1. Personal pronouns indicate a participant in a conversation or an object: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they. They change in cases and numbers, the pronoun he changes by gender.

The proposal may include:

Subject: I I freeze in delight.

Predicate: A who this gentleman?

Addendum: The old man spoke with him irritated, bilious tone.

Circumstance: Under him a stream of lighter azure, under him golden sunbeam.

2. reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about. It has no form Im.p., gender and number. In the sentence is an addition: Roshchin looked to myself into the mirror.

Attention!Get past yourself- here the word "to itself" is a particle with the verb.

3. Interrogative pronouns replace adjectives: who?, what?, who?, whose?, what?, what?, how much? and others. Pronoun what? only varies by gender and number. Pronouns who?, what?, how much? change only in cases. Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. The proposal may include:

Subject: Who did not conclude such conditions with his conscience?

Addition: About what would you like to know?

Definition: Which a flower fell at my feet?

4. Relative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, what, what, how much? and others. They are used in complex sentences, where they are allied words. The proposal may include:

Subject: Then the bit any, who could hold a rod in his hand.

Predicate: What is Apple tree, these are and apples.

Addendum: They learned of the existence poet, whose poems were popular.

Definition: I saw a cat in which had yellow eyes.

5. Indefinite pronouns point to unknown objects. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, something- and suffixes -something, -either, -nibud: someone, something, some, some, several, some, something, some someone, something. Some, some vary by gender and number.

The proposal may include:

Subject: someone from the summer residents went out the gate.

Definition: Masha wondered some rustling at the door.

Addendum: Leaves whispered about something his.

Circumstance: Several days it rained.

6. Possessive pronouns indicates that an object belongs to something or someone: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, yours, yours. They change by gender, number and case, except for pronouns him, her, them. The proposal may include:

Definition: Lisa picked up on him their clear eyes.

Nominal part of the predicate: Cherry Orchard became mine.

7. Demonstrative pronouns indicate an object among other objects: that, this, such, such, this, so much. They change by case, except such is. They vary by gender and number, except this, as much as. The proposal may include:

Subject: Yes, pathetic that in whom the conscience is not clear.

Predicate: What is the question - such is answer.

Definition: This the conversation brought no relief.

Addition: In the village only about it and spoke.

Attention! When declining pronouns so many and How many the stress always falls on the first syllable: so many, about how many.

8. Definitive pronouns indicate a generalized attribute of the subject: all, everyone, everyone, himself, the most, any, different, other. They vary by gender, number of cases, except everyone.

The proposal may include:

Subject: Not any able to jump from a height.

Predicate: Lara was different, any.

Definition: The sun has cleared all shadows.

Addition: About everything what happened, I don't regret it.

9. Negative pronouns indicate the absence of an object: no one, none, no one, no one, nothing. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, nor-. They vary by gender, number and case, except nobody, nothing.

The proposal may include:

Subject: The night was dark, but nothing did not please.

Addition: Houses nobody did not have.

Definition: None persuasion did not help.

The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:

II want to sleep(subject) .

it she is (predicate) .

Misha - my brother(definition) .

The teacher called his (addition) .

How longit will go on(what included in the circumstance) ?

Ranks of pronouns

A. Classes of pronouns according to grammatical features (depending on which part of speech they are used instead of).

1. Pronouns-nouns ( me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:

point to objects

· answer the questions of nouns (who? what?);

change in cases ( someone, something are used only in the form of I.p.; nobody, nothing, yourself do not have the form of I.p.);

are associated with other words in a sentence as nouns.

2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:

indicate signs of objects;

· answer the questions of adjectives (what? whose?);

are associated with nouns, like adjectives;

change, like adjectives, by number, gender (in the singular) and cases ( what does not change in cases; possessive him, her, them do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns him, her, them);

pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), but sometimes, as an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).

3. Pronouns-numerals ( how many, how many, several). Their features:

indicate the number of items;

・Answer a question How many?;

are associated with nouns as cardinal numbers;

usually change by case.

B. Ranks of pronouns according to lexical meaning.

1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).

2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).

3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).

4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.

5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).

7. Relative: the same as interrogative ones, but serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called allied words (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).

