Traditionally, the verb as a part of speech is studied at the end of grade 4, and the repetition and deepening of the topic continues in grades 5-6.

This topic is of practical importance, as it helps students to distinguish between nominative and accusative cases, not to mix direct objects with subjects, and to correctly form participles and gerunds.

Let's try to explain to students in an accessible way what a transitive or intransitive verb is.

It is usually established: whether a verb is combined with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. Transitive verbs require the accusative case (whom? what?) to express the direct object in affirmative sentences: And I somehow felt sorry for both the sparrow and the fly. Mom shortened her pants herself.

But students, when they meet the same verb in different sentences, often ask: “Which verb is this - transitive or intransitive?”

Consider, for example, the verb WRITE: Ivan writes well. Ivan writes a letter. In the first sentence, the verb “writes” refers to the subject; in the second sentence, the verb actualizes the object. The first sentence refers to compatibility. potential, and in the second sentence real. Conclusion: the verb WRITE in these sentences is transitive. Do not forget that the verbal category of transitivity / intransitivity is a constant feature and is determined when morphological analysis always.

Let's return to the question: is it possible to consider a transitive verb if there is no direct object without a preposition in the sentence? Of course, it all depends on the context. In the context, a transitive verb can acquire such shades of meaning that turn it into an intransitive one: I can hear well(that is, I have a good ear). Petya draws well, plays the guitar(that is, he knows how to draw pictures, play music).

In such cases, verbs have the meaning "to be able to do what is expressed by the verb", that is, they do not denote specific actions, but the properties (characteristics, abilities) of objects in relation to certain actions. With such verbs, there is not and cannot be an object, otherwise the indicated connotation will disappear.

If the conditions of the context allow not to name the subject to which the action passes, then it is possible to substitute a noun in the accusative case without changing the meaning: I listened to (his father's story) and did not understand anything. We remember that in the context, a transitive verb can be used without a direct object.

The transitive verb is involved in the creation, transformation, movement or destruction of some object ( build a house, roast meat, burn straw). This implies the presence of a "tool" that provides contact and increases the effectiveness of the action. A body, an active part of the body, a man-made tool can act as a tool: dig the ground with a shovel, brush my teeth with a brush.

A small group of transitive verbs has the meanings of recognition, feeling, perception, endowing an object with a sign, opening / closing, establishing contacts, possessing, sharing ( learn the news, love music, hear singing, dress your brother, open your coat, glue the sheets, steal money, pick an apple).

The verb will also be transitive in the genitive case when pointing to a part of an object or when negating the action itself: drink juice, buy bread; did not read newspapers, did not receive money.

Let us now turn to intransitive verbs. They require an object only in oblique cases with or without prepositions: go to school, help a friend. Usually not transitive verbs denote movement and position in space, physical or moral state: fly, hurt, suffer. A distinctive feature of intransitive verbs is the suffixes -СЯ, -Е-, -NICHA- (-ICHA-): make sure, weaken, be greedy.

Will the verbs WEIGHT, LIE, LIVE be transitive in the examples: weighs a ton, lay down for a minute, lives for a week? We reason like this: nouns are in the Accusative case without a preposition, but they are not direct objects, but circumstances of measure and time. Conclusion: these verbs are intransitive.

Some prefixes (re-, pro-, ot-, obez- / obes-) are able to turn intransitive verbs into transitive ones: work in the office - process the part, harm the neighbor - neutralize the neighbor.

To check how the topic is understood, try to complete several tasks.

Exercise 1.

Choose dependent nouns for verbs and determine their case:

Spill ______, recognize ______, enjoy ______, dilute ______, spread out ______, belittle ______, be carried away ______, shudder ______, annoy ______, teach ______, expose ______, absorb ______, unite ______, bless ______, fly ______, jump off ______, look out ______ .

Which of these verbs combine with a noun in Win.p. no suggestion?

Task 2.

Identify transitive or intransitive verbs. Place the letter P above transitive verbs, and the letter H above intransitive verbs.

