Vocabulary adult human includes about a hundred thousand words. Dahl's dictionary contains twice as many. To avoid semantic confusion, words are usually grouped according to part-of-speech principle. For a better understanding, let's analyze what an independent part of Russian speech is.
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Principles of classification
Morphology is engaged in the study of words, where all words are defined as independent parts of speech and. They are classified according to several criteria:
- Semantic - the generalized meaning of the group. For example, to designate an object, use a noun.
- Morphological - an indicator of the modification of the word form. It can be constant or change during the transition to another genus,.
- Syntactic - the property of words to bind into a constructive sentence and be its members.
Researchers classify words differently. There is no consensus on how many parts of speech are in . The generally accepted rule is allocation of 10 speech groups.
Numerals are studied only at school. Academicians equate them with adjectives. The dispute goes around and participles. Some linguists note manifestations of verb properties in them. Others are sure that such forms should be separated into independent (significant) parts of speech.
Separate textbooks suggest referring the words "nowhere", "there", "there" to adverbs. This is due to the difference in composition. When writing the article, we were guided by the literature approved by Ministry of Education.
Groups
Let's look at the parts of speech. There are two large groups:
- Significant - giving names to objects give their characteristics or point to them. In fact, all words are concentrated in this group.
- Service - determine the relationship between significant word forms, contribute to their connection in one sentence. They do not carry a semantic load, they serve as a constructive construction of speech.
Separate the group consists of interjections. They express feelings. Imagine that a person cuts his finger while cooking. Emotions need to be released. The injured person can lament for a long time, using all known independent and auxiliary parts of speech. That is, describe the knife, the action performed, the signs that it possesses (significant); using prepositions to determine the relationship with the subject (service). Or maybe just exclaim "Ay!"
Important! You can ask a question only to significant word forms.
We have placed the characteristics of parts of speech and examples in the table.
Peculiarities
The rules state that significant words:
- Endowed with meanings that unite them into classes and distinguish them from others. So, the words side and bull have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning.
- Name objects, signs and actions;
- In the proposal are the main or secondary members.
Depending on whether what information about the subject the words give, they are separated:
- subject is a noun. Examples: spinach, newlyweds;
- belonging, quality and property - adjective - cute, relevant;
- state category;
- the order of the arrangement of objects or the number - the numeral - twelve;
- action or state - verb (to modernize);
- additional action - gerund (breaking through);
- sign by action - participle (alluring);
- if the word does not name an object, property or sign, but points to them - this is a pronoun (why, ours);
- a sign of action, circumstances - adverb (for the first time, little, blindly).
word forms
Independent and other parts of speech used in the Russian language are divided into permanent and variable. Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals are subject to declension. verb and its derivatives conjugate.
Distinguish:
- shaping - the grammatical meaning changes (table - on the table);
- word formation is changing lexical meaning(top - top).
The significant part of speech that remains unchanged is the adverb (on the side, now, always).
Some words may belong different speech groups. The word "everything", depending on what context is in the sentence, acts as one of the four parts of speech. Let's take a look at examples of sentences:
The whole lake is covered with ice - indicates a sign, is a pronoun.
You are still learning - answers the detailed question when ?, a synonym for the adverb constantly.
Every day it gets dark earlier - it emphasizes the constancy of growth, it performs the functions of a particle.
We nevertheless lifted a heavy load - a union, a synonym nonetheless.
What part of speech a word is is sometimes determined intuitively by meaning. “Milk glass on the floor” and “broken glass was taken to the trash.” Glass in the first sentence is a verb, in the second - a noun.
Morphological analysis
Full grammatical description of the word form called morphological parsing. The belonging of the word to the group, its properties and functions in the sentence are determined. For independent parts of speech, we give examples:
Let's take the word "pillar" for analysis.
- determine belonging: ask the question what? Therefore, it is a noun;
- we examine the state: a pillar is a common name for inanimate objects. Hence, the common noun is inanimate;
- indicate the gender of the independent part of speech, according to the rules (male) and the form of declension - 2nd cl;
- show the number of objects - the singular number of the nominative case;
- significance in the sentence - the main or minor member.
Similarly act with words from other groups:
- Let's determine what part of speech is represented by the word "for the first time". The word form gives the concept of the time of what is happening (when?). It cannot be converted. This means that this adverb does not change, it performs the function of a circumstance. Minor Member suggestions.
