This section contains examples of typical plans used by students from grades 6 to 11 when compiling a description of certain geographical objects, not only in geography lessons, but also when doing homework.

Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland

1. The location of the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics (polar circles) and the prime meridian.
2. The extreme points of the mainland, their coordinates and the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
3. In what climatic zones is the mainland located?
4. Oceans and seas washing the mainland.
5. The location of the mainland relative to other continents.

Plan for describing the relief of the territory

1. The general nature of the surface. How to explain it?

2. The position of different landforms in the study area.

3. Dominant and greatest height.

Climate description plan

1. In what climatic zone and in what area is the territory located?

2. Average temperatures in July and January. Direction and reasons for their change.

3. Prevailing winds (by season).

4. Annual amount of precipitation and their regime. Causes of differences in precipitation across the territory.

Characteristics of the climate chart

1. Description of the annual course of temperatures. Average temperature in January, July, annual amplitude.

2. Annual amount of precipitation, their seasonal regime.

3. Conclusion about the type of climate.

River description plan

1. The geographical position of the river.

2. Where does it originate, where does it flow?

3. River length, basin area, large tributaries.

5. Dependence of the nature of the flow on the relief. Fall, slope of the river.

6. Power sources of the river.

7. River regime, its dependence on climate.

8. Human use of the river.

Natural area description plan

1. Geographical location of the zone.

2. Climatic conditions.

3. Inland waters.

4. Soils.

5. Vegetation.

6. Animal world.

Plan of characteristics of the country (region)

1. EGP of the country (regions).

2. Economic evaluation natural conditions and resources.

3. Population and labor resources. Possibilities for their use.

4. Historical prerequisites for the development of the economy.

5. Specialization of the economy; the main features of its location.

6. The main features of the geography of transport.

7. Relationships between industries and territories within a region, country, city.

8. General conclusion: development prospects.

EGP characterization plan of the country (region)

1. The position of the object on the territory of the mainland (state).

2. Position in relation to neighboring countries, regions.

3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw materials, industrial and agricultural regions.

4. Position in relation to the main transport routes.

5. Position in relation to the main sales areas.

6. EGP change in time.

7. Conclusion about the possibility of EGP influence on the development of the economy of the country (region).

Plan for the characteristics of the country's population

1. Number, type of population reproduction, demographic policy.

2. Age and sex composition, security labor resources.

3. National (ethnic) composition of the population.

4. Social and class composition of the population.

5. The main features of the distribution of the population. The impact of migrations on this placement.

6. Level, rates and forms of urbanization. Major cities and urban agglomerations.

7. Rural resettlement.

8. Conclusion: prospects for population and labor growth.

Plan of characteristics of the branch of the World economy

1. The value of the industry, its sectoral composition, the impact of scientific and technological revolution on its development.

2. Raw and fuel resources of the industry, their distribution.

3. Sizes of production with distribution by main geographic regions.

4. Main producing countries.

5. Factors that determined the location of the industry in these areas.

6. Nature protection and ecological problems of the industry.

7. The main countries of export and import of products. The most important cargo flows.

8. Conclusion: prospects for the development and location of the industry. 

I am familiar with more than one method of describing objects. One of these methods is method of geographical description. I will tell you about its characteristic features and give an example of a description of a geographical object.

Method of geographical description

The descriptive method is one of universal research tools in any science and is reduced to a simple oral or written description of the external features of an object.

As for geographical description method, then the term "geography" itself is translated from Greek literally as "to describe the earth." It differs from any other descriptive method and consists of the following:

• is fundamental in geography;
• The subject matter of research is usually complex structure and large scale;
• includes a large amount of work with different ways of describing items;
• wears systematic character- the description takes place in stages, according to a certain scheme.

Geographic description of the object

Geographic description method The object was used by absolutely all researchers of our planet. I will make for you a geographical description of the pond, which is located near my place of residence.

Any geographical description begins with the position of an object on Earth - coordinates. The conditional coordinates of my lake are 42 degrees north latitude and 54 degrees east longitude. You can specify in which country, region or region the body of water is located.

Height above sea level my pond is 300 m.

Dimensions pond - 1.5 kilometers long and 1 kilometer wide, respectively, its area is -1.5 square kilometers. Here you also need to indicate its average and maximum depth.

It is also worth describing the method of forming a pond, square its catchment and list the names of the rivers flowing into it. In addition, it is worth indicating for what purposes the water contained in it is used.

So, mgeographical description method is in order to describe this or that object located in a certain place on the planet Earth in the most reliable way, by all known geography methods.