8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, no- (No one answered. No one to blame).

9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday:someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).

Notes:

1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this, all in the singular, neuter gender (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as noun pronouns, like substantiated adjectives (He is no longer dangerous for us; He will come; This is a book; it ended well.)

2) Some pronouns have homonyms among the official parts of speech (this is what): This is a book (pronoun). -Moscow is the capital of Russia (indicative particle); I know what to say to him (pronoun, allied word). - I know that he is here (union).

VERB

1. Verb- this is a part of speech that denotes the action or state of an object, answers the questions what to do? what to do?: go, fly, get sick, cheer up.

2. Each verb has the following forms:

the initial form, which is called indefinite form(or infinitive). It ends with -ty, -ty, -who(these are formative suffixes): color ti, ne whose, kupa be Xia. The indefinite form only names the action or state, without specifying either time, or number, or person, because. it is the invariant form of the verb. It has only the permanent features of a verb;

conjugated forms (not infinitive). They have permanent and non-permanent features of the verb;

· participle;

· adverb.

3. Verbs are divided into transitional and intransitive(this is a constant feature of verbs). transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which can be expressed

noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case without a preposition: read the newspaper, see him;

A noun in the genitive case without a preposition denoting a part of something: drink tea, cut bread;

a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative verb: have no right not to see her.

All other verbs are intransitive: walk in the park, believe in good.

4. Verbs with the postfix -sya (-s) are called returnable: shave Xia, torture Xia . Other verbs irrevocable: think, know(this is a constant feature of verbs). All reflexive verbs are intransitive.

5. Verbs are perfect or imperfect species (this is a constant feature of verbs). The types of the verb show how the action proceeds.

Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action and the beginning: sing. They have two tenses: the past (what did you do? - sang) and the future is simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - sing). The present tense verbs do not have a perfect form.

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning: sing. They have three tenses: the past (what did you do? - read), present (what are they doing? - bloom) and the future is difficult, consisting of two words - “I will” (“you will”) and the indefinite form of this verb (what will it do? - will draw, will sing).

Verbs have three forms inclinations(this is an inconstant feature of verbs). The mood forms show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, possible or desirable under any condition.

· Indicative shows that the action is real, actually happening, happened or will happen: We are enemies meet simply: beat, beat and we will beat .

· Subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that the action is possible only under certain conditions: I am without you would not get to the city and would freeze on the road. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense by adding a particle would (b). Particle would written separately.

· Imperative mood denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to perform: spray with water. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix - and to the stem of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix: carry - carry - carried and . In plural add postfix -those: carry those .

The verb can perform all 5 functions:

1) subject:

Live (subject) - to serve the motherland.

2) predicate:

My duty is to study well (predicate). I love (predicate) ice cream.

3) addition:

· The coach told us (what?) to come (addition) to training at 9-00.

4) Definition:

· The dream (what?) to leave the city as soon as possible (definition) did not leave me.

5) circumstance:

· I will go to Moscow (why?) to enter (objective circumstance) at MGIMO.

Participle is characterized in linguistics in different ways. Some linguists consider participles to be a special form of the verb, others - independent part speech.

PARTICIPLE

Participle - special shape verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes a sign of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers the question which? (what? what? what?)

Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case.

initial form the participle is the same as that of the adjective - singular, masculine, nominative: fled, built, opened.

The main signs of the sacrament

A) General grammatical meaning- this is the value of the attribute of the object by action: thinking, talking, standing, being solved, shot, drunk.

B) Morphological features:

1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following signs of verbs:

the transition,

return,

2. Unlike verbs, participles do not have future tenses. Only participles formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. Wed: think(imperfect species) - thinking, thinking; think(perfect view) - thinking.

3. Participles have the following signs of adjectives:

Participles, like adjectives, change in number, gender (in the singular) and cases (in full form): fled, fled, fled, fled;

Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case: lost diary, lost book, lost time; lost hours, wasted time;

· passive participles, like quality adjectives, have complete and short form: drunk-finish; Lost-lost.

AT) Syntactic signs:

1. In a sentence, participles, like adjectives, are usually adjectives or part of a compound nominal predicate: Enthusiastic we forgot about everything(definition) ; All aroundseemed immersed into thoughtfulness(part of the compound nominal predicate).

