The term "general participle" appeared in the 17th century and is composed of two parts (dee + participle). This is a secondary action that names in a sentence. By grammatical features it is very similar to an adverb because it does not change. gerunds consists in indicating only it does not have.
Morphological analysis gerunds
1. Name the part of speech, indicate the general grammatical meaning.
2. List the morphological features:
Indicate the initial form (indefinite form of the verb);
recurrence;
Transitivity;
Immutability.
3. Determine what syntactic role it plays in the sentence.
Note!
Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between participles and participles. To cope with this, you need to understand that participle, gerund and verb are verb forms, which means they are associated with the meaning of the action. First of all, questions will help to distinguish between them. The conjugated forms of the verb answer the following: “what am I doing?”, “what will I do?”, “what have I done?”, “what have I done?”, “what are you doing?”, “what will you do?” and others. To the gerund, the question “what are you doing?” can be asked. or “having done what?”, as well as semantic, syntactic, helping to determine its role in the sentence: “how?”, “when?”, “why?”. For example: They stomp, holding hands, around the fire (stomp how?). Having finished the exercise, the guys raised their hands (raised when?). When I got sick, I went to the hospital (when did I go?).
To the sacrament, you can ask the question “what is he doing?”, “what did he do?”, “what did he do?”.
Also, when distinguishing between participles and participles, suffixes help:
gerund imperfect form is formed from the stem of the verb in the present tense of the imperfect form with the help of the suffix -а, (-я): read - reading, live - living;
It is formed from the base of the infinitive of the perfect form with the help of the suffix -v, -lice, -shi: to do - having done, having done, to fall - having fallen, having fallen.
In addition, when performing a morphological analysis of a gerund, it is necessary to indicate it (with the postfix -sya, -s) and irrevocable (without such).
Single gerunds sometimes lose the signs of the verb and turn into In this case, the former gerunds no longer denote an additional action (they are not replaced by verb forms, they do not answer the questions “what have you done?”, “what are you doing?”), but only indicate a sign of action and answer to the question "how?". For example: The guys silently listened to me (listened how? - silently, this is an adverb, not a participle).
Morphological analysis is carried out necessarily in the context, writing out the gerund together with the verb, the additional action of which it means.
Written morphological analysis of the participle
Piatak, ringing and bouncing, rolled along the road.
Ringing (rolled)
1. Ringing - deep.
2. Rolled (how? what doing?) ringing. N.f. - call.
3. (How? doing what?) Ringing.
bouncing (rolled)
1. Bouncing - deep.
2. Rolled (how? doing what?) bouncing. N.f. - bounce.
Morph. signs: nesov. c., non-return, neper., immut.
3. (How? doing what?) Bouncing.
Oral morphological analysis of the participle
Ringing (rolled)
1. Ringing - gerund, denotes a secondary action.
2. Rolled (how? what doing?) ringing. The initial form is to ring.
bouncing (rolled)
1. Bouncing - gerund, denotes a secondary action.
2. Rolled (how? doing what?) bouncing. The initial form is to bounce.
Morphological features: imperfect aspect, irrevocable, intransitive, invariable verbal form.
3. In the sentence, it performs the syntactic role of circumstance.
The morphological analysis of the gerund, as well as the morphological analysis of the participle, depends on whether we recognize the gerund as a special form of the verb, or whether we consider the gerund independent part speech.
Scheme of morphological analysis of the gerund as a form of the verb:
1. Verb. The initial form is the infinitive.
2. Morphological features:
a) permanent:
Transitivity,
recurrence,
Conjugation;
b) non-permanent signs: in the form of a gerund.
Educational complexes offer an analysis of the participle corresponding to the approach to it as a hybrid part of speech.
So, complex 1 offers the following analysis: part of speech (gerund participle), immutability, appearance, syntactic function. Complex 2 proposes to indicate recurrence and type. Complex 3 offers the following scheme: from which verb it is formed, aspect, syntactic function. If we proceed from the fact that the gerund participle is an independent part of speech, then the parsing scheme changes.
Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech:
1. General participle.
2. Morphological features:
a) permanent:
Transitivity,
recurrence,
immutability;
b) non-permanent signs: no.
3. Syntactic role in the sentence.
Let's give sample morphological analysis of the participle.
Sipping the sour wine, squinting from the smoke of his pipe, he listened gloomily to what Zoya was telling him. When she finished, she cracked her fingers.
