family like social facility, is a kind of organization with its own set of statuses and roles.

The definition of "status" gives information about the position that a person occupies in society, and the definition of "role" - a certain model of behavior.

Whether we like it or not, every person in the family has his own role and status, which implies certain duties and requirements from other family members.

The family, as an association of close people, is characterized by paired roles and statuses.

• Status "husband-wife". This is the marital status, fixed by a marriage certificate issued by the registry office.
• parent-child status. This is a status between parent and child, such as "mother-daughter".
• Children's statuses. For example, "brother-sister".
• Genus status "grandmother-grandson", "aunt-nephew".

The listed statuses cannot be paired, because there can be no “mother-daughter” status in the absence of a child, just as there cannot be a “husband-wife” status in the absence, for example, of a husband.

Unfortunately, in some cases, a man has to take on the role of a wife - cook dinners, raise children, but he cannot completely replace a woman. Or, during a divorce, a woman has to take on some of the functions performed by a man, but she is also unable to replace her father. Often, scandals and disagreements in the family occur due to the wrong role of one of the spouses. This distorts the family system, making it vulnerable and unstable, so it is very important to stick to your roles.

The adult plays the role of the child. It is very strange to watch families where the wife constantly plays the role of a little failed girl. The husband, accordingly, takes the role of her parent - indulges her whims, calms, cheers up, and in every possible way shows his guardianship over her.

It is even more strange to see a picture where a man has taken the role of a child, and a woman has taken the role of his mother. Currently, there are more and more marriages that are more like adoption. Of course, some women themselves bring the family to such a state, some simply have an irresistible desire to take someone under their wing, to protect them from storms and misfortunes, in general, to patronize in every possible way.

And it happens that a “sick” need for maternal support lurks in a man, which he finds in a woman. But think for yourself, in the family the man is the core, the head of the family, and what will happen if he becomes completely infantile and unable to both provide for the family and make the right decisions?

The child assumes the role of an adult. Such situations are most likely to appear with the birth of a younger child. The elder takes on the role of an adult, takes care of the baby to the best of his ability, teaches him to distinguish colors and draw, read and write prescriptions. If this is allowed by the parents, who, of course, take on most of the care of the child, then this situation is not so bad.

What's wrong with children getting closer to each other, talking, spending time together, learning to explore the world together. Strengthening fraternal relations will certainly have a beneficial effect on intra-family relations. Another thing is when the eldest child (usually a guy), when his parents divorce, takes on the role of a man and a breadwinner in the house.

In such a situation, we see a double-edged sword. Of course, it is very good that the guy wakes up responsibility not only for himself, but also for his family. it good school a life in which a boy becomes a real man. The negative aspects include the fact that early adulthood can lead to such troubles as disappointment in family life, or fatigue from the cares entrusted to him, which can be transferred both to the family he created, and to the future as a whole.

Ersatz parent. This term means the assumption of the duties of a parent by a grandmother, grandfather, or, for example, a nanny. Of course, each family has its own situation and its own vision of this role. For some parents, a career is the main goal in life, and a child can grow up without their participation.

Here, some hire nurses and nannies, and some enlist the support of relatives - grandparents. And there are other situations - a grandmother, for example, she takes on unnecessary obligations to care for a baby, despite the resistance of the mother.

At present, no matter how hard it is to say, many people do not fulfill their role in the family. It is worthwhile to calmly analyze and figure out whether this is happening on purpose, and you are in full control of the process, or these are forced measures, or this role was imposed on you.

It should be remembered that the performance of a role that is not one's own, unfortunately, leaves an indelible imprint on the psyche of both a child and an adult. Also, wrong roles can lead to discord and conflicts in the family. Therefore, it is important to stop yourself in time and make out whether you have occupied the right niche.

So, you took everything apart, and in the course found out that the role you occupy in the family is not yours. Undoubtedly, you must take certain measures. What should be the next steps?

• Determine the reason why you are in this role. Think about how this happened, is it a forced measure, or imposed on you from the outside?
• Assess the positive and negative sides from your role. For example, for a woman living with an alcoholic, the undoubted disadvantage is that her man is no longer the head of the family, he harms and damages her. And a possible plus for her is a clear superiority over him, the ability to control his actions.
• Think, if you don't play the distorted role, if you can get what you get from the current one.
• Try to change your behavior and your niche in the family. Of course, before doing this, it is necessary to conduct a global analysis of the situation, to find motivation in oneself for further change. Extract your pluses and minuses from the situation, always remember that the experience you have gained is an undeniable investment in your future life.

