FUNCTIONAL STYLES,
LISTENED SPEECH, GENRE
Plan
1. general characteristics the concept of "functional style of speech" (definition, style-forming factors, sub-style and genre originality).
2. Features of the conversational style of speech.
3. Features of the literary and artistic style of speech.
4. Features of the public-journalistic style of speech.
5. Features of the scientific style of speech.
6. Features of the official business style of speech.
1. It is known that, depending on the purpose of communication, the form of communication, the addressee, speech situations are grouped and correlated with one or another sphere of human activity, for example, educational, business, social, etc. In this sense, speech is also typified: some language means become preferable in situations business sphere of communication, others - in the scientific, etc.
This is how they are formed functional styles– varieties literary language. The term "functional style" itself emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the functions(role) that the language performs in each specific case. For example, for a scientific article, first of all, accuracy in the designation of concepts is important, and in fiction and journalism - emotionality, figurativeness of expression. At the same time, in each specific case, special language means are selected, and in some cases the method of presenting these means also matters.
Word style(gr. style) in ancient Greek meant a pointed stick, a rod for writing on wax tablets. In the future, this word acquired the meaning of "handwriting", and later began to denote the manner, method, features of speech.
So under style in linguistics, it is customary to understand a variety of literary language that serves any side of social life, has a special sphere, a certain range of topics, is characterized by special conditions of communication. It is called functional, since it performs a certain function in society in each case.
The doctrine of styles goes back to M.V. Lomonosov, who wrote: “... the Russian language, through the use of church books, has different degrees of decency: high, mediocre and low. This comes from three kinds of sayings of the Russian language.
Functional style is created by a combination of neutral language means and special means used only in this style. Depending on the basis of classification, various types of functional styles are distinguished. The communicative and everyday function serves as the basis for the opposition colloquial styles to bookish styles. In turn, according to specific stylistic manifestations in accordance with the spheres social activities specific book functional styles stand out. The traditional classification of styles can be represented as the following scheme:
| Literary and artistic |
Each functional style is complex system, the features of which are manifested both in oral and written forms of its implementation (although to a different extent). At the same time, stylistic differences cover all language levels: pronunciation of words and stress, morphological means, lexical and phraseological composition, characteristic syntactic constructions.
In functional styles, as a rule, stand out substyles that meet the requirements of a particular type of activity. So, in the scientific style, the actual scientific substyle (academic sphere), scientific and technical (engineering sphere), educational and scientific (field higher education) and other substyles.
Note that the peculiarity of each style is not only the scope and purpose of communication, General requirements, communication conditions, but also genres in which it is implemented.
What is a genre? Let's define this concept. A genre is a specific type of text that retains the common features of a particular style (its dominant), but at the same time is characterized by special compositional speech structures and linguistic means.
For example, in the literary and artistic style, such genres as novel, short story, story, poem are distinguished; in a journalistic style - essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton; in official business - a statement, order, certificate, letter of guarantee; in scientific style - monograph, report, abstract, abstract, etc.
It is clear from the definition that each genre (speech work) requires its own linguistic means of expression and a special way of organizing them. At the same time, one must always remember that the choice of stylistically colored words is justified, that the language means used belong to the style to which this or that genre belongs. Otherwise, this will lead to misinterpretation, ambiguity and will indicate a low level of speech culture.
Therefore, we can talk about the existence of the so-called style-forming factors, which are designed to set parameters for each functional style. In particular, this can be observed in the selection of linguistic means (orthoepic, grammatical, lexical) that form a certain system. This system is manifested in the interaction of neutral (common) units and special (stylistically colored). Note that style-forming factors have a strict hierarchy. Among them we single out three main ones: scope, purpose and mode of communication. It is they who determine the choice of the type of speech, its form, the way of presentation and the requirements of certain qualitative characteristics.
Thus, it is customary to distinguish between the following areas of communication: socio-political, scientific, legal, domestic, etc.
The purpose of communication can be not only the transfer of information, but also persuasion, prescription, aesthetic impact, establishing contact, etc.
Concerning way of communication, then, on the one hand, mass and personal methods are distinguished, and on the other, contact, non-contact and indirectly contact.
If the speaker or writer is well aware of the features of these factors, it will not be difficult for him to determine or choose a style.
Of course, in practice we often observe a mixture of styles. In a live speech stream, styles can interact. Especially often this takes place in the colloquial everyday style of speech. But in order to understand the degree of admissibility of using different manifestations of the language, one must be well aware of the norms and qualitative characteristics inherent in a particular style. It is for this purpose that we turn to a brief analysis of them.
2. Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in different areas activities: everyday, unofficial, professional and others. True, there is one feature: in everyday life, the conversational style has oral and written forms, and in the professional sphere - only oral. Compare: colloquial lexical units - reader, teacher, spur and neutral - reading room, teacher, cheat sheet. AT writing professional content colloquial vocabulary is unacceptable.
Spoken speech is uncodified speech, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, concreteness, informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of expressions, subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, even some familiarity of tone.
In conversational style, the following are distinguished genres: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.
In terms of language colloquial speech is distinguished by an abundance of emotionally colored, expressive vocabulary, the so-called condensate words ( evening -"Evening Moscow") and doublet words ( freezer- evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are more often used than in other styles: incompleteness, incompleteness are their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you going? - In the tenth .; Well? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, humor. Colloquial speech carries a lot of phraseological turns, comparisons, proverbs, sayings. It tends to constantly update and rethink linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.
Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech "a forge in which verbal innovations are forged." Spoken language enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on colloquial speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more normalized character.
One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: for him great importance has knowledge of speech etiquette in both writing and oral. In addition, for oral colloquial speech It is very important to take into account the specifics of extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. This is the general characteristic of the colloquial-everyday style.
3. Literary and artistic style. Home distinctive feature language fiction is his purpose: the whole organization of language means is subordinated here not just to the transfer of content, but to the impact on the feelings and thoughts of the reader or listener with the help of artistic images.
The main features of the artistic style are imagery, aesthetic significance, manifestation of the author's individuality. In this style, in order to create an artistic image, metaphor, metonymy, personification and other specific expressive means are widely used. Note that some non-literary elements of the language (dialectisms, vernacular, jargon) or linguistic means of other styles may be present in a work of art.
