Pronoun- this is independent part speech, which indicates on objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them: me, myself, your, so much and etc.
Pronouns answer the questions of nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose?), numerals (how many?): he laughs my brother, several pencils.
Morphological and syntactic signs of pronouns also depend on what part of speech they replace in the text.
Syntactic role pronouns
The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:
I I want to sleep(subject) .
it she is (predicate) .
Misha - my brother(definition) .
The teacher called his (addition) .
How long it will go on(what included in the circumstance) ?
Ranks of pronouns
A. Classes of pronounsPabout grammatical features (depending on whetherwhat part of speech they are used in.
1. Noun pronouns (me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:
- point to things;
- answer the questions of nouns (who? what?);
- change in cases ( someone, something are used only in the form of I.p.; nobody, nothing, yourself do not have the form of I.p.);
- associated with other words in a sentence, like nouns.
2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:
- indicate signs of objects;
- answer the questions of adjectives (what? whose?);
- associated with nouns, like adjectives;
- change, like adjectives, by number, gender (in the singular) and cases ( what does not change in cases; possessive him, her, them do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns him, her, them);
pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), but sometimes, as an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).
3. Pronouns-numerals ( how many, how many, several). Their features:
- indicate the number of items;
- answer the question How many?;
- associated with nouns as cardinal numbers;
- usually change case by case.
B. Discharges of pronounsby lexical meaning.
1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).
7. Relative: the same as interrogative, but serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).
8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, no- (No one answered. No one to blame).
9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday: someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).
Notes:
1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this one, all in the singular, neuter gender ( it's all) and some others in certain contexts can act as noun pronouns, like substantiated adjectives ( He is no longer dangerous to us; Himself will come; This is a book; Everything ended well).
Plan for the morphological analysis of the pronoun
1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and a question.
2. Initial form.
3. Permanent morphological features:
- category in relation to another part of speech (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronoun-numeral);
- category by value (personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, indicative, attributive);
- person (for personal pronouns);
- number (for personal pronouns of the 1st person and 2nd person).
4. Variable morphological features:
- case;
- number (if any);
- gender (if any).
5. Role in the sentence (which member of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence).
pronoun parsing patterns
Imagine yourself joy some botany, which the unexpectedly lands on desert island, where to these since no human foot has set foot, and where he can enrich my collection all sorts outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).
- (Imagine)yourself
to whom?
2. N. f. — myself.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-noun, reflexive.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the form of the dative case.
5. In the offer, an addition.
- some (botany)
what?
2. N. f. — some.
3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, indefinite.
4. Inconstant morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive.
- which the
1. Pronoun, indicates the subject; answers the question who?
2. N. f. — which the.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, relative.
5. Subject in the sentence.
- (before) these (since)
1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question what?
2. N. f. — this.
3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, demonstrative.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the form plural, genitive case.
5. In the sentence, part of the circumstance of time.
- draw(leg)
1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. — nobody's.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, negative.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the singular form, female, nominative case.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
1. Pronoun, indicates the subject; answers the question who?
2. N. f. — he.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-noun, personal, 3rd person.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case.
5. Subject in the sentence.
- my(collection)
1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. — mine.
3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, possessive.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
- all sorts (representatives)
1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question what?
2. N. f. — any.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, attributive.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
Sources:
- The section "Pronoun as a part of speech" in the manual E.I. Litnevskaya "Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren"
- Section "Pronoun" in L.V. Balashova, V.V. Dementieva "Russian language course"
Additionally on Guenon:
Using a computer in a Russian language and literature lesson allows the teacher to communicate at the modern technological level, make the lesson more attractive, and prepare well for passing the unified state exam In Russian.
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Akhtyamova Firaya Kayumovna,teacher of the Russian language and literature of the first qualification category, Novo-Arysh secondary school, Rybno-Slobodsky municipal district
The use of a computer in the lessons of the Russian language and literature allows the teacher to communicate with students at the modern technological level, make the lesson more attractive, and prepare well for passing the unified state exam in the Russian language.
Among the indisputable advantages of working with a computer, one can name the presence of feedback, great opportunities for the presentation of visual material, an objective assessment of the actions of students. Computer technology contributes to increasing interest in the subject.
Topic. Pronoun. Classes of pronouns. syntactic role. Spelling.
Lesson goals. 1) Educational. Repetition and generalization of students' knowledge about the pronoun as a part of speech (points to an object, person, event, etc., without naming them), about the role of pronouns as a means of connecting sentences in the text, about the syntactic function of pronouns. The ability to find pronouns in speech, determine their role in the text, use pronouns correctly, introduce students to the structure of the Unified Exam test; set students up for serious work in preparing for the exam, repeat difficult questions on the subject of pronouns.
2) Developing. Awakening interest in students, positive motivation for learning the Russian language, development of oral and writing students.
3) Nurturing. To interest students in the personality of Marina Tsvetaeva; captivate with poetic creativity, in which loyalty to the Motherland, and the glorification of man, and passionate love. Education of kindness, morality.
4) Communicative.Organization speech communication, the formation of students' ability to communicate, self-esteem, readiness for interaction, mutual assistance.
Teaching method. Combined (a combination of verbal, visual, practical methods).
Lesson Form . Lesson in a computer class. Combination of general class and individual forms.
Equipment. Electronic edition (EI) “Preparing for the Unified State Examination. Russian language” (author of tasks A.Yu. Kuznetsov). Section "Morphology" (Theory), audio recording "Life and work of Marina Tsvetaeva", didactic material, tests, table.
