracts with large and medium-sized enterprises for the training of specialists for them in certain specialties with a guarantee of employment and the payment of nominal scholarships. Another important point is related to the creation of centers for assessing and certifying the qualifications of newly minted specialists (assessment centers), which were offered by the students themselves in their term papers. In such centers, graduates will take a real aptitude test. All those who successfully passed the exam will receive a special certificate, which should convince employers of the quality of the former student's knowledge. For a graduate, this can become an additional line in the resume - a bonus when looking for a job. In the future, everyone who wants to get a good job will have to get a certificate (in Western Europe, a person cannot get a job if he has not received recognition from the professional community). It is clear that the employment of young specialists is not only their headache, but also the task of the state. Needed here public policy Russia needs a development strategy that provides for the development of the economy and the creation of new jobs.

The star chart (Fig. 4.10) allows us to analyze the problem of employment of university graduates and identify its causes in four components. Looking at the star chart, we can conclude that students strive to become professionals in their field in order to achieve success in material and personal terms. However, the lack of work experience significantly complicates their life after graduation. Employers are very biased towards young professionals. There is only one way out - for students to gain work experience and at the same time not be expelled from the last year. Considering the learning process relevant to today's situation, this is quite difficult. Work experience ruins learning, and vice versa. A constructive "dialogue" is needed between students and the "tops of education" at least for the exchange of views and possible correction of the educational process for its main consumer - the student. And thanks to the knowledge of students, who will subsequently give returns in the form of revenues to the country's budget and GDP growth, the entire Russian People can rightly be considered the end consumer of this process.

Ishikawa diagram for considering the problem of employment of university graduates (Fig. 4.11).

Based on the obtained Ishikawa diagram, we conclude that the underlying causes of the problem lie in:

• ? in the absence of a common understanding of the educational process among students and teachers;
• ? lack of practical orientation of the educational process;
• ? the impossibility of consolidating theoretical knowledge in practice due to the lack of work (part-time work) in the specialty;
• ? the inability to freely visit and independently study non-core subjects;
• ? orientation towards a resource-based economy, the absence of an effective development strategy for Russia aimed at developing production and creating new jobs;
• ? low scholarships and poor funding of the entire education system, educational institutions and teachers, etc.

Rice. 4.10.

Rice. 4.11.

The ladder diagram (Fig. 4.12) allows you to establish a causal relationship between the main causes of the problem of graduate employment and identify the root cause of the problem.