Geographical terms and concepts. Geographic definitions. Altitude is the vertical distance from sea level to a given point.a.v. points above sea level is considered positive, below - negative.
Azimuth- the angle between the direction to the north and the direction to any object on the ground; is calculated in degrees from 0 to 360° clockwise.

Iceberg- a large block of ice floating in the sea, lake or sitting aground.
Antarctic belt- descends from South Pole up to 70°S
Anticyclone– area high blood pressure air in the atmosphere.

area- the area of ​​distribution of any phenomenon or group of living organisms.
arctic belt- descends from North Pole up to 70° N
Archipelago- a group of islands.
Atmosphere the air envelope of the earth.
Atoll- coral island in the form of a ring.
Beam- a dry valley in the steppe and forest-steppe regions in the Russian Plain.
Barkhan- accumulation of loose sand, blown by the wind and not fixed by vegetation.
Swimming pool- the area of ​​lowering, which does not have a runoff on the surface.
Coast- a strip of land adjacent to a river, lake, sea; slope descending to the water basin.
Biosphere- one of the shells of the Earth, includes all living organisms.
Breeze- local wind on the shores of the seas, lakes and large rivers. Daytime breeze. (or sea) blows from the sea (lake) to land. Night breeze (or coastal) - from land to sea.
"Brocken Ghost"(along the Brocken mountain in the Harz massif, Germany) is a special kind of mirage observed on clouds or fog at sunrise or sunset.
Wind- the movement of air relative to the ground, usually horizontal, is directed from high pressure to low. The direction of the wind is determined by the side of the horizon from which it blows. Wind speed is specified in m/s, km/h, knots, or approximately on the Beaufort scale.
Air humidity- the content of water vapor in it.
Watershed- boundary between watersheds.
Elevation- an area elevated above the surrounding area.
Waves – oscillatory movements aquatic environment seas and oceans caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun (tidal waves), wind (wind waves), fluctuations in atmospheric pressure (anemobaric waves), underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (tsunamis).
highlands- a set of mountain structures with steep slopes, pointed peaks and deep valleys; absolute heights are more than 3000 m. The highest mountain systems of the planet: Himalayas, Mount Everest (8848 m) is located in Asia; in Central Asia, in India and China - Karakorum, peak Chogori (8611 m).
Altitudinal zonality- change of natural zones in the mountains from the sole to the top, associated with climate and soil changes depending on the height above sea level.
Geographical coordinates are angular quantities that determine the position of any point on the globe relative to the equator and prime meridian.
Geospheres- shells of the Earth, differing in density and composition.
Hydrosphere- water shell of the Earth.
Mountain- 1) an isolated sharp elevation among relatively flat terrain; 2) a peak in a mountainous country.
The mountains- vast areas absolute altitudes up to several thousand meters and sharp fluctuations in altitude within their limits.
mountain system- a collection of mountain ranges and mountain ranges that extend in one direction and have a common appearance.
Ridge– elongated, relatively low relief form; formed by hills lined up in a row and merged with their foothills.
Delta- the area of ​​​​deposition of river sediments at the mouth of the river when it flows into the sea or lake.
Longitude geographic is the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through given point, and the plane of the prime meridian; measured in degrees and measured from the prime meridian to the east and west.
Valley– negative linearly elongated relief form.
Dunes- the accumulation of sand on the shores of the seas, lakes and rivers, formed by the wind.
gulf- a part of the ocean (sea or lake), which goes quite deep into the land, but has free water exchange with the main part of the reservoir.
The earth's crust is the outer shell of the earth.
Swell- small, with a calm uniform wave, the excitement of the sea, river or lake.
Ionosphere- high layers of the atmosphere, starting at an altitude of 50-60 km.
Source- the place where the river begins.
Canyon- a deep river valley with steep slopes and a narrow bottom. K. underwater - a deep valley within the underwater margin of the mainland.
Karst– dissolution rocks natural waters and the phenomenon associated with it. Climate is the long-term regime of the weather in a particular area. Local K., distributed over a relatively small area.
Climatic zone (or belt)- a vast region distinguished by climatic indicators.
Spit- a sand or pebble shaft, stretching along the coast or protruding in the form of a cape far into the sea.
Crater- a depression that arose after the explosion of a volcano.
Ridge- a sharply uplifting large uplift, one of the types of hills.
Avalanche A mass of snow or ice falling down a steep slope.
Lagoon- a shallow bay or bay separated from the sea by a spit or coral reef.
landscape geographical- type of terrain, a relatively homogeneous section of the geographical envelope.