Motivation. The use of visual reference materials of the computer complex “Getting Ready for the Unified State Examination. Russian Language” makes it possible to quickly and interactively check the degree of mastering by students of the relevant sections.
Pronouns in languages ... are secondary words, words are substitutes. What is it like
A paper currency that functions for the sake of convenience, thanks to
The presence of a gold fund. Golden fund for pronouns
Are significant words.
A.A. Reformatsky.
During the classes.
I . Organizing time.
II. Announcement of the goals and objectives of the lesson
Teacher: The purpose of our lesson is to repeat and generalize knowledge about the pronoun. Be able to eliminate unjustified repetition of pronouns in the text, distinguish between indefinite and negative pronouns, write them correctly, pronounce them.
Our other task is to prepare for the exam.
Despite the outward ease of tasks in morphology (pronoun), they require attention and concentration.
- Introductory conversation.
Guys, what do you know about the pronoun?
The pronoun is a significant part of speech that combines words that do not name persons, objects, signs, quantities, but only point to them or ask about them.
Examples: After the death of her mother, Marina Tsvetaeva's interest in music gradually fades away, but a new hobby appears - books and poetry. She writes poetry both in Russian and in German and French.
From no one (negative, if there is a preposition, neither is a particle - it is written separately) nothing (in the absence of a preposition, neither (not) are prefixes - it is written together) to borrow, not to imitate, not to be influenced, “to be yourself” - such was Tsvetaeva and it has remained so forever.
The pronoun can denote any object, any sign, any quantity. The specific meaning of the pronoun in each case of use varies: it depends on which word in the context the pronoun corresponds to.
What can you say about the morphological and syntactic functions of pronouns.
The morphological and syntactic functions of pronouns most often depend on which part of speech they indicate. Therefore, pronouns do not have their own special morphological features.
In a sentence, they are subjects, objects, like nouns, or definitions, like adjectives.
For example:
1. My poems, like precious wines,
Your turn will come.
M. Tsvetaeva.
Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron ... They met on May 5, 1991 on the deserted Koktebel coast.
Efron gave her a ring, on the inside of which the wedding date and the name Marina were engraved.
Teacher: -Guys, so we have come to the conclusion that our speech should be harmonious, correct, harmonious. We learned that the pronoun is the most important part of speech, as it allows you to avoid unnecessary repetition.
III. Training. Students take turns reading training exercises in the list of questions and justify their choice of answer.
IV. Teacher's comments.
v. Workshop on morphology. We work with an electronic textbook.Search path. Table of contents. Morphology. Pronoun.
Classification of pronouns by meaning.
Personal: 1l.i, we; 2l.ty, you; 3l.on, she, it, they.
Return: yourself.
Possessive: mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, theirs.
Indicative: this, that, such, such, so much.
Interrogative (used for the question): who ?, what ?, which ?, which ?, whose ?, how much?
Relative (used to connect parts of complex sentences): who, what, which, which, whose, how much.
Certain: himself, most, all, everyone, each, different, different.
Negative: nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, none, nobody.
Indefinite: someone, something, some, some, several, some, someone, something, something.
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between personal and possessive pronouns, since in some forms they are homonymous. Compare, for example: This is his book - He was not at home.
Teacher's comments.Remember that some possessive pronouns (his, her, them) only match the genitive forms of personal pronouns (his, her, them).
Students perform training exercises from an electronic textbook.
Teacher. And now, guys, open the next page of the electronic textbook. We study the theory of pronoun spelling.
1. Indefinite pronouns are written with particles - something, - either, - something, something - through a hyphen: someone, someone, something.
2. Negative pronouns have a particle not only under stress, but not without stress: nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing. In the absence of prepositions, these particles are written together, and with a preposition - in three words: with no one, no one.
3. Combinations should be distinguished by none other than; nothing but no one else, nothing else. We advise you to use the following features to distinguish between these combinations (Table No. 3 from the electronic textbook).
Completing tasks.
VI. The next stage of our lesson is working with text. 1. A little information about the life and work of Marina Tsvetaeva (tape recording is used). 2. A text about Marina Tsvetaeva is displayed on the interactive whiteboard. Expressive reading text.
I underestimated Tsvetaeva for a long time. She had to get into it. When I did this, I gasped at the abyss of purity and power that opened up to me. There was nothing like it around...
In the spring of 1922, when she was already abroad, I bought a small book in Moscow. I was immediately captivated by the lyrical power of Tsvetaeva's form ... I wrote a letter to Tsvetaeva in Prague, full of delight and surprise at the fact that I recognized her late. She answered me. Correspondence began between us ... In the summer of 1935, I, not myself from almost a year of insomnia, ended up in Paris, at an anti-fascist congress. There I met my son, daughter and husband Tsvetaeva ...
Members of the Tsvetaeva family insisted on her return to Russia. They spoke of homesickness...
Tsvetaeva asked what I thought about this. I didn't have a definite opinion on this. I did not know what to advise her, and I was too afraid that it would be difficult and restless for her and her wonderful family to live with us. The total tragedy of the family immeasurably surpassed my fears.
Boris Pasternak "Airways".
Vocabulary work.
Abyss - 1) upkyn 2) iksez-chiksez 3) bik kүp.
Power-kuat. Ködrät, zur koch.
Surpass- 1) өsten chygu, uzdyra 2) arttyr.
