Neutral vocabulary

Words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, colloquial), against the background of which they are devoid of stylistic coloring. So, tin wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and colloquial stagger, wander; future - in comparison with the book future; glance - in comparison with the gaze; eyes - in comparison with eyes. cf. also (a stylistically neutral synonym is given in the first place): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant;

eat - eat, eat; complain - complain;

care - to please; delay - delay, delay; curly - curly; lie - lie; hinder - hinder; husband - spouse; hope - hope, aspiration; in vain - in vain; promise - promise; deceive - inflate; duel - single combat; death - death; to die - to die; bury - bury cf.: common interstyle vocabulary .

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "neutral vocabulary" is in other dictionaries:

NEUTRAL VOCABULARY- NEUTRAL (from lat. neutralis - belonging to neither one nor the other) VOCABULARY. Words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, used in all functional varieties of the language in any field of communication, in oral and written speech. ... ...

neutral vocabulary- Nuclear vocabulary, opposed to stylistically colored layers, which does not have special stylistic shades. It, as it were, cements the lexical-semantic system, creates the unity of the vocabulary of the language, being the base that determines ... ...

neutral vocabulary with a generalized and abstract meaning- 1) A set of words characteristic of scientific speech, having a neutral color (speed, brightness). 2) One of the elements of the information model functional style, included in the set of language tools, modeled based on generalization ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

VOCABULARY NEUTRAL- VOCABULARY IS NEUTRAL. See neutral vocabulary... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

- (from the Greek lexikos verbal, dictionary). 1) The vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words related to the scope of their use. Vocabulary oral speech. Colloquially everyday vocabulary. Lexis of book written speech. Social media vocabulary...

See neutral vocabulary... Dictionary of linguistic terms

vocabulary- (another Greek λεξικος verbal λεξις word, expression, figure of speech) A set of words that make up what l. language. 1) (vocabulary). The whole set of words that make up literary language or dialect. 2) A set of words, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Modern Encyclopedia

Vocabulary- (from the Greek lexikos referring to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household, military, children's vocabulary, etc.), of one or another stylistic layer (lexicon ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Greek lexikos referring to the word) 1) the entire set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) The set of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household vocabulary, military vocabulary, children's vocabulary, etc.), one or another stylistic layer (lexicon ... … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary. In each developed literary language, the vocabulary is distributed stylistically. There are neutral words, that is, those that can be used in any genre and style of speech (in oral and written speech, in oratory and in telephone conversation, in a newspaper article and in poetry, in fiction and in scientific text etc.). These are, first of all, the words of the main vocabulary in direct meanings: forehead, eye, earth, mountain, river, house, table, dog, horse, homeland, eat, work, sleep. Compared to such neutral, stylistically uncolored words, other words can be either “high style” (brow, eyes, womb, homeland, horse, eat, rest), or "low" (clothing, burkaly, bowler hat, belly, eat, squabble, junk, shandarahnut, the other day).

Thus, Lomonosov's "theory of three calms" is not only historically justified in relation to the Russian literary language of the 18th century, but also contains a very important theoretical grain: styles of speech are correlative, and any style is primarily correlated with neutral, zero; other styles diverge from this neutral in opposite directions: some with "coefficient" plus as "high", others with "coefficient" minus as "low" (cf. neutral there is, high eat and low eat etc.).

Within the limits of one or another style (except neutral!) There may be subdivisions: in the "high" - poetic, rhetorical, pathetic, "academic", special-technical, etc.; in "low" - colloquial, familiar, vulgar, etc.

For each language, there are different sources for completing the vocabulary of "high" and "low" styles.

In the Russian literary language, the sources of the "high" style can be, first of all, Slavicisms or similar words (not forehead, a brow, not lips, a mouth, not died, a reposed, not homeland, a motherland, not watchman, a guard, not gates, a gate, not city, a hail, not nipples, a nipples, not I suffer a suffering etc.); in addition, in other genres, this role can be played by Greek-Latin and other international words (not world, a space, not invader, a occupant, not import and export, a import and export, not criminal, a criminal, not abscess, a abscess, not component, a ingredient etc.).