To see a wolf is to be afraid of a wolf; cut off bread - eat without bread; learn from a friend - meet a friend; to be afraid of an opponent - to defeat an opponent - to beat an opponent; know the rules - don't know the rules - stick to the rules; want water - drink water; collect mushrooms - do not notice the mushroom - love mushrooms - read about mushrooms; measure the depth - beware of the depth - dive into the depth.

Task 3.

Turn phrases of intransitive verbs with indirect objects into phrases of transitive verbs with direct objects according to the model: take the elevator - use the elevator.

Do physics, get involved in sports, speak a language, get pigeons, talk about a trip, talk about a book.

How did you manage to do it?

Task 4.

Correct the mistakes in the use of nouns:

insist on a review of the case, call for help, resign yourself to failure, explain the dangers of smoking, give all your strength to work, bow to his authority.

Task 5.

Correct the mistakes in the use of verbs:

I put on my coat and hat and went for a walk. The students met the new teacher only during class. Mom cleaned the room, washed. The kids played on the playground.

Literature

1. Ilchenko O.S. Aspects of studying the topic "Transitive and intransitive verbs" in grade VI / Russian language at school. - 2011. - No. 12.

2. Shelyakin M.A. Reference book on Russian grammar. - M.: Russian language, 1993.

All verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. Such a division is based on syntactic links implemented by the verb. Transitive (transitive) verbs denote an action directed at an object expressed in the accusative case of a name without a preposition: reading a book. In this case, the verb can name not only a specific action, but also feelings, thoughts, etc. In the latter case, the abstract object does not undergo changes: listen to radio, music. In addition to the accusative case, an object can be expressed in the genitive case in two cases: 1) if the verb names an action that goes not to the whole object, but to its part: drank milk, bought bread; 2) with a negative verb-predicate: did not drink tea, did not read newspapers, did not know life.

Such an object in the syntax is usually called a direct object. In the position of a direct object, there can be a subordinate clause of a complex sentence: I realized that the game will succeed.

Intransitive are verbs of motion ( go, walk), state verbs ( relax, have fun), becoming ( turn green) and etc.

Given that the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb is related to its meaning and syntactic functioning, this category can be characterized as lexical-syntactic. Only a small group of verbs has derivational features that allow them to be classified as transitive or intransitive. So, verbs with the following formal indicators can be classified as intransitive:

1) postfix -sya: study, work;

2) suffixes -nicha-, -stvo- for denominative verbs: carpentry, stay awake;

3) suffix –e- for verbs formed from adjectives ( blue, dove); as opposed to transitive verbs with the suffix –and-: blue etc.

But the above classification is not the only one. Some scientists, following A.A. Shakhmatov distinguish 3 groups: 1) direct transitional (= transitional); 2) indirectly transitive and 3) intransitive. This takes into account not only syntactic connections, but also some morphological features of verbs.

Direct transitive verbs form the passive participles: readable, repairable. They take on a passive meaning when used with a postfix -sya: the book is being read. Intransitive verbs do not form passive participles.

Following A.A. Shakhmatov, indirect transitive verbs include those that require genitive, dative and instrumental cases without a preposition after themselves: I am waiting steamer,believe you,doing physical education. They do not form passive participles, but are combined with a postfix -sya: to himbelieve .

A slightly different interpretation is proposed in the textbook by N.M. Shansky, A.N. Tikhonova: “The so-called indirect-transitive verbs constitute a special category. These include reflexive and irrevocable verbs that govern not the accusative, but other indirect cases of nouns (without prepositions and with prepositions). They usually denote a relationship to an object or a state of the subject, but do not express the transition of an action to an object: wish for victory, wait for a train, be proud of a brother, hope for success, trust a friend, think about victory, help a comrade etc." [Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 185].

Some multi-valued verbs in one of the meanings can be transitive, in the other - intransitive; for example: writes letter(transition); boy alreadywrites , that is, learned to write (intransitive).

As a working one, we accept the first point of view, that is, we will consider transitive and intransitive verbs.

Pledge and pledge

actions (the producer of the action) and the object that find their own

expression in the form of a verb. Therefore, not all relationships

between the subject and the object of the action are voice, and only those that receive their grammatical design in the verb. Pledges are issued either through return forms on - Xia (build - build) or through special formations - passive participles ( lined up)[Grammar–1960,

vol. 1, p. 412].