This article discusses the main options for statuses and roles. Of course, there are atypical cases that need to be considered in particular. If there is no longer an idyll in your family, if you are quarreling more and more often over trifles, think maybe this is because you are “out of place” in the family, and it is very important to realize this as soon as possible, until there are serious consequences.

Children as a social group

The role of a child is the main role with which a person begins his life. The child has close relationships with parents, siblings, relatives, neighbors and friends.

The position of children in society, as a social group, cannot always be called favorable, which is associated with the existence of the following problems:

• lack of socio-psychological and socio-economic well-being in the family;
• child abuse;
• formation of deviant behavior in children;
• negative attitude towards children;
• child homelessness;
• marginalization of children.

To solve these problems, it is necessary to identify the factors that determine the status of the child in the family and society, formed in the process of family socialization, and to identify the place of the child in the social stratification of society.

Remark 1

Children are a social group that unites individuals who have common abilities, inclinations, views, interests with each other in relation to sustainable models of social interaction. The roles played by children unite them in social relationships. Due to the fact that these relationships are long enough, the qualities of the group are attributed to them.

Children are carriers of a special subculture or counterculture - a set of unique and specific norms and values.

Children are a stable community, the main problem of which is manifested in:

• inequality of starting potential conditions;
• differentiation according to social and age criteria;
• social inequality;
• different chances for cultural and social benefits.

Modifications of the social status of children

The degree of rights and freedoms of the child, his social status in the family and society is determined by a specific stage community development, social class structure of society, cultural, religious, ethnic and other traditions. There are several types of social status of children in society:

• subordinate, dependent members of society;
• are not recognized as members of society;
• future members of society, therefore, have a "delayed" status;
• pupils and students;
• developing personalities;
• equal members of society.

Remark 2

A child is a self-sufficient person, therefore it must be considered as an active, conscious subject of life. Children have an impact on the economy and society; their study is part of the social division of labor. Children accumulate human capital.

Depending on the status of children and the roles they perform, four groups of children are distinguished:

1. A group of the population that is in a transitional period, the main task of which is the integration and socialization of children in society. Children are not an equal part of society, their actions are subject to emotions, impulsive.
2. The most significant part of the population, their needs are the highest needs in society. Since children determine the future of society, they should have priority.
3. Children are considered solely from the standpoint of the age category.
4. A part of society that has equal rights with other members of the population and participates in activities organized by the society.

The social role of the child in the family

The intra-family status of the child is higher than the social one.

Children meet the needs of parents of different levels. The child is dominated by the desire to satisfy their primary needs. Parents seek to help the child in this. As a rule, these are relations of harmony and mutual attraction.

Social statuses are realized through a set of ideas about parenthood and children, through the functions and roles performed by children in the process of social interaction, through real relationships in families. In modern families, a child can have different statuses:

• dependent and subordinate;
• accepted and rejected;
• autonomously independent and despotic.

Remark 3

The more a child is autonomous from the family, the more signs of deviation appear in the process of family socialization, the more differences in the values ​​of the younger and older generations, the more worse baby learns the necessary knowledge, norms, patterns of behavior.

Children are that part of the population that especially needs the attention of parents, the general public, and science.

Thanks to socialization, the individual joins social life, receives and changes his social status and social role. social status -it is the position of an individual in society with certain rights and obligations. The status of a person can be: profession, position, gender, age, marital status, nationality, religiosity, financial situation, political influence, etc. R. Merton called the totality of all social statuses of a person a “status set”. The status that has a dominant influence on the lifestyle of the individual, his social identity, is called main status. In small, primary social groups great importance It has personal status human, shaped under the influence of his individual qualities(Appendix, scheme 6).

Social statuses are also subdivided into prescribed (ascriptive), i.e. obtained regardless of the subject, most often from birth (race, gender, nationality, social origin) and achieved, i.e. acquired by the individual's own efforts.

There is a certain a hierarchy of statuses, the place in which is called the status rank. Allocate high, medium and low status ranks. status mismatch, those. contradictions in the intergroup and intragroup hierarchy, arises under two circumstances:

• when an individual occupies a high status rank in one group and a low one in another;
• when the rights and obligations of one status conflict or interfere with the fulfillment of the rights and obligations of another.

