The rich Russian language has a large number of different parts of speech. These are such groups of words, united among themselves due to various common features. Among them are pronouns, verbs, nouns, adverbs and others. Each of them, as well as their many characteristics, should be discussed separately.
Also, constant morphological features of pronouns can be represented by such concepts as person, gender and number. However, only one group of this part of speech has these constant characteristics, which will be discussed below.
by value
There are as many as nine different categories into which words related to pronouns are divided. Attribution to one of the groups occurs depending on the meaning that the pronoun itself carries.
The first group, or category of pronouns, is personal, indicating the direct participants in the conversation (for example, “you” or “I”), those who are not involved in it, and various items(e.g. "they" or "she").
The second group of pronouns are reflexive. This category has only one word - "myself". Here there is an indication of the identity of the object or person that is the subject (She does not protect herself).
The third group of pronouns is interrogative. This includes question words that can indicate quantity, features or objects and persons. For example, these are the words "how much", "whose", "what".
The fourth group of pronouns is relative. Here are the same words as in the previous group, however, they are found in complex sentences and act as a link between their components. They are also called
The fifth group of pronouns is possessive. The words related here speak of the belonging of a particular object to some other object or person. Representatives of this category are, for example, the words "my", "their", "his", "your".
The sixth group of pronouns is indefinite. These words are a way of expressing an indefinite nature, quantity, signs, or the very subject of conversation. They are a combination of interrogative pronouns with prefixes "some" and "not" or suffixes "either", "something", "that". This group, for example, includes the words "someone", "some", "some".
The seventh group of pronouns is negative. In speech, such words are used in cases where the object of the conversation or its signs are absent. They are formed from interrogative pronouns, to which the prefixes "not" and "neither" are attached. In this group, you can find, for example, such pronouns: “no one”, “no one”, “no one”.
The eighth group of pronouns is called demonstrative. This includes words that can be used to describe or indicate the quantity or some attribute of an object. Examples of such pronouns are the following: “that”, “so much”, “this”, “such”.
Ranks of pronouns depending on the grammatical feature
Permanent morphological features of the pronoun also include ranks, which are characterized by grammatical features. Depending on them, pronouns can correspond to adjectives, nouns or numerals.
Pronouns that play the role of adjectives are pointing to the signs of objects. Words in this category include:
Absolutely all pronouns from the category of definitive and possessive;
Some of the category of demonstratives ("such", "this", "this", "such", "that");
Part of the categories of interrogative and relative (“whose”, “which”, “which”);
Pronouns from the categories of indefinite and negative, which can be obtained from those indicated in the previous paragraph.
The eighth group of pronouns is called demonstrative. This includes words that can be used to describe or indicate the quantity or some attribute of an object. Examples of such pronouns are “that”, “so much”, “this”, “such”.
The ninth group of pronouns are definitive, indicating the sign of the object in question. Here we are talking about such words as "any", "most", "other", "any", "himself", etc.
Pronouns that play the role of numerals are a small group that includes the words “as much”, “how much”, “how much”, “several” and “so much”. The words of this group are indicating the number of objects.
Pronouns that act as nouns are able to point to the very object in question. This category is represented by the following words:
All personal pronouns;
Recurrent "yourself";
Pronouns from the categories of relative and interrogative (“what” and “who”);
Pronouns from the categories of indefinite and negative, which can be obtained from those indicated in the previous paragraph (“someone”, “someone”, “nothing”, etc.).
Features of noun pronouns
Personal pronouns deserve special attention. This group contains only nine words, remembering them is quite simple. All of them have one feature that other types of pronouns do not have.
Permanent morphological features of personal pronouns include not only one concept of the category to which they belong. This group is also characterized by the fact that it has an unchanging feature of the face.
In total, three groups of people are distinguished:
1st person is represented by the words "we" and "I";
2nd person - "you" and "you";
3rd person - "it", "they", "she" and "he".
Another invariable feature of this category of pronouns is gender. This information is not always highlighted in the sources, but it must be known and taken into account. So, the words “you” and “I” belong to the common gender. Words that are in the third person group and are presented in the singular, "it", "she", "he", are neuter, feminine and masculine respectively. At the same time, the words of this category, in which the number is plural (“they”, “you”, “we”), do not have the sign of the gender.