2. Short participles, like short adjectives, play the role of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence: Bookdisclosed on the eighth page

GENERAL PARTICIPLE

The participle is a special invariable form of the verb, denoting an additional (secondary in nature) action in the sentence and answering the questions what are you doing? having done what?

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.

Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.

Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:

gerunds imperfect form are formed from the basis of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:

· be silent: silent-at → silently;
decide: decide-yut → deciding;

gerunds perfect look are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:

shut up: shut up be → hushed up;
solve: decide be → deciding;
to do: busy be-sya → preoccupied;
bring: brought- ti → bringing.

Single gerunds may lose the signs of a verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? having done what?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.

For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes.

Closing- a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).

Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened to and was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened to).

The participles have the characteristics of two parts of speech - the verb and the adverb.

Like verbs, gerunds are:

imperfect and perfect form: typing (doing what?) - typing (doing what?);

transitive and intransitive:transitional cleaning (what?) the room, throwing (what?) a stick; intransitive gleaming in the sun, stepping into the abyss;

returnable and non-refundable: swinging - swinging, bending down - bending down;

Participles can attach indirect cases of names
nouns and explained with adverbs: agreeing (to what?) to a hint, holding (how?) tightly.

Just like adverbs, gerunds do not change in the sentence either.
act as circumstances explaining the verb - predicate.

ADVERB

Adverb- this is an independent (significant) part of speech, which denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign. The question to an adverb depends on its meaning, which it expresses.

In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers questions. as? to what extent? where? where? where? when? why? why? :Autumn.(where?) Overhead(how?) gradually begins to turn yellow, blush, turn brown leaves on the trees (V. Bianchi).

Most often, an adverb refers to a verb ( write correctly), less often to an adjective, participle, gerund, another adverb, noun ( winter cold day; short flowering shrub; walk joyfully bouncing; surprisingly easy to explain,reluctant tragedian).

An adverb is an invariable part of speech: it does not decline, does not conjugate, does not agree with other words. The adverb does not and cannot have an ending.

Ranks of adverbs

According to the general semantics, two categories are distinguished:

1. definitive

2. adverbial.

The attributive category includes adverbs denoting qualities, mode of action, intensity of manifestation of the trait.

Within the boundaries of the defining category stand out:

1. adverbs of action with the meaning of quality: fast, fun, clear;

2. Comparison: bearish, hedgehog;

3. intensity of the sign: too, very, a little;

4. multiplicities: twice, thrice.

The circumstantial category includes:

1. adverbs of place: below, above;

2. adverbs of time: long time ago, tomorrow;

3. adverbs of reason: rashly, joyfully;

4. adverbs of purpose: on purpose, on purpose;

5. adverbs of compatibility: threesome, together and etc

PRETEXT

Pretext- this is service unit speech, which expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: want to mom, I'm going per bread, go on three, come back per her.

§one. general characteristics pronouns as parts of speech

The pronoun is an independent part of speech. The pronoun is not a significant part of speech.
Pronouns are a class of words that is heterogeneous in meaning and grammatical features.

For a pronoun, it is important which words it can replace: nouns, adjectives or numerals. Morphological features and syntactic role pronouns that indicate objects, attributes or quantity are similar to nouns, adjectives and numerals. Therefore, they are sometimes called “noun pronouns”, “adjective pronouns” and “numeral pronouns”.

1. grammatical meaning - "instruction".

Pronouns are words that answer different questions. The fact is that a pronoun can replace any name: a noun, an adjective, and a numeral. Pronouns do not themselves express the meaning of different names, but only point to them.

2. Morphological features:

• constants - rank by value, other signs are different, they depend on which part of speech the pronoun corresponds to: with a noun, adjective or numeral,
• inflected - case (for most pronouns), then differently for pronouns correlated with nouns, adjectives and numerals.