The concept of "social status" is closely related to the concept of "social role", which is its function, dynamic side. A social role is the expected behavior of an individual who has a certain status in a given society. By R. Merton's definition, a set of roles corresponding to a given status is called a role system (“role set”). The social role is divided into role expectations - what, according to the rules of the game, is expected from a particular role, and role behavior - what a person performs within the framework of his role.

Any social role, according to T. Parsons, can be described using five main characteristics:

• level of emotionality some roles are emotionally restrained, others are relaxed;
• way to get- prescribed or achieved;
• scale of manifestation severely limited or blurry;
• degree of formalization - strictly established or arbitrary;
• motivation - for general profit or for personal benefit.

Since each person has a wide range of statuses, it means that he also has a lot of roles corresponding to this or that status. Therefore, in real life often arise role conflicts. In the very general view two types of such conflicts can be distinguished: between roles or within the same role, when it includes incompatible, conflicting responsibilities of the individual. Social experience shows that only a few roles are free from internal tensions and conflicts, which can lead to refusal to fulfill role obligations, to psychological stress. There are several types of defense mechanisms by which role tension can be reduced. These include:

• role rationalization, when a person unconsciously looks for the negative aspects of a desired but unattainable role for the purpose of his own reassurance;
• "separation of roles" - involves a temporary withdrawal from life, turning off unwanted roles from the consciousness of the individual;
• "regulation of roles" - represents a conscious, deliberate release from responsibility for the performance of a particular role.

Thus, in modern society each individual uses the mechanisms of unconscious defense and conscious connection public structures to avoid negative consequences role conflicts.

social status

A person behaves in one way or another (performs an action), being in, interacting with different social groups: family, street, educational, labor, army, etc. To characterize the degree of inclusion of an individual in various social ties and groups, as well as positions, which he occupies in them, his functional duties in these groups, the concept of social status is used.

- these are the duties and rights of a person in the system of social ties, groups, systems. It includes responsibilities(roles-functions) that a person must perform in a given social community (study group), communication (educational process), system (university). Rights - these are the duties that other people must perform in relation to a person, a social connection, social system. For example, the rights of a student in a university (and at the same time the obligations of the university administration towards him) are: the presence of highly qualified teachers, educational literature, warm and bright classrooms, etc. And the rights of the university administration (and at the same time the obligations of the student) are the requirements for the student attend classes, study educational literature, take exams, etc.

In different groups, the same individual has a different social status. For example, a talented chess player in a chess club has a high status, while in the army he may have a low one. This is a potential cause of frustration and interpersonal conflicts. Characteristics of social status are prestige and authority, representing the recognition by others of the merits of the individual.

prescribed(natural) are called statuses and roles imposed by society on an individual, regardless of his efforts and merits. Such statuses are determined by the ethnic, family, territorial, etc. origin of the individual: gender, nationality, age, place of residence, etc. Prescribed statuses have a huge impact on the social status and lifestyle of people.

Acquired(achieved) are the status and role achieved by the efforts of the person himself. These are the statuses of a professor, writer, astronaut, etc. Among the acquired statuses, there are professionally- official, which fixes in itself the professional, economic, cultural, etc. position of the individual. Most often, one leading social status determines the position of a person in society, such a status is called integral. Quite often it is due to position, wealth, education, sports success, etc.

A person is characterized by a set of statuses and roles. For example: man, married, professor, etc. statuses form status set of this individual. Such a set depends both on natural statuses and roles, and on acquired ones. Among the many statuses of a person at each stage of his life, the main one can be distinguished: for example, the status of a schoolchild, student, officer, husband, etc. In an adult, status is usually associated with a profession.

In a class society, the status set has a class character, depends on the social class this person. Compare, for example, the status set of the "new" Russian bourgeois and workers. These statuses (and roles) for representatives of each social class form a hierarchy according to the degree of value. Between statuses and roles there is an inter-status and inter-role distance. It is also characteristic of statuses and roles in terms of their social significance.

In the process of life there is a change in the status set and roles of a person. It occurs as a result of both the development of the needs and interests of the individual, and the challenges of the social environment. In the first case, a person is active, and in the second case, he is reactive, showing a reflex reaction to the influence of the environment. For example, a young man chooses which university to enter, and once in the army, he is forced to adapt to it, counting the days until demobilization. The ability to increase and complicate the status and role set is inherent in a person.