An invariable sign of pronouns belonging to the category of personal is the number that is inherent in them.
Pronouns from the categories of relative and interrogative "what" and "who" also have their own peculiarity. Regardless of the context, these words are singular. At the same time, the representative of the middle gender is "what", and the male - "who". The morphological features of indefinite pronouns and negative pronouns that can be obtained from these words are the same. Thus, in this group of pronouns, along with the categories to which they belong, gender and number are also invariable features.
Non-permanent signs of pronouns
The property of changing depending on the context is possessed by non-permanent morphological features of the pronoun. Also, their set is different for pronouns belonging to different grammatical categories. In general, this group of features includes such concepts as gender, case and number, if specific words have them.
First, let's talk about pronouns that perform the functions of nouns. As mentioned above, for most of the pronouns that make up this category, number and gender are invariable features. The pronoun "myself" does not have these two characteristics at all. However, all words included in this species pronouns tend to change in cases. This is their main inconstant feature.
If we are talking about pronouns that play the role of adjectives, then their changing signs will be case, gender and number in accordance with the noun to which they refer. Morphological features of possessive pronouns have one feature. In this discharge, the words "their", "her", and "his" do not change in any way. And among all signs, this property of immutability belongs to the constants. The pronouns “such” and “what” do not have the ability to change in cases.
Pronouns that perform the functions of numerals do not have such characteristics as gender and number. This property of them is exactly the same as that of all significant numbers. Thus, the non-permanent morphological features of the pronoun-numeral are represented only by a change in cases. At the same time, they interact with nouns as follows:
In the nominative and accusative cases they govern the genitive noun plural;
В agree with nouns.
The structure of the morphological analysis of the pronoun
Morphological features of pronouns are important to know for carrying out, which is often necessary for each part of speech. It is done in several stages.
At the first stage, the name of the part of speech is written and the initial form of the word being parsed is indicated (that is, it is brought into the nominative case, singular).
At the second stage, all morphological features that are inherent in this pronoun are listed. First, constant characteristics are listed: for absolutely all pronouns, this, of course, is a category depending on the meaning. Further, for personal pronouns, the person, gender and number are indicated, and for the words “what”, “who” and those formed from them, their number and gender must be mentioned. Then they talk about non-permanent characteristics, if a particular word has them.
The final stage requires an indication of which member of the sentence is the pronoun being parsed.
Pronoun - this is independent part speech that points to an object, sign, quantity, but does not name them.
Depending on the expressed value and grammatical features nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.
The initial form for most pronouns is the nominative singular form.
All pronouns change in cases (me, me, (about) me), some by birth (such, such) and numbers (this, these).
syntax function pronouns depends on which part of speech it refers to given word. Pronouns pointing to an object, are correlative with nouns and perform the functions of nouns in a sentence (me, you, he, who, what etc.), and pronouns, indicating a sign, are correlative with adjectives and perform the functions of adjectives in a sentence (mine, yours, whose, what, such etc.), for example:
You - all!
You sky and water... (D. Merezhkovsky)
What do they smell they, then they take into themselves,
They have space in themselves. (I. Kanevsky)
In my dreams - your minutes:
Your Memphis eyes. (V. Bryusov)
Lexico-semantic categories of pronouns
Taking into account lexico-semantic features are the following ranks of pronouns:
Rank of pronouns | Examples |
|
I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they. |
||
returnable | ||
Possessive | Mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. |
|
relative | Who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much. |
|
Undefined | someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, someone, how much any, anyone, anything, anybody, something, anyone, anybody. |
|
Negative | Nobody, nothing, nobody, nobody, nobody, nothing. |
|
Interrogative | Who, what, what, what, what (obsolete), which, whose, how much. |
|
pointing | That, this, such, such, so much, such (obsolete), such (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete). |
|
Determinants | Himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, other, any, other, everyone, everyone. |
In some manuals, interrogative and relative pronouns are considered in the same group of interrogative-relative pronouns.