Tasks:
1. Read the text. Determine the style and type of speech. Title the text. Divide into semantic parts. Find pronouns and prove that they allow you to avoid stylistic mistakes. What syntactic function fulfills the pronoun?.
2. Tell me, what categories are pronouns divided into by meaning and grammatical features? Which of them predominates in this text?
3. Analyze the spelling and punctuation of the last paragraph of the text. Make diagrams complex sentences text.
VII. Features of the use of pronouns.
- To personal pronouns of the 3rd person in indirect cases, after prepositions, n is usually added, for example: I went to him, talked with him, near him and. others
Note. Attachment n does not happen after adverbial prepositions that control the dative case (like him, contrary to her, towards them, according to them), and also after a preposition thanks to (thanks to them) and comparative degree adjectives and adverbs (she is younger than him, he studies better than her).
- Pronouns of the 3rd person usually indicate the nearest previously named nouns, for example: The girl sang a song, and everyone liked her (i.e. the song). If this rule is not observed, ambiguity or distortion of meaning may arise, for example: The fitter was called to the head of the shop, but he (fitter or head of the shop?) did not appear.
- Should not be replaced by a 3rd person plural personal pronoun collective nouns(students, foliage, majority, etc.). For example, the following sentences are incorrectly constructed: Most of our class is leaving for a tourist camp. They will stay there for two weeks (instead of the pronoun they should use the noun schoolboys or guys).
- The possessive pronoun own and the reflexive self indicate persons who reproduce the action, for example: 1) Liza raised her clear eyes to him. If this rule is not observed, when using pronouns, ambiguity and ambiguity may arise, for example: I asked a friend to bring my suitcase into the car (whose suitcase: the narrator or the comrade?). To eliminate ambiguity, the sentence can be restructured as follows: I asked a friend to bring my suitcase into the car; I asked a friend to carry my suitcase into the carriage; I asked a friend to bring his suitcase into the car.
- Often pronouns act as a means of connecting sentences in a text.
Student messages about difficult cases spelling of pronouns (from my small research papers).
- We perform exercise 266. (V.F. Grekov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.A. Cheshko Manual for Russian language classes in high school). Task. Read and indicate what inaccuracies were made when using pronouns. Write by correcting the sentences.
VIII. Fixing the material. On the magnetic board there is a blind diagram (blank).
Ranks Examples
- Personal
- myself
- Interrogative-relative
- this one, that one.
- Possessive
- someone, something, somebody.
- Negative
- each, most, himself.
IX. Work with tests (for average and weak students).
- The pronoun is: 2. They
A) member of the proposal; a) personal
B) part of speech; b) returnable
B) phrase c) possessive
3. The pronoun itself indicates: 4. Find the excess
A) an object a) I, you, he
B) quantities; b) mine, yours, ours
In the face. c) each, the most, his own
5. Changes by birth 6. Nobody is
A) self a) negative
B) i b) index
C) this c) indefinite
7. Does not have a nominative case: 8 There is no pronoun
a) oneself a) subject
b) my b) predicates
c) yours. c) definitions
X. Option 2 (for strong students). Performing credit tests on the topic using EI training exercises. (A1-A5).
A1. In which sentence is not (or) written separately with the word?
- The breeze (not) how much did not interfere with us.
- (nickname) no one in the house knew about the alleged escape.
- More (not) from whom to expect help.
- Children (not) when to take a walk.
A2. Which sentence contains a demonstrative pronoun?
A) This includes the extralinguistic content of the text and the set of linguistic means by which it is transmitted.
B) Conventionally, they can be divided, as psychologists do, into two groups: objective and subjective.
AT) Modern psychology and psycholinguistics determine a number of factors that affect the perception of the text.
D) The properties and qualities of the text itself are objective.
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D.
A3. Give the correct spelling of the underlined word.
It is necessary to be enriched with knowledge and at the same time learn to use this knowledge in life.
- too - always written together;
- the same - always written separately;
- also - here it is coordinative conjunction, therefore it is written together;
- the same - here this pronoun is with the same particle, therefore it is written separately.
A4. What part of speech is the word What in sentences A and B.
A. Talking about what is happening at the stadium is really not that difficult.
B. Sports report...
Q. It seems that it is so difficult - talk and talk to yourself!
1) in both cases - a pronoun
2) in both cases, the union
3) in a sentence with an A-conjunction, in a sentence with a B-pronoun
4) in sentence A - by a pronoun, in a sentence by a B-conjunction.
A5. In this impulse, I was grateful to her for the fact that she remained alive.
- but - always written together
- for that it is always written separately
- but - here it is a composing union, therefore it is written separately
- for that - here the pronoun is with the preposition for, therefore it is written separately.
Option 3 - similar tasks. When performing this type of task, students name the correct answer, arguing their choice. The teacher comments on the answers.
§one. general characteristics pronouns as parts of speech
The pronoun is an independent part of speech. The pronoun is not a significant part of speech.
Pronouns are a class of words that is heterogeneous in meaning and grammatical features.
For a pronoun, it is important which words it can replace: nouns, adjectives or numerals. The morphological features and syntactic role of pronouns that indicate objects, features, or quantity are similar to nouns, adjectives, and numerals. Therefore, they are sometimes called “noun pronouns”, “adjective pronouns” and “numeral pronouns”.
1. Grammatical meaning- "instruction".
Pronouns are words that answer different questions. The fact is that a pronoun can replace any name: a noun, an adjective, and a numeral. Pronouns do not themselves express the meaning of different names, but only point to them.