“Voice in Russian is a grammatical

morphological forms, the meanings of which differ from each other

different representations of the same relationship between

semantic subject, action and semantic object"

[Russian Grammar–1980, vol. 1, p. 613].

The category of pledge is closely connected with transitivity-intransitivity. Word pledge- this is a tracing paper from the Greek. diathesis (location, condition). The pledge is grammatical category verb, reflecting the direction or non-direction of the action on the subject.

In Greek grammar, 3 voices were distinguished: 1) real (the action is performed by the subject); 2) passive (an object experiences an action from another object); 3) combining the meaning of the two named. Despite the fact that in Russian there is no voice similar to the third Greek, this doctrine had a great influence on the study of voices in Russian grammar. The number of allocated collateral in different time and for different authors it was not the same: M.V. Lomonosov allocated 6 collaterals, V.V. Vinogradov - 3, modern linguists - 2. There are two main points of view in modern linguistics: the first is reflected in the works of V.V. Vinogradov (F.F. Fortunatov was at the origins of it) and in Academic Grammar-1960, the second - in Academic Grammar-1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, Yu.S. Maslova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. Currently, there are disputes about the principles of allocation of voice, about the number and types of voices, about understanding voice as an inflectional or non-inflectional category, about the allocation of the category of voice not only for verbs, but also for nouns, adjectives, etc.

Some linguists consider the concept of voice in the broad sense of the term, including transitivity, the voice itself and the meaning of reflexive verbs, moreover, the functional-semantic fields of voice and voice, attracting various linguistic means by which the relationship of subject and object is expressed.

We represent pledge in the narrow sense of the term. Let us consider the main theories of voice in linguistics of the 20th century.

The first point of view is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, Grammar–1960, in the university grammar of N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonov and others. This direction comes from Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, who had his own special view on the theory of transitivity in the system of verbal vocabulary. According to this point of view, the category of voice is not distinguished for all verbs. The following verbs are outside the voice category:

intransitive irrevocable verbs: walk, run, fly, sleep, stand, walk, breathe and under.;

verbs with postfix -sya formed from intransitive verbs: knock - knock, threaten - threaten, darken - darken, turn white - turn white and etc.;

verbs with postfix -sya, formed from transitive verbs, but having changed their lexical meaning: instruct - vouch, torture - try, straighten - straighten out, forgive - say goodbye, get - get, distribute - give out etc.;

verbs not used without -sya: be afraid, repent, hope, be proud, bow, laugh, greet, fight, like, part, intend, doubt, smile, try and etc.;

impersonal verbs: doze, sleep, dusk, dawn and under.

The verbs listed are called non-collateral. All other verbs are divided into three voices: real, passive and mid-reflexive (or middle).

Verbs valid voices denote an action performed by a semantic subject (the producer of the action) and directed at the object on which the action is performed (the semantic object). For example: Workers build a house. workers– semantic subject, action producer; in this active construction, it is at the same time the grammatical subject of the sentence - the subject. House- a semantic object (an object on which an action is performed) - is at the same time a grammatical object - an addition. The verb in the active construction is necessarily transitive; the addition with it is expressed in the accusative case without a preposition or in the genitive case without a preposition in two cases: with a negative predicate: notdrank milk; if denotes a part of a whole: drank milk.

Passive voice shows that a living being or an object acting as a subject, that is, a grammatical subject, does not perform an action, but experiences it from the side of another living being or object, is a semantic object. The producer of the action (semantic subject) acts as a grammatical object - an object in the instrumental case without a preposition. For example: Houseunder construction workers. House- grammatical subject, subject; a semantic object, because it experiences an action, but does not produce it. Workers- a grammatical object, an object in the instrumental case and at the same time a semantic subject, as it names the producer of the action.

In the perfect form, the passive voice is expressed mainly by past participles: Housebuilt workers. floorswashed up cleaning lady. estimatedrawn up accountant.