- Know (what to do?). Verb, infinitive, 1st conjugation, transitive, imperfective, indicative mood. Offer membership is determined by context.
We study independent parts of speech
What are the parts of speech in Russian
Conclusion
If we give a simple definition of what an independent part is, then we can say that this is a designation of a property, quality or action of an object, which loses its meaning without the use of significant words.
Parts of speech are key grammatical groups of words. All shares of speech in Russian are allowed to be divided into: official and independent.
Independent parts of speech
Significant parts of speech are independent or otherwise called by significant parts of speech - these are words, they determine the action of an object, the object itself or a property. It is impossible to build a sentence and a phrase in their absence, therefore they are the main structural unit of the prescription. Independent parts of speech can be systematized into:
Noun
A noun, for example: dog, electricity, chair, furniture, door, etc. You can ask questions of cases. It describes an object and is declined in case, number and gender. Since a noun describes an object, it owns its attributes.
Verb
Verb: portray, compose, favor, play, do nothing, cover up, clean up. Questions: what to do? what to do? Determines the action or position of a certain object, can be returnable and irrevocable (checked by the presence, absence soft sign, in accordance with this, it is written -tsya; -tsya in the ending), verbs are transitive and non-transitive. Often there is a noun in the accusative case nearby. Verbs change in number and tense.
Adjective
Adjective: good, sweet, bearish, green. Questions: which? whose? The noun and adjective can change in number, case and gender. It may have an abbreviated form, it means the quality and characteristic features of the object.
Numeral
Numeral name: eight, fourth. Questions: How many? which the? The numeral means the order of objects, quantity, number. It is divided into four lexico-grammatical categories: collective (three, seven, both) - answers the question how much? fractional (one second, three quarters, one sixth).
Quantitative (ten, four, twenty-five) answer the question how much? how many? how many? Ordinal (first, eighth, thirty-seventh) answer the question which?
Pronoun
Pronoun: she, such, he, they, such. Questions: who? which? Indicates an object, attribute and its quantity, but does not name it. All pronouns are divided into ten types:
- Personal (I, you, he, she, it)
- Possessive (your, yours)
- Refundable(yourself)
- Indefinite (someone, somewhere, something, several)
- Pointing (that, there, there, here)
- Interrogative (which, when, who, where)
- Negative (nobody, never, nothing, nowhere, nobody)
- Relative (what, how much, who, what)
- Mutual (each other, with each other, one on one, time after time)
- Determinative (himself, any, other, other, everywhere, always)
Communions
Participles: working. Question: what? This is a form of the verb, meaning the criterion of an object by its action. It contains the properties of a verb and an adjective. It is divided into four types:
- To obtain passive participle in the present tense, you need to use the verb not perfect look and suffixes to them, eat.
- To get the passive participle in the past tense, it is necessary to use the perfective verb and the suffixes t, en, enn, n, nn.
- To get a real participle in the present tense, you need to use the imperfective verb and the suffixes ash, yash, yush.
- To get a real participle in the past tense, you need to use the perfective verb and the suffixes w, wsh.
Participles
Adverbs: working, having worked. Questions: as?(What do you do? What do you do?) Verbal form meaning an auxiliary action with the main action.
Service parts of speech
Service parts of speech are words that perform an auxiliary function in a sentence. They do not change and cannot be members of the proposal. They also do not name objects, actions, or signs.
The service parts of speech include:
- Prepositions: on, about, before, by. Expresses the syntactic dependence of independent parts of speech.
- Conjunctions: and, or, however. Connects simple sentences.
- Particles: ka, really, would. Expresses different shades of meaning.
- Interjection: oh, oh. Expresses emotions and feelings.
The difference between independent parts of speech and service parts
Independent shares of speech, unlike service ones:
- They can answer the question.
- They have a sign.
- They change by gender, time, etc.
- are parts of speech
- They have a lexical meaning.
- They have syntactic meaning.
- They have morphological features.
- They are something that can be seen, described, touched.
Service shares of speech in turn:
- They cannot answer the question (they depend directly on independent shares)
- They cannot change by gender or time.
- They are separate members of the proposal.
- They have functions, namely, they clarify, supplement, connect and make sentences the most detailed.
- They have accents.
What unites them is that they help a person competently and fully express his written and oral speech.
There are such concepts, without having mastered which it is simply impossible to move further in the study of a particular language, both native and foreign.