As an example, we can cite an excerpt from V. Shukshin's story "The Freak", in which the features of the official business style are played up for artistic purposes:
“At the airport Chudik wrote a telegram to his wife: “Landed. Lilac branch fell on the chest, dear Pear, do not forget me. Vasyatka. The telegraph operator, a strict dry woman, after reading the telegram, suggested:
- Do it differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.
- Why? asked the Weird. This is how I always write to her. This is my wife! … You probably thought…
- You can write anything in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is plain text.
The weirdo rewrote: “Landed. Everything is fine. Vasyatka. The telegraph operator corrected two words herself: “Landed” and “Vasyatka”. It became: “Arrived. Basil".
As we can see, works of fiction use different possibilities of the national language, so the language of fiction is exceptionally rich and flexible.
The literary and artistic style is realized in the form of prose, drama and poetry, in which the corresponding genres Keywords: novel, short story, short story, short story; drama, comedy, tragedy; poem, fable, etc.
I would like to note one important circumstance: when analyzing the language of fiction, we usually talk not only about the manifestation of the culture of speech as such, but also about the talent, skill of the writer, who managed to use all the facets, all the riches of the national language in his work.
4. Journalistic style performs 2 main functions- informational and influencing - and is addressed to the mass reader and listener. It is used both in written and oral forms, which within the framework of this style closely interact and converge. This style is quite complex and branched, characterized by numerous inter-style influences. It highlights the following substyles and genres:
1) newspaper and journalistic (article, information note, essay, interview);
2) propaganda (appeals, appeals, leaflets);
3) official political and ideological (party resolutions);
4) mass-political (speeches at meetings and rallies of a political nature), etc.
However, the journalistic style is most fully and widely, in all the variety of genres, represented in newspaper bed. Therefore, the concepts of "newspaper language" and "journalistic style" are often considered as identical or close. Let us dwell in more detail on the features of this substyle, which has received the widest distribution.
According to Academician V.G. Kostomarov, the newspaper sub-style is interesting in that it combines two opposite tendencies: the tendency towards standardization, characteristic of strict styles (scientific and official business), and the tendency towards expressiveness, characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of fiction.
Therefore, the newspaper often contains stable, standard expressions that have an expressive coloring. Typical for the newspaper and journalistic substyle are, for example, the following phrases: good tradition, bloody coup, amass political capital, escalation of the situation, convincing victory and others. In addition, the language of newspapers is replete with so-called "labels" (pseudo-democrat, fascist, retrograde).
The most important in the public-journalistic style are genres used in the media, such as: reportage, interview, oratory, public speaking, discussion and some others.
In general, journalistic style texts are characterized by informative richness, simplicity, accessibility of presentation, logic, appeal, emotionality, social appraisal, and the presence of elements of declarativeness. An important feature we can also consider that the journalistic style always strives for figurativeness and at the same time brevity in expressing thoughts.
And now let's move on to the analysis of the features of the scientific and official business styles, which will be considered in more detail, since they are closely related to the educational activities of the university.
5. Scientific style of speech designed to communicate scientific information, explain facts both orally and in writing, and to a greater extent designed for the advanced reader.
In the scientific style of speech, as in journalistic, depending on the nature of the addressee and goals, the following are distinguished substyles and their respective genres:
1) actually scientific, or academic (monograph, article, report);
2) scientific and informative (abstract, annotation, patent description);
3) scientific reference (dictionary, reference book, catalogue, encyclopedia);
4) educational and scientific (textbook, Toolkit, lecture);
5) popular science (article, essay).
The first three sub-styles are designed to accurately convey scientific information with a description of scientific facts. Their distinguishing feature is the academic presentation addressed to specialists. The main features: the accuracy of the transmitted information, the persuasiveness of the argument, the logical sequence of presentation, conciseness.
Substyle 4) is addressed to future specialists, therefore it is distinguished by greater accessibility, the presence of rich illustrative material, numerous examples, explanations, and comments.
Substyle 5) has a different addressee. This is a wide readership, so scientific data can be presented in it not in an academic, but in a more accessible and entertaining form, and it does not strive for conciseness.
All sub-styles of scientific style are characterized by precise and unambiguous expression of thoughts, which is explained by the nature of scientific knowledge. The scientific style, like the formal business style, does not tolerate ambiguity, which can lead to misinterpretation of facts or phenomena.
In addition, scientific thinking is designed to establish patterns. Therefore, the scientific style is characterized by analyticity, emphasized logical presentation, clarity, reasoning.
It is known that, at its core, scientific speech is written speech. This means that it has all the features and all the norms of written speech.
In terms of language, scientific style uses neutral and special vocabulary, terminology. In general, the lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation. There is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring.
Often the scientific style is called "dry", devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery. However, it should be remembered that the beauty of a scientific text is associated not with expressiveness, but with logicality and high persuasiveness. Incidentally, it should be noted that some scientific papers, in particular polemical ones, emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are allowed, which (although being, however, an additional device) give scientific prose additional persuasiveness.
Finally, I would like to note that, unfortunately, the language of scientific texts is often unnecessarily complicated; examples of the so-called pseudo-academic style can often be observed in them.
Let us cite at least one of them, in which the abuse of borrowings and complex syntactic structures is obvious.
“The category of time, due to its universality, has an integrating function and can be considered ... on the basis of the isomorphism of knowledge structures, especially in culture and language. ... The universal, invariant, typologically general content of the category of time is found in specific language its national and cultural expression and receives a subjective, axiologically marked interpretation.
In our opinion, the main requirement for a culture of mastering the scientific style of speech can be formulated as follows: express yourself as complicated as the object of study is, but no more.
6. Official business style - it is a kind of literary language that functions in the field of government, as well as in the legal, administrative, public and diplomatic spheres of activity.
The official business style, as well as the scientific style of speech, is divided into substyles: legislative, clerical, business correspondence, diplomatic.
Within each substyle there are the following genre varieties:
1) legislative genres: charter, constitution, decree, law, decree;
2) stationery genres, which, in turn, are divided into:
a) personal documents: application, CV, resume;
b) administrative and organizational documents: contract, agreement;
c) administrative documents: order, order, instruction, resolution;
d) information and reference documents: certificate, act, report (service) note, explanatory note;
3) genres of business correspondence: a letter of request, a letter of inquiry, a letter of response, a letter of confirmation, a letter of guarantee, a commercial letter, a complaint, an invitation, a message, a cover letter;
4) genres of diplomatic substyle: treaty, communiqué, note, statement, memorandum.
Character traits formal business style- standardization, brevity, accuracy of presentation. The official business style is distinguished by clear, unambiguous wording.