Pronouns can also include words both, both since they express to a greater extent not the quantitative meaning “two” or “two”, “two”, but the pronominal demonstrative “both one and the other”, “both the one and the other”. Wed Both received an award.- Both of them received an award. Both girls were injured in the accident.- Both were injured in the accident.
Personal pronouns
group personal pronouns make up the words: I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they.
Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicate persons, participants in the dialogue - the speaker and the interlocutor: I, you, we, you.
Pronouns of the 3rd person singular and plural indicate the one or those who are not participating in the dialogue, or the subject that is being spoken about, was said or will be said in the future: he, she, it, they.
Grammar signs personal pronouns: 1) have face shapes; 2) have the form of a number; 3) pronouns of the 3rd person singular have gender forms; 4) forms of indirect cases are formed from different bases, that is, in a suppletive way (I - me, me; you- you, you; he- him, him; she is- her, her; they- them, them etc.).
Personal pronouns 3rd person, if used with prepositions, may have a form beginning with and: at him, to him, behind him, with them, with him. No initial n these pronouns are not used with some derived prepositions: thanks to him, her, them; against him, her, them.
Personal pronouns him, her, them should be distinguished from homonymous possessive pronouns him, her, them. In offers personal pronouns most often refer to verbs and act as complements, for example: The watchman saw him at once. It is impossible not to love her. They have a lot of work. Possessive pronouns him, her, them, as a rule, refer to nouns, act as definitions, for example: Her eyes shone with happiness. His brother has many friends. This is a gift for their daughter. Possessive pronouns, used with prepositions, do not have an initial k. Compare: for him- for his friend; for her- for her friend; for them- for their friends.
2nd person plural pronoun you can be used when referring to one person as a polite form. In this case, the pronoun is most often capitalized, for example: I heartily congratulate you on the holiday. Wishing you all the best.
Reflexive pronoun "myself"
Group reflexive pronouns represented by the word myself. There are no other words in this group.
grammatical meaning reflexive pronoun myself - an indication of the person in question.
Grammar signs reflexive pronoun: 1) has no nominative form; 2) has no form of person, number, gender.
reflexive pronoun myself has no initial form, it changes only in oblique cases. Can refer to any of the personal pronouns of all three persons: He bought himself a book. She bought herself a book. They bought themselves books.
In a sentence reflexive pronoun myself performs the complement function: I would love to treat myself to a small gift.
reflexive pronoun myself in the form of the dative case should be distinguished from a pronoun that is close in meaning to a particle. Wed: He found himself a job.- He goes to himself and does not think about anything. Help yourself.- The performance was not very, so-so. In this case the word myself does not stand out as an independent member of the sentence, but is underlined along with the word to which it refers.
Possessive pronouns
group possessive pronouns make up the words: mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, yours.
grammatical meaning possessive pronouns- this is an indication that the object belongs to the person in question (this person can be the speaker, the interlocutor or some third person).
Grammar signs possessive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms; 2) have gender forms; 3) change in cases according to the type of adjectives (except for pronouns him, her, them).
Pronouns him, her, them are originally a form genitive personal pronouns he she, they; have gender and number, but do not change by case, although they can be combined with a noun in any case, for example: He saw her father. He met with her father. He was proud of her father. He talked about her father.
Interrogative and relative pronouns
group interrogative pronouns make up the words: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much.
Interrogative pronouns express a question about an object, attribute or quantity in interrogative sentences.
The same pronouns used for communication simple sentences as part of a complex, make up a group relative pronouns . Wed: Who come? (interrogative) - I don't know who came (relative).
Grammar signs interrogative and relative pronouns: 1) pronouns who, what, how much do not have a form of gender and number, they change by cases; 2) pronouns which, which, whose change according to cases, numbers and gender, decline according to the type of adjectives, for example: whose\\, h- j- eGo, whose-j-him, whose-j-andm, (o) ch-j-eat.
Indefinite pronouns
group indefinite pronouns make up the words: someone, something, some, some, someone, something, some, someone, someone anyone, anyone, something, anyone, someone, several and under.
grammatical meaning indefinite pronouns- an indication of an indefinite object, sign, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns formed from interrogative questions with prefixes not- and something and suffixes something, something, something.
Grammar signs indefinite pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed. The only difference is the pronouns. someone and something, which do not change.