Thus, the meaning of the passive voice in Russian can be expressed in two ways:

1) personal forms of verbs 3 l. units and many others. h. imperfect form transitive verbs that have a postfix added -sya: perform - performXia ; remove– removesya;

2) with the help of passive participles formed from transitive verbs by adding suffixes –em- (-im-), -nn-, -enn-, -t-: cleaned, cleaned, done, washed etc. They have long and short forms.

The passive voice, unlike the active voice, is marked in formal terms and in content.

According to the first point of view, in addition to the active and passive voice, a third one is distinguished - the recurrent (or middle, medium recurrent) voice. The content of this pledge lies in the fact that the action is concentrated in the subject himself, it is directed not at the object, but at himself. Reflexive verbs are formed, like passive voice verbs, by adding a postfix -sya to a transitive verb, but differ from the passive in meaning, in syntactic environment (they are not a member of the passive construction), etc.

More than one and a half dozen semantic groups are distinguished in the system of mid-reflexive verbs. Let's name some of them.

Self-returnable verbs that name actions directed at oneself, usually on appearance, and producing external changes corresponding to the lexical meaning. Postfix -sya they matter myself. There are few such verbs: shave, wash, dress, powder, cut, wash etc.

Reciprocal verbs denote actions of two or more persons. Postfix -sya in them corresponds to the meaning of "each other", "with each other": scold, meet, put up, correspond, talk, hug, quarrel, kiss, whisper etc.

Refundable verbs name the mental and physical processes occurring in the subject (the pronoun can be added to them myself): worry, worry, admire, grieve, rejoice, hurry, return, calm down and etc.

Indirect return verbs show that the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: to build (I'm building), to learn, to be treated, to gather etc. There is no direct object with these verbs.

Active-objectless verbs convey a constant meaning: the cow butts, the dog bites, the nettles burn.

The main disadvantage of the stated theory is that only part of the verbal vocabulary is covered by the category of voice, although the category of voice is one of the most important. Therefore, in the science of language, the search for an objective, more convincing theory of voice continues. One of the points of view widespread in modern linguistics is presented in Russian Grammar–1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, N.S. Avilova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. What they have in common is that the category of voice covers the entire verbal vocabulary and only 2 voices are distinguished: active and passive. But there are some differences in their doctrine of two pledges.

All supporters of the second point of view emphasize that the category of voice is one that manifests itself not only in morphology, but also in syntax. According to this view, all verbs have the category of voice. There are only two of them, in contrast to the first point of view: real and passive. The passive voice in form and content coincides with the volume and design of the corresponding voice in Grammar-1960, and the content and boundaries of the active voice have been significantly expanded. This includes not only transitive verbs, but also all intransitive verbs with a formally unexpressed intransitive ( live, scream etc.), intransitive verbs with formally expressed intransitivity, that is, reflexive verbs with the postfix -sya of a non-passive meaning in active phrases: farmersare being built summer; impersonal verbs dawn, frost and under.

All verbs that do not enter into voice oppositions are non-correlative on collateral. These verbs cannot form passive constructions. Such verbs L.L. Bulanin and I.G. Miloslavsky is called single-collateral, N.S. Avilova - disparate in terms of collateral. Most of the transitive verbs are respectively named two-collateral and comparable in pledge. A small part of transitive verbs are single-voice: Tanyathanked friend. Verb thanked is transitional; it is followed by an addition in the accusative case without a preposition, but this active construction does not have a corresponding passive one (one cannot say: Friendthanks Tanya. Friendgrateful Tanya).

N.S. Avilova believes that the category of voice is mixed, partly inflectional ( built - built), partly non-inflective ( build - build). L.L. Bulanin and A.V. Bondarko has a different point of view. They consider the category of voice to be inflectional, that is, the opposed voice forms of the active and passive voices are considered forms of one word, regardless of the methods of this opposition. Wed: Professoris reading lecture(active voice) . Lectureread professor(passive voice) .

In monosyllabic verbs, the postfix -sya always descriptive.

relation of action to reality” [Grammar–1960, vol.

rows of forms opposed to each other, expressing the relationship

action to reality and meaningful reality

(indicative mood), urges (imperative mood)

or conjecture, possibility (subjunctive mood).

