Lecture No. 85 Language norm

The concept of a language norm and different types language norms.

Language norm

The concept of a language norm and various types of language norms are considered.

Lecture plan

85.1. The concept of a language norm

85.2. Types of language norms

85. 1. The concept of a language norm

Every cultured person should be able to correctly pronounce and write words, place punctuation marks, not make mistakes in the formation of word forms, the construction of phrases and sentences.

The concept of language norm is closely connected with the concept of speech correctness.

Language norm - this is the generally accepted use of language means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, syntactic constructions.

The main properties of the language norm:

objectivity - the norm is not invented by scientists, is not prescribed by them;
mandatory for all native speakers;
stability - if the norms were not stable, easily subjected to various influences, the connection between generations would be broken; the stability of norms ensures the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the development of national literature;
historical variability - as the language develops, language norms gradually change under the influence colloquial speech, various social and professional groups of the population, borrowings, etc.

Changes in the language lead to the emergence of variants of some words. For example, the options are absolutely equal tunnel - tunnel, galoshes - galoshes, curd - curd

However, more often the options receive an unequal assessment: the main option is recognized, which can be used in all styles of speech, has a broader meaning; A minor option is one whose use is limited. For example, in all styles of speech, the option is appropriate contract, while the form agreement has a conversational tone. The form phenomenon can be used in all meanings of the word, and the colloquial version phenomenon used only in the meaning of "a person with unusual abilities."

Many forms that have a vernacular coloration are outside literary language: calls, understood, lay down and etc.

The admissibility of the traditional and new pronunciation gives rise to the idea of two types of norms - "older" and "younger": the older one is recommended, more strict; the only possible one in stage and announcer speech; the younger one is permissible, more free, characteristic of everyday speech.

Society consciously cares about the preservation of linguistic norms, which is reflected in the process codification- streamlining of language norms. The most important means of codification are linguistic dictionaries, reference books, tutorials, from which we can get information about the correct use of language units.

In relation to the literary norm, several types of speech are distinguished, for example:

elite speech, which is characterized by compliance with all literary norms, mastery of all functional styles of the Russian language, the transition from one style to another depending on the sphere of communication, compliance with ethical standards communication, respect partner;
literary speech of the middle level, which is owned by most of the intelligentsia;
literary and colloquial speech;
colloquial-familiar type of speech (usually speech at the level of family, relatives);
colloquial speech (speech of uneducated people);
professional speech.

85.2. Types of language norms

The most important quality of good speech - correctness - is based on the observance of various language norms. The types of language norms reflect the hierarchical structure of the language - each language level has its own set of language norms.

Orthoepic norms - it is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words, or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.

Here are some examples of mandatory orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants).

1. The explosive sound [g] at the end of the word is deafened and [k] is pronounced in its place; fricative pronunciation [γ] is allowed in the words: God, Lord, good.

2. Voiced consonants, except for sonorants [p], [l], [m], [n], are stunned at the end of words and before voiceless consonants, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except for sonorants, are voiced: [teeth] - [zup] , [kas'it '] - [kaz'ba].

3. All consonants, except [g], [w], [c], before vowels [i], [e] become soft. However, in some borrowed words, the consonants before [e] remain solid: a piece of chalk[m'el], shadow[t'en'], but pace[tempo].

4. At the junction of morphemes, the consonants [h] and [g], [h] and [w], [s] and [w], [s] and [g], [h] and [h '] are pronounced as long hissing sounds: sew[shsht'], squeeze[buzz'].

5. Combination thu in words what to, nothing pronounced like [pcs].

Equally important for orthoepy is the issue of stress placement. As K.S. Gorbachevich, “the correct placement of stress is a necessary sign of cultural, competent speech. There are many words whose pronunciation serves as a litmus test of the level speech culture. It is often enough to hear from stranger wrong stress in a word (like: youth, shop, invention, newborn, tool, document, percentage, whooping cough, beets, athlete, self-interest, associate professor, portfolio, condolences, translated, transported, make it easier for people, etc.) to make a not too flattering opinion about his education, the degree of general culture, so to speak, the level of intelligence. Therefore, there is no need to prove how important it is to master the correct stress” [K.S. Gorbachevich. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1981].

Issues of pronunciation of words are discussed in detail in orthoepic dictionaries, for example: Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. M., 1995 (and other ed.)

