Informal communication in an informal setting is the most common description of this functional style. Examples of texts of colloquial speech style contain colloquial vocabulary, and the information in them is given mainly on everyday issues.

The oral version of the style is used in everyday speech. That is why writing is often implemented in dialogues.

This article gives an appropriate definition, describes the features, and also considers examples of texts of a colloquial style of speech.

Peculiarities

The style in which each of us expresses his thoughts, emotions and feelings is colloquial. It is characterized by the absence of language selection. This is due to the fact that for the most part people "first speak, and then think."

At the same time, the conversational style always contains shades of the speaker's personality - it allows for slang, jargon, and other things that are not inherent in such strict styles as business or scientific.

Speech example, small text:

Tried? I glanced at the cheese. - Dad said it was delicious.
- Of course, delicious, since he ate it yesterday for both cheeks!
“But you don’t hamster yourself now as if you were having dinner for the last time,” I laughed.

It clearly highlights slang expressions that are inapplicable nowhere more than in ordinary dialogue.

It should be borne in mind that non-linguistic factors also influence the conversational style to a large extent: both facial expressions and gestures, as well as the environment, etc., are of great importance.

Conversational style features:

• simplicity;
• specifics;
• saturation with emotions, sometimes excessively, expression;
• imagery.

Examples of conversational style texts can be obtained by simply recording an everyday conversation, say, between neighbors or a buyer and a seller in a bakery.

The influence of a relaxed atmosphere of communication

The more relaxed the atmosphere, the more freedom of speech. It becomes more emotional, colloquial expressions are widely used.

It is not uncommon for this style - and simplification of word forms, omission of vowels, doubling of words, and the use of suffixes of subjective evaluation - the first two signs are especially intensified when the tempo of speech is accelerated.

A. P. Chekhov, "Revenge"

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov well illustrates the features of the style under consideration in his work "Revenge" - this is a clear example of a colloquial style of speech. A small text of a monologue can already say a lot on this topic.

The character of the story begins to speak with an expressive: "Open up, damn it!" It should be noted that no other style allows swearing. His next sentence is no less revealing: "How long will I have to freeze in this through wind?" Its construction is abrupt, the manner of transmitting information is simple and unpretentious. This is the conversational style. It was not in vain that examples of texts from literature began with Chekhov's "Revenge".

Conversational style features

"Revenge" shows and character traits conversational style:

• preference for interrogative and exclamatory sentences over narrative ones;
• use of interjections;
• personal pronouns and verbs are reduced to the form of the first or second person.

A. S. Pushkin's letter to his wife

The letter that Alexander Sergeevich wrote on August 3, 1834 to his wife, Natalya, is also a small text of a colloquial style of speech (the examples are divided into sentences for consideration in greater detail).

The famous poet begins it with these words: "Shame on you, wife." This appeal is an obvious one that is used in everyday life. Suggestions: "What's the fun of wandering into a nasty county town to see nasty actors playing nasty old opera badly?" and: “I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you already have such a nature,” contain all the elements of a colloquial style of speech, such as:

• evaluative derivational suffixes (town);
• inversion of word order in sentences;
• the use of a plural form for a word that, in fact, according to the rules of the Russian language, does not contain it (Kaluga - according to Kaluga);
• most verbs are in the present tense.

Lexical means

The colloquial style of speech (short examples of texts will be discussed in the course of the article) uses the following lexical means:

• phraseological units;
• diminutive suffixes;
• expressive-emotional coloring of vocabulary;
• contraction and truncation words;
• suffixes of subjective evaluation.

Standard constructions and typed forms

Spontaneous, unprepared speech predominates in everyday life - people are used to expressing themselves without caring about word forms and without thinking about them. Therefore, often, and even often, one can hear standard constructions, certain stereotypes for each specific daily situation. If we consider a short text of a colloquial style of speech, examples from the store will be as follows: "Cookies three hundred grams ... Weigh ten. Please give me a package of butter." From public transport: "Are you getting off at the next one? I'm at the airship stop, where should I get off? Will you take me to the Tractors?"

Forms of etiquette are also obligatory. After all, if a speech is unprepared and less formal, this does not mean that it is rude and extremely impolite.