The indicative mood is closely related to the category of time:

the meaning of this inclination is revealed in the forms present, past. and bud. temp.

The imperative and subjunctive moods do not have tense forms.

[Russian grammar - 1980, vol. 1, p. 618–619].

The concept of inclination. Verb mood system . In Russian, the category of mood is inflectional and is represented by three moods of the verb: indicative, subjunctive (or conditional) and imperative. Of these, only the indicative mood is real, carrying out an action or state in three tenses: present, past and future. The subjunctive and imperative moods are called irreal and time categories do not have. They characterize the action not as taking place in reality, but as possible, desirable, or presented as an incentive.

The category of mood can be considered as a morphological way of expressing modality. Modality is one of the complex and little-studied phenomena of language. It has a multi-level character and can be lexical, morphological and syntactic.

Lexical modality can be expressed in modal words highlighted by V.V. Vinogradov into an independent structural-semantic class ( probably, probably, probably etc.), in words of other parts of speech: short adjectives ( glad, must, must, intend etc.), modal verbs ( be able, wish, wish etc.), impersonal predicative words ( can, must, must, cannot); particles ( after all, not).

The syntactic expression of modality is represented by different types of sentences: narrative, interrogative, incentive. Modality also includes the category of affirmation-negation.

Morphologically, modality is expressed by the system of moods of the verb.

There are various interpretations of modality. We will understand modality as the grammatically expressed relation of the speaker to the reality of the utterance. The inclination shows how the speaker relates to his statement from the point of view of his attitude to reality: the possibility, desirability, obligation or necessity of performing any action, etc.

Indicative mood (indicative). The indicative mood shows that the action expressed by the verb is conceived as real fact flowing in time. The relation to reality is essentially not expressed in it, therefore it is called “direct mood”, “zero grammatical category”.

The modal shades of the indicative mood are conveyed by the forms of time. The forms of the future tense are especially rich in this respect. The meaning of tense, person and gender of indicative verbs will be considered when studying the relevant categories.

Imperative mood (imperative). Imperative verbs express the will of the speaker (requirement, advice, request), an incentive to act. The meaning of the imperative mood has a wide range from advice, a polite request to an order, prohibition or prayer. In this case, intonation plays an important role. “This intonation itself can turn any word into an expression of command. In the imperative mood system, this intonation is an organic property of verb forms. Outside this intonation, the imperative mood does not exist” [V.V. Vinogradov, 1972, p. 464].

Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the basis of the verbs of the present or future simple tense

by joining -and in units hours: report, remove, bring, spread etc. - and - and-those- in many hours: report, remove, bring, spread. On the -and the stress falls in cases where the verb is in the form of 1 l. units h. has an accented ending: uch-u - uch-i, smile-u-s - smile-i-s.

What is - and: an ending or a formative suffix? There is no single answer to this question. The authors of Grammar-60, as well as L.V. Shcherba, A.N. Gvozdev, E.A. Zemskaya and others believe - and ending, while they do not highlight the null ending in forms like work, eat(the only exception is Grammar-70, whose authors do this). If we support this point of view and recognize -and ending, it is necessary to find those endings with which the given could correlate (by type, for example, gender and number endings for past tense verbs: decided, decided, decided, decided). Such endings exist against the background of each other and are opposed to each other. Considered -and it is not opposed to any endings in other moods of the verb, and therefore it is logical to qualify it as a formative suffix (L.L. Bulanin, F.K. Guzhva, etc.).

If there is an alternation of final consonants in the basis of the present or future simple tense, the basis of the 2nd or 3rd person is chosen, but not the 1st, cf .:

1 l. sitting Imperative mood: sit (those).

2 l . sitting

3 l. sits

When alternating posterior palatine and hissing, posterior palatine are selected: distract - distract - distract; run - run - run.

Verbs drink, beat, twist, pour, in which the basis consists of two consonants [пj], [bj], [vj], [lj] and the stress falls on the ending, form an imperative mood, consisting of one basis; at the same time, a fugitive appears in it e: drink, beat, wei, lei.

Verbs that do not have a present tense stem –va-(in comparison with the stem of the infinitive) get this -va- in the imperative mood; compare: give - give - come on; get up - get up - get up.