Lexical norms- these are the rules for the use of words in accordance with their meanings and compatibility possibilities.

Can you name an exhibition? opening day? The seagull on the curtain is mascot Art Theater or emblem? Are the words used the same? thanks to- because of, become - stand up, place - place? Can expressions be used? a cavalcade of buses, a memorial monument, a forecast for the future? Answers to these questions can be found in lectures no. 7, № 8, № 10.

Like other types of norms, lexical norms are subject to historical changes. For example, it is interesting to see how the norm of using the word enrollee. In the 30-40s, applicants were also called those who graduated high school, and those who entered the university, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. AT post-war years the word was assigned to those graduating from high school graduate, a enrollee has fallen into disuse in this sense. Applicants began to be called those who pass entry exams at universities and colleges.

Dictionaries are devoted to the description of the lexical norms of the Russian language: Vakurov V.N., Rakhmanova L.I., Tolstoy I.V., Formanovskaya N.I. Difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1993; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1999; Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 2002, etc.

Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.

Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books.

For example, in the nominative case plural nouns, according to the traditional norms of the literary language, most words correspond to the ending -s , -and : locksmiths, bakers, turners, spotlights. However, in some words there is an ending -a . Forms with ending -a usually have a colloquial or professional coloration. Only in some words the ending -a corresponds to the literary norm, for example: addresses, shores, sides, sides, centuries, bills, director, doctor, tunic, master, passport, cook, cellar, professor, variety, watchman, paramedic, cadet, anchor, sail, cold.

Variant forms, forms corresponding to the literary norm, are described in detail in the book: T.F. Efremova, V.G. Kostomarov. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 2000.

Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

For example, choosing the right form of management is perhaps the most difficult thing in modern oral and writing. How to say: dissertation review or for a dissertation, production control or for production,capable of sacrifice or to the victims,monument to Pushkin or Pushkin, decide fate or fate?

The book will help answer these questions: Rosenthal D.E. Reference book on the Russian language. Management in Russian. M., 2002.

Stylistic norms- these are the rules for choosing language means in accordance with the situation of communication.

Many words of the Russian language have a certain stylistic coloring - bookish, colloquial, colloquial, which determines the peculiarities of their use in speech.

For example, the word dwell has a bookish character, so it should not be used in combination with stylistically reduced words that cause ideas of a reduced nature. Wrong therefore: Went to the barn where pigs lived...

Mixing vocabulary of different stylistic colors can be used for artistic purposes, for example, to create a comic effect: The forest owner likes to feast on polydrupes and angiosperms ... And when the siverko blows, how dashing bad weather makes fun - the general metabolism of Toptygin sharply slows down, the tone of the gastrointestinal tract decreases with a concomitant increase in the lipid layer. Yes, the minus range of Mikhailo Ivanovich is not terrible: at least where the hairline, and the noble epidermis ...(T. Tolstaya).

Of course, one should not forget about spelling rules, which are given the most attention in the school course of the Russian language. These include spelling norms- spelling rules punctuation norms- punctuation rules.

Date: 2010-05-22 10:58:52

Language norms(norms of the literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of language means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is an example of a uniform, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

Compliance with the structure of the language;

Mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speaking people

Public approval and recognition.

Language norms are not invented by philologists, they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the whole people. The norms of the language cannot be introduced or canceled by decree, they cannot be reformed by administrative means. The activity of linguists studying the norms of a language is different - they identify, describe and codify linguistic norms, as well as explain and promote them.

The main sources of the language norm are:

Works of classical writers;

Artworks contemporary writers, continuing the classical traditions;

Media publications;

Common modern usage;

Linguistic research data.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

relative stability;

prevalence;

general use;

general obligation;

conformity with the use, custom and possibilities of the language system.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.

A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of a language system, selected and enshrined in

the process of public communication.

The normalization of speech is its correspondence to the literary and linguistic ideal.

In the literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

written and oral forms speech;

norms of written speech;

oral language norms.

The norms common to oral and written speech include:

Lexical norms;

Grammar norms;

Stylistic norms.

The special rules of writing are:

Spelling standards;

Punctuation rules.

Applies to spoken language only:

Pronunciation norms;

Norms of stress;

intonation norms.

7. Imperative norms and variant

Language norms, especially the norms of such a developed literary language as Russian language, is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, reflecting both social and aesthetic views on the word, and internal, independent of the taste and desire of the speakers, the laws of the language system in its continuous development and improvement.