Glacier- a mass of ice moving slowly under the influence of gravity along the slope of a mountain or along a valley. The Antarctic glacier is the largest on the planet, its area is 13 million 650 thousand km2, the maximum thickness exceeds 4.7 km, and the total ice volume is about 25-27 million km3 - almost 90% of the volume of all ice on the planet.
ice Age- time span in geological history Earth, characterized by a strong cooling of the climate.
forest-steppe- a landscape in which forests and steppes alternate.
Forest-tundra- a landscape in which forests and tundra alternate.
Liman– a shallow bay at the mouth of the river; usually separated from the sea by an oblique or embankment.
Lithosphere- one of the shells of the Earth.
Mantle The shell of the earth between the earth's crust and core.
Mainland- a large part of the land, surrounded on all sides by oceans and seas.
Australia- in the Southern Hemisphere, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans (the smallest of the continents);
America North and South- in the Western Hemisphere, between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans;
Antarctica- in the central part of the South Polar Region (the southernmost and highest continent on the planet);
Africa- in the Southern Hemisphere (the second largest continent);
Eurasia- in the Northern Hemisphere (most big mainland Earth).
Meridians geographically e - imaginary circles passing through the poles and crossing the equator at a right angle; all their points lie on the same geographic longitude.
World Ocean- all the water space of the Earth.
Monsoons are winds that periodically change their direction depending on the season: in winter they blow from land to sea, and in summer from sea to land.
uplands- a mountainous country characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and massifs and located high above sea level. Tibet- in Central Asia, the highest and greatest highlands on Earth. Its base rests at absolute heights of 3500-5000 m and more. Some peaks rise up to 7000 m.
lowlands- bottom tier mountainous countries or independent mountain structures with absolute heights from 500 m to 1500 m. The most famous of them are the Ural Mountains, which stretch for 2000 km from north to south - from the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan. The vast majority of the peaks of the Urals are below 1500 m.
Lowland- a plain that does not rise above 200 m above sea level. The most famous and significant among them is the Amazonian lowland with an area of ​​more than 5 million km2 in South America.
Lake- a natural body of water on the surface of the land. The largest in the world is the Caspian Sea-Lake and the deepest is Baikal.
oceans- parts of the oceans, separated from each other by continents and islands. Atlantic; Indian - ocean of heated waters; The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest ocean; Pacific Ocean(Great), the greatest and deepest ocean on Earth.
Landslide- displacement down the slope of a mass of loose rock under the influence of gravity.
Island- a piece of land surrounded on all sides by the waters of the ocean, sea, lake or river. The largest island in the world is Greenland with an area of ​​2 million 176 thousand km2. Relative height is the vertical distance between the top of a mountain and its foot.
Geographic parallels- imaginary circles parallel to the equator, all points of which have the same latitude.
Greenhouse effect(atmospheric greenhouse effect) - the protective effects of the atmosphere associated with the absorption of reflected long-wave radiation.
trade winds- constant winds in tropical regions blowing towards the equator.
Plateau- 1) a high plain, bounded by steep ledges; 2) a vast flat area on a mountaintop.
underwater plateau- elevation of the seabed with a flat top and steep slopes.
Plyos- a deep (wide) section of the river bed between riffles.
Plateau- a vast piece of land with a height of 300-500 m to 1000-2000 m or more above sea level with flat tops and deeply incised valleys. For example: East African, Central Siberian, Vitim Plateau.
floodplain- part of the river valley, which is flooded in the flood.
semi-desert- transitional landscape, combining the features of the steppe or desert.
hemisphere- half of the earth's sphere, allocated either along the equator or along the meridians of 160 ° E. and 20°W (Eastern and Western hemispheres), or on other grounds.
Geographic poles- points of intersection of the axis of rotation of the Earth with the earth's surface. Magnetic points of the Earth - points on the earth's surface where the magnetic needle is located vertically, i.e. where the magnetic compass is not applicable for orientation to the cardinal points.
arctic circles(North and South) - parallels that are 66 ° 33 ′ north and south of the equator.
Threshold- a shallow area in a riverbed with a large slope and a fast current.
foothills- hills and low mountains surrounding the highlands.
prairies- vast grassy steppes in the North. America.
Ebb and flow- periodic fluctuations in the water level of the seas and oceans, which are caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun.