The sources of the "low" style can be their original Russian words, if the place of the corresponding neutral word replaces Slavicism (not clothes, a clothes, not Evdokia, a Ovdotya or Avdotya 1) if the neutral word is one’s own, Russian, then the words of the “low” style are taken from vernacular, dialects and jargons (not again, a back, not hut, a hut, not young woman, a girl, not young man, a guy, not there is, a shamat, not eyes, a Zenki, not steal, a whistle, slam, steal, not scattered person, a dishevel etc.).

Accordingly, for example, in the English literary language, the neutral style is primarily formed by words of Anglo-Saxon origin, words of French and Greco-Latin origin appear in the “high” style, and words from slang, professional speech and dialectisms appear in the “low” style.

For French 16th century the source of the "high" style was Italian language, and for German language XVII–XVIII centuries - French. Norms of the Russian literary language of the XVIII century. regarding the distribution of words by style are described in detail by Lomonosov in "Discourse on the Usefulness of Church Books in the Russian Language" 1 .

All of the above allows us to draw some conclusions about the system in the vocabulary.

1) It is impossible to describe the vocabulary system by the objects that it names. Vocabulary can name phenomena of nature, and phenomena of technology, culture, mental life of people; that's why there is vocabulary in the language, so that the native speaker given language could name whatever he needed in his social and even personal practice. But the system of the named should disperse into the areas of the called, this is a system of subjects of different sciences: geology, botany, zoology, physics, chemistry, etc. Moreover, many objects can have several names (synonymy), but these names, as words, will not represent the language system.

2) The same should be said about the system of concepts, although concepts are not just objects of reality, but “casts” in the minds of people, reflecting the system of objects of objective reality, but these are also not words. The study of the system of concepts, their relations and their elements is a very important task of science, but by no means the subject of linguistics.

3) Thus, “the lexical system of a language has nothing to do with the ordering of the vocabulary of a given language into subject (extralinguistic) categories, as is done in “subject”, “thematic” and “ideological” dictionaries. It cannot be reduced to a system of "semantic fields" or "lexico-semantic groups", since the latter are only one (though quite important) of the structural elements of the "lexical system" 1 .

Yu. D. Apresyan develops this idea in a more constructive way: “... the semantic content of the word is not something self-sufficient. It is entirely due to the relationships that develop in the network of oppositions. given word another word of the same field. According to the idea and terminology of F. de Saussure, it has not meaning, but significance”, “... in order to return to linguistics ... unity, semantic fields must be obtained not on a conceptual, but on a linguistic basis, not from the side of logic, but from the point of view of linguistics..." 1

4) All of the above needs clarification. First, what is meaning and what is significance? The meaning of a word is the relation of the word to the object or phenomenon it designates, i.e. the relation of the fact of language to the extralinguistic fact (thing, phenomenon, concept), significance is the own, linguistic property of the word, received by the word because the word is a member lexical system of the language.

The importance of words like 1) there is, 2)face, 3) scream is determined by their ratios:

1) for eat: eat, eat, eat, burst, crack, shamat;

2) for face: face, physiognomy, muzzle, mug, muzzle, snout, mug, image, ryoshka;

3) for to shout: to shout, to yell, to yell, to roar.

The significance of a word is determined in the same way as the significance of other units of the language (phonemes, morphemes...), by correlation in the same row.

A row for determining the significance of a word is called lexical field one . The lexical field is not an area of ​​homogeneous objects of reality and not an area of ​​homogeneous concepts, but a sector of vocabulary, united by relations of parallelism (synonyms), contrast (antonyms) and concomitance (metonymic and synecdocheal connections of words), and most importantly, various kinds of oppositions. Only within the limits of the lexical field can a word acquire its significance, just as a phoneme can acquire its significance in its own. In no case should one confuse the concept of context (see above, § 20) and field. The context is the area of ​​the use of a word, speech, and the field is the sphere of its existence in the language system.

Neutral vocabulary combines in its composition words that are emotionally neutral, not expressively colored. It forms the basis of the lexical system of the language. The words included in it are the names of vital objects and phenomena of the external world. The vocabulary does not carry any subjective opinion, but a statement of fact.