Negative pronouns
group negative pronouns make up the words: no one, nothing, no one, no one, not at all, no one, nothing.
grammatical meaning negative pronouns: 1) denial of the presence of any object, sign, quantity; 2) strengthening the negative meaning of the whole sentence.
Negative pronouns are formed from interrogatives by the addition of particles-prefixes not and neither and have the same features as interrogative pronouns.
Grammar signs negative pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed.
Pronouns no one and there is nothing do not have a nominative form and are used only in impersonal sentences: You have no one to blame for what happened. He had nothing to do.
Pronouns nobody, nothing, nobody, no one usually used in a sentence with a negative verb: no one believed, nothing foretold etc.
From pronoun nothing The accusative form is formed only with a preposition: for nothing.
Demonstrative pronouns
group demonstrative pronouns make up the words: that, this, such, such, so much, such (obsolete), such (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete).
grammatical meaning demonstrative pronouns- selection among others of any object, attribute, quantity.
AT complex sentence can act as pointers.
Grammar signs demonstrative pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (except for the pronoun so many); 2) have gender forms (except for the pronoun so many); 3) change in cases according to the type of full and short adjectives, according to the type of numerals (pronoun so many).
Some linguists classify demonstrative pronouns the words both and both in the meaning of "the one and the other", "the one and the other": Both students successfully passed their exams.- Both of them successfully passed the exams. Both girls received gifts.- Both of them received gifts.
Definitive pronouns
group definitive pronouns make up the words: himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, other, any, other, everyone, everyone.
grammatical meaning definitive pronouns- definition of an object in a number of other objects.
Grammar signs definitive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (all, all); 2) have gender forms (all, all, all); 3) change in cases (all, everything, everything etc.).
Pronouns myself and most in declension, they differ only in the form of the nominative case and stress: (the) same house, the house itself- (of) the very house, the very house.
With the help of a pronoun most a complex superlative form of qualitative adjectives is formed: beautiful- the most beautiful, kindest- kindest, freshest- the freshest.
Pronoun myself can have two meanings: 1) the meaning of an intensifying word with a noun or personal pronoun: It was the director of the school himself; 2) the meaning of "independently, without outside help": He solved the problem himself.
Declension of pronouns
AT pronoun declension individual discharges there is a wide variety of types and forms, as well as cases of the formation of forms from different bases.
1. Declension of personal pronouns I, you; we you; he (it, she), they.
Forms of indirect cases of personal pronouns have a different basis, different from the form of the nominative case.
1st person pronouns | Pronouns 2 persons | Pronouns 3 persons |
|
He (it), she, they |
|||
me, you | Him, her, them |
||
me, you | Him, her, them |
||
me, you | Him, her, them |
||
By me(s), by you (-YU) | us, you | To them, to her, to them |
|
(About) me, (About) you | (About) us, (About) you | (O) him, (about) her, (about) them |
Pronouns I, you can represent either a male or female person. Wed: I'm almost happy.- I'm almost happy. You got angry.- You got angry.
Pronouns he, it, she, they, used with prepositions, can get the initial n (from him, to her, with them, with him, but: thanks to him, towards her, in spite of them).
2. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative form; it only changes in oblique cases, following the model of a pronoun you:
reflexive pronoun |
|
by myself |
|
3. Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours, yours, index that one, this one, interrogative and relative which, which, whose, defining most, himself, all, everyone, other have generic and plural forms and are declined according to separate patterns of adjective declension.
feminine pronouns | |||
mine, this one; mine, this | |||
mine, this | mine, this | mine, these |
|
mine, this | mine, this | mine, this |
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mine, this one; mine, this is mine, this | Mine, these Mine, these |
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mine, this | My (th), this (th) | mine, these |
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(0) mine, (about) this | (0) mine, (about) this | (0) mine, (about) these |
It is necessary to distinguish between the declension of pronouns most and myself.
