In learning English, there comes a moment when you no longer want to be content with simple sentences. There is a desire to dilute the text with beautiful turns so that they sound not only competently, but also effectively. In such cases, the sacrament comes to the rescue. English language, which will be discussed today.

Participle or participle in English – it is an impersonal form of a verb that has the features of a verb, an adjective, and even an adverb. The participle in English sentences is quite common both in speech and in writing. Therefore, let's look at the types of participles in English, their formation and role in the sentence.

There are two types of participle in English:

1. The first is the group Participle I - present participle;
2. The second - Participle II - past participle.

Education

Participle I is the present participle. It can be expressed in the Simple and Perfect forms. Consider both of them in the table using the example of the verb read (read):

In the participle, the verbs of the Simple form are formed in the same way as in the Continuous tense. In simple terms, the ending -ing is used to form the real participles of the present. For passive participles, it is used with the ending -ing and the verb in the third form.

Perfect is formed using the verb have with the ending -ing and the third form of the verb. The third English form of the verb is formed in 2 ways:

• Regular English verbs with the -ed ending.

• For the wrong ones, on their own, not obeying the rules.

These participles are translated into Russian as present participle or gerund not perfect look(Simple forms) and the perfect participle (Perfect forms).

With active and passive voices in the perfect form, only transitive verbs. Notice that intransitive verbs are not expressed in the passive form. Intransitive verbs are those that cannot be combined with a noun or pronoun. Study the table with examples for clarity:

Although the present participle in the passive voice is already used much less frequently than in the active voice. Do not think that the passive turnover is biased. It just sounds quite voluminous, and the English language is constantly striving for simplification.

Two or more participles (and gerunds when translated into Russian) are usually not used in one sentence. Avoid too long sentences, it is better to break them into two. And even in this case, it is better to make the participle have only the first or second sentence.

The role of the participle in a sentence

The functions of the sacrament are limited to a few points. So, the participle can be expressed:

• Definition:

Moreover, the English participle can go both before and after the noun:

The girl talking to Jim is my sister.

The girl talking to Jim is my sister.

Determinative participial revolutions of a comma, as a rule, are not distinguished.

• The circumstance of a condition, cause, time, or course of action. Study on table examples :

But here, as in Russian turns, the adverbial participial turnover needs a comma.

• The nominal part of the compound predicate:

Brad will be performing at 5 p.m. on the first and second of March.

Brad will be performing at 5pm on March 1st and 2nd.

Use

1. English participles that match the Simple forms:

• show that the action occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate. Let's look at an example:

• characterize the subject:

1. The Perfect participle is used to show that the action preceded the action expressed by the verb:

In the same case, the use of the Simple form can now be encountered, although from the point of view English grammar Perfect time is preferred:

Despite the fact that in Russian this form is a participle, in English it refers to participle turnover. In fact, nothing belongs to the gerund, since in English the gerund is a participle. That is, there is simply no gerund in English. Do not be surprised, there are a lot of similar language differences between English and Russian, they just need to be taken into account.

It is important to note that although it is a present participle, it does not mean that it is only used with English present tense sentences.

Participle 1 vs gerund or difference between gerund and participle

The present participle in its appearance may resemble gerund, which is also formed by adding the ending -ing. However, the difference between them is huge, as their functions are completely different. Therefore, in order to confuse the participle with the gerund, you need to try very hard.

The difference is this:

The gerund is used on its own and is expressed by a noun:

The participle refers to the noun and is located before / after it. It's more like an adjective:

The gerund and the participle of the English language can also have a perfect form. As in the first case, one of the main features of their use is that in gerundial variants such a construction is used in a sentence as a subject.

While the participial turnover shows that after completing one action, another was done.

As you can see distinguish gerund and participle and understand between them difference not so difficult.