Some philosophers see the meaning of individual life in the self-realization of one's abilities and needs, the elevation of the status and role set. (In particular, the above system of needs according to Maslow comes from this.) What is the reason for this phenomenon? It is due to the fact that, on the one hand, self-realization is laid in the "foundation" of a person - in his freedom, ambitions, competitiveness. On the other hand, external circumstances often elevate or demote people in the status set. As a result, people who are able to mobilize their abilities and will advance during life from one status level to another, moving from one social stratum to another, higher one. For example, a schoolboy - a student - a young specialist - a businessman - a company president - a pensioner. The last stage of the status set, associated with old age, usually puts an end to the process. conservation status set.

Adaptation of a person to his age and changing social status is an important and complex issue. Our society is characterized by weak socialization towards old age (and pensions). Many are unprepared for old age, defeat in the fight against age and disease. As a result, retirement, leaving the labor collective for the family, which was considered a secondary social group, was usually accompanied by severe stress, role conflicts, illness, and premature death.

social role

The social behavior of an individual, community, institution, organization depends not only on their social status (rights and duties), but also on the surrounding social environment, consisting of the same social subjects. They expect certain social behavior in accordance with their needs and “orientations to others”. In this case social behavior takes on the character of a social role.

A social role is a behavior that (1) stems from a person's social status and (2) is expected by others. As an expected behavior, the social role includes a set that determines the expected sequence of actions of the subject, adequate to his social status. For example, a talented chess player is expected to play professionally, the president is expected to be able to formulate the interests of the country and implement them, etc. Therefore, a social role can be defined as behavior that corresponds to the social norms accepted in a given society.

How does the social environment of the subject force him to follow certain norms leading to the behavior expected by this environment? First of all, socialization, the upbringing of such norms, is of great importance. Further, society has a mechanism sanctions - punishments for non-fulfillment of the role and rewards for its fulfillment, i.e. for compliance with social norms. This mechanism operates throughout a person's life.

Social status and role are closely interrelated, and it is no coincidence that in European sociology they are often not distinguished. "Status" in this sense of the word is equivalent to roles, although it is the latter term that has a wider circulation,” write English sociologists. The behavioral side of social status, expressed in roles, allows them to be distinguished: social status may include several roles. For example, the status of a mother includes the roles of a breadwinner, doctor, educator, etc. The concept of role also makes it possible to single out the mechanism for coordinating the behavior of different subjects in social communities, institutions, and organizations.

Strict fulfillment of social roles makes people's behavior predictable, streamlines social life, limits its chaos. Role learning - socialization - begins at early childhood with the influence of parents and relatives. At first, it is unconscious for the child. He is shown what and how to do, encouraged for the correct performance of the role. For example, little girls play with dolls, help their mothers with housework; boys play cars, help their fathers with repairs, etc. Education of girls and boys forms different interests, abilities, and roles in them.

The expected behavior is ideal because it comes from a theoretical situation. Therefore, from the social role must be distinguished actual role behavior, t.s. performance of the role in specific conditions. For example, a talented chess player may play poorly for certain reasons, that is, not cope with his role. Role behavior, as a rule, differs from a social role (expected behavior) in many ways: abilities, understanding, conditions for the implementation of the role, etc.

Role performance is determined primarily role requirements that are embodied in social norms grouped around a given social status, as well as sanctions for fulfilling the role. A significant influence on the role of a person is exerted by the situation in which he is located - first of all, other people. Subject models role expectations - orientation, primarily in relation to other people with whom he is connected in a situation. These people act as an additional member of mutual role orientations. In these role expectations, a person can focus on himself (his worldview, character, abilities, etc.). This role-expectation-orientation Parsons calls attributive(ascriptive). But role expectations-orientations can refer to the results of the activity of another. This role expectation Parsons calls attainable. Attributive-achievement orientation is an important aspect of status-role behavior.

A person in the process of socialization learns to perform different roles: a child, a pupil, a student, a comrade, a parent, an engineer, a military man, a pensioner, etc. Role-playing training includes: 1) knowledge of one's duties and rights in this area social activities; 2) the acquisition of psychological qualities (character, mentality, beliefs) corresponding to this role; 3) practical implementation role actions. Learning the most important roles begins in childhood with the formation of attitudes (good-bad), orienting towards a certain sequence of actions and operations. Children play different roles imitate daily behavior of others. They are conscious their rights and obligations: children and parents, comrades and enemies, etc. Gradually, consciousness of the causes and results of their actions comes.

Characteristics of a social role

One of the first attempts to systematize social roles was made by T. Parsons and his colleagues (1951). They believed that any social role is described by four characteristics:

Emotionality. Some roles require emotional restraint. These are the roles of a doctor, nurse, commander, etc. Others do not require emotional restraint. These are the roles, for example, of a digger, a bricklayer, a soldier, etc.

