In psychology, the word "" came from common vocabulary. At the same time, as often happens, in science it has acquired a slightly different meaning. In broad usage, the word "personality" is used to characterize the "social face" of a person. Hence the origin of the word "personality" (face, mask). When they say the words "Lieutenant, it is urgent to clarify the identity of the wanted criminal", they are mostly interested in the superficial characteristics of a person: full name, appearance, nationality, age, education, profession, social contacts, biography. These can also include those psychological characteristics that are present: calm or irritable, silent or talkative, etc. In general, purely personal a person is either not interested in the speaker, or remains in question. It is rare to hear, for example, something like this: "Our director was a wonderful personality: in his spare time he thought a lot about the meaning of life, secretly from everyone he dreamed of building a house in the village..."

In psychology, at least domestic, personality is often, if not most often, understood as a kind of "semantic core" or "value core" of a person. That is just deeply personal features of a person, something most important in his soul, her "motor". Accordingly, the external in a person fades into the background, it is either a consequence personality traits, or in general a random factor that is not connected in any way with a person.

From this obvious contradiction between the original meaning of the word and the prevailing in science (personality is external or internal), a lot of mutual misunderstanding and confusion arose and is arising. To date, many scientists generally avoid using the term "personality" to refer to any mental phenomena. If the word "personality" is found in their works, it is only as a synonym for "man". The same scientists who continue to study personality, by it mean precisely the "nuclear" properties of a person, the main source of his behavior.

Different scientists have developed very different personality structures. In some, the emphasis is rather on the external, visual characteristics of a person's behavior associated with his social activity. In others, the emphasis is on core features, the search for the main source of human behavior.

In broad usage, the concept of "personality" includes all the many different characteristics of a person (for example, age or nationality). In psychology, the personality structure usually includes only mental properties:

Abilities (willingness to demonstrate success in a particular area),

Temperament (dynamic characteristics of behavior),

Character (attitude to different aspects of being, for example, to friendship or work),

Volitional qualities (collection, inner freedom),

Emotional sphere (tendency to certain emotions, general emotionality),

Motivation (the predominance of certain needs, motives),

Orientation (interests and inclinations in certain areas),

Values ​​and social attitudes (some basic principles) and others.

On the one hand, most scientists consider personality analytically, that is, they consider its structure. On the other hand, all or almost all authors note that a personality is not just a bunch of separate features, but a stable system, where each feature is closely related to others.

A. G. Kovalev considered personality as a synthesis:

Temperament (structure of natural properties),

Directions (system of needs, interests, ideals),

Abilities (a system of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties).

K. K. Platonov proposed a "dynamic personality structure":

Socially determined features (orientation, moral qualities),

Personal experience (volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, habits),

Individual features of various mental processes (attention, memory),

Biologically determined features (temperament, inclinations, instincts, etc.).

V. A. Ganzen included in the personality structure:

Temperament (dynamic features of human behavior),

Orientation (interests and inclinations),

Character (attitude towards certain aspects of life),

Abilities (willingness to perform a particular activity).

S. L. Rubinshtein saw three interconnected plans in the personality structure:

The substructure of the orientation of the personality (attitudes, interests, needs, worldview, ideals, beliefs, interests, inclinations, self-esteem, etc.),

Inclinations and abilities (intelligence, private abilities, level of development of mental processes (sensation and perception, memory, thinking and imagination, feelings and will)),

Temperament and character.

It is easy to see that in classical Russian psychology only mental phenomena, that is, what is noticeable in the behavior of another person not only to a competent specialist (for example, a psychologist or psychiatrist), but also to a simple layman. The last to understand the greatest difficulty is, obviously, temperament. However, this word was used by ancient Greek thinkers, and now many people know who choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic and sanguine people are.

A number of Western authors have a different approach, who are not at all shy about including elements in the personality structure that seem fantastic to other specialists. At the same time, not only disputable elements are included in the personality structure, but these elements also line up with each other in fantastic connections.

The most famous such structure is the personality structure according to Z. Freud:

Id (it is instincts, biological features, obeys the principle of pleasure),

Ego (I am consciousness, reliance on reality, including the settlement of conflicts emanating from the id),

Superego (super-ego - morality, values, reliance on the values ​​of society, deals with the "persuasion" of the ego in the priority of idealistic values).

Another similar personality structure was developed by C. G. Jung:

Ego (sphere of consciousness - thoughts, feelings, memories, sensations, etc.),

Personal unconscious (once aware of conflicts, but now they are suppressed and forgotten),

The collective unconscious (a repository of latent memory traces of mankind - it reflects thoughts and feelings common to all people).

In turn, the collective unconscious consists of archetypes - innate ideas or memories that predispose people to perceive, experience and respond to events in a certain way.

The personality structure according to G. Eysenck is also known:

Introversion-extroversion (the person's focus on the inner or outer world),

Neuroticism-stability.

The combination of these two dimensions gives rise to four different psychological types.

The well-known researcher of personality accentuations K. Leonhard in his works singled out character accentuations (demonstrative type, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and temperament accentuations (hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective). Thus, two phenomena enter into his personality structure.

Personality structure is a set of unchanging and stable properties that are manifested by individuals in a wide variety of situations. In psychology, it is customary to divide properties into three classes: character traits, abilities, and motives. In each structure, shortcomings of temperament appear, which are compensated by the main advantages of the character of each personality. Personality is a person who has acquired a certain set of social qualities. Psychological qualities that characterize the character of a person, as well as his attitude towards people, cannot be included in the number of personal qualities.