2. Morphological features:
- constants - rank by value, other signs are different, they depend on which part of speech the pronoun corresponds to: with a noun, adjective or numeral,
- inflected - case (for most pronouns), then differently for pronouns correlated with nouns, adjectives and numerals.
3. Syntactic role in the sentence like nouns, adjectives and numerals.
§2. Ranks by value
- Personal :
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
- returnable : myself
- Possessive :
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, mine
- Indicative: ,
and also deprecated: such (sort of), this, this
- Determinants: all, everyone, each, any, other, other, most, himself, and also obsolete: every, every
- Interrogative :
- relative : who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much
- Indefinite: pronouns formed from interrogative-relatives with the help of prefixes not, something and suffixes -something, -or, -nibud: someone, something, several etc. under.
- Negative: no one, no one, nothing, nothing, none, no one
In school practice, the ranks of pronouns learn by heart. Believe experience, guys are the worst defining pronouns: not remembered and that's it! They are kind of different.
The user of our site O.V. Lobankova sent a rhyme, including definitive pronouns.
ALL day I teach myself lessons,
ANY question is up to me.
But EVERY time to board
My name is, I'm all in anguish.
I am the smartest, but shy;
ANOTHER dare me, to envy.
ANOTHER teacher does not know
That EVERY time “tortures” me!
(Olga Lobankova)
1) an interrogative word in interrogative sentences;
2) an allied word connecting parts complex sentences in a complex sentence.
Others consider them to be different words with different functions, but identical in form, i.e. homonyms. Proponents of this interpretation distinguish not one category, but two:
Interrogative
- relative
§3. Morphological features of pronouns associated with different names
Language allows us to avoid many unnecessary repetitions of the same words. This is possible, in particular, because pronouns can take on the role of other words. They are able to replace names in sentences: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Consider an example:
Yaroslavl- beautiful city. Yaroslavl stands on the banks of the Volga.
If in the second sentence we replace the word Yaroslavl to the pronoun he, we avoid repeating: He stands on the banks of the Volga.
If a pronoun can replace a noun, then it corresponds to the noun, if it is an adjective, then to the adjective, and if it is a numeral, then to the numeral.
1. Pronouns related to nouns
This group includes:
- all personal pronouns
- reflexive: oneself ,
- interrogative-relative: who, what ,
- indefinite: someone, something, someone, something, etc.,
- negative: nobody, nothing .
Morphological features of these pronouns are similar to the morphological features of nouns. They also have gender, number and case. And personal pronouns also have an invariable sign of a person.
Pronouns, like nouns, do not change in gender. In some words, belonging to the genus is expressed by endings: he she it, there are no other indicators of the genus. But often the genus can be determined from the context. The forms of the adjective in singular help. or past tense verbs, for example: someone came, someone unknown, something big. Thanks to syntactic links, we know that the word who- m.r., a what- average. Pronouns I and you- general gender, compare: I already grown up. I already an adult.
Number
Pronouns have a fixed sign of number. I and we, you and you, he and they- this is different words. A feature of pronouns that correlate with nouns is that they do not change in numbers.
case
Pronouns change in cases, i.e. bow down.
But:
- at the reflexive pronoun myself, negative nobody, nothing no form I.p.,
- someone there are only forms of I.p.,
- with an indefinite pronoun something there are forms I. and V.p.
Face
Personal pronouns have a person. Pronouns do not change by person.
syntactic role in a sentence, like a noun. For example:
nobody nothing won't know.
Nobody- subject, nothing- addition.
Myself cannot be subject. The second feature is that myself can be included in the predicate together with the verb. The pronoun in this case does not add any other meaning than reflexivity.
2. Pronouns related to adjectives
This group includes:
- all possessive pronouns
- demonstrative: almost all pronouns of this category,
- all definitive pronouns,
- four interrogative and relative: which, which, which, whose,
- indefinite, formed from which, which, whose: any, some and etc.
- negative: none, none
Like adjectives, the pronouns they refer to change in gender, number, and case to match the noun they refer to.
The exception is possessive pronouns. her his, used in the singular, and the pronoun them, used in plural. These are immutable words. Examples:
I.p. her, him, them sister, brother, community
R.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
D.p. her, him, them sister, brother, community
V.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
etc. her, him, them sister, brother, community
P.p. (about) her, him, them sister, brother, society
I.p. her, him, their sisters, brothers, windows, etc.
Examples show that possessive pronouns her his and them themselves do not change. Their grammatical form is determined by nouns.
Pronouns what, such coinciding formally with short adjectives, like them, they change by gender and number.
What father, what is mother, what is state, what are laws, such is son, such is daughter, such is society, these are customs.
Syntactic role in a sentence predominantly - a definition, less often a part of the predicate. For example:
mine, yours- definitions.
Without industrious ability nothing.
Nothing- part of the predicate. (Zero bond to be)
3. Pronouns related to numerals
This is a small group of pronouns, which include the words how many, so many and their derivatives: several, some, etc.
Like numerals, these pronouns change by case. They have no gender or number. Like numerals, they, being in the form of I. and V.p. control the form of the noun: they require a noun after themselves. in the form of R.p. plural, for example: a few apples, so many kilograms. In other cases, they agree with nouns in the case, for example: several apples, so many kilograms, (about) so many kilograms.
Like numerals, in a sentence, such pronouns perform the same role as the noun to which the pronoun refers. For example:
Several apples lay on the table.
Several apples- subject.
He ate some apples.
Several apples- addition.
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Can a pronoun replace verbs?