3. Syntactic role in the sentence like nouns, adjectives and numerals.

§2. Ranks by value

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
   
2. returnable : myself
3. Possessive : mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, mine
   
4. Indicative: , and also deprecated: such (sort of), this, this
   
5. Determinants: all, everyone, each, any, other, other, most, himself, and also obsolete: every, every
6. Interrogative :
   
7. relative : who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much
8. Indefinite: pronouns formed from interrogative-relatives with the help of prefixes not, something and suffixes -something, -or, -nibud: someone, something, several etc. under.
9. Negative: no one, no one, nothing, nothing, none, no one

In school practice, the ranks of pronouns learn by heart. Believe experience, guys are the worst defining pronouns: not remembered and that's it! They are kind of different.

The user of our site O.V. Lobankova sent a rhyme, including definitive pronouns.

ALL day I teach myself lessons,
ANY question is up to me.
But EVERY time to board
My name is, I'm all in anguish.
I am the smartest, but shy;
ANOTHER dare me, to envy.
ANOTHER teacher does not know
That EVERY time “tortures” me!

(Olga Lobankova)

1) an interrogative word in interrogative sentences;
2) an allied word connecting parts complex sentences in a complex sentence.

Others consider them to be different words with different functions, but identical in form, i.e. homonyms. Proponents of this interpretation distinguish not one category, but two:

Interrogative
- relative

§3. Morphological features of pronouns associated with different names

Language allows us to avoid many unnecessary repetitions of the same words. This is possible, in particular, because pronouns can take on the role of other words. They are able to replace names in sentences: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Consider an example:

Yaroslavl- beautiful city. Yaroslavl stands on the banks of the Volga.

If in the second sentence we replace the word Yaroslavl to the pronoun he, we avoid repeating: He stands on the banks of the Volga.

If a pronoun can replace a noun, then it corresponds to the noun, if it is an adjective, then to the adjective, and if it is a numeral, then to the numeral.

1. Pronouns related to nouns

This group includes:

• all personal pronouns
• reflexive: oneself ,
• interrogative-relative: who, what ,
• indefinite: someone, something, someone, something, etc.,
• negative: nobody, nothing .

Morphological features of these pronouns are similar to the morphological features of nouns. They also have gender, number and case. And personal pronouns also have an invariable sign of a person.

Pronouns, like nouns, do not change in gender. In some words, belonging to the genus is expressed by endings: he she it, there are no other indicators of the genus. But often the genus can be determined from the context. The forms of the adjective in singular help. or past tense verbs, for example: someone came, someone unknown, something big. Thanks to syntactic links, we know that the word who- m.r., a what- average. Pronouns I and you- general gender, compare: I already grown up. I already an adult.

Number

Pronouns have a fixed sign of number. I and we, you and you, he and they- this is different words. A feature of pronouns that correlate with nouns is that they do not change in numbers.

case

Pronouns change in cases, i.e. bow down.
But:

• at the reflexive pronoun myself, negative nobody, nothing no form I.p.,
• someone there are only forms of I.p.,
• with an indefinite pronoun something there are forms I. and V.p.

Face

Personal pronouns have a person. Pronouns do not change by person.

syntactic role in a sentence, like a noun. For example:

nobody nothing won't know.

Nobody- subject, nothing- addition.

Myself cannot be subject. The second feature is that myself can be included in the predicate together with the verb. The pronoun in this case does not add any other meaning than reflexivity.

2. Pronouns related to adjectives

This group includes:

• all possessive pronouns
• demonstrative: almost all pronouns of this category,
• all definitive pronouns,
• four interrogative and relative: which, which, which, whose,
• indefinite, formed from which, which, whose: any, some and etc.
• negative: none, none

Like adjectives, the pronouns they refer to change in gender, number, and case to match the noun they refer to.
The exception is possessive pronouns. her his, used in the singular, and the pronoun them, used in plural. These are immutable words. Examples:

I.p. her, him, them sister, brother, community
R.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
D.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
V.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
etc. her, him, them sister, brother, community
P.p. (about) her, him, them sister, brother, society

I.p. her, him, their sisters, brothers, windows, etc.

Examples show that possessive pronouns her his and them themselves do not change. Their grammatical form is determined by nouns.

Pronouns what, such coinciding formally with short adjectives, like them, they change by gender and number.

What father, what is mother, what is state, what are laws, such is son, such is daughter, such is society, these are customs.