Participle in English: Participle II

Education

Participle II or the past participle has only one form, namely the Past Participle Simple form. Participle 2 is used in English only in the passive voice. In the active voice, it cannot even be formed. The passive voice has two forms of formation:

• With the ending -ed for regular verbs. Table with examples:

Infinitive / Initial form of the verb	Participle II / Past participle
close (close)	closed
play (play)	played (played)
produce (produce)	produced (produced)
motivate (motivate)	motivated (motivated)

• Irregular verbs have their own special form. Examples:

These participles in the past tense are translated into Russian passive participles imperfect and perfect types.

Role in the proposal

The past participle in English can perform a number of functions:

• Definitions:

It can be introduced into a sentence using the preposition as (as):

His life, as described by biographers, seems to be a tragic one.

His life, described by biographers, seems tragic.

• Less commonly, circumstances using unions when (when), unless (until), as if (as if), as though (as if), if (if), unless (if not), though (although), although (although):

• The nominal part of the compound predicate:

• The participle also performs the function of a complex object:

Use

Usually the past participle is:

1. Expresses a completed action that precedes the main action:

1. Expresses the property of a person / object:

There are no independent ways to use the sacrament. However, if you are afraid of making a mistake with the construction, you can turn the participle into a separate sentence.

Participle in English: Independent participial turnover

Independent participial phrases deserve special attention.

To form an independent participial turnover, it is necessary to use a noun or pronoun and participle 1 or 2. An independent participle turnover is separated by a comma, performing the functions of a circumstance. The translation of such participial phrases can have two options:

• In the first case, when an independent participle in English is used at the beginning of a sentence, it is translated as a subordinate clause of time, condition and reason. Such sentences usually contain conjunctions "when", "if" and "because":

• In the second case, the independent participial turnover is translated by an independent sentence. To form one sentence with an independent participial turnover, the words "at the same time", "at the same time", "moreover" can be used.

Independent sentences, as you can see, sound less "loaded".

We hope that you figured out what participles are in English. To consolidate the topic, translate Russian sentences with gerunds and participles into English, do the exercises and periodically return to this site by independent study language.

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, Present Participle I and Past Participle II respectively. If you forgot something, I recommend that you look at the already mentioned article again to remember how these participles are formed and how they are used.

This material is dedicated independent participle turnover in English. Its second name is The (Nominative) Absolute Participial Construction. Sometimes it is called absolute or independent participial turnover, and sometimes even complex, because it is this function that it performs in the sentence. An independent participial turnover should not be confused with a simple participial turnover. In such a participial turnover, the action expressed by the participle refers to the person or object indicated in the sentence. Therefore, such participial phrases correspond to our participles. For example:

Having done his homework, he listened to music. – Having made homework he was listening to music. (having done - gerund; subject one - he - did his homework and listened to music)

Knowing Japanese well, she managed to negotiate with our foreign customers. - knowing well Japanese, she was able to negotiate with our overseas buyers. (knowing; subject one - she knows the language and she negotiated)

While writing down her new novel, she often used a dictionary. - Writing down your new novel She often used a dictionary. (writing down - gerund; subject one - she wrote down a novel and looked into the dictionary)

Having tested the new equipment, they agreed to sign a contract. After testing the new equipment, they agreed to sign a contract. (having tested - gerund; subject one - they tested and signed the contract)

And what participial turnover do we call independent in English? How does it differ from those that sounded in the examples? Let's figure it out.

What is an independent participial turnover in English?

Unlike the previous participial phrases, which have one subject, there will be two subjects in an independent participial phrase in English. One is in the main sentence, and the second is in the form of one of the components in the participial turnover. Since an independent participial turnover consists of a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the nominative case and a participle of any kind, it is the noun or pronoun that will play the role of the subject. And the predicate will be the action expressed by the participle. What do we get? Two separate subjects, two predicates, and therefore two separate sentences. This is the peculiarity of the independent participial turnover in English.

An independent participial turnover is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. But its location can be different: most often it is at the beginning of a sentence, but options are not excluded at the end, and sometimes in the middle of a sentence. An independent participial turnover in English corresponds to Russian either, or an independent sentence. Such a turnover is most common in technical, legal, economic and fiction.