desert- vast areas with almost no vegetation due to the dry and hot climate. The largest desert in the world is the Sahara in the North. Africa.
Plains- vast flat or slightly hilly expanses of land. The largest on Earth is East European, or Russian, with an area of ​​​​more than 6 million km2 and West Siberian in the north of Eurasia, with an area of ​​\u200b\u200babout 3 million km2.
River- a constant stream of water flowing in a channel. Amazon - a river in the South. America, the largest in the world in length (from the source of the Ucayali River more than 7000 km), in terms of basin area (7180 m2) and in terms of water content; Mississippi - largest river Sev. America, one of the greatest on Earth (length from the source of the Missouri River 6420 km); The Nile is a river in Africa (length 6671 km).
Relief- a set of various irregularities of the earth's surface of various origins; are formed as a result of a combination of influences on earth's surface endogenous and exogenous processes.
channel- the deepest part of the valley floor, occupied by the river.
Savannah- the landscape of the tropics and subtropics, in which grassy vegetation is combined with individual trees or their groups.
North Pole- the point of intersection of the earth's axis with the surface of the Earth in the North. hemisphere.
sel- a mud or mud-stone stream, suddenly passing through the valley of a mountain river.
Tornado(American name tornado) - vortex movement of air in the form of a funnel or column.
Middle mountains- mountain structures with absolute heights from 1500 to 3000 m. Mountain structures of medium height are the most on Earth. They spread over the vast expanses of the south and northeast of Siberia. Almost all of them are occupied Far East, eastern China and the Indochina peninsula; in northern Africa and the East African Plateau; Carpathians, mountains of the Balkan, Apennine, Iberian and Scandinavian peninsulas in Europe, etc.
Slope- a sloping area on land or the bottom of the sea. Windward Slope - facing the direction from which the prevailing winds blow. Leeward slope - facing away from the direction of the prevailing winds.
Steppe- treeless spaces with an arid climate, which are characterized by grassy vegetation. In Eurasia, the steppes stretch in an almost continuous strip from the Black Sea to Northeast China, and in North America occupy vast expanses of the Great Plains, joining in the south with the savannahs of the tropical belt.
Stratosphere- layer of the atmosphere.
subtropical belts(subtropics) - located between the tropical and temperate zones.
Subequatorial belts- located between the equatorial belt and tropical belts.
Taiga- zone of coniferous forests of the temperate zone. The taiga covers the northern part of Eurasia and North America in an almost continuous belt.
Typhoon- the name of tropical cyclones of storm and hurricane force in Southeast Asia and the Far East.
Takyr- a flat depression in the desert, covered with a hardened clay crust.
Tectonic movements– movements earth's crust that change its structure and shape.
Tropics- 1) imaginary parallel circles on the globe, spaced 23 ° 30 ° north and south of the equator: the tropics of Capricorn (northern tropic) - the tropics of the northern hemisphere and the tropics of Cancer (southern tropic) - the tropics of the southern hemisphere; 2) natural belts.
tropical belts- located between the subtropical and subequatorial belts.
Troposphere- the lower layer of the atmosphere.
Tundra- treeless landscape in the Arctic and Antarctic.
temperate zones are located in temperate latitudes.
temperate latitudes– located between 40° and 65° N and between 42°S and 58°S
Hurricane– a storm with a wind speed of 30-50 m/s.
mouth A place where a river flows into a sea, lake or other river.
front atmospheric A zone separating warm and cold air masses.
Fiord (fjord)- a narrow deep sea bay with rocky shores, which is a glacial valley flooded by the sea.
Hill- small in height and sparing gently sloping hill.
Cyclones- area of ​​low atmospheric pressure.
Tsunami- Japanese name huge waves resulting from underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Parts of the world- regions of the Earth, including continents (or parts of them) with nearby islands. Australia, Asia, America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe.
Shelf– continental shelf with prevailing depths up to 200 m (more in some cases).
Geographic latitude- the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured in degrees and measured from the equator to the north and south.
Squall- a sharp short-term increase in wind before a storm.
Calm- Calm, stillness.
Storm- very strong wind accompanied by strong seas.
Equator- an imaginary line connecting points on the globe that are equidistant from the poles.
Exosphere- layer of the atmosphere.
Ecosphere- an area of ​​​​outer space suitable for the existence of living organisms.
Erosion- destruction of soils and rocks by flowing waters.
South Pole- the point of intersection of the earth's axis with the earth's surface in the southern hemisphere.
Earth's core- the central part of the planet with a radius of about 3470 km.