Purchase method. In accordance with these features, roles (as well as statuses) are divided into prescribed and acquired(restrained - unrestrained). The first roles (gender, age, nationality, etc.) are formed as a result of socialization, and the second (schoolchild, student, graduate student, scientist, etc.) - as a result of one's own activity.

Formalization. Roles are divided into informal and formal. The first ones arise spontaneously in the process of communication, based on education, upbringing, interests (for example, the role of an informal leader, the "soul of the company", etc.); the second is based on administrative and legal norms (the role of a deputy, a policeman, etc.).

Motivation. Different roles are due to different needs and interests, just as the same roles are due to the same needs. For example, the role of the president is conditioned by a historical mission, love of power, accidental birth. At the same time, the roles of "oligarch", professor, wife, etc. can be determined by economic motives.

In this lesson, we will try to determine who we are in society, how people around us can perceive us, how the process of distributing social roles and the emergence of statuses in a particular person takes place.

Theme: Social sphere

Lesson: Social roles and statuses

If you try to describe in words who you are, you get the following: you are an eighth grade student, a boy or a girl. You are an athlete and, for example, play football or swim. Are you a son or daughter, grandson or granddaughter. Are citizens of Russia. This chain by analogy is already clear. For yourself, you can define a huge series of statuses, because each of the statuses we have listed implies some information and a certain pattern of behavior, certain actions and certain expectations in relation to you.

Many of you probably love movies. At least each of you has seen at least one movie. All of them feature actors. And the question arises why the same person in different films can so easily transform into different people. In one film, he plays a positive character, in another - a negative one, and in the third film he is generally a neutral character, playing an episodic role, just showing himself, but from a completely different side.

Rice. 1. Yevgeny Leonov as Yegor Zaletaev in the film Don't Cry! ()

Rice. 2. Evgeny Leonov as "Associate Professor" Bely in the film "Gentlemen of Fortune" ()

Rice. 3. Evgeny Leonov as the King in the film "An Ordinary Miracle" ()

In theatrical art, it is believed that the ideal actor will be the person who is deprived of an independent personality. Such a person does not have his own views on life, he does not associate himself among the people around him. This person takes a work or script, reads about a character, draws himself into that image, runs it through himself, and then plays out that person's life. And then the effect of absolute perception is obtained, the viewer believes this character, worries about him, empathizes with him, cries and laughs with him, and even begins to believe in his reality. But it's just a game. This, on the one hand, is the happiness of a professional actor. On the other hand, the misfortune lies in the fact that a person deprived of personality, individuality, is, in fact, nobody.

In fact, all people play. The whole world is theater. The problem of a person is that he needs to determine for himself some kind of role and social status that he will have to carry all his life, and not for an hour and a half of a film or a three hour performance. That is why a person's choice in life must be wise. In our life, the issues of self-identification and the search for the meaning of life are the most important.

A small group of students is a class. This is a formal group, since a class is a formal division. Accordingly, within the framework of this formal division, we grade students according to their social status. That is, there is the status of excellent students, who are sometimes unfairly called nerds; there is the status of losers, unfairly called a swamp. But life is good because any social status can be changed. It is good to be an excellent student: this means that the student knows a lot and is very hardworking. If a student, by the will of fate or because of his laziness, fell into the camp of a swamp, then he can overcome this social status, rise, because a person has the tools to do this.

There is a wide range of statuses: prescribed, attainable, mixed, personal, professional, economic, political, demographic, religious, and consanguineous, which fall into a variety of basic statuses.

In addition to them, there are a huge number of episodic, non-main statuses. These are the statuses of a pedestrian, a passer-by, a patient, a witness, a participant in a demonstration, a strike or a crowd, a reader, a listener, a TV viewer, etc. As a rule, these are temporary states. The rights and obligations of holders of such statuses are often not registered in any way. They are generally difficult to determine, say, in a passerby. But they are, although they affect not the main, but the secondary features of behavior, thinking and feeling. So, the status of a professor determines a lot in the life of a given person. And his temporary status of a passer-by or a patient, of course, is not. So the person has main(determining its vital activity) and minor(affecting the details of behavior) statuses. The first are significantly different from the second.

People have many statuses and belong to many social groups, the prestige of which in society is not the same: businessmen are valued above plumbers or laborers; men have more social "weight" than women; belonging to a titular ethnic group in a state is not the same as belonging to a national minority, etc.