"Hello, good afternoon, how are you, what's new" - these are still well-established constructions that do not lose their relevance in conversations. An example of a conversational style of speech - a small text-dialogue of comrades who have just met - in 99% of cases will contain these expressions.

Individuality

For the same reason of spontaneity described in the previous paragraph, speech acquires individuality and originality. So, even stereotyped forms and designs are countless, and in different times one or another comes into fashion in certain circles or, on the contrary, goes out of it, becomes obsolete, then, however, sometimes returns. But the informal setting of communication does not set formal boundaries - people can use or not use familiar and established expressions of their choice. Untyped means are what convey the character of the speaker's speech.

"Dragon Chronicles"

Yulia Galanina in her "Dragon Chronicles" boasts a unique atmosphere, because she used a conversational style not only in the dialogues, but throughout the book. Here are short examples of texts:

"And as always, I need more than anyone else. Except for me, not a single fool climbed the fence."
"And dragons are a dangerous thing. And harmful, and nasty, and frankly selfish, and also a dragon!"

Phonetics

The language tools that are used at the phonetic level of the language in a colloquial style include two main features:

• Simplification, truncation, compression, that is, an incomplete type of pronunciation. This is not a mandatory property that a conversational style of speech can have. Examples of texts (grade 5, by the way, in some regions studies this book according to the school curriculum) - "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and the rest of this series. The trait of vernacular is pronounced in the character of Hagrid. Quote from Prisoner of Azkaban: "First of all, this morning... he resigned. I can't fucking risk it if... well, it happens again." Unfortunately, the Russian translators did not fully convey all the simplified word forms, this is more evident in the original text, but even in this quote one can already distinguish "grit", which means "says".
• Intonation as a purely individual feature that emotionally colors any, even a stereotypical construction. An example of a colloquial style of speech is a small text of the story "A Hypothetical Case" by the author O "Henry: "Will you be Mr. Phineas K. Gooch?" - said the visitor, and in the tone of his voice and intonation there was immediately questioning, affirmation and condemnation.

Vocabulary and phraseology

Language means related to the lexical and phraseological level:

• The percentage of speech is clearly dominated by neutral specific commonly used vocabulary, also called interstyle. It is the base of the language. Neutral vocabulary and therefore does not have an emotional and / or expressive coloring. This makes it a versatile option for use in any style: like colloquial speech, and in business, scientific, journalistic. Examples of texts of colloquial style of speech in which there are neutral vocabulary(in essence, the author's language literary texts, except, perhaps, a fairy tale and genres similar to it, for the most part only contains interstyle words) - these are "Chameleon" by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and "Teddy" by Yuri Pavlovich Kazakov.
• Neutral colloquial vocabulary. It includes words like "doctor's wife", "understand" and others.
• Terminology: socio-political and general scientific, nomenclature.
• Emotionally evaluative colloquial vocabulary. It can be negative or positive. All words from it are divided into three groups, of which: 1) evaluation is included in the very meaning of the word; 2) in a figurative sense; 3) the composition of the word includes subjective-evaluative suffixes. The epithet "expressive" is also applicable to this vocabulary.
• Standardized figurative means. These include metaphors, phraseological units, hyperbole and litotes. "We drink from the cup of being with eyes closed"(M. Yu. Lermontov). This is an artistic metaphor, but colloquial ones carry a shade of the same vernacular. An example of a colloquial style of speech, text-dialogue: "- And what is he? - And he, as usual, says, break through! “Who else would I worry about, but this one really will break through. - And then! Heather like a fox! Anyone will be fooled!"
• professionalism and jargon. It is worth considering that each example of a passage of spoken language in fact often contains most of the means given here: it cannot illustrate only one property. So, the above dialogue, in addition to the metaphor "cunning as foxes", also has the jargon "swindle".

Morphology

• The nominative case is the most common.
• Personal and demonstrative pronouns predominate, as well as adverbs and particles.
• The participle is rarely used, the participle almost never.
• The boundaries of temporary forms are blurred. This means that they are freely changed and used not in their meaning.
• There are verbal interjections.