Verb lie down has the form of an imperative mood lie down; eat - eat, give - give, go - go(drive- simple. option). In the latter case, the form is formed from a form that does not exist in the modern language to go.

A number of verbs have variant forms: stick out - stick out, pour out - pour out, clean - clean, notify - notify, climb - climb, feast - feast and etc.

In many hours added - those: play, carry. What is -those in these examples? This is a particle from A.N. Gvozdev, postfix - in Grammar-70, in F.K. Guzhva, a formative suffix in D.E. Rosenthal, ending with E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, in a school textbook.

As an occasional form of the imperative mood, the form 3 l is used. units and many others. h. present or future simple tense with special intonation: Let's play! Sleep, friends! These verbs are used to invite joint action.

Some scholars distinguish analytical forms of imperative verbs, which are formed in two ways:

particle attachment let (let), yeah to the form of 3 l. units and many others. h. present or future tense: let him play, let him rest, let him print, long live;

by adding a particle let's) to an infinitive or verb in the form of 3 l. units and many others. hours of present and future simple tense: let's work, let's be friends.

Meanings of the forms of the imperative mood [according to the book: Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 208–210]:

simple prompt:- kiss here,–he showed his cheek(L. Tolstoy);

playfully ironic prompting: scream better for the neighbors to hear if you have no shame(A. Ostrovsky);

prohibition: Don't come in , she is sleeping(Bitter);

threat: You are in my housepickney only(A. Ostrovsky);

command: Listen my team! line up ! (Fadeev);

permission (permission): ... go , if you are so drawn from here!(Goncharov);

wish: Be healthy!Grow big!;

call: turn around on the march!(Mayakovsky);

order: We need criticism from year to year,remember like a person - oxygen, like clean air - a room(Mayakovsky);

advice: try sleep at least 8 hours in winter;

caution, parting word and reminder: Look,take care myself!(Kuprin);

request and prayer: Think about me and I will be with you(Kuprin).

The modality of the imperative mood is most pronounced in sentences expressing obligation: Every cricketknow your six!(= must know). He walks and IWork for him(= should work). And after such a life, a heavy burden was suddenly piled on him to bear the service of the whole house on his shoulders! They areserve barina, andmark , andclean , and he's running errands!(= must serve, revenge, cleanse). Associated with this meaning is the connotation of discontent. In practice, this meaning goes beyond the imperative mood.

Not all verbs have the imperative mood. This is explained by the semantic content of the mood, which has access to extralinguistics: you can only order something or ask to do something, first of all, a person (if you do not use the personification technique); one cannot ask to perform processes that are not subject to a person, etc.

Do not form imperative mood forms:

impersonal verbs: dawn, freeze, shiver, chill and under.;

verbs that name actions or states that are not subject to a person: to be unwell, to feel cold, to want, to be able and etc.;

verbs naming actions related to inanimate nature: turn white, turn green, branch etc.

Subjunctive (subjunctive) . The term "subjunctive mood" was introduced in the textbook by L.V. Shcherby, S.G. Barkhudarov and S.E. Kryuchkov and is currently used in almost all textbooks. The term "conditional mood" was used in the works of the 19th - early 20th centuries, including in the works of F.I. Buslaeva, A.B. Shapiro and others.

The subjunctive mood is used to express an action that the speaker considers desirable or possible under certain conditions.

The form of the subjunctive mood is formed by adding a particle would to the past tense of verbs: would tell, rest and under. Subjunctive verbs change by gender and number : would smile, would smile, would smile, would smile.

Meaning of subjunctive verbs:

desirability: I am a wolfwould gnaw bureaucracy!(Mayakovsky);

the conditionality of a possible action (usually in the subordinate conditional parts of a complex sentence): Iwould come to you if you weren't busy.

The use of forms of one mood and the infinitive in the meaning of another

The use of subjunctive mood forms in the meaning of others . Some forms of the subjunctive mood are able to convey a request and advice, which is the meaning of the imperative mood, for example: would tell about your trip!