At the same time, the culture of speech presupposes the observance of these norms with varying degrees of obligation, rigor, there are fluctuations in the norms, which is reflected in the assessment of speech, which occurs on a scale correct/permissible/incorrect. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between two types of norms - imperative (mandatory) and dispositive (additional). Violations of imperative and dispositive norms can be understood as gross and non-coarse.

Imperative norms in language- these are rules that are mandatory for implementation, reflecting the laws of the functioning of the language. An example of imperative norms are the rules of conjugation, declension, agreement, etc. Such norms do not allow variants (non-variable norms), and any other implementations are regarded as incorrect, inadmissible. For example: alphabet ( not alphabet), accepted (did not accept), chicken ( not chicken), thanks what ( not thanks to what).

Linguists note that the variation of the norm is an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution. The presence of variation, i.e., the stage of coexistence of the old and the new quality, from their point of view, is even useful, expedient: variations allow you to get used to the new form, make the change in the norm less tangible and painful, (for example , waves - waves, Sparkling - sparkling, herbal - herbal). These options cover different levels of the language: there are orthoepic variants of the norm ( weekdays [w] ny and weekdays [h "] ny), morphological and derivational ( spasm husband. gender and spasm female genus, leprosy and play pranks), variants of grammatical forms ( tea and tea, caplet and dripping), syntax options ( executed than and full of what, waiting for a letter and waiting for a letter).

Shape variation- this is not a constant property of specific language units. The fluctuation continues for a more or less long period, after which the variants diverge in meaning, acquiring the status of independent words. For example, in the past of an uneducated person ( ignoramus) could be called ignorant.(At I. A. Krylov: The ignoramuses judge exactly that. What they don’t understand, then everything is a trifle with them.) In another case, a productive variant completely displaces its competitor (this happened, for example, with the variant turner and normative in the XVIII-XIX centuries. turner).

NORM LANGUAGE, a set of language means and rules for their use, adopted in a given society in a given era. The norm is opposed to the system, understood as the possibilities of expressing meanings inherent in a particular language. Far from everything that the language system “can” is “permitted” by the language norm. For example, the system of the Russian language provides for the formation of forms of the 1st person singular from all verbs that can have personal forms; however, the norm "does not allow" to form the 1st person form from verbs win,to convince(*win, *victory, *I will convince, *I will convince) and "prescribes" to do with descriptive turns: I can(I can)win(to convince),I will win etc.

In linguistics, the term "norm" is used in two senses - broad and narrow. AT broad sense the norm means traditionally and spontaneously formed ways of speech that distinguish this language idiom from other language idioms (in this sense, the norm is close to the concept of usage, i.e. generally accepted, established ways of using given language). So, we can talk about the norm in relation to the territorial dialect: for example, okanye is normal for northern Russian dialects, and akanye is normal for southern Russian dialects. In a narrow sense, a norm is the result of a purposeful codification of a linguistic idiom. Such an understanding of the norm is inextricably linked with the concept of the literary language, which is otherwise called normalized or codified. Territorial dialect, urban koine, social and professional jargons are not codified, and therefore the concept of norm in the narrow sense of the term is not applicable to them.

The literary norm is distinguished by a number of properties: it is uniform and obligatory for all speakers of a given language; it is conservative and aimed at preserving the means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. At the same time, it is not static, but, firstly, it is changeable in time and, secondly, it provides for the dynamic interaction of different ways of linguistic expression depending on the conditions of communication (the last property of the norm is called its communicative expediency).

The unity and universal validity of the norm is manifested in the fact that representatives of different social strata and groups that make up a given society are obliged to adhere to traditional ways of linguistic expression, as well as those rules and regulations that are contained in grammars and dictionaries and are the result of codification. Deviation from the linguistic tradition, from vocabulary and grammatical rules and recommendations is considered a violation of the norm and is usually assessed negatively by native speakers of this literary language.

The norm is associated with the concept of selection, selection. In its development, the literary language draws funds from other varieties of the national language - from dialects, vernacular, jargons, but does this extremely carefully. And the norm plays the role of a filter in this process: it lets everything that is most expressive, communicatively necessary into literary use and delays, filters out everything accidental, functionally superfluous. This selective and, at the same time, protective function of the norm, its conservatism is an undoubted benefit for the literary language, since it serves as a link between the cultures of different generations and different strata of society.