An example of a conversational style is a small dialogue text that illustrates the morphological language level of the topic under consideration:

He went there, - Petya waved his hand.
- Where is it - there? I asked him.
- Well, there's a store there. Products. Mom asked to be stingy - so I decided to run away quickly.
- That's how lope and ran away? - That's exactly how it happened.

Syntax

• More commonly used in colloquial simple sentences than compound or compound ones. Their construction is characterized by a kind of "stringing" on each other, the specificity of the transmitted information.
• Often found in particular, they lack the main members.
• The structure is non-linear, sometimes fragmentary. Breaks in intonation and phrases rebuilt on the go are the consequences of the spontaneity of speech. The conversational style fully allows for the active use of connecting structures, expressed in introductory words and all kinds of particles.
• Interjection phrases as one of the ways of expressing thoughts in a colloquial style.
• Free word order - while the important is usually expressed in the first place (however, this is not a prerequisite).

Literary and colloquial speech

Spoken language in its original manifestation is oral. AT works of art it needs special means of imitation. The author himself can write in a speech close to colloquial, but more often he uses it in conversations between characters. Thus, each character acquires an individuality.

A small text of a colloquial style of speech (examples from " dog heart"Bulgakov):" Obscene apartment. But what a good thing. What the hell did he need me for? Will he leave to live? Here's the weirdo. Why, he only blinks an eye, he would have acquired such a dog, what to gasp.

We have fully considered the colloquial style of speech, examples of texts. 5th grade school curriculum involves the study of functional styles of speech, but colloquial is the style that occurs constantly, everyday, both in works of art and in environment(primarily in it).

In order to display the colloquial style of speech, examples of texts from the literature have already been given above. Just indicative proposals were made equally with them.

newspaper style

Where else can a conversational style of speech be used? Examples of texts from newspapers are a much more controversial issue. In journalism, indeed, there are features characteristic of him. Newspapers from the series "closer to the people" are completely dotted with stereotypical phrases from everyday life. But still, the newspaper style can only be called colloquial in full measure. If the conversational style of speech is considered, short examples of texts are more often taken from works of art.

Every time you write a text or just communicate with other people, you choose the style of speech that is most relevant to the moment. There are five styles in total, but the success of your dialogue, both with the interlocutor and with the reader, depends entirely on the correct choice of each of them. For the reader, the style of your presentation is even more important, because when reading, a person does not have non-verbal information about you, such as facial expressions, gestures, breathing rate, gaze, etc. So, today we will look at what text styles exist, what features they have, and, of course, we will look at examples of these styles.

Five Basic Speech Styles

So, as mentioned above, any text that you create can be attributed to one of the five styles of speech. Here they are:

• scientific style
• Journalistic style
• Art style
• Formal business style
• Conversational style

Please note that different types of text usually refer to different styles, although they may describe the same object. Let's look at an example. Suppose you need to write a text about washing machine. How can you write it:

1. You write a review with key features (scientific style)
2. You write a sales text (conversational style)
3. You are writing an SEO article for a blog (journalistic style)
4. You are writing hypnotic text (art style)
5. You are writing a commercial proposal (formal business style)

However, for greater objectivity, today we will not dwell on the washing machine, but simply consider all five styles of speech with various examples.

1. Scientific style of speech

The scientific style is characterized by strict writing requirements, which are described in more detail in the article "". This article has an example scientific style will be more concise, but if you are interested in the expanded version, then it can be found on .

The scientific style is used among scientists as well as in the educational environment. Distinctive feature scientific style lies in its objectivity and a comprehensive approach to the issue under consideration. Theses, hypotheses, axioms, conclusions, monotonous coloring and patterns - this is what characterizes the scientific style.

An example of a scientific style of speech

Based on the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that the object has a soft homogeneous structure, freely transmits light and can change a number of its parameters when exposed to a potential difference in the range from 5 to 33,000 V. The studies also showed that the object irreversibly changes its molecular structure. structure under the influence of temperatures above 300 K. Under mechanical action on the object with a force of up to 1000 N, no visible changes in the structure are observed.