Is it correct to assume that the syntactic role of a pronoun in a sentence can be the same as that of the nouns, adjectives or numerals that it replaces?
Which of the features characteristic of personal pronouns do not have other pronouns?
- case
- Numbers
Is the person of personal pronouns permanent?
Which case form does not have a reflexive pronoun myself?
What part of speech do pronouns refer to? how much, so much?
- With nouns
- With adjectives
- With numerals
Which case forms do not have pronouns nobody, nothing?
someone?
- Everything except I.p.
What forms does the pronoun have? something?
- I.p. and V.p.
- Only I.p.
- Only V.p.
What category do pronouns belong to? this, that, such, such, so much?
- Determinants
- Undefined
- pointing
How many pronouns in the example: Treat every person the way you would like everyone to treat you.?
Right answers:
- With numerals
- I.p. and V.p.
- pointing
In contact with
MORPHOLOGY
PRONOUN
A pronoun is an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them: I, he, him, myself, that, no one, my own, so much.
Pronoun ranks by meaning
Pronoun parsing
I. Part of speech.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (Name of p. unit of number);
2. Permanent signs: a) discharge; b) person (street);
3. Non-permanent signs: a) case; b) number; gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role: subject, object or attribute.
Getting to know the basic concepts of the section
1. Tour of the textbook. Find materials on the topic “Pronoun” in the content. What pronoun-related topics will you study?
Find in the textbook paragraphs devoted to the pronoun. What material do you partially know? What topics are related to pronoun spelling?
2. Auction of knowledge. Review the schema materials. What terms and concepts do you know? Translate them into Ukrainian.
3. Many philologists correlate pronouns with nouns. adjectives and numerals. Pronouns are nouns that refer to a person or thing. Pronouns-adjectives - on the basis of the subject. Numeral pronouns - for quantity or order in counting. Using the materials of the diagram, continue the list of pronouns.
Noun pronouns: yourself, ... .
Adjective pronouns: mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, ....
Pronouns-numerals: so much, ... .
4. One student gives an example of a pronoun of a certain category; the second, using the materials of the scheme, determines the category of this pronoun.
5. Read the outline of the pronoun. Indicate the morphological features in the words I, to you, you, yours, mine.
Write down suggestions. Specify the category of the underlined pronouns. Underline the pronouns as part of the sentence. Make a conclusion in the role of which members of the sentence can be pronouns?
1. Someone silently entered the auditorium. 2. We heard some strange rustle. 3. Sergei accidentally put my notebook in his backpack.
§38-39 Pronoun: general meaning, morphological features, syntactic role.
Classes of pronouns. Personal and possessive pronouns. reflexive pronoun
351 Experiment
1. Read the sentences and compare them. Ask questions for the underlined words. Decide which parts of speech the pronouns are in.
1. Sergey will bring my book tomorrow. – You bring my book tomorrow, please. 2. Friends went hiking. - They went on a hike. 3. Unknown person stood at the entrance. A man was standing at the entrance. 4. There were five apples in the bag. - There were several apples in the bag.
2. Read the translation of the term “pronoun”. Why the part of speech studied in this paragraph is called a pronoun.
Pronoun - from the Latin word pronomen - "instead of a name."
352 Analysis of theoretical material
1. Read the theoretical material about the pronoun. Mark the information you already know. What information is new to you?
2. Compare the material of the paragraph with the material of the diagram on p. 154. What information is on p. 154, but missing from the paragraph? What information is not in the generalizing materials about the pronoun on p. 154?
The pronoun is an independent part of speech that indicates the subject (who? what?): I, you, nobody: sign (what? whose?): such, this or quantity (which? how much?): so many, but does not name them.
According to their meaning, pronouns are divided into categories: personal (I, you, he, etc.), possessive (mine, yours, ours, etc.). reflexive (self), demonstrative (that, this, etc.), definitive (himself, anyone, any, etc.). relative (who, what, which, etc.), interrogative (who?, what?, what?, etc.). indefinite (someone, someone, some, etc.). negative (nothing, nobody, none, etc.).
All pronouns change in cases: I - me, that - that, our - ours, who - whom, which - about which, all - everyone, any - any.
Possessive (my, yours, ours, etc.), definitive (any, any, other, etc.) and demonstrative (this, so many, etc.), like adjectives, change in numbers, genders and cases and are consistent with the noun to which they refer.
In a sentence, the pronoun can be the subject today surprised everyone!), an addition (The guys saw a glow in the distance.): definition (I had doubts.)
1. Write down the text.
2. The underlined words are pronouns. Using the materials of the diagram on p. 154. Indicate their rank in brackets. Note what the pronoun indicates: to the subject (subject) - who? what?, on a sign (recognized) - what? whose ?, for the number (number) - how much?
My fate was being decided for the rest of the day. My father's friend invited my parents to spend Sunday at his dacha, but it was impossible to take me there, because Kharitonov's son was ill with measles. Mom never left me alone for a long time - it always seemed to her that I was still a small child. We settled in a new house a few days ago, we had not yet had time to meet any of the neighbors, so my mother wanted to “drop me” on Sunday to her friend.
Dad objected, saying that it was inconvenient to disturb a friend and that it was time to teach me to be independent.
I stood and listened to this argument, twisting my fingers behind my back in excitement. It has been a longtime dream of mine to spend at least one day without adult supervision, and now that we have moved to a new house, I want it with a vengeance.