Economic and social geography

Enclave- a part of the territory of one state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of other states and not having access to the sea.
Urban agglomeration- a group of closely located cities, united by close labor, cultural, social, infrastructural ties into a complex system.
Trade balance- the difference between goods exported from the country (exports of the country) and imported (imports).
population reproduction- a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.
Geographic environment- part of the earth's nature with which society interacts on this stage historical development.
Geopolitics- dependence of the foreign policy of the state on geographical location and other physical and economic-geographical factors.
Global population problems- a set of socio-demographic problems affecting the interests of all mankind, creating a threat to its present and future; joint efforts of all states and peoples are needed to solve them.
Demographic policy- a system of administrative, economic, propaganda measures with the help of which the state influences the natural increase of the population in the desired direction.
Demographic revolution- transition from one type of population reproduction to another.
Demography- a spider about the population, the patterns of its reproduction.
natural population growth- the difference between the birth and death rates per 1000 inhabitants per year.
Immigration- entry into the country for permanent or temporary (usually long-term) residence of citizens of other countries.
Import- Import of goods into the country from other countries.
Industrialization - the creation of large-scale machine production in all sectors of the economy, the transformation of the country from an agrarian to an industrial one.
Integration international economic- the process of establishing deep and stable economic relations between countries, based on the implementation of their coordinated interstate policy.
Intensive development path- increase in production volumes due to additional investments in existing production facilities.
Infrastructure- a set of structures, buildings, systems and services necessary for the normal functioning and ensuring the daily life of the population.
Conversion- transfer of military production to the production of civilian products.
Megalopolis (metropolis)- the largest form of settlement, which arose as a result of the merging of several neighboring urban agglomerations.
Intersectoral complex- a group of industries that produce homogeneous products or have close technological ties.
Population migration- the movement of the population across the territory, associated with a change of place of residence.
National economy- interaction of people and means of production: means of labor and objects of labor.
Science intensity- the level of costs for Scientific research and development in the total cost of production.
Scientific and technological revolution (NTR)- a fundamental qualitative revolution in the productive forces of society, based on the transformation of science into a direct productive force.
Nation- historical and social community of people, formed on certain territory in the process of development of social market relations of industrial type and interregional (international) division of labor.
Industry- a set of enterprises that produce homogeneous products or provide homogeneous services.
Socio-economic area- the territory of the country, including several administrative units, differing from other features historical development, geographical location, natural and labor resources, specialization of the economy.
Zoning- the division of the territory into districts according to a number of characteristics.
Regional policy- a set of legislative, administrative, economic and environmental measures that contribute to the rational distribution of production across the territory and the equalization of people's living standards.
Resource availability- the ratio between the value natural resources and the extent of their use.
free economic ZONE - a territory with a profitable EGP, where, in order to attract foreign capital, a preferential tax and customs regime, special pricing conditions are established.
Production specialization- production by enterprises of individual parts and assemblies, certain types of products, the performance of one or more technological operations.
Territory specialization- concentration in the area of ​​production of certain products or services
The structure of the national economy- ratio between various areas and industries by the value of products, the number of employees, or by the value of fixed production assets.
suburbanization- the process of growth of suburban areas of cities, leading to an outflow of population and places of employment from their central parts.
Territorial division of labor- specialization of individual regions and countries in the production of certain types of products and services and their subsequent exchange.
Human Resources- part of the country's population capable of working and possessing the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work.
Urbanization- the process of urban growth and the spread of urban lifestyle to the entire network of settlements.
Service- work aimed at meeting the needs of an individual consumer.
Economic and geographical position (EGP)- the position of an object in relation to others geographical objects that are of economic importance to him.
Economically active population- part of the country's population, a comma in the national economy, and the unemployed, actively looking for work and ready to work.
Export- export of goods to other countries.
Extensive development path- increase in production volumes due to the quantitative growth of production units.
Emigration- departure of citizens from their country to another for permanent residence or for a long time.
Power system- a group of power plants connected by power lines and controlled from a single center.
Ethnos- a historically established stable community of people, which has a unique internal structure and an original stereotype of behavior, determined to a greater extent by the "native" landscape.

The analysis of topographic maps is carried out in order to study the study area, its features, patterns of placement, the relationship of objects and phenomena, the dynamics of their development, etc. The analysis allows you to choose the right map of a certain scale depending on the direction of the intended use (for familiarization with the area, for orientation in the area , as a basis for compiling hypsometric, soil, landscape maps, for the scientific analysis of natural and socio-economic phenomena, etc.)

The choice of maps is accompanied by an assessment of their suitability for specific work in terms of the accuracy and detail of the information that is supposed to be obtained using the maps. At the same time, it should be taken into account that enlargement of the scale of maps leads to an increase in the number of map sheets, reducing the visibility of the territory, but increasing the accuracy of information. The time when maps were published determines their compliance with the current state of the territory. The dynamics of geographical phenomena is revealed by comparing maps of different times for the same territory.