The conservatism of the norm ensures the comprehensibility of the language for representatives of different generations. The norm is based on traditional ways of using the language and is wary of linguistic innovations. “The norm is what was, and partly what is, but by no means what will be,” wrote A.M. Peshkovsky and explained this property of both the literary norm and the literary language itself: “If the literary dialect changed rapidly, then each generation could only use the literature of its own and the previous generation, many two. But under such conditions there would be no literature itself, since the literature of every generation is created by all previous literature. If Chekhov did not already understand Pushkin, then there would probably be no Chekhov either. Too thin a layer of soil would give too little nutrition to literary shoots. The conservatism of the literary dialect, uniting centuries and generations, creates the possibility of a single powerful centuries-old national literature.

However, the conservatism of the norm does not mean its complete immobility in time. It is another matter that the rate of normative changes is slower than the development of a given national language as a whole. The more developed the literary form of the language, the better it serves the communicative needs of society, the less it changes from generation to generation of speakers. And yet, the comparison of the language of Pushkin and Dostoevsky, and even later writers, with the Russian language of the late 20th century is irrelevant. reveals differences that testify to the historical variability of the literary norm.

In Pushkin's time they said: houses,buildings, now - at home,corps. Pushkin " Arise, prophet ... "should be understood in the sense of "arise", and not at all in the sense of "raise a rebellion." In the story of F.M. Dostoevsky hostess read: "here ticklish Yaroslav Ilyich ... rushed with an inquiring look at Murin. The modern reader guesses, of course, that this is not about the fact that Dostoevsky's hero was ticklish: ticklish used in a sense close to the meaning of words delicate,scrupulous, and applied to a person, i.e. in a way that none of the speakers of the modern Russian literary language will use it (usually: ticklish question,delicate matter). Chekhov spoke on the phone(he reports this in one of his letters), and we - by phone. A.N. Tolstoy, almost our contemporary, in one of his stories describes the actions of a hero who “became track flight kites over the forest. Now they would say: began to follow behind the flight kites.

The normative status can change not only of individual words, forms and constructions, but also of interrelated speech samples in a certain way. This happened, for example, with the so-called old Moscow pronunciation norm, which by the second half of the 20th century. was almost completely supplanted by a new pronunciation, closer to the written form of the word: instead of, [shy]gu, [zhy]ra,ve[R"]X,four[R"]G,tu[хъ]and,strict[gj]th,podda[to]vat,word[sh]oh(oil) the vast majority of native speakers of the Russian literary language began to speak, , [sh"]gu, [and"]ra,ve[R]X,four[R]G,tu[X"and]th,strict[G"and]th,podda[to"and]vat,word[ch]oh(oil) etc.

Sources for updating the literary norm are diverse. First of all, it is a live, sounding speech. It is mobile, fluid, it is not at all uncommon for something that is not approved by the official norm - an unusual stress, a fresh word that is not in dictionaries, a syntactic turn that is not provided for by grammar. With repeated repetition by many people, innovations can penetrate literary usage and compete with the facts consecrated by tradition. So options arise: next to you are right appears you are right ; with forms constructors,workshops adjoin constructor,shops; traditional conditioned about pour replaced by new conditioned a pour; slang words lawlessness and hangout flash in the speech of those whom society is accustomed to consider as exemplary bearers of the literary norm; no one is surprised that point out what- instead of traditionally correct designs point out that and point to what.

The source of changes in the literary norm can be local dialects, urban vernacular, social jargons, as well as other languages. Thus, in the 1920s–1930s, the vocabulary of the Russian literary language was replenished with the words wilderness,newcomer,dark,hassle,dreary,impoverish,time off and etc., which came from dialects; words borrowed from vernacular window dressing,refueled,squander; widespread plural forms. nominative on -á (bunker, ) is explained by the influence of vocational speech on the literary language. Numerous lexical borrowings from other languages, mainly from English, expanding the normative Russian vocabulary at the end of the 20th century, also contribute to the fact that structurally new types of words appear under the influence of foreign language samples: Cyberspace,business plan(traditional models in such cases are combinations with an adjective or inconsistent definition in will give birth. case: cyberspace,business plan).