According to Yu. Sotnik
Personal pronouns
1. What do you know about personal pronouns from what you have learned so far?
2. Find in the diagram on p. 154 information on how personal pronouns change.
Personal pronouns refer to a specific person or persons (I, you, we, you) or to persons (not participating in the conversation) and objects (he, she, it, they).
Personal pronouns have the following morphological features: person (I, we - 1st person: you, you - 2nd person; he, she, it, they - 3rd person): number (singular: I, you, he , she, it and plural: we, you, they).
Personal pronouns change by case. When declining pronouns, the whole word sometimes changes: I - me; we - us, he - him. In the indirect cases of 3rd person pronouns, the letter n appears after the preposition: he -
1. Match the pronoun in the initial form and its forms in indirect cases. What is the peculiarity of pronoun forms in indirect cases? In what case does the letter n appear at the beginning of a word in 3rd person pronouns?
2. After each group, write in brackets a person and a number. Write the case above each pronoun.
1. I - me, me, about me, with me (1l., singular).
2. You - you, you, about you, with you.
3. He, it - him, him, with him, about him, she - her, her, about her. with her.
4. We - us, us, with us, about us.
5. You - you, you. with you, about you.
6. They - them, them, about them, with them, about them.
1. Restore phrases by putting personal pronouns in the correct form.
2. Write down phrases by inserting the missing letters. Give the person, number, and case of the pronoun in brackets.
3. Mark the main word (x) in the phrase.
He came to (he), ra.. spoke with (she), pr.. cooks for (they), pr.. k.. fell asleep to (they), offered.. gaesh .. (they); sob..resh ko (i), zab..resh u (i), one with (i) age..a hundred.
4. Make three sentences with phrases. Underline the pronouns as part of the sentence.
Put the personal pronouns I, he, she, we, they in the form of indirect cases, using the prepositions for, from, at, to (ko), by, with (so), about (both). Write in the pattern. Designate the spelling space - separate spelling of pronouns with prepositions.
Sample. It is for_him, from_him, from_him, to_him, according to him, with_him, about_him.
1. Read the text using pronouns in the correct form.
Title the text. What means of communication are used to connect the sentences in the text?
2. Write out all the pronouns from the text, putting them in the correct form. Specify their case. Using the diagram on p. 154. indicate the category of pronouns.
I was amazed by the sunny blue of the sea. The eyes of (I) watered from the sea wind. The wind was very strong. He supported (we) as we descended from the cliff to the sea.
Kysh was the first to run to the water, licked (she), snorted. At that moment, a wave just came in, but he managed to jump up and run away. He ran away, lay down between two stones and began to follow the wave. He thought that she was playing with (he), but he was afraid to come closer.
We set up a canopy and sunbathed for five minutes. I (I) no longer had the strength to endure, and we went to sea.
I entered waist-deep water, slipped, fell, began to flounder and shout:
- Sea! Sea! Hooray!
According to Yu. Aleshkovsky
3. Make parsing selected offer.
359 Statement
359 Statements
1. Make punctuation schemes for the sentences of exercise 358. Write down ten words that you may have difficulty writing.
2. Write down the text from memory, using the written materials as reference.
Attention!
The pronoun you is capitalized when referring to one person in official documents and personal letters as a form of politeness: we inform you ...; Congratulations….
Complete the sentences by putting the pronoun you in the correct form. Set up punctuation marks.
1. Dear Nikolai Petrovich, on behalf of the whole class, we congratulate (you) on your anniversary. 2. I inform (you) that there has been no electricity in our house for two days.
3. We invite (you) Irina Anatolyevna to a gala evening in honor of Teacher's Day.
Learn to learn, learn to communicate, learn to live about the culture of communication
Personal pronouns he, she, they indicate persons not participating in the dialogue, so the use of these pronouns in relation to interlocutors is unacceptable.
361 Editing
1. Find errors in the text, given that there are three people in the conversation.
2. Play a polylogue using the corrected sentence in the speech of one of the participants in the conversation. Other participants must respond with a cue to the task assigned to them.
1. - We were instructed to prepare a joint project on the history of our city. I will select material. Nikita will take care of the artwork, and she will take over the presentation of our work.
2. - I want to please you. We will participate in a school competition for the best production of a fairy tale.
Sergey will write the script, he will find the costumes, I will prepare the props and think about the production.
Props
362 Possessive pronouns
Using the materials of the diagram on p. 154, fill in the gaps in the table, choosing the possessive pronouns corresponding to personal pronouns and, conversely, the personal pronouns corresponding to possessive pronouns.
Possessive pronouns express belonging to the 1st (.my, ours), 2nd (your, yours), 3rd person (his, her, them). The pronoun your can refer to any person.
Possessive pronouns are related to possessive adjectives. However, adjectives name a specific person to whom something belongs, and pronouns only indicate this person: Petya's notebook is his notebook.
Possessive pronouns change in number, gender, and case like adjectives. A sentence usually contains definitions.
The pronouns his, her, their coincide with the genitive forms of the pronouns he, she, they. But if there is a preposition, the letter n does not join them: from her voice, to his grandmother, with their parents.
Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours, yours change according to cases (my - mine, yours - yours, ours - ours, yours - about yours), but the pronouns his, her, them do not change (to his house, their rights, about her voice).
Attention!
The pronoun endings n(ai, your in oblique cases can be checked using the question:
1. Write down sentences with punctuation marks. Underline the pronouns as part of the sentence.
2. Indicate the category of pronouns (see the diagram on p. 154).
1. The night before, mom and dad were sitting on a bench at the entrance of our big new house and arguing. 2. His biography is certainly remarkable and tragic (V. Bragin). 3. Unfortunately, today clouds do not float at all over my house (S. Kozlov).