The following methods of map analysis are used: visual, graphical, graphic-analytical and mathematical-statistical.

visual way based on visual perception images of the terrain, comparing graphically shown elements of the terrain in shape, size, structure, etc. It presupposes mainly a qualitative description of objects and phenomena, but is often accompanied by an eye assessment of distances, areas, heights and their ratios.

Graphical analysis consists in the study of constructions made according to the maps. Such constructions are profiles, sections, block diagrams, etc. Using the methods of graphical analysis, regularities in the spatial distribution of phenomena are revealed.

Graphical analysis subdivided into cartometric and morphometric. Cartometric techniques consist in measuring the length of lines on maps, determining coordinates, areas, volumes, angles, depths, etc. Morphometric techniques allow you to determine the average height, thickness, power of the phenomenon, horizontal and vertical dissection of the surface, slopes and gradients of the surface, sinuosity of lines, contours and etc.

Numerical indicators of the prevalence of objects, the relationship between them, the degree of influence of various factors allow us to establish methods of mathematical and statistical analysis. Using methods mathematical modeling spatial mathematical models terrain.

Geographic Description terrain is compiled after a preliminary study of the map and is accompanied by measurements and calculations based on a comparison of lengths, angles, areas with a linear scale, a scale of foundations, etc. The basic principle of description is from the general to the particular. The description is structured as follows:

1) card details(nomenclature, scale, year of publication);

2) description of the boundary of the area(geographical and rectangular coordinates);

3) relief characteristic(type of relief, landforms and the area and extent they occupy, marks of absolute and relative heights, main watersheds, the shape and steepness of slopes, the presence of ravines, cliffs, gullies with an indication of their length and depth, anthropogenic landforms - quarries, embankments, excavations, mounds, etc.);

4) hydrographic network- names of objects, length, width, depth, direction and speed of the flow of rivers, slope, nature of the banks, bottom soil; characteristics of the floodplain (size, presence of old channels, floodplain lakes and the depth of swamps); the presence of hydraulic structures, as well as bridges, ferries, fords and their characteristics; description of the reclamation network, its density; the presence of springs and wells;

5) vegetation cover and soils– type, composition of rocks, occupied area, nature of location. In the presence of forests - their characteristics, the width of the clearings, the presence of clearings;

6) settlements - name, type, population, administrative significance, structure and layout, prevailing buildings (fire-resistant or non-fire-resistant), industrial facilities;

7) communication routes- railways and highways. For railways- number of tracks, type of traction, name of stations, stations. For highways and other roads - the nature of the surface and the width.

FOUNDATIONS OF THE THEORY OF ERROR

MEASUREMENTS

The concept of measurements

Measurement - This is the process of comparing the measured value with the value taken as the unit of comparison, as a result of which a named number is obtained, called measurement result.

Distinguish: straight, or immediate and indirect measurements.

direct such measurements are called when the quantities being determined are obtained directly from measurements, as a result of their direct comparison with a unit of measurement. Examples of direct measurements are determining distances with a measuring tape, measuring an angle with a theodolite.

indirect are those measurements in which the quantities to be determined are obtained as functions of the directly measured quantities. The indirect method involves calculating the value of the desired value. For example, elevation in trigonometric leveling is a function of distance and slope measured directly on the ground.

The measurement results are divided into equivalent and unequal.

Equivalent name the results of measurement of homogeneous quantities obtained from repeated measurements under similar conditions (by one observer with the same instrument, by one method and under the same environmental conditions).

If even one of the above conditions is violated, the measurement results are classified as unequal.

In the mathematical processing of the results of topographic and geodetic measurements, the concepts of necessary and excess number of measurements. In the general case, to solve any topographic problem, it is necessary to measure a certain minimum number of quantities that provide a solution to the problem. These measurements are called the number of necessary measurements t. Difference k when subtracting the number of required measurements t of all measured values n, called the number of redundant values ​​k = n – t. Redundant measurements of a quantity make it possible to detect errors in the results of measurements and calculations and improve the accuracy of the determined quantities.

Determining the type of climate according to the climatogram

8 - 9 grade

10-11 grade

P lan characteristics of the industry of the world economy

Dimensions of production with distribution by main geographic regions.

Environmental and ecological problems arising in connection with the development of the industry.

P lan characteristics of the EGP of the country (region)

1. EGP change in time.

Country Characteristics Plan

What maps should be used to describe a country?

Geographical position of the country

In what part of the continent is the country located?