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
|
The most (the most), myself (the most) | The most, herself | The most, themselves |
|
by myself, by myself | The most, themselves |
||
by myself, by myself | By the most, by ourselves |
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The most (most), himself (samb) Himself, most | most, myself | The most, themselves The most, themselves |
|
By the most, by ourselves | The most (th), the most (th) | By the most, by ourselves |
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(0) itself, (about) itself | (0) most, (o) most | (0) the most, (about) themselves |
Pronoun all (all, all, all) It has special forms in the instrumental singular masculine and neuter and in all plural forms:
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
|
All (everything) | |||
All (all) Total | |||
(About everything | (Both) all | (both) all |
4. Interrogative and relative pronouns who and what and negative pronouns nobody, nothing form when declining the form from other bases:
Who, what, nobody, nothing |
|
Who, what, no one, nothing |
|
Who, what, nobody, nothing |
|
Who, what, nobody |
|
Who, than, nobody, nothing |
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(0) com, (about) what, about no one, about nothing |
5. Negative pronouns nobody, nothing do not have nominative case forms, and in oblique cases they are declined according to the given pattern:
Nobody, nothing |
|
Nobody, nothing |
|
Nobody, nothing |
|
Not about anyone, not about anything |
6. Indefinite pronouns someone (someone, anyone), something (something, anything), some (any, some), someone (someone, someone) ) and others are declined according to the pattern of the corresponding interrogative pronouns.
7. Indefinite pronoun some in some cases it has variant forms.
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
|
Some (some) | |||
Some and some | Some and some |
||
Some and some | Some and some |
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Some (some) and some | Some Some and some |
||
Some and some | Some (yu) | Some and some |
|
(Oh) some | (o) some and (o) some | (o) some and (o) some |
8. Pronouns such as, someone, something do not bow.
Morphological analysis of the pronoun includes the selection of two permanent signs (rank by value and features of declension) and three non-permanent ones (gender, case and number). For personal pronouns, the person is also indicated as a constant feature. Fulfilling morphological analysis of the pronoun, you should remember about its specificity as a part of speech: pronoun indicates on objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. This is important when formulating the general meaning of the pronoun. It should also be noted that only a change in cases is characteristic of all categories of pronouns (this is a common non-permanent feature).
Scheme morphological analysis pronouns. I. Part of speech. II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form. 2. Permanent signs: 1) rank by value; 2) features of declination. 3. Non-permanent signs: III. Syntactic function. The officer was embarrassed and, looking around, on tiptoe, with a red face and a beating heart, went into his room. (A. Kuprin) | An example of the morphological analysis of the pronoun. I. My- a pronoun, as it indicates the ownership of the subject. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is your own room, your own. 2. Permanent signs: 1) possessive, correlates in meaning with an adjective; 2) is declined as an adjective like "fox". 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) accusative case; 2) feminine gender; 3) singular. III. The pronoun "his" agrees With the noun "room", therefore, in the sentence it performs the function of an agreed definition. |
compiled by the teacher
primary school
Gioeva Victoria
Nikolaevna (UMK
"School 2100")
Pronoun.
1. General concept about the place.2. Permanent signs (person, number).
3. Non-permanent signs (genus).
Dictionary:
Write down the words.We check:
Apple(cf. gender), book (female)
gender), teacher (female gender),
girl (female gender).
We check:
nounvb.
vb.
noun
The girl loves to draw with pencils.
creature pencils.
1. (with what?) with pencils n.f. pencil
2.a) constant. confession: inanimate, m.s.
b) non-post. recognition: plural.
3. (with what?) pencils
The pronoun is an independent part of speech.
Pronoun (instead of a name)I; YOU; HE; SHE IS; WE; YOU; THEY; IT.
Person and number of pronouns.
1 PERSONunit I
Plural WE
2 PERSON
YOU
YOU
3 PERSON
SHE, HE, IT
THEY
Personal pronouns?
Why do we call them that?Checking ourselves:
Personalpronouns
point to
certain person.
10. Gender of personal pronouns.
HePENCIL
She is
A PEN
It
HEART
11. Remember:
Genuscan only be determined by
3 person pronouns
singular
12. Write off by inserting the missing pronouns.
On Sunday…. came to the forest.The trees stood in a beautiful snow
dress. …. were decorated
silver frost. ….
Suddenly …. saw a woodpecker.