In the process of updating the norm, not only the prevalence, frequency of this or that innovation is of decisive importance, but also the social environment in which this innovation is disseminated: in general, the higher the “social weight” of a particular social group, its prestige in society, the language innovations initiated by it are more easily disseminated in other groups of native speakers. So, traditionally, the "trendsetter" in the field of literary pronunciation and word usage is considered to be the intelligentsia, designed to be the main bearer of the speech culture of this society. However, pronunciation, grammatical and lexical patterns adopted in elite social groups do not always have an advantage (in terms of entering the general speech turnover) over patterns familiar to a non-elite environment. For example, the word double-dealer entered the literary language from the beggarly slang, burning- from the speech of fishmongers; resolved by modern spelling dictionary form will give birth. plural sock (several pairs of socks), along with the traditional normative socks, - an undoubted concession to the colloquial usage, from which the form with zero inflection (sock), previously assessed as indisputably wrong, has also spread among literary speakers. The influence of the colloquial and vocational environment explains many other options allowed by modern Russian literary norm: contract,agreements,agreements(along with traditional treaty,treaties,agreements),disarmament negotiations(along with disarmament negotiations),seed germination test(along with seed germination test) etc.

Coexistence within a single norm of variable units is usually accompanied by a process of their semantic, stylistic and functional demarcation, which makes it possible to flexibly use the language means allowed by the norm, depending on the goals and conditions of communication (which allows us to speak about the communicative expediency of the norm). For example, plural forms noun number bread with an accent based on: loaves- designate a stove product ( They took ruddy bread out of the oven), and forms with an accent on the ending: bread- cereals ( grain harvest); can be said and radio horns, and mouthpiece radio, but only mouthpieces of ideas; in everyday dialogue, you can report about someone that he is now on vacation, but in an official document, a native speaker of a literary language must express himself differently: while on vacation...; designs with short adjective as a predicative I'm not hungry,This process is very labor intensive. signal the bookiness of speech (such constructions are not characteristic of colloquial language), and constructions with the so-called juxtaposition of verb forms, on the contrary, serve as a bright sign spoken language: I'll go look;go buy some milk.

Possession of the norm implies the ability of the speaker not only to speak correctly and to distinguish linguistically correct expressions from incorrect ones (for example, “reject” the turnover impress and choose a different way of expressing the same meaning: Make an impression), but it is also appropriate to use language means - in relation to the situation of communication. It is obvious, for example, that a business letter cannot be written using the words ahead of time,painter,strive,down the drain,to the point etc., phraseological units not for a snuff of tobacco,how to drink, type constructions And he come out with his stupid proposal etc. It is equally obvious that in an ordinary conversation, clerical turns look like an eccentricity. in the absence of such,due to failure,due to non-election and under. Intentional violation of the appropriateness of the norm is usually done for a specific purpose - jokes, ridicule, language games. In this case, we are not faced with a mistake, but with a speech device that testifies to the freedom with which a person handles the language, consciously using it contrary to normative guidelines. One of the common methods of language play, jokes is the inappropriate, often stylistically contrasting use of various kinds of common clichés - newspaper clichés, turns of some professional language, stationery, etc.: Every year he fought for the harvest in this unsightly garden;Upon reaching fifty years old, I left a lot of sex and moved on to coaching(M. Zhvanetsky). Conscious playing of phraseological units, intentional deviation from their normative use is also one of the methods of the language game: He ate more than one dog in this case;They lived on a wide,but bare feet; (to be)between Scylla and charisma; PR during the plague.

The language norm is one of the components of the national culture. Therefore, the development of a literary norm, its codification, and the reflection of the normalizing activity of linguists in grammars, dictionaries, and reference books are of great social and cultural significance. The problems of the language norm are developed in the works of D.N. Ushakov, L.V. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, S.I. Ozhegov, R.I. V.Panov, K.S. Gorbachevich, V.A. Itskovich, N.N. Semenyuk and other domestic linguists.

State educational institution

higher professional education

RUSSIAN STATE SOCIAL

UNIVERSITY

Branch in Ivanteevka

Department of socio-economic disciplines

TEST

in the Russian language and culture of speech

Topic; "Linguistic norm: definitions, main provisions of the theory of norm"

Scientific adviser:

Chernyakhovskaya M.A.