Neutral vocabulary is words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, vernacular), against which they are devoid of stylistic coloring. So, the word wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and colloquial stagger, wander; future - in comparison with the book future; glance - in comparison with the gaze; eyes - in comparison with eyes. Wed also (a stylistically neutral synonym is given in the first place): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant; eat - eat, eat; complain - complain; hope - hope, aspiration; in vain - in vain; promise - promise; deceive - inflate; duel - single combat.

Stylistically colored vocabulary- these are lexical units (single-valued words or separate meanings of polysemantic words), characterized by the ability to evoke a special stylistic impression out of context. The following types of stylistically colored vocabulary have been distinguished:

1) vocabulary that communicates the scope of its use (colloquial and book words);

2) vocabulary that communicates the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech (rational-evaluative and emotional-evaluative);

3) vocabulary that characterizes the speaker (this vocabulary provides information about the speaker himself)

Stylistically colored vocabulary is divided into: colloquial and everyday, which includes common folk vocabulary and socially limited vocabulary (slang, dialectisms (veksha-squirrel, biryuk-wolf in South Russian), professionalism, argotisms), colloquial literary and bookish.

The presence of two forms of existence of the language (oral and written) gives grounds for dividing the vocabulary into two large categories:

colloquial vocabulary;

Book vocabulary.

Colloquial vocabulary in terms of use is divided into the following types.

National - vocabulary used by all native speakers (regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle);

Socially or dialectally limited - vocabulary limited in its use by one or another social environment, group of persons or dialect territory; this group includes dialectisms, professionalisms and argotisms.

Popular vocabulary, depending on its relationship with the norm of the literary language, is divided into:

On colloquial and literary - vocabulary that does not violate the norms of literary use;

Vernacular - not bound by strict norms;

Slang - is distinguished by bright expressiveness, playful coloring; present mainly in the speech of young people; has a short duration of stay

The group of restricted vocabulary includes:

Dialectisms - make up the affiliation of the dialects of a particular language;

Professionalisms - the belonging of speech to one or another professional group;

Argotisms (from the French argot - jargon) are words that are socially (and sometimes professionally) limited in their use, being emotionally expressive equivalents of stylistically neutral words of the literary language.

Book vocabulary includes words that are stylistically limited and baptized in their use, belonging to book styles of speech.

Scope of use of book vocabulary:

Strictly normalized literary speech;

Styles of journalistic and scientific works;

Official papers and business documents;

Language fiction.

Book vocabulary words:

Scientific, socio-political and technical terms;

Abstract vocabulary:

Vocabulary of business papers and official documents;

Chancellery;

Outdated vocabulary;

Poetic vocabulary;

Archaisms;

Exoticisms are words of a foreign language origin that characterize the life, national characteristics of a particular people.

Depending on the use of vocabulary in the vocabulary of the language, two layers of words are distinguished: active; passive.

2. Active vocabulary- part of the vocabulary of the language, including words that are actively used in all spheres of society. This is a familiar and everyday vocabulary that does not have a shade of obsolescence or novelty.

The main features of active vocabulary: forms the core of the lexical system of the language; has high frequency, compatibility and word-formation activity; determines the "face" of the language of a certain historical era.

3. Passive vocabulary- part of the vocabulary of the language, including words that have limited use in everyday communication. In passive vocabulary the language includes words: leaving the language, i.e. obsolete or obsolete, but not dropped out of its vocabulary; not yet finally included in the vocabulary of the language, since they appeared recently and still retain a shade of "freshness", unusualness; denoting rather rare realities or known only to a part of native speakers.

forms the basis of the verbal means of the language. It is used in all varieties of both written and oral speech. Neutral words are used to name objects, properties, actions and messages of various information, without any assessment of this information by the speakers: book, house. theory, big, wooden, do, play, talk, always, there, our, this and many others. others

Stylistically reduced vocabulary can be subdivided into two groups - the vocabulary of the colloquial and colloquial and the vocabulary of the colloquial.