In terms of use language tools this style is characterized by a combination of neutral vocabulary and bookish, special.
So, we found out what distinguishes one style of speech from another, determined the qualitative indicators of all functional styles. We emphasize that knowledge of style features and the ability to distinguish them is necessary in order to correctly express one's thoughts in accordance with a specific communication situation.
Questions for self-control:
1. What is a functional style of speech?
2. What is the basis for dividing the literary language into functional styles?
3. What functional styles do you know?
4. What do the terms "substyle" and "genre" mean?
5. What substyles and genres stand out in each functional style of speech?
6. What are the salient features:
a) colloquial-everyday style;
b) literary and artistic style;
c) social and journalistic style;
d) scientific style;
e) official business style?
7. How are the functional styles of the Russian literary language related?
Lecture 3NORMS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE (OPTIONS, TYPES OF NORM)
Plan
1. The concept of the language norm (literary norm).
2. Norm options.
3. Norm types.
1. The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness, in other words, its compliance with language norms.
What is included in this concept? Let's offer a definition.
The norm of the language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of language means, the uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of the elements of the literary language in a certain period of its development.
The linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposite features. We list the most important of them and give the necessary commentary.
1. Relative sustainability and stability language norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of the language, which is constantly developing along with the creator and native speaker - society itself.
The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, change. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources 100 years old, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: cabinet(instead of cupboard), zhyra(instead of heat), strict(instead of strict), quiet(instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returnedhis(instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly(instead of necessarily), need to(instead of necessary) etc.
2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized prevalence and obligatory nature compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to "manage" the elements of speech. On the other hand, one can also talk about "linguistic pluralism" the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (the author of the speech) and objective (language).
3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as Scientific research. However, recognizing the importance literary tradition and source authority, should also be kept in mind author's individuality able to violate the norms, which, of course, is justified in certain situations of communication.
In conclusion, we emphasize that the literary norm is objective: it is not invented by scientists, but reflects the regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Norms of the language are obligatory for both oral and written speech. It must be understood that the norm does not divide linguistic means into “good” and “bad”. It indicates the appropriateness of their use in a particular communicative situation.
In general, the literary norm enshrined all the best that was created in the speech behavior of representatives of this society. It is necessary because it helps to preserve the integrity and intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from vernacular, dialectisms, and jargon.
2. The change in linguistic norms is preceded by the appearance of their options(doublets) that actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as " Pronouncing dictionary”, “Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language”, “Dictionary of word compatibility”, etc.
Exist 3 degrees of normativity:
– norm of the 1st degree- strict, rigid, not allowing options (for example, put, but not lie down; t, call but not calls; socks, but not sock);
– norm of the 2nd degree- less strict, allowing equal options, combined in a dictionary entry by the union "and" (for example, right and , right blinds(cf. and pl.), immoral and immoral);
– norm of the 3rd degree- the most mobile, where one option is the main (preferred), and the second, although acceptable, is less desirable. In such cases, the second option is preceded by a note "additional"(permissible), sometimes in combination with stylistic marks or only a stylistic mark: "colloquial"(colloquial), "poetic."(poetic), "prof."(professional) etc. For example: bank sprat(additional sprats),a cup tea(additional expansion tea), compass(prof. compass).
The norm of the 1st degree is called imperative norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degree - dispositive rules.
At present, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that language norm not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, a deviation from the norm is possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of the norms that exist in the literary language.
3. In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, the following are distinguished types of norms.
1. Orthoepic norms(gr. correct speech) - the norms of stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors interfere with the perception of the speaker's speech. social role correct pronunciation is very large, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the process of communication.
In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as the Dictionary of Russian Stress, Orthoepic Dictionary, Dictionary of Oral Speech Difficulties, etc.
Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive marks: “ no rivers."(Not recommended), "wrong."(not properly), "rude."(rough), "bran."(swear words), etc.
2. lexical rules, or norms of word usage are: a) the use of the word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymic series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.
3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of the word. Note that morphological norms primarily include: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms for the formation plural nouns, norms of formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.
4. Syntactic norms associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When building a phrase, it is necessary first of all to remember about management; when constructing a sentence, one should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using participle turns, the laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.
Morphological and syntactic norms are often grouped under the general name grammar rules.
5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) and punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (writing a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (punctuation marks).
Questions for self-control:
1. What is the norm of the language and what are its features?
2. What is the inconsistency of the norm?
3. What are the differences in the degree of normativity?
4. What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language means?
Let us turn to a detailed consideration of the types of norms indicated above.
B. ORPHOEPIC STANDARDS
Plan
1. Norms of setting stress (accentological norms).
2. Pronunciation of vowels.
3. Pronunciation of consonant sounds.
4. Features of the pronunciation of foreign words.
1. Orthoepic correctness of speech- this is the observance of the norms of literary pronunciation and stress. Correct placement of stress and correct, exemplary pronunciation are important indicators of the general cultural level of a person. In order for an oral presentation to be successful, it must be expressive, and expressiveness is achieved by competent, clear and clear pronunciation, correct intonation and stress. Let's analyze sequentially main aspects of Russian orthoepy, namely: stress norms, rules for pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels, hard and soft, voiced and deaf consonants, rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms and words of foreign origin.
Due to the heterogeneity and mobility of stress in the Russian language, there are words with the so-called double stress, or accent options. Some of them are equal. For example: rust and rust, meatballs and meatballs, crispy and sparkling, loop and loop´, pale and , the waves are pale and waves. However, most often the stress variants are characterized as unequal, i.e. one of them is the main (preferred), and the other is acceptable (additional). For example: cottage cheese[add. cottage cheese],satiety[add. ta dosy], otherwise[add. otherwise], phenomenon[add. phenomenon],briefly[add. briefly].
If the dictionary contains two unequal accentological variants without marks, then the main variant is put in the first place, followed by an acceptable, less desirable variant.
There is also the problem of distinguishing between so-called semantic variants- pairs of words in which the diversity of stress is intended to distinguish the meaning of words: flour and flour, sharpness and sharpness, cowardice and shake, castle and castle, submerged and immersed etc. These pairs of words are called homographs.
Sometimes the diversity of stress somewhat modifies the ending of words that are semantic variants. For example: clear prizes(cry) - conscription(age), developed(about activity) – developed(child), linguistic(about sausage) – linguistic(about the error).