Types of circumstances, the function of which is performed by an independent participial turnover

I have already mentioned that an independent participial turnover performs the function of a complex circumstance in a sentence. As we know, circumstances are different, and their classification is quite extensive. What circumstance can be this turnover in various offers? It can function:

1. Circumstances of time.
   

   Therainhavingstopped, she went to the shop to buy all necessary stuff for the trip. After the rain stopped, she went to the store to buy everything she needed for the trip.

   Thearticlebeingpublished, I got my author's fee. When the article was published, I received my royalties.

   Theworkfinished, we went home. When the work was finished, we went home.

   In this function, an independent participial phrase in English corresponds to subordinate clause time. And in colloquial speech the proposals would look like this: After the rain had stopped, she went to the shop to by all necessary stuff for the trip. The article was published and I got my author' fee.

   By the way, defining words can stand between a noun and a participle in an independent participle in English. For example:

   The question having been settled, he went to bed. When the matter was resolved, he went to bed.

   The question about his participating in this meeting having been settled, he went to bed. - When the question of his participation in this meeting was decided, he went to bed.

   In some independent participial phrases, participle I from the verb can be omitted to be – being. But it is easily guessed by the meaning:

   Thelesson(being)over, the teacher left the school. When the lesson ended, the teacher left the school.

2. Reason circumstances. And this turnover will correspond to the subordinate clause of the reason in Russian.
   

   Her sister being too nervous, it was difficult to speak to her. Her sister was very nervous, it was difficult to talk to her.

   My brother having lost his international passport, we couldn't go abroad. My brother lost his passport and we couldn't go abroad.

   Here's what these turns look like in the form of subordinate clauses: As my sister was too nervous, it was difficult to speak to her. As my brother had lost his international passport, we couldn't go abroad.

   The place of the subject in an independent participle in a sentence can be occupied by an introductory there or formal subject it. For example:

   Therebeingnobodyatwork, I decided to have a nap. There was no one at work, and I decided to take a nap.

   It being Monday, the shop opened at half past nine. Since it was Monday, the store opened at half past nine.

3. Concomitant circumstance and circumstance of the course of action. In this situation, an independent participial turnover always stands at the end of the sentence.
   

   He looked at me hiseyessparklingwithjoy. He looked at me, his eyes glowing with joy.

   The wood was placed in the warehouse, the wood shredding being forwarded to the factory. The wood was placed in a warehouse, and the sawdust was sent to the factory.

   BUT complete sentences will be like this: He looked at me and his eyes were sparkling with joy. The wood was placed in the warehouse and the wood shredding was forwarded to the factory.

   In the function of an accompanying circumstance, one can also find a prepositional independent participial phrase in English - The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is introduced as a preposition with.

   She was listening to me with her mouth (being) pursed. She listened to me, her lips were pursed.

4. Circumstances conditions. In this situation, we usually encounter participles from verbs to permit- let; to fail- fail, fail.
   

   weather permitting, we will start planting potatoes. If the weather permits, we will start planting potatoes.

   Timepermitting, I'll visit you next month. If time permits, I will visit you next month.

   An independent participial turnover in this function will correspond to the subordinate clause of the condition in Russian: If the weather permits, we will start planting potatoes. If the time permits, I'll visit you next month.

Translation of independent participial phrases into Russian

In conclusion, I would like to say a few words about the translation of independent participial phrases into Russian. As you understand, for the most part, they are translated by subordinate clauses of the type that corresponds to a certain circumstance. These can be subordinate clauses of time (with unions - when, after), reasons (with unions - since, since), conditions (with union if). Examples are listed above.

They can also be translated as an independent sentence with conjunctions: a, while, moreover. Take a look at the wood example. And they can be translated as an independent sentence with the union "and", or without any coordinating union at all.

The first day after the holidays was very profitable, over one bottle hundred of mineral water being sold in the afternoon. - The first day after the holidays was very profitable. In the afternoon, more than a hundred bottles of mineral water were sold.