Neighboring countries;

The name of the capital;

Features of nature

Relief ( general character surfaces, main landforms and height distribution). Mineral resources of the country.

Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual rainfall). Differences by territory and by seasons.

Major rivers and lakes.

Natural zones and their main features.

1. Population of the country:
1. The peoples inhabiting the country (what, location, external features);
2. Basic lessons.

Mountain country description plan

1. Decide which cards are needed for the description.
2. In what part of the mainland are they located?
3. In what direction are they pulling?
4. What is their approximate length?
5. Mountain height?
6. The highest peak, its name, height, coordinates.

River description plan

1. In what part of the mainland does it flow?
2. Where does it start? Where does it fall? large tributaries.
3. In what direction is it flowing?
4. Explain the dependence of the nature of the flow on the relief.
5. Determine the source of the river.
6. What is the regime of the river and how does it depend on the climate?

Natural area description plan

1. Geographic location of the zone.
2. Climatic conditions.
3. Soils.
4. Vegetation.
5. Animal world.

   Note: describing natural area, reveal the relationship between the components of its nature.

Population description plan

1. What peoples inhabit the study area?
2. What parts of the mainland or other territory are most densely populated? What is the average population density?
3. Where are the populations sparse? What is the lowest density?

   Note: used card<Плотность населения и народы>.

Climate description plan

1. In what climate zone, and in what area is the territory located?
2. Average temperatures in July and January. In what direction are they changing and why?
3. Prevailing winds (by season) and air masses.
4. Annual precipitation and their regime. What explains the difference in rainfall?

Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland

1. Determine how the mainland is located relative to the equator, the tropics (arctic circles) and the zero meridian.
2. Find the extreme points of the mainland, determine their coordinates and the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
3. In what climate zones is the mainland located?
4. Determine which oceans and seas wash the mainland.
5. How is the mainland relative to other continents?
6. GP features.

Determining the type of climate from diagrams

1. Carefully consider all the symbols on the diagram. (The months of the year, through one, are indicated by letters.) What can you learn from it?
2. Find out the annual course of temperatures. What are the average temperatures in July and January? What is the annual temperature range?
3. How much precipitation is typical for this type of climate? What is the rainfall pattern during the year?
4. Make a conclusion about the type of climate.

Performance planbranches of the world economy:

1. The importance of the industry in the world economy, its sectoral composition, the impact of scientific and technological revolution on its development.

2. Raw and fuel resources of the industry and their distribution.

3. Dimensions of production with distribution by main regions.

4. main producing countries.

5. Main regions and centers of production; factors that determined the location of the industry in these areas.

6. Environmental and ecological problems arising in connection with the development of the industry.

7. Main countries (regions) of product export. The main countries (regions) of imports of products. The most important cargo flows.

8. Prospects for the development and location of the industry.

Performance planEGP of the country (region):

1. Position in relation to neighboring countries.

2. Position in relation to the main land and sea transport routes.

3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw material bases, industrial and agricultural regions.

4. Position in relation to the main sales areas.

5. EGP change in time.

6. General conclusion about the influence of the EGP on the development and distribution of the country's economy.

Plan of characteristics of agriculture of the country (region):

1. The value of the industry and the size of products.

2. Natural conditions for the development of the industry.

3. Features of agrarian relations.

4. The structure of the industry, the ratio of crop production and animal husbandry.

5. Geography of plant growing and animal husbandry, agricultural regions (zones).

6. Dependence of the country on exports and imports of agricultural products.

7. General conclusion and prospects for the development of the industry.

Plan of characteristics of the population of the country (region):

1. Number, type of population reproduction, demographic policy.

2. Age and sex composition of the population, availability of labor resources.

3. National (ethnic) composition of the population.

4. The social class composition of the population.

5. The main features of the distribution of the population, the impact of migration on this distribution.

6. Levels, rates and forms of urbanization, main cities and urban agglomerations.

7.FROMspruce settlement.

8. General conclusion. Prospects for population growth and labor supply.

Performance planindustriescountry (region):

1. The importance of the industry and the size of its products.

2. Natural prerequisites for the development of the industry.

3. Industry structure.

4. The main factors influencing the location of the industry, and the main features of its geography; sectoral industrial areas.

10. General conclusion; development prospects.

How to make and analyze a cartogram.

1. Designate on contour map boundaries of the territories to be analyzed.

2. Analyze a statistical or other source of indicators for the cartogram, enter the necessary indicators.

3. Group these indicators into certain intervals.

4. Create a cartogram legend in which darker tones or thicker shading will reflect a greater intensity of the phenomenon, and vice versa.