Syntactic role in a sentence predominantly - a definition, less often a part of the predicate. For example:

mine, yours- definitions.

Without industrious ability nothing.

Nothing- part of the predicate. (Zero bond to be)

3. Pronouns related to numerals

This is a small group of pronouns, which include the words how many, so many and their derivatives: several, some, etc.

Like numerals, these pronouns change by case. They have no gender or number. Like numerals, they, being in the form of I. and V.p. control the form of the noun: they require a noun after themselves. in the form of R.p. plural, for example: a few apples, so many kilograms. In other cases, they agree with nouns in the case, for example: several apples, so many kilograms, (about) so many kilograms.

Like numerals, in a sentence, such pronouns perform the same role as the noun to which the pronoun refers. For example:

Several apples lay on the table.

Several apples- subject.

He ate some apples.

Several apples- addition.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Can a pronoun replace verbs?

2. Is it correct to assume that the syntactic role of a pronoun in a sentence can be the same as that of the nouns, adjectives or numerals that it replaces?

3. Which of the features characteristic of personal pronouns do not have other pronouns?

   • case
   • Numbers

4. Is the person of personal pronouns permanent?

5. Which case form does not have a reflexive pronoun myself?

6. What part of speech do pronouns refer to? how much, so much?

   • With nouns
   • With adjectives
   • With numerals

7. Which case forms do not have pronouns nobody, nothing?

8. someone?

   • Everything except I.p.

9. What forms does the pronoun have? something?

   • I.p. and V.p.
   • Only I.p.
   • Only V.p.

10. What category do pronouns belong to? this, that, such, such, so much?

    • Determinants
    • Undefined
    • pointing

11. How many pronouns in the example: Treat every person the way you would like everyone to treat you.?

Right answers:

1. With numerals
2. I.p. and V.p.
3. pointing

In contact with

Pronouns- these are declined nominal words that do not name objects, their signs and quantities, but only indicate them.

Ranks of pronouns:1) Personal pronouns

face	units h.,Cases - im. (rd., dt., vn., tv., etc.)	pl. h.,Cases - im. (rd., dt., vn., tv., pr. )
	I (me, me, me, me / me, both to me)	we (us, us, us, us, about us)
	you (you, you, you, you / you, about you)	you (you, you, you, you, about you)
	he (him / him, him / him, him, them / him, about him) she (her/her, her/her, her, her/her/her/her, about her) it (his / him, him / him, him, them / him, about him)	they (their/them, them, them/them, them/them, about them)

Personal pronouns refer to the person in question. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person designate the participants in the speech ( I, you, we, you). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( he, she is, it, they). 2) Reflexive pronoun Transfers the value of the direction of the action to the subject of the action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declines in cases: - yourself ( rd., ext. cases), yourself ( dt., etc.), oneself, oneself ( tv.).

There is no nominative form. It does not change in persons, numbers and gender. Changes in cases. 3) Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns indicate the belonging of an object (object, property, etc.) or several objects to a particular subject or group of subjects. They change according to persons, numbers and gender, and also decline according to cases, consistent with the noun being defined. 3rd person pronouns ( him, her, them) do not decline and therefore adjoin the nouns they define. 4) Interrogative pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as its related groups) relative, negative and uncertain pronouns) includes a variety of words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change in numbers and genders, as well as to decline in cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words they replace:

5) Relative pronouns Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause.

In russian language - who, what, what, what, whose, which, how much.

Relative pronouns can be different parts of a sentence depending on which word they replace. 6) Demonstrative pronouns

7) Definitive pronouns
8) Negative pronouns9) Indefinite pronouns

10) Indefinite personal pronouns The most numerous in Russian. language category of pronouns. Their task is to point to an indefinite set. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of postfixes - that, - or, - some and prefixes not-, somewhere, and something: something, someone, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, some. Cliches like anywhere are close to indefinite pronouns.

Word formation of pronouns: Pronouns are formed from pronouns by prefixes neither-, not-, something- and suffixes -something, -or, -anyone: who - no-who, not-who, someone, anyone, anyone. Syntactic role: The role of the pronoun directly depends on which category it belongs to. Since the variety of pronouns gives them wide possibilities, they can act as a subject, predicate, definition and object - depending on the context.