13. Check yourself:
On Sunday we came to the forest. Treesstood in a beautiful snow dress. They are
were decorated with silver frost. He
shimmered with all the colors of the rainbow.
Suddenly I saw a woodpecker.
GOOD FELLOWS!
Pronoun
Pronoun- it is independent Part of speech, which indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them.Syntactic function: in a sentence, the pronoun can be any member of the sentence (more often - subject, definition, object).
Morphological features of the pronoun
Permanent: person (for personal pronouns);
discharge.
Non-permanent:
case;
number (if any);
gender (if any).
initial form- nominative singular form.
Pronoun ranks by meaning
1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
2. Returnable: myself(does not have a nominative form).
3. Interrogative (if used in an interrogative sense) and relative (used to connect the main and subordinate parts in a complex sentence): who, what, which, whose, which, what, how much.
4. Undefined: someone, something, some, a few, some and etc.
5. Negative: no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing.
6. Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, mine.
7. Index: that, this, such, such, so many.
8. Definitive: all, everyone, each, himself, the most, any, other, other.
Morphological analysis of the pronoun
1. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (I. p., singular).
2. Permanent morphological features:
discharge;
face (in personal).
Variable morphological features:
case;
number (if any);
gender (if any).
3. Syntactic role.
There was something about this whole incident that no one needs to talk about. (VC.)
(AT) this(incident) - pronoun.
1. Incident (what?) This (points to the sign). N. f. - this.
2. Post. - decree, non-post. - P. p., units. h, husband. R.
3. .
Nobody- pronoun.
1. No need to tell (to whom?) to anyone (pointing to the subject). N. f. - nobody.
2. Post. - negative; non-post. - D. p.
3. .
Pronoun- this is an independent non-significant part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but not
calls them.
The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun acts as a substitute in the text.
Pronouns are classified by meaning and by grammatical features. Pronoun ranks by meaning
There are 9 categories of pronouns by meaning: ,.,
one . Personal:I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue (I, you, we, you) persons not participating in the conversation, and objects (he, she, it, they).
1. Returnable:myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word himself (He will not offend himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
Possessive:mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object. (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).
Indicative:this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity
in items.
Determinants:himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, any, othergoy, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
Interrogative:who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities and serve as interrogative words in interrogative
offers.
Relative: the same as interrogative ones, but used to connect parts of a complex sentence (allied words).
Negative:no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or feature.
Undefined:someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns by the prefix something or suffixes something, something, something.
Ranks of pronouns by grammatical features
According to their grammatical features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. pronominal
nouns indicate a person or an object, pronominal adjectives indicate a sign of an object, pronominal numbers indicate a quantity.
To noun pronouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive myself, interrogative-relative who and what and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them (no one, nothing, nowhom, nothing, someone, something, someone and etc.).
include all possessive, all attributive, demonstrative interrogative-relative which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them (none, none, some, notcue, some and etc.).
To pronouns-numerals include pronouns as much as and formed from them (several, some and etc.).
In complex 2, pronouns also include pronouns, adverbs, that is, words that indicate a sign of action (where, towhere, there, for some reason and etc.). These pronouns complement the categories of attributive (everywhere, always) index (Yes, there) interrogative, relative (where, why) uncertain (somewhere, ever) and negative (nowhere, never) pronouns.
On the one hand, there is a basis for such a combination of all pronominal words: indeed, the pronoun as a part of speech does not have grammatical unity and is distinguished on the basis of its referential function: pronominal words do not name objects, signs, quantities, circumstances, but point to them, referring us or to extralinguistic reality, speech situation (pronoun I names the person who is currently speaking, phrase Give methat book can be understood by pointing the hand to a certain book), or to the preceding or following text (Here is the table.He (= table) wooden. The person (^person) I need is notwalked- reference to the previous context. I want to say aboutthat I won't come- reference to the following context).
On the other hand, there is an established linguistic tradition to refer to the pronoun as a part of speech only those pronominal words that are used "instead of a name", that is, instead of a noun, adjective or numeral. This approach is reflected in complexes 1 and 2.
Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns
Pronominal nouns include the following pronouns: personal I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, returnable myself, interrogative-relative who and what and the negative ones formed from them
and uncertain (no one, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, 1something, anything and etc.). ,
These pronouns have grammatical features, similar to the grammatical features of nouns, however, they also have certain differences from significant nouns. You can ask them questions who? or what?, in a sentence, these words appear mainly as subjects or objects.
Consider the morphological features of pronouns-nouns.
Personal pronouns have morphological trait faces:
face: me we,
face: you you, ;
face: he, she, it, they.
The morphological feature of the person of pronouns is expressed out-of-word - by the personal endings of the verb in the present or future tense of the indicative mood and the forms of the imperative mood of the verb, that is, those verbal forms that have a morphological feature of the person:
person: me go-y, we go-eat, "
face: you go-eat, go-and-0, you go-eat, go-and-te, <,
face: he, she, it goes, let it go, they go, let it go.
For other pronouns-nouns, as well as for all significant nouns, it is not customary to determine the person.
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers. Personal pronouns are singular (I, you, he, she, it) and plural (we you they) numbers. When listing personal pronouns, all three complexes cite these eight words, from which we can conclude that each of the eight personal pronouns is an independent word. However, there are disagreements regarding the interpretation of the attribute of number in complexes. In complex 1, nothing is said about the change of personal pronouns according to numbers, however, in terms of the morphological analysis of the pronoun, the number is placed in non-permanent signs. Complex 2 says that personal pronouns “are singular. and many others. numbers." In complex 3 it is indicated that the pronouns 1 and 2 of the person do not change in numbers (that is, I and we- different words), and 3rd person pronouns - change (that is, he and they are forms of the same word.
In linguistics, it is usually believed that the number is a constant feature of noun pronouns, that is, the pronouns I and we, you and you,he she it and they- different words. This is due to the fact that between the words I and we, you and you there is no normal for a change in the number of the ratio "one object - many objects, each of which is called
is given in the singular form," that is, one cannot say that we- this is a lot of me, because we- this is I(speaking) and someone else.
Thus, we will describe personal pronouns as words with a permanent feature of the singular or plural.
Noun pronouns have a constant feature kind. This question, like the question of number, is poorly covered in school textbooks. On the one hand, as already mentioned, the list of personal pronouns contains 8 words, that is, the words he she and it considered different words. On the other hand, in complexes 1 and 3 it is said that the pronouns of the 3rd person change according to gender. The gender of other personal pronouns is not mentioned.
It is advisable to proceed from the following provisions. All personal pronouns have a constant gender sign, which, like significant nouns, is expressed out of word.
pronouns i and you general kind: I, you came and-I, you came. Pronoun he male: he came-0. Pronoun she is female: she came. Pronoun it neuter: it came.
Plural Pronouns we you they do not describe-| called by genus.
We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. (No you- see you).
All personal pronouns change according to cases, that is bow down. Personal pronouns are declined in a special way, and the forms of their indirect cases are formed from a different stem (that is, suppletive):
|
R. p. D. p. V. p. |
me |
you | ||||||
|
to meme |
you | |||||||
|
you | ||||||||
|
etc. P. p. |
me /me |
you/you |
us |
you | ||||
|
(both)to me |
(°), you |
(about)German |
(about)German |
(about her |
(about Us |
(about you |
(about them |
In indirect cases with a preposition, 3 persons are added to pronouns n: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur when producing -~ "". prepositions during, thanks to, according to, in spite of and etc.: thanks toand according to him.
returnable pronoun-noun myself has no gender or number. It is declined in the same way as a personal pronoun you, except that the pronoun myself has no form I. p.
Interrogative-relative pronouns who and what in school textbooks are not characterized in terms of gender and number, however, it can be noted that the pronoun who masculine singular (who came-0, but not *who came or *who came) and the pronoun what- neuter singular (what happened).
These pronouns decline as follows:
|
whom |
what |
|
|
to whom |
what |
|
|
whom | ||
|
(o)com |
(about what |
Formed from pronouns who and whatnegative and indefinite pronouns have the same characteristics as pronouns who and what. Feature of indefinite pronouns someone and something is that someone has the form only I. p., and something- I. p. and V. p. Negative pronouns no one and there is nothing, on the contrary, they do not have the form of I. p., but there is nothing- and V. p.