5. Apply coloring or hatching to the contour map.

6. Analyze charts and draw conclusions.

Performance planindividual country (simple):

1. The main features of the EGP.

2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources.

3. The main features of reproduction, structure and distribution of the population.

4. General characteristics of the economy.

5. The main features of the location of the industry.

6. The main features of the accommodation Agriculture.

7. The main features of the geography of transport.

8. main economic regions.

9. The role and geography of foreign economic relations.

General conclusion; development prospects

Plan for describing the relief of the territory

• What is the general character of the surface, what forms of relief prevail and why.
• Name the plains, their average and maximum height, location within the study area.
• Name the mountains, their height, location, age, the highest peak, its name and height.
• What minerals is rich, explain the location.

Plan for describing the geographical position of the river

• In which part of the mainland does the river flow?
• What does the name of the river mean
• Where does it start
• Where does it flow
• Which direction is it flowing
• Explain the nature of the river flow depending on the terrain
• Mark the location of rivers and lakes in relation to the terrain
• Identify the river's sources of food
• What is the regime of the river and how does it depend on the climate
• Determine the historical and economic importance of the river

Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland

• The location of the mainland relative to
  • equator
  • tropics
  • polar circles
  • prime meridian
• The extreme points of the mainland, their coordinates, the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east
• In what climatic zones is the mainland located?
• Oceans and seas washing the mainland, rivers and lakes
• Large physical-geographical regions within the mainland
  • mountain systems
  • plains
  • desert
• The location of the mainland relative to other continents

Approximate map express analysis plan:

1. Basic information of the map (phenomenon under study, process).
2. Methods of information transfer.
Z. Territorial distribution (distribution) of a phenomenon, process.
4. The main reasons for the uneven distribution of the phenomenon, process.
5. Minimum and maximum indicators of the studied phenomenon, process.
6. If available: export import of raw materials products.
7. General conclusion.

Ocean description plan

1. The name of the ocean and its dimensions.

2. The position of the ocean relative to the equator and the prime meridian.

3. What and where washes the ocean.

4. Neighborhood with other oceans.

5. The largest seas and bays.

6. Average and maximum depth of the ocean.

7. The most important warm and cold currents.

8. The use of the ocean by man, the most important transport routes.

9. Conclusion about the features of the geographical position of the ocean

Sea description plan

1. The name of the sea.
2. Dimensions - length from north to south and from west to east.
3. The geographical position of the sea, in which part of which ocean it is located, what and where it washes.
4. Inner or marginal
5. Average and maximum sea depth.
6. largest islands.
7. Biological and mineral resources of the sea.
8. Human activity.

Plan of characteristics of the plain

1. name of the plain
2. Length from north to south and from west to east
3. The geographical position of the plain:

What part of the mainland is
- with what landforms and where it borders
- what and where is washed

4. Average and maximum height.

5. Minerals.

Plan for the characteristics of the economic region

1. The composition of the territory.
2. EGP of the region: in what part of the country it is located, type of geographical location, with whom and where it borders, with what and where it is washed, conclusion: highlight favorable and unfavorable features.
3. Natural conditions and resources, conclusion about the resource availability of the area.
4. Characteristics of the population: number, location, reproduction, gender, age, ethnic and religious composition, level of urbanization, Largest cities, features of migration and labor resources.
5. Branches of industry specialization, factors of specialization, major centers.
6. The structure of agriculture, the main agricultural areas and branches of specialization of agriculture.
7. Features of transport, types, main highways, major transport hubs.
8. Problems and prospects for the development of the region.

City description plan

1. Geographical position.
2. A brief history of the development of the city: the time of formation, the main historical events in the life of the city.
3. Functional type of the city and its importance in the economy of the country.
4. Population of the city: population, characteristics of gender, age, national and religious composition of the population and character traits labor resources.
5. Branches of specialization of industry, the most important industrial enterprises.
6. Transport: features of the development of the transport hub and urban transport.
7. Non-production sphere: the largest scientific and educational institutions, museums, theaters, etc.
8. Problems and prospects of city development.

Weather description plan

1. For what period of time (day, week, month) the description is given.
2. The highest, lowest and average air temperature, the pattern of temperature changes over a specified period of time.
3. Precipitation, their total, type of precipitation and time of occurrence.
4. Cloudiness, distribution of cloudiness by day, its changes during the day.
5. Atmospheric pressure. Change in pressure.
6. The impact of weather on people's health, their lives and activities.
7. The similarity of the observed weather with the long-term climatic norm or deviation from it.