3. Make morphological analysis one pronoun.
Replace noun + noun first with noun + noun possessive adjective: then a noun - a possessive pronoun.
Fox hole - fox hole - her hole, fox tail: wolf's lair; dog's bark; bear den; hare tracks; snake venom; bird nests; fidelity of the swan: sister's thing: dad's cloak; girl neighbors.
1. First write out sentences with personal pronouns (who? what?), then sentences with possessive pronouns (whose?).
1. I met him. It was his jacket. 2. I immediately recognized her. I recognized her voice right away. 3. They have a wonderful game. - I liked their game very much. 4. I didn't have time to wait for him. A red car drove up to his house. 5. She has always been interested in classical music. “I have always admired her voice.
2. Express the meaning of the highlighted sentence with two of your own options for expressing thoughts.
reflexive pronoun
The reflexive pronoun self has no nominative case:
R. p. - yourself.
D. p. - to yourself;
V. p. - yourself.
Tv. p. - by yourself;
P. p. - (about) yourself.
In a sentence, the reflexive pronoun is an object:
1. Write down phraseological units, inserting the pronoun yourself in the required form.
2. Explain how you understand the meaning of each phraseological unit.
1. ... on the mind. 2. Not in…. 3. Came out of ... . 4. Stingy ... wants good. 5. Scold - ... amuse! 6. Do not do to another what you yourself ... do not want. 7. When ... you want good, then do no harm to anyone. 8. What ... you don’t want, then don’t do it to another. 9. If you love a joke on Thomas, so love on ....
Test your knowledge
Find the inaccuracy in the statement.
1. All of the listed pronouns are personal: me, you, he, yours, you.
2. All of the listed pronouns are possessive: ours, yourself, yours, mine, yours.
3. The pronouns of him, her, their change in cases.
368 Editing
1. Write down the text, replacing the highlighted words with appropriate pronouns.
2. Indicate in the text all pronouns, their category and case
The table is full of toys and sweets - and all this belongs only to Pavlik. However, this was not enough for Pavlik. Pavlik slowly dragged all his old toys from the nursery into the living room. Now there were a lot of toys, but it seemed to him not enough ...
Pavlik had long been troubled by a very large gingerbread hung quite low on a yellow thread. The beauty of this gingerbread in the form of a star with a hole in the middle caused an irresistible desire to eat the gingerbread as soon as possible.
Pavlik unhooked the gingerbread from the branch and put it in his mouth. To my surprise. Pavlik noticed that the gingerbread was not at all as tasty as he thought.
With disgust, Pavlik hung the bitten gingerbread back on the branch.
According to V. Kataev
The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:
II want to sleep(subject) .
it she is (predicate) .
Misha - my brother(definition) .
The teacher called his (addition) .
How longit will go on(what included in the circumstance) ?
Ranks of pronouns
A. Classes of pronouns according to grammatical features (depending on which part of speech they are used instead of).
1. Pronouns-nouns ( me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:
point to objects
· answer the questions of nouns (who? what?);
change in cases ( someone, something are used only in the form of I.p.; nobody, nothing, yourself do not have the form of I.p.);
are associated with other words in a sentence as nouns.
2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:
indicate signs of objects;
· answer the questions of adjectives (what? whose?);
are associated with nouns, like adjectives;
change, like adjectives, by number, gender (in the singular) and cases ( what does not change in cases; possessive him, her, them do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns him, her, them);
pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), but sometimes, as an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).
3. Pronouns-numerals ( how many, how many, several). Their features:
indicate the number of items;
・Answer a question How many?;
are associated with nouns as cardinal numbers;
usually change by case.
B. Ranks of pronouns according to lexical meaning.
1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).
7. Relative: the same as interrogative ones, but serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called allied words (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).
8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, no- (No one answered. No one to blame).
9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday:someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).
Notes:
1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this, all in the singular, neuter gender (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as noun pronouns, like substantiated adjectives (He is no longer dangerous for us; He will come; This is a book; it ended well.)
2) Some pronouns have homonyms among the official parts of speech (this is what): This is a book (pronoun). -Moscow is the capital of Russia (indicative particle); I know what to say to him (pronoun, allied word). - I know that he is here (union).
VERB
1. Verb- this is a part of speech that denotes the action or state of an object, answers the questions what to do? what to do?: go, fly, get sick, cheer up.
2. Each verb has the following forms:
the initial form, which is called indefinite form(or infinitive). It ends with -ty, -ty, -who(these are formative suffixes): color ti, ne whose, kupa be Xia. The indefinite form only names the action or state, without specifying either the time, or the number, or the person, because it is the invariant form of the verb. It has only the permanent features of a verb;
conjugated forms (not infinitive). They have permanent and non-permanent features of the verb;
· participle;
· adverb.
3. Verbs are divided into transitional and intransitive(this is constant feature verbs). transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which can be expressed
noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case without a preposition: read the newspaper, see him;
noun in genitive case without a preposition denoting part of something: drink tea, cut bread;
a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative verb: have no right not to see her.
All other verbs are intransitive: walk in the park, believe in good.
4. Verbs with the postfix -sya (-s) are called returnable: shave Xia, torture Xia . Other verbs irrevocable: think, know(this is a constant feature of verbs). All reflexive verbs are intransitive.
5. Verbs are perfect or imperfect species (this is a constant feature of verbs). The types of the verb show how the action proceeds.
Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action and the beginning: sing. They have two tenses: the past (what did you do? - sang) and the future is simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - sing). The present tense verbs do not have a perfect form.
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning: sing. They have three tenses: the past (what did you do? - read), present (what are they doing? - bloom) and the future is difficult, consisting of two words - “I will” (“you will”) and the indefinite form of this verb (what will it do? - will draw, will sing).
Verbs have three forms inclinations(this is an inconstant feature of verbs). The mood forms show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, possible or desirable under any condition.
· Indicative shows that the action is real, actually happening, happened or will happen: We are enemies meet simply: beat, beat and we will beat .
· Subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that the action is possible only under certain conditions: I am without you would not get to the city and would freeze on the road. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense by adding a particle would (b). Particle would written separately.
· Imperative mood denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to perform: spray with water. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix - and to the stem of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix: carry - carry - carried and . In plural add postfix -those: carry those .
The verb can perform all 5 functions:
1) subject:
Live (subject) - to serve the Motherland.
2) predicate:
My duty is to study well (predicate). I love (predicate) ice cream.
3) addition:
· The coach told us (what?) to come (addition) to training at 9-00.
4) Definition:
· The dream (what?) to leave the city as soon as possible (definition) did not leave me.
5) circumstance:
· I will go to Moscow (why?) to enter (objective circumstance) at MGIMO.
Participle is characterized in linguistics in different ways. Some linguists consider participles to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech.
PARTICIPLE
Participle - special form verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes a sign of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers the question which? (what? what? what?)
Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case.
initial form the participle is the same as that of the adjective - singular, masculine, nominative: fled, built, opened.
The main signs of the sacrament
A) General grammatical meaning- this is the value of the attribute of the object by action: thinking, talking, standing, being solved, shot, drunk.
B) Morphological features:
1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following signs of verbs:
the transition,
return,
2. Unlike verbs, participles do not have future tenses. Only participles formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. Wed: think(imperfect species) - thinking, thinking; think(perfect view) - thinking.
3. Participles have the following signs of adjectives:
Participles, like adjectives, change in number, gender (in the singular) and cases (in full form): fled, fled, fled, fled;
Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case: lost diary, lost book, lost time; lost hours, wasted time;
· passive participles, like quality adjectives, have full and short forms: drunk-finish; Lost-lost.
C) Syntactic signs:
1. In a sentence, participles, like adjectives, are usually adjectives or part of a compound nominal predicate: Enthusiastic we forgot about everything(definition) ; All aroundseemed immersed into thoughtfulness(part of the compound nominal predicate).
2. Short participles, like short adjectives, in the sentence they play the role of a compound nominal predicate: Bookdisclosed on the eighth page
GENERAL PARTICIPLE
The participle is a special invariable form of the verb, denoting an additional (secondary in nature) action in the sentence and answering the questions what are you doing? having done what?
Leaving, waiting, seeing.
A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.
Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.
Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:
gerunds imperfect form are formed from the basis of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:
· be silent: silent-at → silently;
decide: decide-yut → deciding;
gerunds perfect look are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up be → hushed up;
solve: decide be → deciding;
to do: busy be-sya → preoccupied;
bring: brought- ti → bringing.
Single gerunds may lose the signs of a verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? having done what?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.
For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes.
Closing- a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).
Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened to and was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened to).
The participles have the characteristics of two parts of speech - the verb and the adverb.
Like verbs, gerunds are:
imperfect and perfect form: typing (doing what?) - typing (doing what?);
transitive and intransitive:transitional cleaning (what?) the room, throwing (what?) a stick; intransitive gleaming in the sun, stepping into the abyss;
returnable and non-refundable: swinging - swinging, bending down - bending down;
Participles can attach indirect cases of names
nouns and explained with adverbs: agreeing (to what?) to a hint, holding (how?) tightly.
Just like adverbs, gerunds do not change in the sentence either.
act as circumstances explaining the verb - predicate.
ADVERB
Adverb- this is an independent (significant) part of speech, which denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign. The question to an adverb depends on its meaning, which it expresses.
In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers questions. as? to what extent? where? where? where? when? why? why? :Autumn.(where?) Overhead(how?) gradually begins to turn yellow, blush, turn brown leaves on the trees (V. Bianchi).
Most often, an adverb refers to a verb ( write correctly), less often to an adjective, participle, gerund, another adverb, noun ( winter cold day; short flowering shrub; walk joyfully bouncing; surprisingly easy to explain,reluctant tragedian).
An adverb is an invariable part of speech: it does not decline, does not conjugate, does not agree with other words. The adverb does not and cannot have an ending.
Ranks of adverbs
According to the general semantics, two categories are distinguished:
1. definitive
2. adverbial.
The attributive category includes adverbs denoting qualities, mode of action, intensity of manifestation of the trait.
Within the boundaries of the defining category stand out:
1. adverbs of action with the meaning of quality: fast, fun, clear;
2. Comparison: bearish, hedgehog;
3. intensity of the sign: too, very, a little;
4. multiplicities: twice, thrice.
The circumstantial category includes:
1. adverbs of place: below, above;
2. adverbs of time: long time ago, tomorrow;
3. adverbs of reason: rashly, joyfully;
4. adverbs of purpose: on purpose, on purpose;
5. adverbs of compatibility: threesome, together and etc
PRETEXT
Pretext- this is service unit speech, which expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: want to mom, I'm going per bread, go on three, come back per her.