Among the unequal options, one should distinguish stylistic options. These are such pairs of words that, depending on the place of stress, are used in different functional styles of the literary language or narrow areas of communication, or belong to professionalism. In these cases, stylistic variants are accompanied in dictionaries by the corresponding labels: "specialist."(special use) "poetic."(poetic speech) "tech."(technical term) "prof."(professionalism), etc., in contrast to "common use"(common variant). Compare: underbite(generally used) – bite(specialist.), silk(generally used) – silk(poet.), atomic(generally used) – atomic(prof.), compass(common) - compass(for sailors) stroke(generally used) – Advice(honey.).
The unequal options are normative-chronological options. These are m pairs of words in which the variability of stress is associated with the time period of the use of this word in speech. The obsolete, obsolete version is accompanied in dictionaries by a note "outdated". For example: industry(modern) – industry(outdated), Ukrainian(modern) – Ukrainian(outdated), angle(modern) – perspective(outdated), waited(modern) - waited(outdated), visible(modern) – watery(outdated), needed(modern) - need(outdated), apartments(modern) – apartments(outdated).
According to L.I. Skvortsov, in the Russian language, researchers have more than 5 thousand commonly used words in which stress fluctuations are recorded.
Functional styles of speech - a historically established system speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.
There are 5 functional styles:
scientific - the meaning is to give an accurate and clear representation of scientific concepts (for example, terminological vocabulary)
official business - official correspondence, government acts, speeches; vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations (plenum, session, decision, decree, resolution)
journalistic - abstract words with a socio-political meaning are characteristic (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving)
colloquial - it is distinguished by a large semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness
fiction - used in fiction
1 Scientific style
2 Formal business style
3 Publicistic style
4 Conversational style
5 Art style
scientific style
Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.
Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by noun, a lot of abstract and material nouns.
Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. Its genres are a scientific article, educational literature, a monograph, a school essay, etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguity), abstraction, generalization.
Formal business style
Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (the field of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.
This style exists exclusively in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public. Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.
The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.
Journalistic style
Publicistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, appraisal, invocativeness.
This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.
Conversational style
The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.
The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.
Art style
Main article: Artistic style
The artistic style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.
The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.
Functional style is literary language subsystem, which is implemented in a certain area social activities (for example, in the field of science, business communication, everyday communication, etc.) and is characterized by a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Term functional style emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished based on that function(role) that the language performs in each specific case. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case. functional styles heterogeneous; each of them is shown side by side. genre varieties, for example, in a scientific style - scientific monographs and educational texts, in an official business style - laws, certificates, business letters, in a newspaper and journalistic style - an article, a report, etc. Each functional type speech has its own specific features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to one degree or another in each genre of a given style.
In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official business, newspaper and journalistic, artistic and colloquial everyday.
Styles of the literary language, first of all, compared based on their analysis vocabulary, since it is in the vocabulary that the difference between them is most noticeable. The attachment of words to a certain style of speech is explained by the fact that in lexical meaning many words besides subject-logical content, enters and emotional and stylistic coloring. For example: appearance - appearance, lack - deficiency, fun - entertainment, alteration - transformation, cry - complain. These synonyms differ from each other not in meaning, but in their stylistic coloring. The first words of each pair are used in colloquial and everyday, and the second - in popular science, journalistic, official business speech.
In addition to the concept and stylistic coloring, the word is capable of expressing feelings, as well as assessment of various phenomena real reality. There are two groups of emotionally expressive vocabulary: words with a positive and negative assessment. For example: excellent, wonderful, excellent(positive assessment);vile, vile, disgusting(negative score). Often, in addition to evaluative, words include also figurative coloring, as, for example, in the words characterizing a person: hero, eagle, lion; donkey, cow, crow.
Depending on whether what an emotionally expressive assessment expressed in a word, it is used in various styles of speech. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in colloquial speech, which is distinguished by liveliness and accuracy of presentation. Expressively colored words are also characteristic for journalistic style. However, in scientific, technical and official business styles of speech, emotionally colored words are usually inappropriate.
The words blotter, dryer, reader(instead of blotting paper, dryer, reading room) are quite acceptable in colloquial speech, but they are inappropriate in official, business communication. The words of the colloquial style are distinguished by great semantic capacity and colorfulness, they give speech liveliness and expressiveness.
Spoken words are opposed to book vocabulary. It includes the words of scientific, technical, newspaper-journalistic and official-business styles, usually presented in writing. Lexical meaning of book words, their grammatical structure and pronunciation obey established norms literary language, deviations from which are unacceptable.
The sphere of distribution of book words is not the same. Along with words that are common to scientific, technical, newspaper-journalistic and official-business styles, there are also words in the book vocabulary that are assigned to only one style and constitute the specifics of this style. For example, terminological vocabulary It is used mainly in scientific and technical styles. Its purpose is to give an accurate and clear idea of scientific concepts (for example, technical terms – bimetal, centrifuge; medical terms - X-ray, diabetes and etc.).
For journalistic style characterized by abstract words with socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, peace-loving, prestige).
AT business style - official correspondence, government acts, speeches - vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations (session, decision, decision, resolution). A special group in the official business vocabulary is formed by clericalisms: hear (report), read out (decision), forward, incoming (number).
Terms book and colloquial vocabulary are conditional, since they are not necessarily associated with the idea of only one form of speech. Book words typical of written speech can also be used in oral speech (scientific reports, public performance etc.), and colloquial - in writing (in diaries, everyday correspondence, etc.).
The colloquial vocabulary is adjacent to the colloquial vocabulary, which is outside the styles of the literary language. Vernacular words (for example: junk, nonsense, throat, spitty etc.) are usually used for the purpose of a reduced, rough description of phenomena and objects of reality. In official business communication, these words are unacceptable, and in everyday colloquial speech they should be avoided.
The Russian language has a large group of words used in all styles without exception and characteristic of both oral and written speech. Such words form a background against which stylistically colored vocabulary stands out. They are called stylistically neutral. Yes, the words go, a lot, face - stylistically neutral, unlike their synonyms - wander(colloquial) march(book); lots(colloquial) lots of(book); muzzle(colloquial, reduced), face(book, poetry).
In speech practice, there may be style interaction, the penetration of lexical means assigned to a particular area of social activity into areas of communication unusual for them. In the event that the use of a stylistically colored word in a context unusual for it is motivated by a certain communicative goal (for example, creating a positive evaluation of the statement, a visual effect - reasonable pricing policy, flexible system of discounts(official business speech), it is justified, enhances the impact of the statement. If a stylistically colored word is used in a sphere of communication alien to it without a specific communicative purpose, such use qualifies as a stylistic error (for example: regional forum of livestock farm workers;engagehuman factor(official business speech).