Students are already well aware that the distribution of words into parts of speech is based on three groups of signs:

1. General lexical meaning.
2. Morphological features.
3. The syntactic role of the word.

Considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a part of speech that is syncretic in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of a noun, an adjective, a numeral, an adverb or impersonal predicates (words of the state category), i.e. the student must learn to correlate pronouns with nouns, adjectives and numerals.

This part of speech is conducted in two directions:

1. Awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in phrases and sentences.
2. Assimilation of the norms of the use of pronouns in speech.

syntax function personal pronouns are familiar to students.

In this case, it is necessary to bring the children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only appeals).

Considering returnable pronoun myself, students will learn that the reflexive pronoun myself For myself live - smolder.

Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is desirable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically get acquainted with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of the sentence. Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided when compared with relative pronouns.

relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as connecting means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the method of distinguishing between relative and interrogative pronouns similar in sound and spelling (definition of their syntactic function). Students should be aware that relative pronouns

Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - indefiniteness. Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on a horse).

When studying negative not neither nothing did not know. It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither are usually used in sentences in which there is already a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.

Possessive pronouns in syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives. They are just like possessive adjectives, indicate belonging and act as definitions in the sentence.

syntax function index demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; in those Enchanted in this forest...(S.A. Yesenin)

studying defining pronouns, it should be noted that these pronouns have the same morphological features as adjectives, i.e. change by gender, number and case, in the sentence they act, as a rule, in the role of a definition.

In the sixth grade, work continues on syntax in connection with the study of morphology. Children for the first time, in fact, meet with the pronoun as a part of speech. They are only familiar with personal pronouns. They unmistakably determine the subject expressed by a personal pronoun, the addition is somewhat worse. Sixth graders are still unfamiliar with the rest of the categories of pronouns. That is why work on syntax is of great importance for understanding the functions of the studied part of speech and its morphological categories.

The first two groups of signs, as a rule, do not cause difficulties in the study. The syntactic functions of pronouns are quite specific and difficult to master.

In this work, I will try to consider only one aspect of the study of the pronoun as a part of speech, in my opinion, the most difficult, namely: its syntactic role in the sentence and phrase.

At the first stage of mastering this material, it is desirable to start working with a table of lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns, indicating their possible syntactic role in the sentence.

This work is carried out in notebooks for schemes that students have been keeping since the 5th grade.

The table will be filled in as you get acquainted with new lexical and grammatical categories.

Considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a part of speech that is syncretic in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of the noun, adjective, numeral, adverb or impersonal predicates (state category words), i.e. student must learn to correlate pronouns with nouns, adjectives and numerals. For example, pronouns he, who, someone, nobody etc., like nouns, denote an object, in a sentence they are subjects or objects:

She is was at school? (Who is she? Katya) Was Katya at school?

Her did you buy a briefcase? (To whom? Katya) Did they buy a briefcase for Katya?

Pronouns my, some, each etc., like adjectives, denote a sign, agree in gender, number and case with the noun being defined; in a sentence there are usually definitions (Sister took my pen).

Pronouns how much, so much in terms of meaning, declension and syntactic relations with a noun, they correspond with a quantitative numeral (cf. four books / how many books - management; four books / how many books - agreement).

To teach schoolchildren to correlate a pronoun with a noun, adjective and numeral, it is necessary to constantly use method of analysis and method of comparison.

In practice, it looks like this: in this text, next to the pronoun in brackets, indicate the part of speech (noun, adjective, numeral) instead of which it is used:

Spring is on the doorstep. Soon she (spring) will come into her own. And now it's still cold. Such The (frosty) weather will not last long. Through several(seven to ten) days the spring sun will shine and the real spring will open.

Such a record contributes to the awareness of the generalization and relativity of the meaning of the pronoun (pronouns do not have their own lexical meaning and acquire it in a sentence in conjunction with other words).

Exploring Syntactic Function This part of speech is conducted in two directions:

1. awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in the phrase and sentence;
2. mastering the norms of the use of pronouns in speech.

Some students make a variety of syntactic errors in the use of pronouns. Here it is advisable to give tasks like:

1. find errors in the use of pronouns;
2. write the sentences in correct form.