Independent and service parts of speech are just one of these basic topics. Therefore, I would like to dwell on this issue in great detail, talking about the types, functions and roles in the sentence of all parts of speech.
1. Species and their characteristic features.
Independent and service parts of speech are special lexical and grammatical categories. All words at the theoretical level can be attributed to a certain category, taking into account the following features:
- Semantic (general meaning of the word);
- Morphological (grammatical categories or categories);
- Syntactic (features of functioning).
Independent parts of speech have similar characteristics:
- Give names to objects (for example, house, river, girl), describe (for example, beautiful, noisy), characterize (for example, fun, long)
- Are basic in building phrases (for example, a cute girl) and sentences (for example, I draw a house)
- Acting as Full For example, I read an interesting book slowly. (“I” is the subject, “read” is the predicate, “interesting” is the definition, “the book” is the addition, “slowly” is the circumstance)
Service parts of speech have the following features:
- Connect the words in a sentence or the sentences themselves;
- You can't ask them questions;
- They are used only together with independent parts of speech;
- Offer members are not
2. Independent parts of speech
Independent parts of speech are adverbs, numerals, pronouns, participles, participles.
Now let's take a closer look at each of the above.
Noun
Characteristics:
- Designates: objects and animated beings;
- Questions: who? what?
- Categories: gender, case, number;
- Role in the sentence: subject, object
Adjective
Characteristics:
- Indicates: a sign or description of an object
- Questions: what?
- Categories: case, number, gender;
- Role in the sentence: definition, compound. names. predicate
Numeral
Characteristics:
- Denotes: number of items;
- Questions: how much?
- Discharges: ordinal, quantitative, fractional, collective
- Role in the sentence: quantitative determiner to the noun
Pronoun
Characteristics:
- Designates: signs and objects without naming them;
- Discharges: personal, indefinite, reflexive, definite, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, negative.
- Role in the sentence: various members of the sentence
Characteristics:
- Meaning: action
- Questions: what to do?
- Categories: view, time, inclination, pledge, face,;
- Role in the sentence: predicate
Linguists disagree about participles and gerunds. Some people prefer to consider them only. But I will allow myself to agree with the majority and talk about both the sacrament and the participle, as independent parts of speech.
Participle.
Characteristics:
- Denotes: action, representing it through a sign
- Questions: What is doing? which?
- Categories: features of the verb and adjective;
- Role in the sentence: definition, in short form - the nominal part of the predicate.
gerund
Characteristics:
- Denotes: a sign denoted through a sign of another action
- Questions: What are you doing? as?
- Categories: features of the adverb verb.
Characteristics:
- Designates: a sign of a sign and a sign of action;
- Questions: how? when? why? why? where?
- Role in the sentence: circumstance
3. Service parts of speech
Service parts of speech are conjunctions, interjections, particles, prepositions.
Prepositions help express different relationships in a sentence, along with nouns, adjectives, or pronouns.
For example, above, below, next to, through, nearby
Conjunctions express grammatical relationships that occur between individual members of a sentence.
For example, and, because, but
Particles give speech additional emotional and semantic shades.
For example, would, after all, even
Interjections express feelings, desires of a person without naming them directly.
For example, Hurrah! Wow! Hey!
So, it seems to me that I have fully disclosed the topic: "Independent and official parts of speech of the Russian language."
And at the end I would like to add the following. There is a fairly common point of view in terms of the fact that significant parts of speech play a more important role than official ones. Both the first and the second have a place to be, and only together they can make our speech melodic, meaningful and expressive.
I would like everyone who wants to study the grammar of the Russian (and any other) language to perfection, without the slightest shadow of a doubt, be able to separate independent and auxiliary parts of speech from each other.
I hope that my article has achieved this result.
1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.
Together with syntax, morphology constitutes a branch of the science of language called grammar.
2. Each part of speech has signs that can be grouped into three groups:
3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) and official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.
4. Independent (significant) parts of speech include words that name objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions to independent words, and in a sentence, significant words are members of a sentence.