As experts note, any use can be correct if it is due to the nature of the sphere of communication, the tradition of selecting speech means by different categories of native speakers (physicists, journalists, poets, sailors, miners, diplomats, etc.). That is why even something that contradicts the norms of general literary speech can find a functionally justified application and act as an indicator of the originality of the form of communication. For example, phrases that are outside the general literary norms are stylistically significant and acceptable in professional speech: compass, on-mountain, give ends, cakes, ethers, cements and etc.
So, the styles of the literary language serve certain areas of human activity, are socially conditioned. They interact with each other and act as forms of language existence.
As already noted, the literary language can be used in any communication situation: in an official and informal setting, in the field of science, office work, in the media, in fiction, in everyday life. Naturally, such a variety of functions performed cannot but lead to the fact that several variants are gradually formed in the literary language, each of which is intended for communication in a certain area of human activity.
In the modern Russian literary language, they usually distinguish five styles:
official business (business),
newspaper and journalistic (journalistic),
art,
colloquial.
Each of the styles has a number of specific speech characteristics, which are formed depending on the area in which communication takes place and what functions the language performs.
| main function | Sphere of communication | Basic form of speech | Typical type of speech | Main mode of communication |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| scientific style | ||||
| Informative (message) | The science | Written | Monologue | Bulk, non-contact |
| business style | ||||
| Informative (message) | Right | Written | Monologue | Bulk, non-contact and contact |
| Journalistic style | ||||
| Informative and impact function | Ideology, politics | Written and oral | Monologue | |
| Art style | ||||
| Aesthetic* and impact function | word art | Written | Monologue, dialogue, polylogue ** | Mass, non-contact and indirect-contact |
| Conversational style | ||||
| Exchange of thoughts and feelings (actual communication) | household | Oral | Dialogue, polylogue | personal, contact |
Scientific, official business and journalistic styles are brought together by the fact that they are designed to convey quite complex content and function in the field of official communication, mostly in writing. Therefore they are called book styles.
In particular, this is manifested in the stylistic stratification of Russian vocabulary. So, along with commonly used words, that is, words that are used by everyone and in any cases (for example: mother, earth, water, run), used in book styles book vocabulary, that is, one that looks alien in a casual conversation.
For example, in a friendly letter, it is hardly appropriate to use terms, clerical words, etc.: On green spaces the first leaves appeared; We were walking in the forest and sunbathing by the pond.
All book styles are opposed to the colloquial style, which is used in informal, everyday, everyday communication, usually in unprepared oral speech. And here, along with common words, the use of colloquial vocabulary is frequent, that is, one that is inappropriate in book styles, but is inherent in informal everyday speech.
For example, in everyday life we use the word potatoes, baked goods, and in a textbook on botany, biology, they are inappropriate precisely because of their colloquialism. Therefore, there will be used the terms potatoes, liver.
Stratification of vocabulary by use in certain styles ( commonly used vocabulary - bookstore and colloquial vocabulary) should not be confused with the stratification of vocabulary according to the presence or absence of an evaluation and emotionally expressive coloring in a word (although in some cases these characteristics overlap). Emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions, feelings. Expressive - expressive, containing the expression of feelings, experiences (from the Latin expressio - "expression"). From this point of view, contrast neutral vocabulary and evaluative, emotionally expressive vocabulary.
Neutral vocabulary is words that are devoid of stylistic coloring. They can indicate emotions, express an assessment of phenomena ( joy, love, good, bad), but in this case, the expression of emotions or evaluation constitute the very meaning of the word, and are not superimposed on it.
A feature of emotional-evaluative and emotional-expressive vocabulary is that evaluation, emotional-expressive coloring "superimpose" on the lexical meaning of the word, but are not reduced to it. Such a word not only names this or that phenomenon, but also expresses the assessment, the attitude of the speaker to this object, phenomenon, sign, etc. This is easy to demonstrate by comparing neutral and emotionally expressive synonyms, that is, words that are close or identical in meaning:
eyes - eyes, balls; face - muzzle, face; son - son; a fool is a fool.
Emotionally expressive vocabulary is usually divided into high and low. High vocabulary is used in pathetic texts, in solemn acts of communication. Reduced- combines words of low social significance and, as a rule, containing elements of a sharp assessment. In addition to this general characteristic, expressively colored words can acquire various stylistic shades, as indicated by marks in dictionaries.
For example: ironically - democrat("rubber club" in colloquial speech); disapproving - rally; contemptuously - toady; playfully - newly minted; familiarly - not bad; vulgarly - grabber.
Emotionally expressive vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. Its inappropriate use can give speech a comical sound. This often manifests itself in student essays.
A special place in the system of styles is occupied by the language of fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of life, it can use for aesthetic purposes, to create artistic images, the means of any styles of the literary language, and, if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, and jargons, and vernacular. The main function of the artistic style is aesthetic. And here everything is determined by specific tasks, a sense of proportion and the artistic taste of the writer.
Of course, the specificity of each style is manifested not only in vocabulary, but also in grammar, in the features of text construction, etc. But all these linguistic features are determined precisely by the functions that each style performs and by those areas of communication in which this style is used. This leads to the fact that each style has a certain dominant, that is, the organizing feature of this style.
Exercises for the topic “5.1. General characteristics of styles. Stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Emotionally expressive coloring of the word "
Styles of the Russian literary language
High culture of speaking and writing, good knowledge and development of flair mother tongue, the ability to use it expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity.
V.A. Vinogradov
Language- it is a means of communication between people, an instrument for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilating new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must have a good command of it, i.e., have a speech culture.
M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, i.e. that vocabulary, syntax, the entire structure of speech is the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of the work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic accuracy, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for an instrument of culture. The sharper this weapon, the more accurately directed - the more victorious it is.
Stylistics(the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or the stylet with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of the functioning of the language in different areas of use, the features of the use of language means in depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and conditions of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.
There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). The stylistics of the language explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes stylistic means vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “ Functional style- this is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of the functioning of the language in various types of speech, corresponding to certain areas of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and the "norms" of selection and combination of linguistic means in them "1. At its core, style should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection of different types of speech with the subject, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of the speech. The most important category of style is functional styles- varieties of literary speech (literary language), serving various aspects of public life. Styles are different ways of using language in communication. Each style of speech is characterized both by the originality of the selection of language means, and by their unique combination with each other.