Present participle ( Present Participle) in an independent participial phrase in English, we translate with a verb in the present tense, if the predicate is also expressed by a verb in the present tense, and, accordingly, with a verb in the past tense, if the predicate is also in the past tense. Why? Participle I expresses an action performed simultaneously with the action of the verb-predicate. But this participle can also denote an action that coincides with the moment of speech, regardless of how tense the predicate is expressed. Then we can observe the combination "present tense (participle) - past tense (verb-predicate)". For example:

The car couldn't enter the garage, itsheightexceeding 2meters. - The car could not enter the garage, as its height exceeds (exceeded) 2 meters.

Past participle ( Participle II) we always translate the verb in the past tense, since with the help of this participle we express the action that preceded the action of the verb-predicate.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

→ INDEPENDENT PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION

An independent participial turnover is a combination of a noun in the common case (or a pronoun in the nominative case) with a participle in which the noun (or pronoun) plays the role of a subject in relation to the participle, without being the subject of the whole sentence:

The weather being fine, the airplane started. - Since the weather was good, the plane took off (lit.: the weather being good, the plane took off).

The subject of the verb-predicate (started) is the noun the airplane, while the noun the weather is only the subject of the participle being.

There is no similar construction in Russian. Russian adverbial adverbial phrases, as well as English dependent adverbial phrases, refer to the subject of the sentence in which they are included.

Coming to St. Petersburg I went to the Hermitage. - Arriving in St. Petersburg, I went to the Hermitage.

The participle "arriving" in the Russian sentence, like the participle coming in the English sentence, refers to the subject of the sentence - "I" (I): I came and I went (I came and I went).

Thus, the pronoun "I" (I) is the subject of the sentence and at the same time performs the role of the subject in relation to the gerund (or participle - in the English sentence).

This is the difference between the dependent participle turnover and the independent participle turnover in English.

The participle in any of its forms can be part of an independent participial turnover.

Note. An independent participle is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence.

An independent participial turnover performs, in relation to the main composition of the sentence, the role of any member of the sentence, mainly the circumstances of time, reasons or conditions.

The independent participle turnover is translated into Russian:
1) a subordinate adverbial clause;
2) simple sentence, which is part of a complex sentence and introduced by unions, moreover, a, and;
3) by a simple sentence, which is part of a compound sentence by means of a non-union connection:

All preparations being made (= when all preparations were made), the party sat down. - When all the preparations were made, everyone sat down.

All doors having been locked (= as all doors had been locked), they were forced to spend the night at a neighbor's home. - Since all the doors were locked, they were forced to spend the night at a neighbor's house.

Weather permitting (= if the weather permits), the airplane starts early in the morning. - Weather permitting, the plane will take off early in the morning.

Chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased. - After chromium was added, the strength and hardness of the steel increased.

The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location. - The article is devoted to microwaves, and special attention is paid to radar.

They went to the winding shaft, two of the men carrying a stretcher. - They went to the lift shaft; two of the workers were carrying a stretcher.

Hydrogen is the simplest substance, atoms of other elements having a more complex structure. - Hydrogen is the simplest substance; atoms of other substances have a more complex structure.

Some independent participles begin with with. Such participial phrases are translated in the same way as independent participial phrases with the same meaning without a preposition:

The article deals with microwaves, with particular attention being paid to radio location. - The article is devoted to microwaves, and special attention is paid to radar.

With chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased. - After (because) chromium was added to the steel, its strength and hardness increased.

An independent participial turnover may be preceded by the introductory particle there. Such an independent participial turnover is usually translated by a subordinate adverbial clause:

There being no other traffic on the road, we drove rather fast. Since there were few cars on the road, we drove quite fast.

A body can move uniformly and in a straight line, here being no cause to change that motion. - The body can move evenly and in a straight line if there is no reason that can change this movement.

A participle with words that depend on it can perform the function of an introductory member of a sentence in a sentence. Usually such participial groups have a modal meaning and refer to the entire sentence as a whole: strictly speaking - strictly speaking; generally speaking - generally speaking, etc.:

Generally speaking, metals are excellent conductors. Generally speaking, metals are excellent conductors.

In this turnover, the noun or pronoun plays the role of the subject in relation to the participle, but is not the subject of the whole sentence.