2. Journalistic style of speech

Unlike the scientific style, the journalistic style is more controversial and ambiguous. Its main feature is that it is used for "brainwashing" in the media, and, therefore, it is initially biased and contains the author's assessment of ongoing events, phenomena or objects. Publicistic style is widely used for manipulation. Let's look at examples.

For example, in the village of Experimentalovo local Uncle Vanya conducted a series of tests of a new chemical preparation on a chicken, as a result of which it began to lay golden eggs. Now let's see how the journalistic style can convey this information to us:

An example of a journalistic style of speech No. 1

Incredible discovery! A resident of a remote village, Experimentalovo, has invented a new drug that makes chickens lay golden eggs! The secret, over which the greatest alchemists of the world fought for centuries, is finally revealed by our compatriot! So far, no comments have been received from the inventor, he is currently on a heavy drinking binge, but we can definitely say that the discoveries of such patriots will definitely stabilize the economy of our country and strengthen its position on the world stage as a leader in gold mining and production gold items for decades to come.

An example of a journalistic style of speech No. 2

An act of unprecedented cruelty and inhuman treatment of animals was shown by a resident of the village of Experimentalovo, who, for his own selfish purposes, with particular cynicism, used unfortunate chickens to create his "philosopher's stone". The gold was obtained, but this did not stop the flayer, and, as an absolutely immoral type, he went into the deepest binge, not even trying to help the poor creatures who fell victim to his egregious experiments. It is difficult to say what such a discovery is fraught with, however, given the trends in the behavior of the "scientist", we can conclude that he is clearly plotting to seize power over the world.

3. Artistic style of speech

When you are overtired by the dryness of the scientific style or the duplicity of the journalistic style, when you want to breathe in the lightness of something beautiful, bright and rich, overflowing with images and an unforgettable range of emotional shades, then the artistic style comes to your aid.

So, the art style is "watercolor" for the writer. It is characterized by images, colors, emotions and sensuality.

Example artistic style speeches

Sidorovich did not sleep well at night, every now and then, waking up to thunder and flashing lightning. It was one of those terrible nights when you want to wrap yourself up under the covers, sticking your nose out for air, and imagine that you are in a hut in the wild steppe hundreds of kilometers from the nearest city.

Suddenly, out of nowhere, the palm of his wife, who was sleeping next to him, passed over Sidorovich's ear:

“Sleep already, you fucking traveler,” she groaned, smacking her tongue sleepily.

Sidorovich turned away offendedly, pouting. He was thinking about Taiga...

4. Official business style of speech

Main characteristics business style- this is accuracy, pedantry to details, imperativeness. This style focuses on the transfer of information, does not allow ambiguity and, unlike the scientific style, may contain first and second person pronouns.

Business Speech Example

I, Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich, express my sincere gratitude to the employees of the company LLC "Primer", in particular, Sidorov S.S. and Pupkov V.V. per high level quality of service and prompt settlement of all disputes right on the spot and I ask you to encourage them in accordance with the terms of the collective agreement of LLC "Primer".

5. Conversational style of speech

Conversational style is most characteristic of the modern Internet. With the mass appearance of blogs, it has become dominant on the Web and leaves its mark not only in web journalism, but also in sales texts, slogans, etc.

Conversational style, in fact, blurs the boundaries between the author and the reader. It is characterized by naturalness, looseness, emotionality, its own specific vocabulary and adjustment to the recipient of information.

Example of conversational style of speech No. 1

Yo, dude! If you are reading this text, then you get the idea. Energy, drive and speed - that's what defines my life. I love extreme, I love thrills, I love when adrenaline goes off scale and blows my head off. I can't do without it, man, and I know that you understand me. I'm deeply in the drum: skateboard or parkour, rollerblading or bike, as long as I have something to challenge. And it's cool!

Example of conversational style of speech No. 2

Have you ever thought about what would happen if the Earth switched places with Jupiter? I'm serious! Would New Vasyuki appear on his rings? Of course not! They're made of gas! Have you ever bought into such blatant nonsense for a minute? I don't believe in my life! And if the moon fell into the Pacific Ocean, how much would its level rise? You probably think that I am a rare bore, but if I do not ask these questions, then who will?

conclusions

So, today we looked at examples of speech styles in all their diversity, if not rich. For various situations different directions will be optimal, but, most importantly, what you should pay attention to when creating a text is the language of your audience and a style that is convenient for it. The emphasis on these two parameters allows your texts to be read in one breath, and, therefore, increases your chances of successfully completing the task assigned to the text.