___________________

"___" ____________2011

Completed:

1st year student

distance learning

specialties " Social work»

___________________

"___" ____________2011

Ivanteevka, 2011

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..3

1. The concept of the language norm……………………………………………………………..4

2. Types and classification of language norms ……………………………….……...……..5

3. Orthoepic Dictionary…………………………………………………………...6

4. Dynamism of language development and variability of norms………………………..……7

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..9

References …………………………………………………………………..10

Introduction

Academician D.S. Likhachev advised: “It is necessary to learn good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listen, remember, notice, read and study. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our soul, mind”

The task of forming speech skills has become especially relevant in recent decades. This is due to a sharp change in the communication, and, accordingly, the language situation in society, with political democratic processes. Modern man it is very important to be able to build your own oral statement, understand and adequately respond to someone else's speech, convincingly defend your own position, observing the speech and ethical and psychological rules of behavior.

According to researchers, managers and businessmen spend up to 80% of their time on communication. In the process professional activity representatives of these specialties use oral speech in order to plan work, coordinate efforts, check and evaluate results; for assimilation, acquisition and transmission of information; finally, for influence - influence on the views and beliefs, actions of others, in order to change the attitude towards certain facts and phenomena of reality. Speech, the ability to communicate are the main “tools” for creating the image of a business person, i.e. self-presentation, constructing one's image for others. A noble image guarantees a leader, an entrepreneur, half the success and constant job satisfaction. Insufficient speech culture significantly reduces the rating, can adversely affect a career. Therefore, the training of highly qualified and competent entrepreneurs, management specialists is impossible without teaching the culture of oral verbal communication. The language norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture.

1. The concept of a language norm.

Language norms (norms of the literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is an example of a uniform, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

Compliance with the structure of the language;

Mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speaking people;

Public approval and recognition.

The main sources of the language norm are:

Works of classical writers;

Works by contemporary writers who continue the classical traditions;

Media publications;

Common modern usage;

Linguistic research data.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

1. relative stability;

2. prevalence;

3. general use;

4. obligatory;

5. compliance with the use, custom and possibilities of the language system.

A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of a language system, selected and enshrined in

the process of public communication.
The normalization of speech is its correspondence to the literary and linguistic ideal.

2. Types of norms and classification of language norms

In the literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;

2) norms of written speech;

3) norms of oral speech.

The norms common to oral and written speech include:

Lexical norms;

Grammar norms;

Stylistic norms.

The special rules of writing are:

Spelling standards;

Punctuation rules.

Applies to spoken language only:

Pronunciation norms;

Norms of stress;

intonation norms.

The norms common to oral and written speech relate to the linguistic content and construction of texts. Lexical norms, or norms of word usage, are norms that determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.
Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books.
Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.

Their violation leads to lexical errors. different type(examples of errors from essays of applicants):

Wrong choice of a word from a number of units, including mixing of paronyms, inaccurate choice of a synonym, wrong choice of a unit of the semantic field (bone type of thinking, analyze the life of writers, the Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);

Violation of the norms of lexical compatibility (a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, inveterate foundations, has gone through all stages of human development);

The contradiction between the intention of the speaker and the emotional-evaluative connotations of the word (Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and followed it, leaving indelible traces; He made an unbearable contribution to the development of Russia);

The use of anachronisms (Lomonosov entered the institute, Raskolnikov studied at the university);

A mixture of linguistic and cultural realities (Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);

Incorrect use of phraseological turns (Youth beat him with a key; We must bring him to fresh water).

Grammatical norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or context-inappropriate inflectional form (the analyzed image, the reigning order, the victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. In these phrases, a morphological error was made - the gender of nouns was incorrectly formed.
Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation of oral speech. The pronunciation norms of the Russian language are determined primarily by the following phonetic factors:

Stunning voiced consonants at the end of words: du [p], bread [p].

Reduction of unstressed vowels (changes in sound quality)

Assimilation is the likening of consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness at the junction of morphemes: only voiced consonants are pronounced before voiced consonants, only deaf ones are pronounced before deaf ones: furnish - o [n] set, run away - [h] run, fry - and [f] fry.

Loss of some sounds in consonant combinations: stn, zdn, stl, lnts: holiday - pra [sign] ik, sun - so [nc] e.

Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, because. their violation creates an unpleasant impression on the listeners about the speech and the speaker himself, distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are fixed in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and stress dictionaries.

3. Orthoepic dictionary.

This dictionary mainly includes words:

The pronunciation of which cannot be unequivocally established on the basis of their written appearance;

Having a mobile stress in grammatical forms;

Forming some grammatical forms in non-standard ways;

Words experiencing stress fluctuations in the entire system of forms or in separate forms.