Work can be done collectively in a weak class. In a strong case, children manage on their own. An erroneous option is given on the board or through a graph projector, for example:

1. I took the fish from the basket and gave it to my father.
2. When Dubrovsky killed the bear, Troekurov did not take offense at him, but ordered to tear off his skin.
3. Troekurov had a son, Sasha, and he took on a teacher(from student essays).

Children need to be taught self-control, they must monitor their speech, be aware of what pronouns indicate, what they mean.

syntax function personal pronouns are familiar to students. In this case, it is necessary to bring the children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only appeals).

The new syntactic material is the acquaintance with the phrase according to the model verb + personal pronoun in the indirect case (worry about me - about whom?).

It is necessary to include phrases in the lesson I miss you, I miss you, I miss you.

In order to avoid errors in the formation of grammatical forms of these pronouns, it is advisable to enter these phrases in the “Speak Correctly” dictionary. Any other way to focus on them: make a sentence, write a letter to someone in the lesson using these phrases.

In strong classes, it is possible to stipulate cases when pronouns I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they lose the pronominal meaning of objectivity, enrich it with specific content and turn into nouns.

At the same time, their morphological properties also change: these words become immutable, acquire neuter gender, the invariable form of the singular, change by case, like the words metro, cafe, etc. For example:

• The noosphere in the era of nuclear energy requires a restructuring of human consciousness. Decreases "I", increases "we" (D. Granin);
• Fyodor Ivanovich somewhere in the depths of his "I" felt pain(V. Dudintsev).

Considering returnable pronoun myself , students will learn that the reflexive pronoun myself inflected, but not in the nominative case; therefore, in a sentence, it can never be the subject. Its most common syntactic function is the addition: For myself live - smolder.

It is important to acquaint students with phraseological units, which include a pronoun myself (to come in yourself, yourself mind, etc.).

It is advisable to recall that the phraseological unit as a whole is one member of the sentence:

Everything is settled by itself(circumstance); After the holidays the children do not look like themselves(predicate).

Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is desirable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically get acquainted with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of the sentence. The work must be done collectively, as students do not yet have the skill to qualify an interrogative pronoun as a member of a sentence. It is useful to write on the board and make a complete analysis of 2-3 sentences with interrogative pronouns:

Who knits colorful mittens, sings old songs?

Whose the hair of the snow is whiter, and the hands are yellow and dry?

Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided by comparing them with relative pronouns.

New for students is not only acquaintance with relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as connecting means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the method of distinguishing between relative and interrogative pronouns similar in sound and spelling (definition of their syntactic function).

Students should be aware that relative pronouns who, what, which, whose, what, which, how much serve to connect parts of a complex (complex-subordinate sentence). Interrogatives do not act in this function.

It is useful to offer students the following exercise: read, indicate interrogative pronouns, then make complex sentences so that these sentences become their second part (with relative pronouns who, to whom, about what, what).

1. Who won the Russian language olympiad?
2. To whom awarded an award?
3. About what does the TV presenter say?
4. What interested in football fans?

Sample: Whom coaches will send to the competition? Everyone wanted to know whom coaches will send to the competition.

In a strong class, one should consider not only the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from interrogative pronouns, but also the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from subordinating conjunctions, propaedeutically acquaint children with a new syntactic phenomenon, which they will study in more detail in high school. Do not delve into the intricacies of the problem. It is enough to conduct a comparative analysis of the two proposals:

In the first sentence what is only a means of connecting parts of a complex sentence, i.e. union, since it is not a member of the sentence and, most importantly, it cannot be correlated with the word of another part of speech.

In the second - a member of the sentence (it can be correlated with a noun), and therefore - a relative pronoun.

Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - indefiniteness.

As a rule, students find it difficult to independently determine which member of the sentence is this or that indefinite pronoun. Therefore, it is useful to suggest mentally replacing these pronouns with nouns or adjectives. Uncertainty will disappear, and students will accurately determine which members of the sentence are pronouns:

someone walked along some road and found something.

some he gave part of what he found to a friend, and something threw.

Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on a horse).