Signs of a colloquial style of speech: the presence of an appeal, common colloquial words and jargon, the use incomplete sentences, phraseological units, dialectisms, particles, repetitions, inconsistent phrases:

Kostya! How can?! Another backpack on the floor in the middle of the corridor!

Yesterday I bought myself a new mouse, a new keyboard, but I didn’t like the webcams in the mall. Something incomprehensible there ... I'll look at the week in another store. In the meantime, I'll get by without a camera.

Looks like the neighbor drank his salary again. Look, his neighbor has been "cutting" him since yesterday.

And where did our Maxim go?

Ira! Ira! Wait for us at the corner, we'll be there in a minute! Yes, soon, soon, wait!

He said that on Saturday we would all go to the cinema together, but now he reversed. Laziness, they say, overcame. If only I could scrape together money, we would go and eat ice cream. Still the weekend...

I don't like him, I don't like him, that's all! And I will never love. And what am I to blame?

Apparently, a series about fairies on TV has begun. This one is yours, Winx. I look: at least one girl in the yard played on the playground. They just were, but now they aren't. Everyone, as if the cow licked tongue.

Conversational style is appropriate in the sphere of domestic, everyday and professional informal relations. The predominant form of speech is oral (conversation, conversation), but it is possible to use a colloquial style in some genres of written speech - personal diaries, notes, private letters.

In the texts of the colloquial style, to a greater extent than in the texts of other styles, the function of communication, or communicative, is realized.

The main properties of conversational style texts include informality, ease, unpreparedness of communication, lack of preliminary selection of language means, participation of gestures, facial expressions, dependence on the situation, characteristics and relationships of the speakers, a lower degree of regulation compared to book styles.

Since colloquial texts are predominantly oral, the means of the phonetic level play a special role - intonation, pauses, rhythm, tempo of speech, logical stress. Unlike other genres that exist in oral form - a scientific report, a political speech, a lecture - colloquial style texts are characterized by incomplete, sometimes indistinct pronunciation of sounds, syllables, words, and a fast pace of speech. The orthoepic, or pronunciation, norm of colloquial speech allows options: Hello, Lexey Mikhalych (Hello, Alexei Mikhailovich), an “agreement” with an emphasis on the first syllable (in a scientific report, lecture, speech, such an emphasis is undesirable).

The vocabulary of colloquial style texts is characterized by the predominance of specific words over abstract ones (table, chair, sleep, eat), the widespread use of words with emotional and evaluative (eagle, dog - about a person) and colloquial colloquial (sleep, get into) coloring, as well as metaphors (vinaigrette, porridge, okroshka - about confusion; jelly, noodles, slurry - about a sluggish spineless person) against the background of neutral vocabulary. Bookish, foreign language and terminological vocabulary is not widely used. A feature of the texts of the colloquial style are the so-called empty words that can replace any other words (case, thing, thing): "I drink without sugar, but with this thing (pie)." In everyday communication, it is possible to name objects in a special way: “Give me something to hide (a blanket, a blanket, a sheet). Speech occasionalisms are often used - words created in the process of speaking, and their meaning is clear without additional explanations (opener - can opener, stalks - high-heeled shoes). Synonyms are often used, including occasional ones, it is permissible to expand the compatibility of words.

At the word-formation level, the emotionality and evaluativeness of conversational style texts is realized with the help of subjective evaluation suffixes with the meaning of petting, disapproval, magnification (cold, hot, belly, thin), repetitions of words (barely, big-very big). The tendency to save language resources in colloquial style texts is manifested in the fact that the phrase can be replaced by one word (condensed milk - condensed milk, stew - stew, minibus - taxi) and in the formation of new words by truncation (magician - tape recorder, teacher - teacher , video - VCR, cash - cash, strained - voltage).