L e x s i c a r and about in rn and i is characteristic mainly of everyday, laid-back speech; its use in bookish speech, for example, in a scientific report, is not always appropriate. Colloquial words have additional shades of familiarity, rudeness, contempt, disapproval, playfulness, irony, obsolescence: eatery(cf. dining room), bracelet(cf. bracelet), doctor's wife, general's wife(cf. wife of a doctor, general), evenly, close(cf. exactly, very evenly, very close), scribble, scribbler(with a touch of disdain) braggart, rogue, beast, Arkharovets(with a hint of disapproval, close to swear words), lipped; toothy(with a touch of rudeness) bobak(of a clumsy, lazy person) bear(about a clumsy person with a touch of disapproval, and sometimes playfulness and familiarity), to balk, to mischief, to joke, careless(cf. messy), floundering. blond(cf. blond) now(cf. today), poor thing(with a hint of familiar sympathy), infidel(swearing obsolete word), etc. (Words colloquial speech, which are swear words, are very close to colloquial vocabulary.)

Consider examples: /) Pechorin was unwell for a long time, emaciated, b e d n i f a. (L.) In this sentence, the spoken word poor thing has a clear connotation of sympathy. 2) It finally occurred to me that, by the grace of Telitsyn, I worked mostb e s a l a ber n y way and spentp r o p a s t b extra labor and time. (Letters.) In this example, two words of colloquial vocabulary: disorderly and abyss. Their colloquial nature clearly appears when they are replaced by words of common, stylistically neutral vocabulary: I, by the grace of Telitsyn, workedo ch e n b e s po r i d o h n o i spent a lot of extra labor and time. 3) Tentetnikov belonged to the family of those people ... whose names in a l n and, l e f e b o k i, b a i b a k i and the like. (G.) This sentence contains three words of colloquial vocabulary: goof off, couch potatoes, bobaki. They have an added connotation of disapproval. 4) - I know I your secretary,” he said, getting into a cab.P o i d o x a and b e c t i i... which are few. (Ch.) This sentence contains two words of colloquial vocabulary: rogue and beast. Both have the added character of disapproval, approaching swear words.

The colloquial vocabulary differs from the colloquial one by a greater degree of expression. Many colloquial words have a tinge of rudeness, and therefore their use is typical only for

certain types of linguistic communication - for familiar speech, all sorts of verbal skirmishes, squabbles, quarrels, etc. Compare words like mug, mug, cheat, bend over, eat etc. In speech practice, literary talking people some colloquial words are often used intentionally - to enliven speech, to jokingly play on certain situations, etc.

In fiction, colloquial vocabulary is used mainly for the speech characterization of characters, as well as in some forms of authorial speech (when the narration is conducted as if on behalf of the hero), compare the so-called skaz, which was widely used, for example, in the works of M. Zoshchenko: Recently, a fight broke out in our communal apartment. And not just a fight, butwhole the battle. They fought, of course, from the bottom of their hearts. Disabled Gavrilov lasthead off near o t t i p a l i .

Book vocabulary constitutes a significant part of the vocabulary. Here are examples of book words: analogy, antagonist, antithesis, argumentation, indifference, calmness, bad taste(cf. the word of common vocabulary bad taste), timelessness, anarchy, soullessness, silence, fratricidal, improvement, proportional, symmetrical, empirical, disinfect, differentiate, conduct, etc.

Book vocabulary is used in works of fiction, for example: 1)It was fullno w e t r i e (Leon.)(book word calmness with book suffix - ie .) 2) Dark blueI n m e m a r i n y the sky sparkled with gems. (New-Rev.)(book word immensity with suffix -awn.) Book vocabulary is also often found in critical and journalistic articles, for example: It is necessary to smash the fairy tale aboutanolitic art. (V. M.)(book word apolitical, it contains Greek elements.)

Book vocabulary is widely represented in scientific and popular science works, for example: A b s o- l u t n o e termination of all life function seed, even on a relatively small p e r i o d time must inevitably lead to the complete destruction of the seed. (Michurin.) In this sentence, book words absolute, functions Latin in origin, period - Greek.

Book words are not the same in terms of the degree of emotional coloring (cf., on the one hand, such words as analogy, abstract, differentiate, and on the other - words with a coloring of solemnity: accomplishments, future, hoist), by areas of their predominant use (compare scientific literature and poetry). Depending on this, several groups of book words are distinguished.