They can be joined by nouns in the genitive and prepositional cases. This phrase model is also formed by negative, attributive and demonstrative pronouns:

• I nobody did not invite from friends.
• Those from the students which wrote an essay for five, were happy.

When studying negative pronouns, new syntactic information is the indication that if the predicate has a particle not , then a negative pronoun with neither reinforces the negative meaning of the sentence: Father nothing did not know.

It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither are usually used in sentences in which there is already a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.

When analyzing pronouns and delimiting them from homonymous words of other parts of speech, it should be remembered that the meaning of a pronoun and its function depend on the context and situation.

As an illustration of what was said in a strong class, we can consider the feminine pronoun draw and noun draw , as well as the pronoun nothing and adverb nothing :

• The dog was draw (draw - pronoun).
• Breed - draw!- shouted several voices at once... (M. Gorky) (draw - noun).
• to me nothing did not pass(nothing is a pronoun).
• – Well, how do you live, can you? – Nothing. (F. Reshetnikov) - ( Nothing - adverb - “good”, “tolerable”) (SRYA, 1986)

Possessive pronouns in syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives.

They, like possessive adjectives, indicate ownership and act as definitions in a sentence. At the same time, in their meaning, possessive pronouns also correlate with personal pronouns, since they indicate that the object belongs to the 1st person (mine, ours) or the 2nd person (your, yours). There is no special possessive pronoun of the 3rd person in Russian: to indicate belonging to the 3rd person, Genitive 3rd person personal pronoun: him, her, them . Pronoun mine indicates belonging to any of the three persons ( I took my notebook; He took my notebook).

It is also necessary to keep in mind such a linguistic phenomenon: possessive and demonstrative pronouns are usually not distributed by other parts of speech, therefore they do not act as the main word of the phrase.

It should be noted that pronouns can be substantiated own, own, own ; at the same time, their lexical meaning changes, and consequently, their syntactic role: noun mine meaning "relative"

• Your own involuntarily friend (proverb); people close in beliefs, friends.
• The workers knew Klychkov closely, loved, considered their (D.Furmanov).

syntax function index pronouns in phrases - to be a dependent word (model demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; in those time); in a sentence, demonstrative pronouns are usually attributives: AT this enchanted forest...(S.A. Yesenin)

studying defining pronouns, it should be noted that these pronouns have the same morphological features as adjectives, i.e. change by gender, number and case, in the sentence they act, as a rule, in the role of a definition. Students should learn to recognize these pronouns “by sight”.

When working on the text, at first the definitive pronouns are indicated along with the words on which they depend, then it is recommended to write out these phrases, designating the main word in them, and from it to the dependent word put a question.

• Each the student values ​​the honor of the class ( each student);
• On the shelf were all sorts tools ( all sorts tools).

We should also consider such a syntactic construction, where the definitive pronoun acts as a subject:

• Each comes to class without delay. Any knows the basic rules of hygiene.

At the end of the study of the entire topic, it is useful to suggest the following work:

Determine which pronouns act as subjects.

1. Yesterday I came to Pyatigorsk, rented an apartment on the edge of the city(M. Lermontov) .
2. Somebody shouted that Petya had broken his leg.
3. FROM those since nobody did not speak to Tatyana(I. Turgenev).
4. All that daydreaming others, y us came true in the country(S.Mikhalkov).
5. it cabinet? it bedroom? And here what? (A.Chekhov)
6. All fortunately sought, all in the world has changed several times(N. Nekrasov).
7. Started our going to.
8. All and all me pleased.

Establish which members of the sentence are the pronouns in these sentences:

1. She is said: "It's him!" (A. Pushkin)
2. Holy Russia, Fatherland! I am yours! (A. Pushkin)

I wish success in mastering this topic to your students. I would be glad if I could be of any help.

Literature

1. M. Baranov. Teaching Russian in the 6th grade. M., Enlightenment 1984
2. E.I. Dibrova. Modern Russian language. 3rd part. Syntax.
3. V.V. Babaitseva. Guidelines to the educational complex in the Russian language. 6th-7th grades. M., Education. 1994
4. Deikin, Trostentsova, Nevskaya. Workbook on the Russian language. 6th-7th grades.