(A. N. Tolstoy)
Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:
sipping- verb, beginning the form sip;
fast. signs: transitional, non-returning, NSV, I ref.;
squinting- verb, beginning the form squint;
fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, II ref.;
non-post. signs: in the form of a gerund;
synth. role: part of the circumstance.
after graduating- verb, beginning the form finish;
fast. signs: transitional, non-returning, NE, II ref.;
non-post. signs: in the form of a gerund;
Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech:
sipping- gerund;
fast. signs: transition, non-return, NSV, unchangeable;
non-post. signs: no;
synth. role: part of the circumstance.
squinting- gerund;
fast. signs: non-transitional, return, NSV, unchangeable;
non-post. signs: no;
synth. role: part of the circumstance.
after graduating- gerund;
fast. signs: transitional, non-returning, SV, unchangeable;
non-post. signs: no;
synth role: part of the circumstance.
Service parts of speech
Service parts are those parts of speech that, without independent parts of speech, cannot form a sentence and serve to connect independent units or to express additional shades of meaning.
Pretext
Pretext- this is service unit speech, which serves to connect the noun, pronoun and numeral with other words in the phrase. Prepositions can denote relations between an action and an object ( look in the sky), object and object ( boat with sail), sign and object ( ready for self-sacrifice).
Prepositions do not change, they are not independent members of the sentence.
At parsing There are different ways to work with prepositions. First, prepositions may not be singled out in any way. Secondly, prepositions can be underlined together with the attached word as a single prepositional case group expressing a single meaning. This approach is presented in complexes 1 and 2 (in complex 1, the preposition is also circled in a box). Complex 3 disposes of prepositions ambiguously: in some examples it is not highlighted at all, in others it is underlined along with the noun; there are even cases of underlining the preposition along with the adjective, the definition in constructions like at the edge of the forest; the latter is not allowed.
Prepositions are used either with one case (for example, in spite of- with V. p., from and y - with R. p.), or with several cases (for example, per- with V. p. and T. p., on the and in- with V. p. and P. p., on - with D. p. and V. p., With - with R. p., V. p. and T. p.).
By formation, prepositions can be divided into
1) non-derivative(primitive) - not related by origin to other parts of speech, for example, without, with, from, from, because of;
2) derivatives(non-primitive), that is, those that are related by origin to other parts of speech:
a) adverbs: near, around, opposite, along;
b) denominative: in view, in the form, during, at the expense of, about;
c) verbal: thanks to, including, excluding, beginning, later.
By structure, prepositions can be divided into
1) simple(written without spaces): around, thanks to, about, due to;
2) composite(written with a space): during, during, except for, during, in connection with, depending on, towards.
Prepositions can express the following meanings:
1) object: tell about yourself, homesickness,
2) spatial: live in Moscow / near Moscow / near the metro,
3) temporary: come in the evening, work before / after lunch, come in a day,
4) causal: not to come because of / as a result of / due to / due to illness,
5) target: live for the sake of children, give as a keepsake, do for a friend,
6) comparative: the size of a fist, go to the mother,
8) definitive: a boat with a sail, a skirt in a cage, a down coat.
The question of the categories of prepositions by meaning is touched upon only in complex 2, and there are 6 such categories in it: the definitive and comparative meanings are not distinguished, and the object meaning is called additional.
Prepositions are placed either before a noun or before an attribute(s) referring to that noun if the attribute precedes the noun: in a beautiful dress. Only a few prepositions are also used after a noun: for what and what for.
Scheme of morphological analysis of the invariable verbal form - gerunds
I. Select the verb form from the text and name its type.
II. Specify the initial form - the infinitive.
III. Install lexical meaning the words.
IV. Having posed the question, indicate the general categorical-grammatical meaning.
V. Characterize the morphological features of the verb
1. Returnable or irrevocable, correlative in terms of recurrence or not.
2. Transitive or intransitive, specify the value.
a). according to the two-collateral theory: real or passive (specify the meaning);
b). according to the three-collateral theory: real, passive, reflexive (indicate the meaning), out of voice (prove).
4. Having singled out the formative bases, determine the class of the verb: productive or unproductive.
5. Conjugation: I, II, heterogeneous, archaic conjugation.
VI. Determine how the participle is formed: from which stem, with the help of which suffix.
VII. Morphological features gerunds:
1. Type: perfect or imperfect (name the indicator).
2. Indicate the relative temporal value: previous, simultaneous, subsequent action.
VIII. Syntactic features gerunds:
1. Type of connection with other words.
2. Role in the proposal.
Analysis Samples
They walked along the shore holding by the hands, and looked at the fishes gliding in flocks in the water.