Special vocabulary is characteristic of various fields of science and technology. The bulk of the words in the special vocabulary are terms. A term is a word with a well-defined content, denoting a concept in a particular field of science or production: multiplication, addition, divisibility, equation, trapezoid(terminology is mathematical); inclination, agreement, adjunction, addition, subordination of sentences, isolation ( grammatical terminology); digestion, circulation, metabolism(terminology physiological), etc.

Special vocabulary is found mainly in scientific research and textbooks. In fiction, special vocabulary in the past - in the XIX - early XX centuries. - rarely penetrated. AT Soviet period specialized vocabulary is widely included in literary texts. In the works of F. Gladkov, L. Leonov, D. Granin and many others, special technical and scientific vocabulary is widely represented, in the works of A. Novikov-Priboy, V. Konetsky - marine terminology, in the works of G. Nikolaeva, F. Abramov, V Belova - special agricultural vocabulary, etc.

A peculiar layer of book words is the official vocabulary, which is characteristic of official documents - laws, diplomatic notes, protocols and other types of business papers: the above, such, in view of, in relation to, the plaintiff, the defendant, protocol, personal appearance, disciplinary sanction, prosecutorial supervision, credentials, ratification of the contract, authorized representative and under.

In the written language, sublime vocabulary stands out very noticeably. In Russian, the richest synonymy allows you to make speech solemn by selecting the appropriate synonyms, for example: mouth(cf. lips), motherland(cf. homeland), before(cf. before), because(cf. because), penates(cf. native places). Sublime vocabulary is characteristic of certain genres of poetry; At the same time, it should be taken into account that the nature of this vocabulary and the attitude towards it are changing. In modern poetry, for example, there are almost no words typical of the poetic language of the first half of the 19th century: cheeks(cheeks), kiss(kiss), virgins(girls) shores(shores) scolding(war), Aurora(morning dawn) aquilon(northeast wind) ambrosia(food of the gods), anchorite(hermit), bard(poet), marshmallow(warm wind), etc.

Of the words of sublime vocabulary in modern poetry, for example, the following are found: mouth, lyre, herald, army, knights, radiant, crimson, find, sons, fatherland, encompasses, creators, coming and others, for example: I) The country presents awards to its combatsons . (Zharov.) 2)Radiant life sparkles with lights for us now ... (Rylsky.) 3) We will not flinch in the battle forhomeland my. Our dear Moscow is dear to us. (Surk.)

The words of sublime vocabulary are used in journalistic works for two purposes: as a means of solemnity and as a means of irony.

Here are some words and combinations that are used to create solemnity: warriors, great deeds, retribution, from now on, hoist, in the name of and etc.

An ironic impression is created when something very ordinary or even base is described by means of elevated vocabulary, especially when words of elevated vocabulary are used next to words of colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was a master of using the means of sublime vocabulary for an ironic purpose, for example: “He approached one cart, wants to launch his paw, but the paw does not rise; went up to another cart, wants to shake the peasant by the beard - oh, horror! - the hands do not stretch."

Exercise 20 Indicate the words and combinations of the official vocabulary and explain the purpose for which they are used in the story of A.P. Chekhov. Write by inserting the missing letters.

• - Listen! Article 1081 of the plea ... of punishment on ... punishments says that for any intentional infliction ... oe damage railway when it can endanger the next ... transport on this road and the guilty knew that the consequence of this should be ( not)happiness<...>could not (not) know , to what does this unscrewing lead to<...>
• - Of course, you know better ... those<...>
• 21. Write off by inserting the missing letters. Indicate the words and combinations of the official vocabulary and explain the purpose for which M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses this vocabulary.

Encouraged by the success of the first law, Benevolensky began to actively prepare for the publication of the second. The fruits turned out to be quick, and on the streets of the city, by the same sacrament... .in a new way, a new and already more simple... law appeared, which read like this:

C a t a r t a t o r a t i o n o r a t i o n o n d o c o m p r o o g p e c t i o n .

"I. Yes, everyone sings pies on holidays, not forbidding himself such cookies on weekdays.