Such a turnover is logically connected with the proposal and is essentially its circumstance. Like circumstance, an independent participial turnover can take place before the subject, i.e., be at the beginning of a sentence or follow a predicate group at the end of a sentence. This phrase is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence.

The independent participial turnover is translated into Russian:

1) Adverbial adverbial clause of time, cause, mode of action, conditions with conjunctions when ;after that ,how ;because the ;because ;if etc., if it is at the beginning of a sentence .

Sometimes the participle form I, formed from the verb to be (linking verb in compound nominal predicate), in circulation can be omitted, as it is easily guessed.

2) Independent proposal, non-union or with unions a ,and ,but ,and if the turnover is at the end of a sentence .

The independent participle turnover can be used with turnover there (is ) and formal subject it .

The circumstance of the course of action or an accompanying circumstance can be introduced by the preposition with .

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Find the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and define the word in the function of the subject in it. translate the sentences.

1.	He being very excited, it was very difficult to make him change his mind.
2.	Time permitting, we started our trip.
3.	The door and the window of the house being open, we looked in.
4.	The light having been lit, she opened her son's letter.
5.	It being pretty late, we went upstairs.
6.	There being little time left, they called a taxi.
7.	The weather having changed, we decided to stay where we were.
8.	Her mother being away, she has to do all the housework.
9.	The sun having risen, they continued their way.

Exercise 2.

Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

1.	All the questions being settled, the delegation left.
2.	There being a lot of people at the airport, several flights had been cancelled.
3.	The windows having been closed, the room was too stuffy.
4.	The performance being over, they changed their impressions.
5.	Our efforts to start the car having failed, we spent the night in a nearby village.
6.	The dinner having been prepared, I had a snooze before my relatives arrived.
7.	This duty completed, he had two months’ leave.
8.	The weather permitting, we shall go surfing tomorrow.
9.	They lived there for two months, Mark helping the people all the time.

Exercise 3.

Find sentences with the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and translate them into Russian.

1.	The professor being ill, the lecture was put off.
2.	Knowing English well he managed to negotiate with our foreign customers.
3.	Having tested the new equipment they agreed to sign a contract.
4.	All things considered, we found it acceptable to invest more this year.
5.	The party being over, the guests began to depart.
6.	Developing a new method they achieved good results.
7.	With him being sick, we'll have to do his work.
8.	The visitor having left, she felt much better.
9.	The article being in Japanese, I couldn't understand a word.

Participial have +object +Past Participle (Participle II )

turnover	Meaning	Example	Translation
Have + object+Past Participle Have something done	Means that action, expressed predicate, i.e. verb to have and Past Participle, commits not the face itself subject), a someone else for him. Verb to have has the meaning " force», « do this way,to»	I have had my car repaired. I have the computer installed.	In Russian, turnover can translate the same,as a verb in the perfect form. I fixed the car. ( someone else fixed the car by my request). I already established computer (we have achieved this).
get + object+Past Participle Get something done	1. Can be consumed instead of have something done(mostly in colloquial speech). 2. In some cases instead of verb have the verb is used get in meaning " achieve". In this sense, the verb can be used make.	I think you should get your hair cut. We got the printer repaired. You must make your report published.	I think you need to cut your hair. Us (yet) fixed printer (we have achieved this). You must do this way(get it done) to have your report printed.

Make/have +object +bare infinitive used to mean "to make someone do something", but there is a slight difference in meaning.

Get+object +to-infinitive used in the sense of "persuading someone to do something".

Compare:

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Make sentences choosing the correct form.

Model:

He paints the roof of his house. He has/had/has had the roof of his house paint/paints/painted. He has the roof of his house painted.