(Guy de Maupassant)
I. holding on
II. take.
III. take - "for what. Take each other (one another) or take, grab something. by hand." [Ozhegov, Shvedova, p. 59].
IV. Answers the question: what to do?
v. from which the adverb is formed:
1. Recurrent, correlative in recurrence.
b). according to the three-collateral theory - a returnable pledge, since it is formed from transitive verb(denoting an action performed by two persons, each of whom is both subject and object), there is no creative subject.
4. The basis of the infinitive - take- (take to be), the basis of the future tense - take- (take ut sya).
The ratio of the bases -a- (-i-) ... -m-: unproductive, group 14.
5. Form of the 3rd sheet. pl. hours - will take , shock subspecies, I conjugation (at the end).
VI. The participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive by adding the suffix -lice-.
VII. Morphological features:
1. perfect look, indicator - suffix -lice-.
VIII. Syntactic features:
1. holding on(for what?) by the hand: connection - verbal control, gerund participle controls the noun, putting it in the form of V. p.
2. In the sentence, it is part of a separate circumstance, expressed by a participial turnover.
Now every morning saying hello, she gave him her hand, and until the evening he kept the feeling of her shaking ...
(Guy de Maupassant)
I. greeting - invariable verb form, participle.
II. Greet .
III. Greet - Greet each other when you meet. [Ozhegov, Shvedova, p. 227].
IV. Answers the question: what to do? The general categorical-grammatical meaning is a procedural attribute of an object.
v. Morphological features of the verb from which the adverb is formed:
1. Recurrent, non-correlative in recurrence.
2. Intransitive: Denotes an action that does not transfer to a direct object.
a). according to the two-collateral theory - the active voice: the action comes from the producer;
b). according to the three-voice theory - out of voice, because a reflexive, non-derivative verb.
4. The basis of the infinitive is healthy- (healthy to be), the basis of the present tense is healthyj- (healthy yutsya).
The ratio of the bases -a- ... -aj-: productive, class I.
5. Form of the 3rd sheet. pl. h. - hello, unstressed subspecies. The conjugation is determined by the infinitive: healthy to be, a verb in -at, hence the I conjugation.
VI. The participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive by adding the suffix -i-.
VII. Morphological features:
1. Imperfect form, indicator - suffix -i-.
2. Denotes an action that is simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate.
VIII. Syntactic features:
1. gave a hand (how? how?) greeting: connection - adjunction, gerund adjoins the personal form of the verb.
2. In the sentence, a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund.
One of the verb signs of the participle is the aspect. In this lesson, you will learn how to form perfect and imperfect participles. You will also get acquainted with the plan for the morphological analysis of the participle and work it out with examples.
Subject: gerund
Lesson: Perfect and imperfect participles. Morphological analysis of gerunds
Plan for the morphological analysis of the participle
1. Part of speech, general meaning.
2. Morphological features: constant: immutability, appearance, recurrence; there are no persistent symptoms.
3. Syntactic role.
Sample:
Garden, more and more thinning, passing into a real meadow, descended to the river (A.P. Chekhov). Let's parse the word thinning.
1. redea
1. passing - gerund, denotes an additional action.
2. Morphological features: unchangeable, non-syn. c., irrevocable.
3. In the sentence is a circumstance.
Homework
№ 174; № 179; № 188 Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.
Task number 1. Form possible gerunds from these verbs. Highlight the adjectival suffixes. Don't forget about the form of the verbs.
Fulfill, rush, write off, praise, surprise, be interested in, go over, cherish, find.
Task number 2. Write out the participles from the proverbs, opening the brackets. Perform a morphological analysis of one of the adverbs.
1. (Not) having given a word, be strong, but having given it, hold on.
2. (Not) knowing the ford, (do not) poke your head into the water.
3. Angry at fleas, and a fur coat in the oven.
4. Having taken off your head, do not cry for your hair.
5. What we have, we do not store, having lost, weep.
6. (Not) splitting a nut, you can’t eat the kernel.
1. Russian language. Didactic materials. Section "Gernal participle" ().
2. Classical love poems, love poems - poems by the best poets. Rules of the Russian language. gerund ().
3. Internet portal xenoid.ru. Lectures and electronic textbooks. gerund ().
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