• 2. Yes, everyone uses the filling according to his condition. Taco: after catching a fish in the river - put; chopping up finely cattle meat - put it; chopping cabbage - also put. People who have ... let them lay tripe.
• 4. After they took it out of the oven, let everyone put a knife in his hand and, having cut out a part from the middle, let him bring it as a gift.
• 5. Whoever does this, let him eat.”
• (M.E. Saltykov in-Shchedrin. The history of one city.)
• 22. Read aloud expressively; indicate the words and combinations of military vocabulary and words of colloquial speech; then tell me for what purpose the poet A. Tvardovsky uses these words and combinations.
• 1) Here I came from the stop I would not smoke shag,

To your native village council. And I would get "Kazbek".

I came, and here is a party. And I would sit guys

No party? Okay, no. Just there, my friends,

I'm in another collective farm and in the third - Where as a boy I hid under the bench

The whole area is in sight. Your feet are bare.

Somewhere in the village council I would smoke a cigarette,

I'll go to the party. I would treat everyone around

And, having appeared at the party, And for all sorts of questions

Though not a proud person, I would not answer suddenly.

2) Allow me to report And the war - forget about everything

Briefly and simply: And you have no right to blame.

I'm a big hunter to live, I was going on a long journey,

Years to ninety. Order given: - Set aside!

• (A. T v a r d o v s k i y. Vasily. Terkin.)
• 23. Read carefully aloud. Indicate the words and combinations of book vocabulary. Write by inserting the missing letters.

N... when do not think that you already know everything. And no matter how highly you are rated, always have the courage to say to yourself: “I am n...veda ».

N... let pride take over you. Because of her, you will persist where you need to agree ... because of her, you will refuse ... useful advice and friendly help, because of it you lose ... those measure of objectivity.

In the team that I had to lead, everything is done by the atmosphere. We are all wives in one common cause, and everyone moves it to the best of his strength and capabilities. In our country, you often don’t ... make out what is “mine” and what is “yours”, but our common cause only benefits from this.

• (Academician I. P. P a v l o v.)
• 24. Read carefully; indicate the words and combinations of special vocabulary; say what branch of science they belong to. Write by inserting the missing letters.

Once, somewhere, a ray of... sun fell on the ground, but it did not fall on barren soil, it fell on a green blade of wheat, or, better to say, on a chlorophyll grain. Striking against him, he went out, ceased to be light, but not and ... Chez. He only spent money on inner work, he cut... cut, broke the bond between particles of carbon and oxygen, combined in carbon dioxide. The released carbon combines with water to form starch.

This starch, turning into soluble sugar, after long wanderings through the growth... finally settled in the grain in the form of starch or in the form of gluten. In one form or another, he entered the composition of the bread, which served us as food. He's been... shaped into our muscles, into our nerves. And now the carbon atoms in our bodies tend to reconnect with oxygen, which the blood carries to all ends of our body. At the same time, the radiation ... of the sun, hidden in them in the form of chemical stress, again takes ... the form of a clear force. This lu... sun warms us. He sets us in motion. Perhaps at this moment it is playing in our brain.

• (K. A. T i m i r i z e v.)
• 25. Read expressively; indicate the words and combinations of sublime vocabulary.
• 1) I would live and live,

rushing through the years.

But in the end I want

no other wishes

I want to meet

my death hour

how he met death

comrade Nette.

• (V.V. M aya k o v s k i y.)
• 2) And, listening to the spring noise,

Among the enchanted herbs,

Everything would lie and think, I think

Boundless fields and oak forests.

(N. A. Z a b o l o c k i y.)

Almighty God has arisen, let him judge

Earthly gods in their host;

How long, rivers, how long will you be

Spare the unrighteous and evil?

Your duty is: to keep the laws,

Do not look at the faces of the strong,

No help, no defense

Do not leave orphans and widows.

Your duty is to save the innocent from troubles,

Cover the unfortunate;

From the strong to protect the powerless,

Break the poor out of their fetters.

• (G. R. D e rzha v i n.)
• 26. Read expressively; indicate the words and combinations of various stylistic layers.

I would be a wolf

bureaucracy.

To mandates

there is no respect.

to hell with mothers

any piece of paper.

• (V.V. M aya k o v s k i y.)
• 4. Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of its origin