At the level of morphology, the conversational style is characterized by the predominance of verbs over nouns, the frequent use of personal pronouns (I, we, you, etc.), particles (well, well, here, after all), the use of interjections as predicates (He jumped into the water), the use the present tense in the meaning of the past (this is what happened: I’m going, I’m looking, and he is standing and hiding), the presence of special vocative forms (Sash! Zhen!), As well as invariable forms (the mood is so-so), the absence of participles, gerunds and short forms adjectives. Only in colloquial texts is it possible to simplify the declension of phrases (I don’t have one hundred and twenty-five rubles, ask Yegor Petrovich), use case endings on -y (leave the house, be on vacation; cf .: leave the house, be on vacation), on -a in them. n. pl. hours (contracts, sectors; cf .: contracts, sectors) and in the genus. n. pl. the number of zero endings in some words (orange, tomato, kilogram; cf .: oranges, tomatoes, kilograms), the use of forms comparative degree on -her and with a prefix - (stronger, faster, better, simpler; cf .: stronger, faster, better, easier).

In the syntax of colloquial texts, as well as at the phonetic, word-formation, lexical and morphological levels, common properties are realized - expressiveness, evaluativeness, the desire to save language resources, unpreparedness. This is manifested in the private use of incomplete (I'm going to the store; Do you want coffee or tea?), impersonal 9It's hot today), interrogative (When will you be back?), Incentive sentences (Come on quickly!), Free word order (How to get to the Central Market?), in special predicates (And she is dancing again; he is sitting reading; he doesn’t know), omission in the main part of a complex sentence of a correlative word (Put where you got it; cf .: Put it where you got it from), in the use of introductory, plug-in constructions (I , I probably won’t come; Zoya will come (she’s my cousin)), interjections (Wow!). According to scientists, non-union and compound sentences prevail in colloquial texts over complex ones (complex sentences in colloquial texts make up 10%, in texts of other styles - 30%). But the most common are simple sentences, the length of which on average ranges from 5 to 9 words.

Example of conversational style text:

My dear Anechka, I received your sweet letter, and I was very sad to read how the kids cried when I left. Dear doves! Tell them right now that dad remembers them, kisses them and invites them to Petersburg. Hugs and kisses continuously and bless. I, Anya, everything is unwell, the nerves are very irritated, and in my head like a fog, everything seems to be spinning. Never before, even after the strongest seizures, had such a state happened to me. Very hard. Like a dream and drowsiness, and everything can't wake me up. It would be necessary to rest at least two weeks from work and uninterrupted care - that's what. (Dostoevsky F.M. Complete collection of works: In 30 volumes. T.29. Book 1.M., 1986, S.2-9).

The conversational style text is presented in this case in writing although the oral form is the most common. To general properties the text can be attributed to informality, ease (the author and addressee of the letter are close people), the lack of careful selection of language means.

The text of the letter mainly uses neutral vocabulary, although there are also colloquial words (dad, though, it is necessary). The emotional character of the text is given by words with evaluative suffixes (darling, darlings, Anechka, a week); verbs conveying the state of the author (remembers, kisses, blesses); figurative means of language, for example, comparisons (in the head like a fog, like a dream and a nap); expressive appeals (my dear little darling Anechka, dear darlings); personal pronouns (I, them, with me, me), particles (even, even, though, would). The syntax of the text is characterized different types sentences, free word order (it would be necessary to rest for at least two weeks), frequent use homogeneous members. There are extremely short sentences (Very difficult); there are even unfinished ones (... that's what). The composition of the text is free, factual information, description and narration, thematic means of communication, emotional means of influencing the addressee prevail. The type of the recipient's reaction to the text is an emotion, an action (for example, a response letter).

The vocabulary of colloquial style* includes words characteristic of everyday speech, casual conversation, in general, the speech of people who are not connected, not constrained by official relations, and unusual, as a rule, for written genres (the language of business papers, scientific articles, etc.), oratory speeches, etc.

* Some linguists call this vocabulary "lexicon oral speech"(See, for example, the above-mentioned textbook "Modern Russian language ..."). Using this term, it should be borne in mind that we are not talking about all the words encountered in oral communication, but only about those that are used in oral speech and are not characteristic of written speech.This means that the vocabulary of oral speech does not include not only interstyle words that form the basis of both oral and written communication, but also words characteristic of written speech (as mentioned above, they are called the vocabulary of book styles .