Thus, five styles of the Russian literary language are distinguished:
Ø colloquial
Ø official business
Ø scientific
Ø journalistic
Ø artistic.
Conversational style
Conversational style refers to the oral form of the existence of a language. Distinctive features oral speech can be entirely attributed to the colloquial style. However, the concepts of "oral speech" and "conversational style" should not be confused. Oral speech- a phenomenon wider than style. Although the conversational style is mainly realized in the oral form of communication, some genres of other styles are also carried out in oral speech, for example: report, lecture, report, etc.
The intra-style features of the conversational style include the ease of presentation, its concreteness, expressiveness, the expression of a subjective attitude to what is being stated, the direct influence of extra-linguistic elements, and so on.
The actual linguistic features of the colloquial style are due to its intra-style features.
The vocabulary of the colloquial style is divided into two large groups:
1. common colloquial words;
2. accelerating words, socially or dialectally limited.
Common vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (connected by the norms of literary use) and colloquial (not bound by strict norms of use), colloquial speech adjoins the latter.
Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous:
1) vernacular, which is on the verge of literary use, is not rude in its essence, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potatoes instead of potatoes, ingenuity instead of ingenuity to become instead of happen, to be fined instead of to be guilty.
2) non-literary vernacular, rude, for example: drive up instead of trying, plop instead of fall, weave instead of talking absurd, drag around, wander around instead of walking around; this includes vulgarisms proper, and swear words thorn (eyes), sting, die; dude, lackey, etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - usually when depicting the negative phenomena of life.
Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of brown bear varieties: vulture, oatmeal, anthill, etc.), dialectisms (gutor - speak, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble) slang vocabulary (plaisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic (split - betray; salaga, salazonok - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargonisms arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, some jargonisms were preserved from the speech usage of the declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age community of generations, for example, in the language of youth: cheat sheet, couple (two).
All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow scope; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction.
The main lexical layer of the colloquial style is made up of commonly used words, both actually colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and mobile, and sometimes difficult to catch, it’s not for nothing that many words in different dictionaries are provided with different marks (for example, the words squatting, really in “ explanatory dictionary» ed. D.N. Ushakov are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" _ as colloquial; words rich, carminative, sourness in the Explanatory Dictionary, ed. D.N. Ushakov are rated as colloquial, but in the "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" they do not have marks, that is, they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In the Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S.I. Ozhegov expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words marked in other dictionaries as vernacular are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double mark - colloquial and regional, since many common dialectisms become colloquial words.
The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive coloring, with the mark "affectionate", "joking", "abusive", "ironic", "diminutive", "contemptuous", etc.
The syntax of colloquial speech is also characterized by omissions, incomplete statements, an abundance of ellipses and incomplete sentences, sentence words, numerous repetitions, plug-in constructions, the use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, a rhetorical question as a form of emotional statement or summing up, inversion of various parts of speech (especially adjectives as definitions in nominal phrases), the weakening of syntactic forms of communication between parts of the statement, the use of non-union complex sentences, synonymous with complex sentences, the predominance of composing sentences over subordinating sentences, the dialogical nature of the statement.
Colloquial speech can be used for certain stylistic purposes. In the author's speech, it performs the functions of stylization and evaluation.
In the evaluative function, colloquial speech in combination with book speech (in the speech of the author and in the speech of characters) serves the purpose of satirical reduction (this explains its ability to act in an evaluative function), a means of creating a comic effect. Colloquial speech is also used to realistically depict the life of a certain social environment, to convey the manner of a simple, relaxed speech. It is also a wonderful means of speech characterization.
Vernacular, which does not have the emotional connotations of harsh condemnation, gives the statement a rough tone, and therefore its use in literary speech is very limited. It is used mainly for artistic and expressive purposes (as a means of speech characterization of a character). In official business and scientific styles, vernacular is unacceptable.
In the works of modern fiction, elements of colloquial style are very often used in improperly direct speech.
At present, the literary and colloquial variety of the colloquial style is the main functional and stylistic variety of the national language, on the basis of which and due to which book styles are enriched.
Formal business style
Let us dwell on the characterization of the book style that is the most closed from a functional point of view - the official business style.
The official business style includes various documents: from state acts to business correspondence. Despite the difference in the language of different documents (depending on their purpose), this style as a whole has many common features specific to it. The main intra-style features of this style include clarity, accuracy, imperativeness, prescriptive nature, completeness and objectivity of the statement, specificity, clarity of wording, which is determined by the main purpose of documents - to inform about indisputable facts. This is also the logic and conciseness of presentation, special forms location of the material.
Intra-style features form the entire proper language structure of the style.
Standardization, uniformity of speech means, speech standards and even a well-known template inherent in a number of documents are necessary for the convenience of communication in this area.
According to the degree of standardization, official business documents are heterogeneous. Some lose their legal value without a certain standard form (for example, a passport), others print as a stereotype for ease of communication (for example, letterheads), others (for example, reports, protocols, business correspondence, etc.) do not have stable standard forms.
However, all three groups share some specific linguistic characteristics. This is at the lexical level: a kind of vocabulary and phraseology that is not found in other styles (for example: lives, occupies an area instead of lives, a person instead of a person, enrolled instead of accepting, leave is given instead of given): the use of words in their direct specific meanings; lack of emotionally colored and other-style (colloquial, colloquial) vocabulary; widespread use of speech standards (including those with denominative prepositions for purposes, at the expense of, from the outside, in the area and verbal nouns) and other verbal stencils, which are quite appropriate in a number of genres of official business style.
Some types of official business documents are characterized by the use of words not in a direct, but in a figurative sense, as well as the use of "high" vocabulary. “High” vocabulary (the ambassador has departed (not left), now, power, etc.) is used to give significance and solemnity to the speech.
To comply with international etiquette, diplomatic juments use the so-called etiquette, complimentary vocabulary: His Highness, Madam, His Excellency, etc.
At the syntactic level, for the official business style, a clear construction of a complex sentence is specific with a clear division into certain segments and a pronounced connection between the parts of the sentence (union, prepositional, pronominal, adverbial), with participles and adverbs. participle turnovers. Word order is usually direct. Introductory words are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence. The adverbial clause is placed before the main clause if the emphasis is on the circumstances of the action, and at the end if they only explain main idea; the circumstance is placed closer to the word to which it refers. Passive constructions are widely used in official business style. They are used in cases where it is necessary to emphasize the very fact of performing an action (for example: 125 people were hired, a telegram was sent, etc.) without indicating the subject of the action. Passive constructions are also used for speech etiquette (for example, we have repeatedly indicated, emphasized, noted, etc.).