The dictionary introduces a scale of normativity: some options are considered equal, in other cases one of the options is recognized as the main one, and the other is acceptable. The dictionary also contains notes indicating the pronunciation of the word in poetic and professional speech.

The following main phenomena are reflected in pronunciation notes:

Softening consonants, i.e. soft pronunciation of consonants influenced by subsequent soft consonants, for example: review, -i;

Changes that occur in consonant clusters, such as pronunciation of stn as [sn] (local);

Possible pronunciation of one consonant sound (hard or soft) in place of two identical letters, for example: apparatus, -a [p]; effect, -a [f b];

Solid pronunciation of consonants followed by the vowel e in place of spelling combinations with e in words of foreign origin, for example hotel, -i [te];

The absence of reduction in words of foreign origin, i.e. pronunciation of unstressed vowels in place of the letters o, e, a, which does not comply with the reading rules, for example: bonton, -a [bo]; nocturne, -a [facult. but];

Features in the pronunciation of consonants associated with the syllable section in words with collateral stress, for example, head of the laboratory [zaf / l], non-cl. m, f.

4. Dynamism of language development and variability of norms .

The language system, being in constant use, is created and modified by the collective efforts of those who use it ... What is new in speech experience, which does not fit into the framework of the language system, but works, is functionally expedient, leads to a restructuring in it, and each next state of the language system serves basis for comparison in the subsequent processing of speech experience. Thus, the language in the process of speech functioning develops, changes, and at each stage of this development, the language system inevitably contains elements that have not completed the process of change.

Therefore, various fluctuations, variations are inevitable in any language"
The constant development of the language leads to a change in literary norms. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago may become a deviation from it today. So, for example, earlier the words diner, toy, bakery, everyday, on purpose, decently, creamy, apple, scrambled eggs were pronounced with sounds [shn]. At the end of the 20th century such pronunciation as the only (strictly obligatory) norm was preserved only in the words on purpose, scrambled eggs. In the words bakery, decently along with the traditional pronunciation [shn], a new pronunciation [ch] is recognized as acceptable. In the words everyday, apple, the new pronunciation is recommended as the main option, and the old one is allowed as possible option. In the word creamy, the pronunciation [shn] is recognized as an acceptable, but outdated option, and in the words diner, toy, the new pronunciation [ch] has become the only possible normative option.

This example clearly shows that in the history of the literary language the following are possible:

Preservation of the old norm;

Competition of two variants, in which dictionaries recommend the traditional version;

variant competition, in which dictionaries recommend a new variant;

Approval of the new version as the only normative one.

In the history of the language, not only orthoepic, but also all other norms change.
An example of a change in the lexical norm is the words diploma and entrant. At the beginning of the 20th century the word diplomat meant a student doing a thesis, and the word diplomat was a colloquial (stylistic) version of the word diplomat. In the literary norm of the 50-60s. there was a distinction in the use of these words: the word graduate began to be called a student during the preparation and defense of the thesis (it lost the stylistic coloring of the colloquial word), and the word graduate began to be used to name the winners of competitions, reviews, competitions marked with a diploma of the winner.
The word entrant was used as a designation for those who graduated from high school and those who entered the university, since both these concepts in many cases refer to the same person. In the middle of the 20th century the word graduate was assigned to those graduating from high school, and the word entrant in this sense fell out of use.
Changes in the language and grammatical norms. AT literature XIX in. and colloquial speech of that time, the words of a dahlia, a hall, a piano were used - these were the words female. In modern Russian, the norm is the use of these words as masculine words - dahlia, hall, piano.
An example of a change in stylistic norms is the entry into the literary language of dialect and vernacular words, for example, bully, whiner, background, whistle, hype.

Conclusion

Each new generation relies on already existing texts, stable turns of speech, ways of thinking. From the language of these texts, it selects the most suitable words and turns of speech, takes from what was worked out by previous generations what is relevant for itself, introducing its own in order to express new ideas, ideas, a new vision of the world. Naturally, new generations refuse what seems archaic, not consonant with the new manner of formulating thoughts, conveying their feelings, attitude to people and events. Sometimes they return to archaic forms, giving them new content, new perspectives of understanding.
In each historical era the norm is a complex phenomenon and exists in rather difficult conditions.

1. Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and comprehensibility, protect it from the flow of dialect speech, social jargon, and vernacular.