The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:
| Part of speech | Questions | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noun | who? what? | Boy, uncle, table, wall, window. |
| 2 | Verb | what to do? what to do? | Saw, saw, know, learn. |
| 3 | Adjective | which? whose? | Good, blue, mother's, door. |
| 4 | Numeral | How many? which the? | Five, five, fifth. |
| 5 | Adverb | as? when? where? and etc. | Fun, yesterday, close. |
| 6 | Pronoun | who? which? How many? as? and etc. | I, he, such, mine, so much, so, there. |
| 7 | Participle | which? (what does he do? what did he do? etc.) | Dreaming, dreaming. |
| 8 | gerund | as? (doing what? doing what?) | Dreaming, deciding |
Notes.
1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position in the system of parts of speech of participles and participles. Some researchers attribute them to independent parts of speech, others consider them to be special forms of the verb. Participle and participle really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and verb forms. In this manual, we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
2) In linguistics, there is no single point of view on the composition of such a part of speech as numerals. In particular, in "academic grammar" it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However school tradition classifies them as numbers. We will adhere to this position in this manual.
3) In different manuals, the composition of pronouns is characterized differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere and others in some school textbooks are classified as adverbs, in others - as pronouns. In this manual, we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in the "academic grammar" and in the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
5. Service parts of speech- these are words that do not name either objects, or actions, or signs, but express only the relationship between them.
It is impossible to put a question to official words.
Service words are not members of the sentence.
Functional words serve independent words, helping them to connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.
The official parts of speech in Russian include the following:
pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);
union (and, but, but, however, because, in order to, if);
particle (would, whether, same, not, even, precisely, only).
6. occupy special position among the parts of speech.
Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words, and do not serve to link words (as auxiliary parts of speech).
Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use such interjections as ah, ooh, ooh; to express feelings of cold - brr, to express fear or pain - oh etc.
7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.
To immutable include all service parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:
adverbs ( forward, always);
gerunds ( leaving, leaving, taking).
Also some of them don't change:
nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);
adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);
pronouns ( then, there).
by using graduation;
Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.
by using endings and prepositions;
Sister - to the sister, with the sister, with the sister.
by using auxiliary words.
To independent parts speeches include noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun, speeches e. The noun is an independent part speeches, which generally names the subject and answers the questions who? what? This group of words can denote an object (table, house), a person (a boy, a student), ( , ), a sign (depth, height), an abstract concept (conscience, altruism), an action (singing, dancing), an attitude (equality, exclusivity ). Nouns animate or inanimate, proper or common nouns, have gender, number and case. In a sentence, they most often act or. Adjective - independent part speeches, denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions "what?", "what?", "what?", "what?", "whose?". Under the sign it is customary to understand the properties, quality, belonging, characterizing objects. By value, adjectives are divided into qualitative, relative and possessive. Adjectives depend on nouns and agree with them, that is, they are put in the same case, number and gender. Adjectives can have full and short form(green, green). In the proposal, these parts speeches are usually agreed definitions. Short adjectives are used only as predicates. The verb is an independent part speeches, which indicates the state or action of the subject and answers the questions what to do? what to do? (be, look). Verbs are imperfect and perfect, transitive and intransitive. This part speeches changes with inclination. The initial (indefinite) form of the verb is called the infinitive. She does not have time, number, face and gender (do, walk). In the sentence, the verbs are . Communion is special shape a verb denoting a sign of an object by action. It answers the questions "what?", "what?", "what?" (flying, drawing). The gerund is a special invariable form of the verb, denoting a sign, but acting as a sign of another action. It answers the questions "what are you doing?", "what are you doing?" (crying, playfully, skipping). The numeral is an independent part speeches, which denotes the number, the number of objects, as well as their order when counting. By value, they are divided into quantitative (answer the question "how much?") and ordinal (answer the questions "what?", "what are the numbers?"). Numerals change (fifth, fifth, fifth). In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, circumstance of time, definition. Pronoun - independent part speeches pointing to objects, signs, but not naming them (I, mine, this one). In a sentence, they are used as a subject, addition, definition, less often - a circumstance, a predicate. By meaning, pronouns are divided into personal (I, you, he, they), reflexive (myself), interrogative (who, what), relative (who, than, which), indefinite (something, some), negative (no one, how much - then), possessive (mine, ours, ours), demonstrative (that, such, so much), (any, other). On speeches e - independent part speeches, which denotes a sign of an object, a sign of an action, a sign of another sign. It answers the questions "how?", "where?", "where?", "when?", "why?", "for what?" (well, attentively, beautifully, tomorrow, very much). On the speeches e does not decline, does not conjugate, in a sentence it is most often a circumstance.