The vocabulary of colloquial style is heterogeneous. However, unlike the vocabulary of book styles, where heterogeneity is explained not only by the difference in expressive-emotional qualities, but also by the difference in the degree of attachment of words to varieties of book styles, the vocabulary of colloquial style differs in the degree of literary and expressive-emotional qualities.

In the vocabulary of colloquial style, words are colloquial and vernacular *.

* Regional and slang words, although they occur in everyday speech, are not considered here, however. They belong to non-national vocabulary, and the question of their aesthetic qualities and their use is an independent problem, therefore, special sections are devoted to them. (“Dialect Vocabulary” “Reflection of Slang Vocabulary in Dictionaries”).

Spoken words

The colloquial words * of the vocabulary of the colloquial style include such words that, giving speech a relaxed, informal character, are devoid of rudeness at the same time. It: turntable, skygazer, imagine, go home, just about, warrior, know-it-all, all sorts of things, be stupid, talker, dirty, delicate, antediluvian, to here, ugly, fidget, fiddle, livestock, stingy, lovely sight, bully, bully, get thirsty, drunkenly, zaum, big guy, onlooker, tomorrow, know, in vain, cramming, cramming, dodge, mess, trick, personnel officer, tower(about very tall man), squirm, some, some, some where, scribble, lazy, lazy, little boy, crybaby, fawn, rhymer, rhymes, scribbling, pocket, evade, hype, hack, what kind, really, sort of and many others.

* Like the term "bookish", the term "colloquial" is used both in relation to all words characteristic of casual conversation (as part of the term "vocabulary of colloquial style"), and in relation to a certain part of these words.

A considerable part of colloquial words expresses an attitude to the called object, phenomenon, action, property, sign and their emotional assessment: granny, daughter, kids, egoza, baby, boy, handsome(affectionate); antediluvian, scribble, rhymes, unravel, battle(ironic); imagine, zaum, cramming, dodge, fawn, scribble, pocket, inveterate, evade, hack(disparaging), etc.

Emotionality a large number colloquial words is created by the portability of their meanings - battle("noisy quarrel"), the vinaigrette("about the confusion of heterogeneous concepts, objects"), kennel("About a cramped, dark, dirty room"), tower("About a very tall man") stick("persistently pester with something"), dragonfly("about live, mobile girl, girl"), etc. - or the portability of the meaning of the root of the word - pocket, inveterate, evade etc. In other cases, the emotionality of words is caused by the corresponding suffix: daughter, little boy, leg, legs, rhymes etc.

But not all colloquial words can express an emotional assessment. They don't have this ability. usher, take a nap, really, go home, just about, come here, trick, personnel officer, soda, bad luck, not put on, renew, hugging, nickel, smoke break, instantly, get scared, like, carpentry and etc.

Spoken words (especially those that do not contain any emotional evaluation) are close to interstyle vocabulary. However, they are still different. This is easiest to detect if you "place" them in a business official context, where, unlike interstyle words, they will turn out to be foreign. And this is explained by those features of colloquial words that make them colloquial, at least a little, but reduced: either their evaluation, or some "liberty" and at the same time inaccuracy of form (cf. colloquial soda, which, firstly, is shortened compared to the interstyle sparkling water, and secondly, "inaccurate" in the sense that it can refer to everything that is saturated with gas; cf. from this point of view and piglet, piglet and five kopecks etc.).

AT explanatory dictionaries colloquial words are given with the mark "colloquial", to which a mark is often added, indicating the emotional assessment expressed by the word ("joking", "ironic", "neglect", "caress", etc.).

An important feature colloquial vocabulary is that it is among the literary means of expression.

colloquial words

Colloquial are words that go beyond literary norm. The reasons for this are different, and they lie in the qualities, features of colloquial vocabulary.