The use of imperative forms in the meaning of others . The imperative mood can be used as a subjunctive when expressing a condition: be smart I paint pictures, how much I could tell!

The use of indicative verbs in the meaning of other moods.

Verbs of the 2nd l. future tense can be used in the imperative sense: Go to the marketbuy products andget there to the hunting lodge. In this case, the addresser of the speech gives the order to perform some kind of action.

In the imperative mood, past tense verbs can be used: Go! Stand up, bow down, let's go!

Very rarely, verbs in the form of the imperative mood have the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood, calling the action swift and instantaneous: And the horse at this timetake andbuck.

The use of the infinitive in the meaning of moods . The infinitive can act as a subjunctive: Would go us(Chekhov).

Denoting an order, prohibition, less often a request, verbs in the infinitive are used instead of the imperative mood: Stand! (incl.: Stop!). Be silent! (incl.: Be quiet!).

The indicator that we want to present in the article is one of the most difficult to understand verb differences in Russian. Therefore, we will try to disassemble it in many ways. What are transitive and intransitive verbs? main topic our material. Let's start with the definition of the main concept.

What is transition?

In this context, transition is one of grammatical features verbs, which reflects the ability of the latter to attach direct objects. In other words, it is she who indicates the ability to control nouns without a preposition. Those that denote an active object - a person, an animal, an inanimate object, and so on.

From here, the transitive and intransitive form of the verb is singled out. Let's take a closer look at each group.

transitive verbs

We begin to determine what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Let's take a look at the first category.

A transitive verb denotes an action or attitude that is directed to a specific object, passes to it. The main feature is that such verbs govern an unprepositional noun, a pronoun in the accusative case. But this is not an absolute rule.

If the form of the verb is negative, then the noun, the pronoun will be in the genitive case. This state of affairs is also characteristic of the case when the verb does not control the entire object, but only part of it.

Transitive verbs are usually formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -and- and the prefix: green up, brighten up and so on.

To make it clearer what an intransitive and transitive verb is, let's look at examples of the latter:

• Invite relatives.
• Experience joy.
• Read a newspaper.
• Get paid.
• Drink juice.

Features of transitive verbs

Speaking about transitive and intransitive verbs, the rules for their definition, we note that it is from the first that passive participles can be formed.

Let's look at the lexical features. In this regard, transitive verbs have the following meanings:

• Creation, change, destruction of something, tangible and intangible, movement ( write a book, repaint a wall, break a contract).
• Sensory perception ( hear footsteps, see the world, feel the cold).
• Impact on something that does not change this object ( thank mom, scold student, caress puppy).
• Expressing one's emotional attitude, feeling or perception ( hate betrayal, love the motherland, prefer fruits).

Intransitive verbs

We continue to find out what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Logically, we will include in the second group what is not included in the first.

An intransitive verb denotes any action that does not pass to the object and does not need the latter at all. Hence, it cannot be combined with accusative nouns without a preposition.

Here are some examples of intransitive verbs:

• Sit on the chair.
• Go to the shop.
• Live with you.
• Rejoice in the new day.

Features of intransitive verbs

Lexically, intransitive verbs can have the following meaning:

• The story of the mental physical condition, position in space ( lie on the couch, be sad at home, get a sore throat).
• Existence, movement walk down the road, be yourself, come to the office).
• Description of any occupation, properties of a person, object ( teach at school, laze in the garden).
• The appearance, change of any qualities, the formation of a certain feature ( blush up to the ears, decrease in weight).

Intransitive verbs also highlight the following:

• Many have suffixes -s, -sya ( meet, get carried away, catch fire).
• The suffixes -icha-, -nicha-, -e- are also characteristic of them ( to be greedy, to be greedy, to be capricious).
• A large part of them are returnable (

Verbs in can be divided into 2 large semantic types:

1) denoting an action that passes to an object and changes it;

2) denoting an action that is closed in itself and does not transfer to an object.

The first type includes the verbs of creation, destruction, many verbs of speech and thought, for example: build, grow, educate; break, break, destroy; say, think, feel.

The second type combines verbs expressing a certain state. Examples: lie, sit, sleep, feel.

Similar semantics of verbs in the field of form with the help of the category of transitivity.