Over time, public opinion is developed, transmitted, supported, but, as a rule, no documents register a hierarchy of statuses and social groups, where some are valued and respected more than others.

A place in such an invisible hierarchy is called rank, which can be high, medium, or low. Hierarchy can exist between groups within the same society (intergroup) and between individuals within the same group (intragroup). And the place of a person in them is also expressed by the term "rank".

The mismatch of statuses causes a contradiction in the intergroup and intragroup hierarchy, which arises under two circumstances:

When an individual occupies a high rank in one group, and a low rank in the second;

When the rights and obligations of one person's status conflict with or interfere with the rights and obligations of another.

A highly paid official (high professional rank) will most likely also have a high family rank as a person who ensures the family's material well-being. But it does not automatically follow from this that he will have high ranks in other groups - among friends, relatives, colleagues.

Although statuses enter into social relations not directly, but only indirectly (through their carriers), they mainly determine the content and nature of social relations.

A person looks at the world and treats other people in accordance with his status. The poor despise the rich, and the rich despise the poor. Dog owners do not understand people who love cleanliness and order on lawns. A professional investigator, albeit unconsciously, divides people into potential criminals, law-abiding and witnesses. A Russian is more likely to show solidarity with a Russian than with a Jew or a Tatar, and vice versa.

Political, religious, demographic, economic, professional statuses of a person determine the intensity, duration, direction and content of people's social relations.

Society always invests certain expectations in a particular social status. All people somehow position themselves in life. If we return to the example of an excellent student, then he studies well, gets high grades, and does all his homework. In fact, there is an excellent student who gets only fives, and there is a person who positions himself as an excellent student, that is, as a person with a wide range of knowledge.

Sometimes a student may not get all fives in a quarter or a semester, but the attitude towards him after that will not change, because he has already determined a social role for himself. That is social role differs from social status in that the role is the expectations of others from the social status that a person has reached. The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He suggested the following four characteristics of any role.

a) Scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.

b) According to the method of obtaining. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).

c) According to the degree of formalization. Activities can proceed both within strictly established limits, and arbitrarily.

e) By type of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.

Role scale varies by range interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. So, for example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since a wide range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relationships are regulated regulations and in a certain sense are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in the most diverse aspects of each other's lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), the interaction can be carried out only on a specific occasion (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is reduced to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

How a role is acquired depends on how unavoidable the role is for the person. Yes, roles young man, old man, men, women are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require much effort to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the course of a person's life and as a result of purposeful special efforts. For example, the role of a student researcher, professors, etc. These are almost all roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relations of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of the representative of the traffic police with the violator of the rules traffic should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people - by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of a person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the welfare of their child, are guided, first of all, by a feeling of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.

The most striking and typical social roles and statuses are the following:

1. Social roles and statuses determined by age. With age comes the formation of a person, his awareness of himself in the world around him, his changes in relation to others. The age ladder leaves a very significant imprint on the social status that a person carries in himself.

Rice. 5. Representatives of three generations ()

On the other hand, a person realizes himself in the world around him, in accordance with this status and the corresponding social role. The child is expected to act in accordance with his social role: he is a son, a student, a football player, for example. And he lives according to his social experience: if he goes to a football match with adults, he can lose. But it will be a good lesson for the future, because the child will see how to play better and will accumulate experience. But when a loss happens to an older, more experienced player, it is perceived quite differently in terms of what the emotional effect is. It turns out that age gradation is a very important point in determining the social role and status of a person.

2. Another type of social gradation is determined by gender. If a person was born a boy, then from childhood he is taught to be a man: he is given not dolls, but cars, soldiers, a designer, that is, the so-called "men's gifts". The boy must grow up as a male protector, a male earner of family well-being in the future.

The same is true for a girl, but in this case there is a slightly different gradation. The girl is the future mother, the keeper of the hearth and, accordingly, she is given gifts that will help her to successfully fulfill her social role in the future.

Prescribed and achieved statuses are fundamentally different, but they interact and complement each other. For example, it is much easier for a man to achieve the status of president or head of a firm than for a woman. One can argue about different possibilities for achieving high statuses by the son of a major leader, on the one hand, and the son of a peasant, on the other. The basic social position of the subject in society is partly prescribed, and partly achieved with the help of the abilities and aspirations of the subject himself. In many respects, the boundary between prescribed and achieved statuses is arbitrary, but their conceptual separation is necessary for study and management.