There are standard speech models for a number of documents. So, a service document is usually built according to the scheme: introduction, main part, evidence, conclusion. In the introduction, the question is justified or the reason for its occurrence is indicated; A reference is given to a higher organization, in pursuance of the order or decision of which an official document is drawn up. The main part sets out (and proves) the essence of the issue. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn that should logically follow from the presentation.
scientific style
What are the features of the second, relatively functionally closed style - scientific?
Scientific style is a broad concept. It is used in the field of science and technology, but combines types of literature that are heterogeneous in form, which are very diverse in purpose and content.
To scientific literature include monographs, articles in scientific journals, scientific reference, reference encyclopedic, educational literature, scientific and technical information (abstract, abstract, etc.), production and technical literature, etc.
For the scientific style, the specific intra-style features that form its entire language system are abstract generalization, logicality, objectivity and accuracy, in contrast to artistic speech, common property which is an artistic-figurative concretization.
Scientific presentation is designed for logical, not emotional-sensory perception. Therefore, emotional language elements do not play decisive role in scientific works. However, this does not exclude emotional elements in scientific works (especially in polemical ones). Moreover, they give scientific prose a deep persuasiveness, especially because they sharply state with the general "dispassionate", dry nature of scientific presentation.
What is typical for the scientific speech of our days?
First of all, the scientific style is characterized by saturation with factual material, accurate and concise information.
The task of a scientific work is the proof of certain provisions and hypotheses, their argumentation, a systematic presentation scientific problems. Therefore, a scientific work mainly consists of a chain of reasoning and evidence.
As you know, the task and content of the statement determine the form of the expression. A scientific statement has its own form of expression, its own style, determined by the content of the scientific message and the goals that it faces.
The scientific style refers to the written and bookish type of speech (although it can manifest itself in oral speech in the form of conversations, reports, messages, speeches, questions, remarks in discussions, lectures, etc.) and therefore has all its features, and, first of all, by the fact that scientific works are written in a general literary, strictly standardized language. But the scientific style is characterized by a special stock of words, phrases and constructions necessary in this area of communication.
We can name the following general linguistic features of the scientific style: compliance with the norms of the literary language, accuracy, clarity and conciseness in expressing thoughts, high percent terms, the use of words in their objective specific meanings, “impersonality”, the monological nature of the statement, the sequence, completeness, completeness of the statement, the close connection of individual parts of the statement, which is achieved by the wide use of complex sentences with allied, pronominal, adverbial connections, participles, participles, enumerations, the use of nominal combinations (definitions with a defined word) with a "chain" of genitive cases (especially in titles), the use of conventional signs and symbols.
The scientific style is heterogeneous in its composition. In it, first of all, one can distinguish such varieties, sub-styles as scientific-technical and scientific-humanitarian speech.
Scientific works may differ in their linguistic features depending on genre differences, the reader's address, the individual writing style, etc.
The lexical and phraseological composition of the scientific style includes book and written vocabulary.
The basis of any scientific presentation, more than half of its entire vocabulary, is made up of commonly used words in their direct concrete meanings.
In scientific works, foreign-style vocabulary is not used, words that correspond to marks in the dictionary of the Russian language: swearing, ironic, playful, affectionate, familiar, etc., words with bright stylistic coloring taken from other styles (for example, vernacular), almost there are figurative meanings of words.
The main attention in scientific works is drawn to the logical side of the presentation. Therefore, it is widely used manual and technical terminology (since it has the function of transferring scientific concepts) and general scientific vocabulary, including abstract words denoting abstract concepts .. The name of specific objects, as well as people, is mainly given by sign, action, specialty or position.
At the syntactic level, the scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of the phrase (including polynomial, especially nominal) and the form genitive in nominal combinations, for example: Analysis of concentration values of individual measurements in each series is low.
A specific feature of scientific speech is its completeness, completeness and logical sequence of presentation, close connection between individual sections of the text, individual sentences. The main structure of scientific speech is a narrative sentence with a neutral (in terms of style) lexical content, with a logically correct word order with an allied connection between the parts of the sentence.
Interrogative sentences perform specific functions in scientific speech related to the desire of the writer to draw attention to what is being stated.
A scientific text is characterized by complex and complicated sentences of various types. At the same time, a complex sentence in scientific works is distinguished by a clear logical structure, clarity of syntactic links.
In scientific works, complex sentences are more common than complex sentences. This is due to the fact that subordinating constructions express complex causal, temporal, conditional, investigative, and similar relationships, and the fact that the individual parts in a complex sentence are more closely related to each other than in a compound one.
Syntactic expressive means are used in scientific literature to a very limited extent and for a different purpose than in fiction or journalistic literature. Here it is, as a rule, a means to help the reader more easily assimilate scientific truths.
In general, scientific speech is characterized by a very clear syntax, which allows one to widely argue one or another position, avoid ambiguity, ambiguity of the statement, and logically state the train of thought.
Journalistic style
As for the latter, proper communicative book style (publicistic) and aesthetic-communicative (artistic) style, these styles do not have functional isolation and, in essence, include elements of many styles.
Journalistic style is a heterogeneous concept, and this is due to the variety of journalistic genres.
The intra-style features of the journalistic style include informative richness of speech, concreteness, factuality, logicality, conciseness and expressiveness, emotionality, motivation of presentation.
The journalistic style, serving the sphere of politics and ideology, aims to accurately, quickly and in an accessible form inform the population about major events that happened in our country and abroad, as well as to influence the reader, causing him a certain attitude to the depicted, because journalism is a means of mass media and propaganda.
The informative function of the journalistic style, its logicality and factuality lead to the widespread use of information sentences in this style, reporting on an event or fact. Such stylistic features of the journalistic style as expressiveness, emotionality, motivation, lead to the widespread use of lexical and phraseological and syntactic means of expression (tropes and figures) in this style.
The journalistic style is realized in the periodical press, on television, radio, in political speeches. Newspaper and journalistic genres are not the same and multifaceted. Features of the language of the newspaper are determined by the functional diversity of newspaper genres and their stylistic heterogeneity. Some genres are pure journalism (reportage, review note), others border on fiction (feuilleton, essay, pamphlet), and others border on official business literature (leading article).