1.	He is mending his shoes. He is having/has/had his shoes mend/mending/mended.
2.	Her mother served him breakfast in his room. He had/has had/was had breakfast serve/served/serves in his room.
3.	She was dying her hair. She was having/had/had had her hair dye/dyed/dyes.
4.	I will clean the carpets tomorrow. I will be having/have/will have the carpets clean/cleaning/cleaned tomorrow.
5.	The secretary has booked a room for the manager of the company. The secretary had had/has had/had a room books/booked/booking for the manager.
6.	They have been taking photos during their visit. They has having/have been having/having photos taking/taken/took during their visit.
7.	You had ironed your shirt. You had/has had/had had your shirt irons/ironing/ironed.
8.	We had been decorating our house. We have been having/had been having/has been having our house decorate/ decorated/decorating.
9.	He may send the e-mail. He may have/have/have may the e-mail send/sends/sent.
10.	I will be cutting my hair. I will have/will be having/will have been my hair cut/cuts/cutting.

Exercise 2.

Translate the sentences in the causative form.

1.	Tony had his English lessons paid for by the company.
2.	She had her eyes tested every three months.
3.	My mother had a dressmaker shorten her skirts.
4.	He had his luggage sent to the station.
5.	Have you got your watch repaired?
6.	Get the rooms dusted and aired by the time they arrive.
7.	I am having the car washed.
8.	How often do you have your windows cleaned?
9.	Ann had her briefcase stolen from the office while she was out.

Exercise 3.

Choose the correct answer.

1.	I ____ from my new address.
A.	get my mail forward	b.	get my mail to forward	C.	get my mail forwarded

2.	I had Simon ____ everyone home.
A.	drive	b.	driving	C.	driven

3.	Please make him ____ doing that.
A.	to stop	b.	stop	C.	stopped

4.	I ____ a couple of days ago.
A.	had my door to be fixed	b.	had my door fixed	C.	had my door fixed

5.	I am going to have a new house____.
A.	to build	b.	built	C.	build

6.	I____ on my shoulder.
A.	tattoo done	b.	had a tattoo done	C.	had a tattoo to be done

7.	The movie ____ sad.
A.	made her feel	b.	made her feel	C.	made her feel

8.	Have these flowers____ to her office, please.
A.	taken	b.	taking	C.	to take

9.	Don't ____ these things about you!
A.	let him say	b.	let him say	C.	let him say

10.	I'm going to ____ after the concert.
A.	have me picked up	b.	have him to pick me up	C.	have him pick me up

Object participial turnover (Complex addition)

The Objective Participial Construction (Complex Object)

(I heard him speaking English on the phone)

Object participle turnover (complex addition) consists of common noun or pronouns in the objective case (me , us , you , him , her , it , them ) and present participles (Participle I ).

Object turnover with participle I expresses the action performed by the subject (noun and pronoun) and is used when the speaker wants to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle is not completed, is in the process and is performed at the moment of speech.

Object turnover with past participle (Participle II ) means that the action is performed not by the subject himself, but by another person for him or for him.

This turnover performs the function of a complex object and is translated by an additional subordinate clause.

When translating a sentence with such a turnover, a union is placed between the predicate and the addition what or to (sometimes how ), the subject with the predicate form the main clause, the object becomes the subject, and the participle becomes the predicate of the subordinate clause, the time of which is determined taking into account the tense of the predicate and the form of the participle.

When translating, it must be remembered that the pronoun ( me , us , you , him , her , it ,them ), which becomes the subject of a subordinate clause, in Russian corresponds to a pronoun in the nominative case ( I ,we , you ,he ,she is ,it ,they ), for example:

This turnover is used:

1. After verbs expressing sensory perception: to see see, to hear hear, to watch observe, to feel feel, to notice notice.

2. After the verbs of mental activity, opinions, judgments: to assume , to consider consider, consider to suppose ,to believe count, suppose to understand understand, to discover find, find out to imagine imagine, imagine, etc.

3. After verbs expressing desire: to want to want, to wish ,to desire wish, etc.

4. After verbs to have ,to get to emphasize that the action is not performed by the person designated by the subject, but by someone else for him.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Complete the sentences using the Objective Participial Construction.