Some colloquial words are characterized by varying degrees of rudeness and the ability to express an attitude towards the signified, to evaluate it. These are the so-called rude and rude expressive words. They belong to: to lie("lie"), belly, harp, vzashey, burnout, extort, piss off, dohlyatina, jalopy, tall, poke, snarl, hag, kikimora, snarl, freckled, burst, loafer, shabby, slander, kill, hang around, smack;to vomit, to burst into("die"), Zenki, paw, muzzy, muzzle, snout, slam, bitch, fat watcher, hamlo* etc.

* The two "sets" of words given illustrate, as is obviously understandable, different degrees of rudeness. The limit of lexical rudeness is unprintable words.

In explanatory dictionaries, they are accompanied by the label "simple." and "rude-simple." (in the 17-volume Dictionary of Modern Russian literary language"there is no addition of" rude ").

The evaluativeness of a large number of expressive vernacular words arises due to the transferability of the meaning of the word itself, or its root (roots), or the word from which the given one is formed, cf., for example: lie, belly, drive in, dohlyatina, drive in("hit"), muzzle, snout, bend;loafer, fool, get angry, talker, miser and etc.

Being synonymous with interstyle words, expressive vernacular words differ from them not only in their ability to express an assessment. They often also contain an additional semantic connotation *, which is not in the interstyle word and with which the assessment of a given object, action, attribute, etc. is usually associated. Let's compare for example two messages: "I am there caught and "I have it there caught". Pointing like and interstitial catch, to the unexpected discovery somewhere of a face, its roughly expressive synonym catch will additionally report that the discovered person was taken by surprise and that he was engaged in an unseemly deed. This last semantic addition contains at the same time an assessment (of a person and his actions). The semantic “additive” that many rough-expressive words have in comparison with the interstyle word is often reflected in the interpretation. For example, jalopy(given with the note "simple-joking") has the following explanation in the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language: about an old, lax carriage, wagon; colloquial meaning of the word rake is interpreted in the same dictionary as receiving, excessively much of something, greedily seizing, etc.

* It is no coincidence that it is specifically about “the ability to express an assessment in a particular speech situation” and that they “often” (and therefore not always) express an additional semantic connotation. Wed "satiated belly deaf to learning", "it took two hours to belly crawl" (where the rough-expressive belly completely coincides in meaning with the interstyle stomach) and "grown (ate) belly" (where belly -"big fat belly") or: "shchi you will eat?" (= is) and "he is not eats and eats" (where eat, the opposite is, indicates the semantic difference between these words, and also expresses an assessment of the action). It is in the case when a rough-expressive (or rude) word is used as a full semantic equivalent of an inter-style word that only their rudeness (vulgarity, etc.) is felt, the expressiveness of such words "extinguishes".

Other vernacular words do not have rudeness, figurativeness, do not express (themselves) assessments, they are perceived as incorrect from the point of view of the literary norm, as evidence of insufficient literacy of the one who uses them. Some linguists call them actually colloquial *, others - common people ** (rightly noting the "similarity" with dialect words). These include: without fail, hot, see, blame, go ahead("first"), wait, allow, zastit, theirs, seem, christen, mother, mischief, meanwhile, little by little, die, sew("sew") through("all the way"), fit, forcibly, right, frighten, get tired, forestall, grub, nimble and under.

* Cm.: Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1978. S. 160 - 162.

** Cm.: Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the style of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1965. S. 80.

Since the vernacular words themselves do not have figurativeness, do not contain evaluation, they are the exact semantic equivalent of the corresponding literary words: hot - hot;blame - spades;forever - always;theirs - theirs;sew - sew;frighten - frighten etc. In explanatory dictionaries, the vernacular vocabulary itself is given, as a rule, with such an interpretation, which indicates a complete semantic coincidence with a literary synonym. For example:

allow- allow, permit.

from afar- the same as from afar.

theirs- the same as them.

Schematically, the stylistic stratification of vocabulary looks like this:

Interstyle
Vocabulary of book styles	Conversational vocabulary
Book	Official business	Social-journalistic	poetic	colloquial	colloquial
emots. dyed and unpainted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	actually colloquial (emotional not painted)
moderately bookish	purely bookish	emots. painted	emots. painted	emots. painted	rude and rudely expressive (emotionally colored)
Vocabulary