Everyone knows how mysterious and difficult our Russian language is to learn. It "has" a huge number of parts of speech and their various forms. Short and full participles are particularly difficult. Let us consider the distinctive features of these verb forms in more detail.
Peculiarities
Linguists have not yet decided what place in morphology to give participles. The authors of textbooks on the Russian language have completely different attitudes to this issue. Some argue that it is only a form of the verb, which expresses not only the action, but also its attribute. Others say that it is quite independent and refer it to parts of speech. But one thing is known: short and full participles are simply indispensable for our speech. Without them, we will endlessly use the word "which". For example:
A singing person is a person who sings.
A sick child is a child who is sick.
The work done is the work that has been done.
Having various dependent words with it, the sacrament is part of participle turnover decorating our speech.
For example: The wind blowing from the sea refreshed my face.
Full form
One of the features of this part of speech is the ability to form forms. More than adjectives, it is not subject to any part of speech.
The full and short forms of participles differ both grammatically and syntactically. How not to confuse them? The full form is called passive participles, which usually answer the question "what". They are called passive because in their meaning they imply an action performed by someone.
It is impossible to form short ones from it.
Example: Acquired - acquired, resolved - resolved.
Short and full perform different syntactic functions. This is because they have different purposes. The full form, answering the question "what", is a definition. This is its main similarity with the adjective.
Therefore, the participle, which is part of the turnover, is usually called a separate definition.
Don't forget about punctuation marks. If it includes only full forms, stands after the word being defined, then in this case commas must be placed on both sides.
The forest, shrouded in haze, is very beautiful.
If the turn comes after the main word, then in this situation commas are not put in any case: Job done on time was approved.
short form
As we managed to find out, short and full participles are in many ways similar, but they play different roles in sentences.
This form is formed by cutting off the endings from the full one and adding other endings: carried out - carried out(removed -th and part of the suffix, adding -a).
Consider the proposal: The trip was paid for. The short form of the full participle "paid" is no longer a characteristic of the attribute by action. Now she herself shows the process, being part of the predicate. Thus, the short form plays the role of the main member of the sentence.
The main feature is that short and full participles can change by gender. Written - written, laid - laid, lost - lost.
It's not that hard to tell them apart. The right question to the sacrament will help to easily distinguish short form from full.
The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function
Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)
Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle
Verb Features | Adjective signs |
1. View (imperfect and perfect): burning(non-sov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(sov.v.) forest(from burn out). | 1. General meaning (like an adjective, participle calls object sign and answer the question which?). |
2. Transitivity / intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running. | 2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle consistent with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruits. |
3.Returnability / non-returnability: lifter- rising smoke. | 3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf .: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc. |
4. Real and passive meaning (collateral): attacking battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy. | 4. Syntactic function (both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate). |
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - reading(past tense). | 5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed. |
Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.
Participle ranks
Communions divided into real and passive.
Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.
Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.
And valid, and passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).
Participle formation
1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from verbs not perfect look(verbs have no perfect form participles present tense).
2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs(at intransitive verbs no suffering participles).
3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.
4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.
5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.
Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).
Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.
Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.
Some transitive verbs imperfect form passive participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.
Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.
Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).
Participle Verbs | Valid | Passive |
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Present tense | past tense | Present tense | past tense |
|
-usch (-yusch) from verbs of I conjugation; ash (box) from verbs II conjugation | -vsh ■sh | -om, -em from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs II conjugation | -nn, -enn, -t |
|
Transitional imperfective form | reading | + reading | Readable | + read |
Transitional perfect form | Reader | read |
||
Intransitive imperfective form | Sitting | sat | - | |
Intransitive perfective | blossomed | |||
Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.
Short form participles
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
AT short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (by cases, short forms do not change).
Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, a- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)
Participles and verbal adjectives
Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote permanent signs items, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.
Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) and When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).
Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.
Communions are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday speech.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four inconstant (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.
Scheme morphological analysis communion. I. Part of speech ( special shape verb). 1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) real or passive; 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by clouds. (A. Pushkin) | An example of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. illumined(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes a sign of an object by action, formed from a verb illuminate. II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect look. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine; 4) nominative case. III. syntax function. In the sentence, it is an agreed definition (or: is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover). |
Since the participle is a special form of the verb that contains the features of both the verb and the adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. In the lesson, you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Brief participles
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise number 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a joke letter that was written by one fairytale hero. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidied up, the linen is washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is covered with a carpet, the curtains are starched and sheathed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are stacked on shelves. Toys are scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are all dressed up and dressed up. The boys are dressed and shod.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Brief Communions.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
Since the participle is a special form of the verb that contains the features of both the verb and the adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. In the lesson, you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Short Participles
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise number 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a comic letter that was written by one fairy-tale hero. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidied up, the linen is washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is covered with a carpet, the curtains are starched and sheathed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are stacked on shelves. Toys are scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are all dressed up and dressed up. The boys are dressed and shod.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Brief Communions.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
The aspect meaning of participles is the result of their formation from verbs of both kinds, and not the fact of their own formation, therefore, in passive participles of the past tense, aspect oppositions are irregular.
As already noted, the aspect category has a significant impact on the process of participle formation, "allowing" or "prohibiting" the formation of present tense forms. Passive past participles are formed mainly from the verbs SV : cook - welded, read - read . NSV forms of such participles are unproductive: read - read, wash - washed.
The category of participle time is not related to the categories of mood and person and is not predicative. The regularity of temporary oppositions is observed only in real participles, since in the passive form the past tense is rarely formed from NSV verbs, which was noted above.
The category of voice in participles has some features: for passive forms, only a passive voice is possible, real participles can have the meanings of both active and passive voice: Writer,who wrote book for several years, finished his work(active voice) - Book,written several years, finished(passive voice). Real participles expressing the meaning of the passive voice are necessarily participles with a postfix -sya, formed from NSV verbs. They are usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not formed or is of little use.
§ 5. Full and short forms of participles.
Real participles have only the full form. Short forms form passive participles, and for present participles they are less typical, often obsolete and are found mainly in book speech: For birthdaycookable there were surprises: some kind of beaded case for a toothpick (G.). Short forms from the past participles CB, on the contrary, are quite frequent: Quiet lake in the early morning, everything is covered with seedsblooming trees and grasses (Prishv.). Short forms are formed from full ones by cutting off adjective endings and adding endings characteristic of a short adjective: zero, -a, -o,-s: read, read, read, read .
Short participial forms have semantic and grammatical features compared to full ones:
The meaning of short participles is peculiar: they indicate the result in the present of an action that took place in the past: The whole south side of the sky is thickflooded crimson glow(Ch.);
They do not decline, although they did in Old Russian;
They vary by numbers, and in the singular by gender;
Correlate with the NSV verbs of the passive voice, taking the place of the passive form of the verbs CB;
Short participles do not express the meaning of time; the temporal characteristic contains the form of the auxiliary verb " to be":was built, will be built, present with zero binding: built. It is the absence of the category of time that gives some linguists reason to say that short forms cannot be considered participles;
Short participles usually act in a sentence as a predicate: Literature has emerged from the laws of decay. She alone does not recognize death (S.-Sch.). Less often, in combination with dependent words, they play the role of a separate definition: Chased by spring rays, snow has already fled from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams to flooded meadows (P.).