Since each person has a wide range of statuses, it means that he also has a lot of roles corresponding to this or that status. Therefore, in real life, there are often role conflicts. In the most general form, two types of such conflicts can be distinguished: between roles or within the same role, when it includes incompatible, conflicting duties of the individual. Social experience shows that only a few roles are free from internal tensions and conflicts, which can lead to refusal to fulfill role obligations, to psychological stress. There are several types of defense mechanisms by which role tension can be reduced. These include:

- "rationalization of roles", when a person unconsciously looks for the negative aspects of a desired but unattainable role in order to calm himself;

- "separation of roles" - involves a temporary withdrawal from life, turning off unwanted roles from the consciousness of the individual;

- "regulation of roles" - is a conscious, deliberate release from responsibility for the performance of a particular role.

Thus, in modern society, each individual uses the mechanisms of unconscious defense and conscious connection of social structures in order to avoid the negative consequences of role conflicts.

Even if we are aware of ourselves as people playing a particular social role, we understand what our social status is at certain periods of life, the search for ourselves remains the main thing in life.

In the next lesson, we will talk about nations and ethnic groups, we will study the term "interethnic relations", how they arise and develop. This lesson is important and will be useful for the subsequent study of the course of social studies.

Bibliography

1. Kravchenko A.I. Social science 8. - M.: Russian word.

2. Nikitin A.F. Social science 8. - M .: Bustard.

3. Bogolyubov L.N., Gorodetskaya N.I., Ivanova L.F. / Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. Social science 8. - M.: Enlightenment.

Homework

1. What is the difference between social role and social status?

2. Give examples of social hierarchy.

3. * What social roles do you personally play? What statuses do you have? Express your thoughts in the form of an essay.

Selection topics: Statuses and roles of children examples. Did you also run from apartment to apartment as a child, ring the bell ... and run away?

You can lie on the bridge and watch the water flow. Or run, or wander through the swamp in red boots, or curl up in a ball and listen to the rain pounding on the roof. It is very easy to be happy. Tove Jansson "All About the Moomins"

In the first place should be the homeland and parents, then the children and the whole family, and then the rest of the relatives. Mark Tullius Cicero

I think that if we were led by women and children, we would achieve something. James Thurber

Children are more like their time than their parents

Nothing surprises when everything surprises: such is the peculiarity of the child. A. Rivarol

The world exists not for us to know it, but for us to educate ourselves in it. G. Lichtenberg

Teaching is just one of the petals of that flower called education. V. A. Sukhomlinsky

Can't be brought up courageous man, if you do not put him in such conditions when he could show courage, it doesn’t matter what - in restraint, in a direct open word, in some deprivation, in patience, in courage. A. S. Makarenko

The well-being of the entire nation depends on the proper upbringing of children. D. Locke

If you yield to a child, he will become your master; and in order to make him obey, you will have to negotiate with him every minute. J.-J. Rousseau

Thoughts are also born like living children, and they are also nurtured for a long time before being released into the world. Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin

As a child, I was a real prodigy: at the age of 3 I had the same level of intelligence as now.

Any land cannot give birth to any plant. Mark Tullius Cicero

The traditions of all dead generations weigh like a nightmare over the minds of the living. Karl Marx

The best mother is the one who can replace the father's children when he is gone. I. Goethe

Everything that happens is for the better, for making life more interesting and happier. Well, live: do not look back, do not think about the thoughts of Pavel, the son of Daria Farewell to Matyora by Valentin Rasputin

To love is to see a person as God intended him and his parents did not realize him. Marina Tsvetaeva

Education is the highest of blessings, but only when it is of the first class, otherwise it is good for nothing. R. Kipling

The educator must behave in such a way that every movement educates him, and must always know what he wants at the moment and what he does not want. If the educator does not know this, whom can he educate? A.S. Makarenko

The upbringing of a collectivist must be combined with the upbringing of a comprehensively developed, internally disciplined person, capable of feeling deeply, thinking clearly, and acting in an organized manner. N. K. Krupskaya

The purpose of dinner is nourishment, and the purpose of marriage is the family. If the purpose of dinner is to nourish the body, then he who suddenly eats two dinners may achieve great pleasure, but does not reach the goal, because both dinners will not be digested by the stomach. If the purpose of marriage is the family, then he who wants to have many wives and husbands may have much pleasure, but in no case will he have a family. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy

Mom, mom! Why is everyone calling me a bulldozer?! "Shut your mouth, you'll scratch the furniture!"