1.	I watched my friend____( to paint) the door of her kitchen yellow.
2.	They observed the men ____ ( to hurry) down the street.
3.	We noticed him____( to hide) his mobile phone in the pocket.
4.	I heard the water ____ ( to boil) in the kettle.
5.	I saw the police ____ ( to arrive) and (to enter) the bank.
6.	She found her skirt____( to spoil).
7.	He left the work ____ ( not to finish).
8.	They heard the dog ____ ( to bark) downstairs.

Exercise 2.

Find the Objective Participial Construction and translate the sentences.

1.	I saw you dancing in the gym.
2.	Then in the complete silence of the night he heard somebody opening the door quietly.
3.	I heard the visitor walking restlessly backwards and forwards. I also heard him talking to himself.
4.	She turned and saw Chris waiting for her on the platform.
5.	Jerry felt the bridge shaking under his feet.
6.	At that moment I noticed Michael sitting a little farther in the lecture hall.
7.	She felt her irritation growing.
8.	He was surprised as he suddenly saw her looking at him.

Exercise 3.

Translate the sentences paying attention to the Objective Participial Construction.

A sentence with such a turnover has the following word order: subject + predicate ( in Passive ) + (as ) Present Participle (Participle I ), Past Participle (Participle II ).

When translating a sentence with such a turnover, the predicate (were heard) is brought forward and translated by an indefinitely personal or impersonal sentence, which performs the function of the main clause in a complex sentence and is connected to the subordinate clause by the union how , sometimes what (word as , if present in an English sentence, is not translated). It is also possible to translate a simple sentence with introductory words as is known ,probably etc. A noun or a pronoun of turnover is translated into Russian by a noun or a pronoun in the function of a subject subordinate clause, and a participle - by a verb in a personal form in the function of the predicate of this sentence.

In sentences with the “subject with participle” turnover, the person (or object) performing the action indicated by the predicate is either not mentioned (which means it does not matter), or is introduced by the preposition by after the predicate. In this case, the noun introduced by the preposition by , should be placed in the main sentence along with the predicate and, if possible, made the subject, for example:

The phrase “subject with participle” is used with the following passive verbs:

- verbs of sensory perception: to see see, to hear hear, to feel feel, to watch observe, to notice notice;

- verb to find find, discover;

- Verbs to leave leave, leave, to report report, to show show, to catch catch, catch and some other verbs.

The considered turnover with the word as used with verbs to accept accept, to consider consider, consider to explain explain, to guarantee guarantee to mention mention, to regard evaluate, consider to speak of mention, touch to think of count, to treat apply, consider to understand understand, to represent represent with some other verbs.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective Participial Construction.

1.	The name of this prominent scientist is often heard mentioned in the reports.
2.	The taxi could be seen waiting outside.
3.	the storm was seen approaching the coast very fast.
4.	The plane is reported to have landed safely.
5.	The dog was found sleeping under the table.
6.	They were heard talking about me.
7.	The helicopter was heard flying over the field.
8.	Lily was found crying in the corner.
9.	Very important information was found missing in the report.

Exercise 2.

Find the sentences with the Subjective Participial Construction and translate them.

1.	He saw all his plans destroyed.
2.	A lot of people were seen cleaning the streets from snow.
3.	Nobody wanted them going there alone.
4.	It's raining cats and dogs, we stayed at home.
5.	The boys were caught stealing CDs.
6.	He was often heard playing jazz in the evening.
7.	I hope my Mum hasn't noticed me coming home so late.
8.	Jerry was heard opening the door.
9.	They found the shop closed.

Exercise 3.

Use the word in brackets as part of the Subjective Participial Construction and translate them.

1.	The boy was seen ____ a computer game at the lesson ( to play).
2.	The hurricane was believed____( to finish).
3.	She was thought happily ____ ( to marry).
4.	The glasses were found____ on the fridge ( to lie).
5.	The city was found ____ with snow ( to cover).
6.	The fire was reported ____ quickly ( to put out).
7.	The lorry thought ____ ( to crash).
8.	The expensive vase was found____( to break).
9.	Your research may be thought____( to complete).