The basis of newspaper journalism is the principles of social and evaluative use of linguistic means. In the language of newspaper journalism, the organic unity of the logical and figurative principles, the generalization of reasoning and evidence of scientific presentation and the figurative concretization of artistic description are realized. Hence, the language of the newspaper combines informativeness, logicality and obligatory emotionality, evaluativeness, the unity of such opposing linguistic tendencies as an orientation towards the standardization of speech, the use of speech standards (speech clichés), on the one hand, and the desire for expression, to enliven speech, on the other.
At the syntactic level, the newspaper-journalistic style is characterized by the simplicity of syntactic constructions; streamlining the sentence structure; frequent inversion of sentence members that are the logical center of the phrase; use of elements of poetic syntax ( rhetorical question, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, etc.), especially in agitation and propaganda works; the use of elements of colloquial syntax (ellipsis, attachment, question-answer form, etc.).
The report combines strict documentation, objectivity and protocol with the emotionality and picturesqueness of the image (the effect of the presence of the author).
The editorial article is specific in language and style and contains the most important material in the ideological and political sense, and poses problems of national and international importance. This is both a directive and journalistic work. Hence the presence in the leading article of speech clichés, on the one hand, and emotionally expressive structures, on the other.
Diverse in terms of linguistic and stylistic features is an essay (a genre bordering between journalistic and fiction), in which the presence of the author's "I" is especially noticeable, and a feuilleton, and a pamphlet, the basis of which is satirism, a satirical attitude to reality and a direct assessment of negative facts, and hence the use of emotionally expressive means.
In general, the language of the newspaper is characterized by a bright journalistic passion; the use of semantically significant language units, expressive-modal forms; the convergence of book speech with colloquial (democratization of the language), which leads to stylistic looseness, a variety of means of expression; conciseness, accuracy, clarity, accessibility.
Art style
The concept of the language of fiction is ambiguous. It includes the concept of the language and style of the writer. The language of the writer is understood as the language units used in the text and performing certain functions there. The writer's style artwork- this is the reflection and implementation in the text of the work of elements of the artistic style of speech, its figurative system. __
The language of fiction occupies a special place in the literary language, because it uses all the means of the common language to create artistic images and influence the mind and feelings of the reader.
The features of the style of fiction include, firstly, the unity of the communicative and aesthetic functions, which is determined by the dual task of fiction: not only to tell, but also to influence the reader; secondly, this is the variety of linguistic means used in fiction: here, in essence, elements of any functional style can be used; thirdly, this is the widespread use of tropes, figures and other figurative and expressive means of the language; fourthly, it is the presence of the image of the author, his author's individuality, his worldview, worldview, ideological and aesthetic views, etc.
Fiction is a special way of reflecting and cognizing reality. In a work of art, according to V. V. Vinogradov, an emotional-figurative, aesthetic transformation of the means of the national language takes place. The task of the writer is to give a true artistic and social understanding of the facts depicted.
Distinctive intra-style features of artistic speech are artistic imagery, semantic capacity and polysemy of the artistic word, artistic-figurative concretization and emotionality. All linguistic means and stylistic devices in artistic speech are subject to the disclosure of the ideological and artistic concept of the work, and it is the intention of the work that determines the expediency and motivation of the language means and stylistic devices used by the author.
“In the style of the writer, in accordance with his artistic intentions, all the linguistic means used by the artist are internally connected and aesthetically justified.”
When analyzing a work of art, it is necessary to reveal the features of the verbal form that expresses the ideological content.
The style of fiction is wider and more diverse than individual functional styles. The style of fiction is not a set of techniques, but the most important property of poetic figurative thinking. The writer takes from all the functional styles of the common language what he needs to reveal the topic he has chosen.
In a work of art, three actual speech planes are distinguished: the author's narration, the speech of the characters, the author's characterization of the hero.
In the author's narration, which is a model of the literary language among true artists of the word, the normative literary language is realized, usually with a wide use of neutral language units, elements of colloquial literary speech are widely used, especially in works written in the form of a casual conversation with the reader.
In the author's characterization of the characters, expressive and stylistically colored language units of the literary and colloquial variety of the colloquial style of speech are most often used. Sometimes colloquial elements are also used.
In the speech of the characters there can be (depending on the social position of the hero, for the speech characteristics of the hero) all the elements of colloquial speech: literary and non-literary (colloquial, slang, dialect, etc.).
When analyzing the speech characteristics of the characters, it is important to remember the stylistic features of the conversational everyday style, since they are realized in the speech of the characters. These are ease, liveliness, specificity of speech, its emotionality and expressiveness, a kind of standardity and stereotype in the choice of language means, which is associated with the stereotype of many everyday life situations. But in the speech of each character, these features are realized in different ways. Therefore, when analyzing the speech characteristics of the characters, special attention should be paid to the individual characteristics of the speech of the characters, which reveal the speech portrait of this character. The character's language corresponds to his inner appearance, reveals his character, thoughts and moods, and also corresponds to his social, professional status and cultural environment.
Particular attention should be paid to the issue of figurative speech in artistic text. Imagery here is created not only by the figurative meaning of the word and special lexical and syntactic devices. And stylistically neutral means of language, connected by the unity of the poetic tone of the passage or the entire work, can play a role in creating the image. The imagery and poetic power of a word sometimes lie in special phrases, 8 of which the most ordinary words acquire great power, and in separate stressed keywords. An example is the many prose works of Pushkin and Chekhov, in which, it would seem, the most everyday words (and not paths) create an image.
Both grammatical forms of the word and various syntactic means of the language can acquire greater expressiveness. Not only stylistic figures, but also parallel syntactic constructions, word order, etc.
Thus, two types of language means are used to create figurativeness: firstly, these are actually figurative means of the language itself - lexical, semantic, phraseological poetisms, tropes, figures; secondly, these are elements that are generally neutral in language, which become figurative in the structure of a work of art.
In general, the individual style of a writer's work is determined by its subject matter and lexical composition.
Bibliography
1. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture / B.N. Golovin.-M.: Higher School, 1988.-320p.
2. Pustovalov P.S. Handbook for the development of speech / P.S. Pustovalov, M.P. Senkevich.- M.: Enlightenment, 1987.-288s.
3. Cheshko L.A. Russian language / L.A. Cheshko.- M.: Vyssh.shk., 1981.-261p.
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