Verbs denoting an action that passes to an object, and combined with the case form without, are called transitive.

Verbs that are not capable of denoting an action that passes to an object, and cannot be combined with without a preposition, are intransitive.

Examples: Tatyana wrote a letter to Onegin. The verb "wrote" is transitive.

He writes and translates well. The verbs “writes”, “translates”, denoting the ability to do something, are intransitive.

Transitivity is a lexical and grammatical category, therefore the category is determined strictly by formal features, and not by context.

The central part of transitive verbs includes verbs with negation, combined with the genitive, for example: do not like literature.

Indirect transitive verbs

Indirect transitive verbs are also distinguished, which can be combined with an object not

, "responsible" for the designation of actions. He has not only changeable signs, but also constant ones - those that do not disappear when inflecting. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian distinguished by the presence or absence of one of these permanent signs- transitivity.

In contact with

The concept of transitivity of the verb

Transitivity is understood as a grammatical category indicating the ability of the verb form manage direct complement, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less often, the genitive case, which does not have a preposition.

This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a semantic transition?

The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote "non-independent" actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are some examples:

• Write (what?) a play, serve (whom?) a client, didn’t earn (what?) money - transitive verbs (just “write” or “serve” is impossible, and “earn” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
• Sitting (on what?) on a chair, washing, suffering (from what?) from an illness are intransitive verbs (you can just “sit” or “suffer”).

Transition is what it is rescheduling from the subject (subject) to the object (called the direct object).

What cases to put nouns in

transitive verbs are able to control the object both in the form of the accusative case and in the form of the genitive, in both cases without a preposition. But how to understand which of the two cases to use in each case?

The accusative is basic. The form of the genitive object acquires in the following cases:

1. If it means “a certain amount of something”: “drank water” (genus p.) - that is, some part of the poured liquid; but “drank the water” (vin. p.) – that is, all the water in the given vessel or reservoir.
2. In negative sentences, if the meaning is “at all”: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (just didn’t eat) - “I didn’t eat your carrots” (didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
3. In negative sentences, if there is an intensifying particle "neither": "We have no idea."

The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, while the genitive, on the contrary, strengthens it.

Important! Some nouns in transitive verb forms take the form genitive, which differs from the main one: “I’ll take sugar”, “not knowing the ford, don’t poke your head into the water” (instead of “sugar”, “ford”).

How to determine the transitivity of a particular verb

How to define transition? This often causes problems. You can find out about the presence or absence of transitivity using the following method.

First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or to which you can ask the question "who?" or "what?".

If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct object; before us transition.

If the sentence is incomplete, then the direct object may not be available, but it is implied; in this case, you also need to ask the question of the accusative case from the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (whom? what?).” If such a question cannot be asked, then this intransitive: Where have you been all week? - I was sick" (it is impossible to ask "who?" or "what?").

Important! All reflexive and verbal forms in the passive voice are not transitive, that is, those that have the suffix “-s” or “-s”: it seems, washes, is located.

Observing this rule, one must also keep in mind the meaning of the noun - it must denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the form of the accusative case without a preposition stands next to the verb and is related to it, but it cannot be transitive: “Ride an hour”, “live a week”.

Transitivity of polysemantic verbs

The verb forms of the word can have multiple meanings. Moreover, in the first meaning there is a transitional type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He is telling (what?) lies” is transitive, but “the child is already talking (talking)” is intransitive. “The orchestra is playing (what?) march” is transitive, but “the child is playing (busy playing)” is intransitive.

In humorous texts, a situation is possible when normally intransitive acquires transitivity: “Drink vodka and hooligan discipline.”

This builds a comic effect; verbs at the same time, as it were, acquire the meanings of those in place of which they are placed- “hooligan” instead of “violate”, etc.

Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms can be transitive.

“To trade” is an intransitive verb in modern Russian, but earlier, having the meaning “to ask the price”, it was transitive: “To trade a horse”. This usage has remained in folklore.

Differences between transitional and intransitive

Now we need to find out what is the difference between the transitional from intransitive. First of all, this is its meaning. Transitional usually denote.