Modal verbs(Modal Verbs)

In English there is a group of verbs that do not express actions, but only the attitude towards them on the part of the speaker. They're called modal verbs .These include must ,can (could ),May (might ),ought to ,shall ,should ,will ,would ,be able to ,have to ,need to ,be to .

Modal verbs are used in conjunction with a semantic verb. The semantic verb is used in the infinitive without a particle to (particle to placed only if be able to ,ought to ,have to ,need to ,be to ).

The interrogative and negative form of modal verbs is formed without auxiliary verbs. Modal verbs do not have infinitive, participle or gerund forms. Modal verbs do not change in persons and numbers, i.e. in the third person singular do not have an ending -s , with the exception of be able to ,have to ,need to ,be to , which hide ( She has to ,I will be able to ,He was able to etc.).

Money supply and its structure. The concept of cash and payment turnover. The issue of money and the release of money in households. turnover. Laws of money circulation

Money turnover. Cash and non-cash money turnover

A mass of pennies, which serves a penny turnover. Shvidkіst obіgu pennies

or “Absolute (independent) participle turnover”

(difficult circumstance)

An independent participial phrase is a combination of a noun in the common case or (less often) a personal pronoun in the nominative case (I, he, she, it, we, you, they) with a participle (any) in which the noun (or pronoun) acts as the subject of relation to the participle, but is not the subject of the whole sentence.

Noun / Pronoun + Participle (any)

In a sentence, the turnover most often takes place before the subject, less often at the end or middle of the sentence, and is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence.

Note: In English, participial phrases in the circumstance function are of two types: dependent and independent:

a) dependent - those in which the participle expresses the action related to the subject of the sentence. They correspond to Russian participial phrases(reading, knowing, losing…) and have already been discussed in sections Participle I and Perfect Participle I;

b) independent - those in which the participle has its own subject. They are discussed in this section.

Independent, or independent, participial phrases are common in technical, legal and economic literature, less common in fiction, and almost never used in colloquial speech.
Independent participial phrases perform the function of various circumstances in the sentence (time, cause, mode of action, conditions) and are translated into Russian by a subordinate clause or, less often, by an independent sentence.

1. The circumstance of time corresponds to the subordinate clause of time, most often introduced by unions when, after:

The sun having risen, we continued our way. (Perfect Part.)
After the sun rose, we continued on our way. (time circumstance)

The work having been done, they went home. (Perfect Part. Passive)

Such constructions are typical for scientific and technical literature, and in ordinary speech they use the simple past tense - Past Indefinite in Passive:

When the work was done, they went home.
When the work was finished, they went home.

Between the noun and the participle of an independent turnover, there may be words defining them:
The letter being written, I went to post it. (Participle I, Passive)
When the letter was written, I went to post it.

The letter to her parents being written, she went to post it. (Participle I, Passive)
After the letter to her parents was written, she went to post it.

Sometimes the form of the Participle I, formed from the verb to be (a linking verb in a compound nominal predicate), is omitted in turnover, as it is easy to guess:

The party (being) over, they went home.
The party ended and they went home.

2. Reason circumstance:

The rain having stopped, they went on with their work. (Perfect Part.)
Since the rain stopped, they continued to work.

He coming very late, we had to stay at home.
Since he came very late, we had to stay at home.

The place of a noun in an independent phrase can be taken by the introductory there (is) or the formal subject it:

There being nobody at home, I had dinner alone.
Since there was no one at home, I had lunch alone.

It being late, the children were sent to bed.
Since it was late, the children were sent to bed.

3. circumstance of the condition, in this case, participles formed from verbs are usually used: to permit- allow to fail- to fail, fail

Time permitting, I'll come next week.
If time permits, I will come next week.

Your attempt falling, no one will help us.
If your attempt fails, no one will help us.

4. The circumstance of the course of action or concomitant circumstance, usually found at the end of a sentence, can be introduced with the preposition with:

We went out for a walk, the dog running behind us.
We went for a walk and the dog was running behind us.

She looked at me, her mouth worked.
She looked at me and her lips trembled.

I lay idly in a big chair with my eyes closed.
I lay lazily in a large armchair with my eyes closed.