Negative and indefinite pronouns with prefixes not- and neither- when used with prepositions, they “pass” the preposition inside themselves: no one, no one.
Grammatical features of pronouns-adjectives
For adjective pronouns all possessives apply (mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs) all attributive (himself, samy, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone, everyone), index this, that, such, such, this, this, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them (none, nobody, some, some, some and etc.).
Pronouns-adjectives have grammatical features similar to those of significant adjectives: they have inconstant signs of gender, number and case, in which they agree with the noun to which they refer, pronouns-adjectives are declined according to the adjective and mixed declension, in a sentence they are a definition or ( rarely) the nominal part of the predicate.
Possessive pronouns deserve special mention. him, her and them. AT difference from words mine, yours, ours, yours pronouns his her and them immutable (cf. his house, desk, window; his houses, desks, windows). Immutability is their constant attribute (for another interpretation of these lexemes, see below, p. 354). )
Pronouns-adjectives what and such is do not change by case and are used only in the function of the predicate.
Grammatical features of pronouns-numerals
Pronouns-numerals are few. These are the words how much, so much and the pronouns derived from them a few, someany.
Like significant numerals, these words do not have morphological signs of gender and number, they change by cases and are combined with nouns in a special way: they control R. p. pl. noun numbers in I. p. and V. p. and agree with the noun in oblique cases. These words are declined the same way:
I. p. How many
R. p. how many
D. p. how many
V. p. How many
T. p. how many
P. p. how many.
Word not at all usually referred not to pronouns, but to adverbs, since it is invariable.
The pronoun as a part of speech has the following features of representation in educational complexes.
Complex 1 allocates the 9 categories of pronouns described above by meaning, and personal - 6 (he she and it are declared forms of one word, and the pronoun he varies according to gender). About pronouns who and what it is said that they "do not change in gender and number", but it is not said that they have a constant sign of gender and number, which will have corresponding consequences when parsing these lexemes. In general, the main drawback of considering pronouns in complex 1 is that the pronouns in it are not correlated with the significant parts of speech in their grammatical features, which leads to vague formulations like “some pronouns change by gender and number”; the lack of a clear grammatical description of pronouns makes it very difficult to develop the ability to correctly morphologically parse the words of this part of speech.
Complex 2 has the following features of the presentation of the pronoun as a part of speech. First, as already mentioned, complex 2 also includes pronouns-adverbs, which in complexes 1 and 3 are considered as a category of adverbs. The undoubted advantage of complex 2 is the correlation of pronouns with other parts of speech, which makes it possible to clearly define the permanent and non-permanent features of pronouns of different groups. In connection with this clear gram-
8 personal pronouns with a constant sign of number, but the immutability of possessive his her and them leads the authors of the textbook to the following solution: they single out 4 possessive pronouns mine, yours, yours and our, changing like adjectives, it is further stated that “in the meaning of possessive pronouns, personal pronouns in the form of gender are used. P.: him, her, them." Much attention is paid to the declension and spelling of pronouns of different categories.
Complex 3 in the initial paragraph on the pronoun does not quite correctly formulate the generalized meaning of the pronoun as a part of speech: “Pronouns do not name anything, but only designate a person or indicate an object, sign, quantity “in general”, non-specific (abstract), “non-objective”. It seems that such a formulation will not explain the peculiarities of the semantics of pronouns, but will confuse students. In the complex, 8 categories of pronouns are distinguished: interrogative and relative are combined into one category. Correlation with significant parts of speech in complex 3, as in complex 1, is not performed, which prevents a clear understanding of grammatical differences between pronouns. Personal I, you, we, you declared in different words, and she, she, it and they combined into one lexeme, that is, the word he varies by gender and number. Possessive pronouns are considered inconsistently: in one of the tasks it is proposed with pronouns his her and them make sentences in such a way that "in one case it would be a personal pronoun of the 3rd person, and in another it would be a possessive one." In other words, in complex 3, as in complex 2, it is proposed to interpret these words as personal pronouns he she and they in R. p., used in the function of possessive pronouns, and this position is affirmed inconsistently. Much attention in complex 3 is paid to the use and pronunciation of pronouns.