2. Language norms are constantly changing. This is an objective process that does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers.

3. Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.

Bibliography

1. Rozental D.E., Golub I.B. Russian language spelling and punctuation 334 pages 2005 Publisher: Makhaon

2. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language, 2006 Publisher: Iris-Press

3. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. 13th edition, 544 pages, 2005 Publisher: Phoenix

4. Textbook Culture of Russian speech: 560 pages. Publisher: Norma, 2004

5. Semushkina L. Culture of Russian oral speech. Dictionary-reference book, 2006
Publisher: Iris-Press

6. Vocabulary of colloquial speech in the system functional styles modern Russian literary language Edition 2, edited by O. B. Sirotinin, 2003 Publisher: Editorial URSS

7. Zilbert Orthoepic Dictionary, 2003 Publisher: Mir knigi

The norm of the language is the central concept of the culture of speech. The degree of correctness, accuracy, understandability, clarity, consistency, expressiveness, expediency and relevance of speech is regulated by the language and stylistic norm.
The language norm is the most preferable for serving native speakers of a given language in the process of communication and the most appropriate system of expression at all linguistic levels (means of pronunciation, word usage, word and form formation, syntactic means). In essence, the norm reflects the trends objectively existing in a given society towards the improvement of speech culture. When defining a norm, one should proceed from the idea that it implies compliance with the system-structural foundations of the language as a whole, current trends language development, the adequacy of linguistic expression to extralinguistic needs.
The main criterion of the language norm is the principle of communicative expediency, which contributes to the understanding of the statement.
“A norm is not only a socially approved rule, but also a rule objectified by real speech practice, a rule that reflects the laws of the language system and is confirmed by the word formation of authoritative writers” - such a definition of the norm is given by K.S. Gorbachevich.
The recognition of the normativity (correctness) of a linguistic fact, in his opinion, usually relies on the indispensable presence of three main features:
1) regular use (reproducibility) this method expressions;
2) the correspondence of this method of expression to the possibilities of the literary language system (taking into account its historical restructuring);
3) public approval of a regularly reproduced way of expression (moreover, the role of the judge in this case usually falls to the lot of writers, scientists, the educated part of society).
According to A.A. Murashova, a norm is a linguistically accepted, culturally and socially conditioned rule and phenomenon of a language that has directiveness (obligation to follow), accepted by the majority of speakers, reflecting the patterns of development of language systems as a whole, enshrined in the language fiction and aesthetically justified.
As is known, modern language, which is a highly organized system of means of communication for all Russians, is represented by such varieties as literary speech (language), territorially dialectal speech, and vernacular. The leading form of realization of the Russian language is literary speech, the norms of which are codified as exemplary (fixed in grammars, teaching aids, dictionaries), distributed by the media. (Although in the media, on TV there is often a deviation from the literary norm.)
The literary norm (i.e., the norm of the literary language, in contrast to the norm inherent in dialects, professional and social slang, etc.) is characterized by such an important property as the functional and stylistic differentiation of language means. The signs of the norm of the literary language are the relative stability, prevalence, common use, preference and general obligatoryness, compliance with the use, custom (usus) and the possibilities of the language system, reflection of its development trends.
A literary norm may be codified, or it may be in the process of being codified, or as a potential but not yet codified trend. Codification captures phenomena that have already taken shape in the process of language practice. Therefore, we can talk about the dynamic nature of the literary norm and the dialectical nature of the process of its codification in the process of communication.
The norms are realized (or embodied) and potential, realized (or not embodied). The implemented rule consists of two parts:
1) updated (modern, productive, active, well-understood and practically codified norm);
2) non-actualized (archaisms, obsolete versions of the norm, as well as variants that are rare in use, doublets, etc.). The implemented norm also includes two parts:
1) neologisms and neoplasms that are becoming the norm on different levels language;
2) a fundamentally non-codifiable area of speech activity (individual, occasional formations).
The discrepancies between the literary norm and the actual use of the language depend on the historical stage of society, its social structure, as well as from the peculiarities of the language situation. The growing influence of mass media is usually accompanied by a significant unification of speech practice.
The most important task of the culture of speech as a linguistic science is the study of language norms at all levels of the language (i.e., in all its sections: in phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, etc.) in their established traditional forms, as well as in contradictions, in developing or re-emerging trends towards change, etc.

Written language norms. Types of language norms

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