Passion blinds the most balanced minds. Alexandre Dumas father

He does not understand anything in women: he offers money to ladies from society, and devotes poems to corrupt women. And the most amazing thing is that it always succeeds. Kurt Tucholsky

The best thing we can give our children is to teach them to love themselves. Louise Hay

You go to a parent meeting and think for half the night: How did we study? No coolers, no blinds...

The family is a society in miniature, on the integrity of which depends the security of all great things. human society. Felix Adler

Learn to love as in childhood - just like that And without expecting anything.

Do not use the Word of God as a gag in marriage.

Housewives who keep losing or forgetting where they put their keys are usually women who do not want to accept their role as a housewife. Alfred Adler

Neither art nor wisdom can be achieved unless they are learned. Democritus

Raising a child requires more penetrating thinking, deeper wisdom than government. W. Channing

A family is a small enterprise that works on state orders and supplies the state with labor and soldiers. N. Kozlov

The great secret of education lies in the ability to ensure that bodily and mental exercises always serve as rest - one from the other. Jean Jacques Rousseau

Do not think that you are raising a child only when you talk to him, or teach him, or order him. You bring him up at every moment of your life, even when you are not at home. A.S. Makarenko

The relationship between parents and children is just as difficult and just as dramatic as the relationship between lovers. A. Morua

Education aims to make a person an independent being, that is, a being with free will. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Any social doctrine that tries to destroy the family is useless and, moreover, inapplicable. The family is the crystal of society. Victor Marie Hugo

A bad teacher teaches the truth, a good teacher teaches to find it. A. Diesterweg

Generally speaking, power does not corrupt people, but fools, when they are in power, corrupt power. The upbringing of a man or woman is tested by how they behave during a quarrel. George Bernard Shaw

A teacher must have an unusual amount of moral energy in order not to fall asleep under the lulling murmur of a monotonous teacher's life. K.D. Ushinsky

Light has long been called a stormy ocean: but happy is he who sails with a compass! And this is a matter of education. N. M. Karamzin

It is pointless on the part of the educator to talk about the curbing of passions if he gives free rein to any of his own passions: and his efforts will be fruitless to eradicate in his pupil the vice or obscene trait that he admits in himself. D. Locke

It is easier to bear sand and salt and a block of iron than a mindless man. Book of Wisdom of Jesus, son of Sirach

The teacher is an engineer human souls. M. I. Kalinin

Loving children is what a chicken can do. But to be able to educate them is a great state affair that requires talent and a broad knowledge of life. M. Gorky

Did you also run from apartment to apartment as a child, ring the bell ... and run away?

If strictness leads to a cure for a bad inclination, then this result is often achieved by instilling another, even worse and more dangerous ailment of spiritual bruising. D. Locke

We would not believe in teaching, upbringing and education if it were driven only to school and cut off from a turbulent life. V. I. Lenin

Of all creations, the most beautiful is a man who has received a wonderful upbringing. Epictetus

The Creator united the entire human race with a chain of love. I often think that there is no such person in the world who would never have good feelings for another person and himself would not use someone's kindness; for we are all one family, coming from Adam. William Thackeray

Music is capable of exerting a certain influence on the ethical side of the soul; and since music has such properties, then, obviously, it should be included in the number of subjects for the education of young people. Aristotle

The child hates the one who hits. V. A. Sukhomlinsky

Education and only education is the goal of the school. I. Pestalozzi

I married the man I kissed for the first time. When I tell this to my children, they are simply speechless. Barbara Bush

The family starts with children. Alexander Herzen

Education is an ornament in happiness, and a refuge in misfortune. Aristotle

A respectful son is one who grieves his father and mother, except perhaps with his illness. Confucius

If children were not forced to work, they would not learn to read or write, or music, or gymnastics, or that which most strengthens virtue - shame. For shame is usually born from these occupations. Democritus

Before the meeting of the elders, do not talk too much and do not repeat the words in your petition. Book of Wisdom of Jesus, son of Sirach

We can fraternize with the same blood, but this does not make us kindred.

Love is tragic in this world and does not allow improvement, does not obey any norms. Love promises those who love death in this world, and not the dispensation of life. Nikolai Berdyaev - Statuses and roles of children examples.

If you want to spoil a person, start re-educating him.

A simple, uncouth person can be re-educated, but a person who imagines himself refined is incorrigible. W. Gaslitt