Modern psychology characterizes personality as a socio-psychological entity formed as a result of life in society. Accordingly, before birth, each individual lacks personal qualities. Each person is individual, because he has a number of personality traits present only in him.

The formation of personality is a direct process of human socialization, aimed at mastering the social essence by him, manifested only in certain circumstances of the life of each person. Two different personality structures are especially clearly distinguished - social and psychological. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Psychological personality structure.

Psychological personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes, motivation. Psychology characterizes personality as follows:

· Intellectuality is limited.

· Discretion, steadfastness, restraint - susceptibility to influence, vanity.

Softness - callousness, cynicism.

· Friendliness, flexibility, complaisance - rigidity, vindictiveness, tyranny.

· Realism - autism.

· Conscientiousness, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.

· Confidence - uncertainty.

· Tactlessness - tactlessness.

· Cheerfulness - sadness.

· Sociability - lack of sociability.

· Independence - conformity.

Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.

Seriousness - windiness.

· Aggressiveness - kindness.

· Optimism - pessimism.

· Generosity - stinginess.

· Self-confidence - lack of confidence.

· Maturity of mind - inconsistency, illogicality.

Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).

· Kindness, unobtrusiveness, tolerance - self-will, selfishness.

· Kind-heartedness, gentleness - viciousness, callousness.

Willpower - lack of will.

· Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.

· Adulthood - infantilism.

· Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).

· Fascination - disappointment.

· Activity - passivity.

· Expressiveness - restraint.

· Sensitivity - coldness.

· Honesty - deceit.

· Cheerfulness - cheerfulness.

Courage is cowardice.

· Independence - dependence.

A self-actualizing personality is characterized by the ability to perfectly orient itself in reality and actively perceive it; immediacy and spontaneity in actions and expression of one's own feelings and thoughts; acceptance of oneself and others in their true face; development of abilities, etc.

Social personality structure.

Conducting research on social personality structure, had to face a number of theoretical obstacles that prevented the construction of the concept of personality. The main element here is the personality, considered as a social quality. sociological personality structure consists of subjective and objective
properties of the individual, which are manifested and function in the process of his life. It can be both interaction with others, and independent activity. In sociology, it is extremely important to determine the moment of transition and transformation taking place in the structure of personality.

11.Psychoanalysis

One of the main areas of study of this section of psychology was the unconscious, as well as its connection and influence on conscious processes. Psychoanalysis preceded behaviorism at the end of the 19th century, and although the concept of the unconscious existed long before that, the first psychoanalytic essays appear from the pen of Sigmund Freud, who is considered to be the founder of this method. Other major psychoanalysts worth mentioning are Alfred Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, and Dmitri Uznadze, who developed the theory of set.

Freud

So, Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. In his writings, he talks about defense mechanisms that allow a person to resist unconscious manifestations, interprets dreams. Freud comes to the conclusion that the unconscious is the stimulus of consciousness, therefore, in order to explain human behavior, one should look for its causes in the unconscious.

According to Freud, the psyche is divided into three elements - consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. At the same time, he likens it to an iceberg, in which consciousness is only its visible part. The deeper this or that element of the unconscious, the more difficult it is to analyze. Freud also introduces the concept of preconscious processes that are not permanently conscious, but can be evoked by it if desired.

During the period when the first works on psychoanalysis appeared, the use of hypnosis in therapy was widespread. However, Freud decides to abandon this practice, because he believes that the patient or client must independently, with a little help from the psychoanalyst, bring the structures of his unconscious into consciousness. When a patient is introduced into a hypnotic state and then taken out of it, he does not remember what happened to him, so the rise of unconscious experience into consciousness becomes impossible, which means that this therapy cannot work. Therefore, Freud works through the method of free association and the interpretation of dreams.

He re-describes the personality structure, which now includes the id, ego and superego.

It- the original unconscious, inhabited by desires. Freud divides them into manifestations of Eros and Thanatos, libido and the destructive forces of the desire for death.

superego- is also an unconscious substance, but it consists of norms of behavior acquired in the course of development, taboos, prohibitions and rules. Many of them are before the formation of speech.

In turn, the ego is the resultant of two opposing energies of the unconscious - the id and the superego. According to Freud, a harmonious personality must skillfully combine these two principles. Accordingly, a bias in one of the sides leads to deviations and even pathologies.

Freud also describes several stages of development that a child goes through before becoming an adult.

oral stage- associated with obtaining pleasure through the oral cavity. In fact, deviations at this stage, which were obtained during the corresponding sensation of deficiency in childhood, are fraught with manifestations of alcoholism, smoking, and gluttony in adulthood.

anal stage- associated with the development of control over bowel movements. At this stage, there may be a desire to abuse this skill, manifested in excessive retention of feces in the body, the removal of which subsequently brings pleasure tantamount to orgasm. In adulthood, this can tell on the character in the form of manifestations of greed and on the physiological level in the form of frequent constipation.

genital stage- associated with the emergence of personal gender identity. At the same time, the model of the relationship between father and mother becomes for the child an image of how to behave with his future sexual partner. Here Freud notes such phenomena as the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex.

For example, the Oedipus complex is associated with the fact that a child, beginning to realize himself as a man, sees his mother as a representative of the opposite sex. Accordingly, in this situation, the father becomes his sexual competitor. Similarly with the Electra complex for girls who begin to perceive their mothers as sexual competitors.

The genital stage has several phases, which differ in initiatory manifestations. For example, in women it is a girl, girl, woman, mother, grandmother. All of them have different functions, values ​​and features of perception of the surrounding world. Actually, the absence of an initiatory process also leads to deviations.

Adler

Adler was a student of Freud and his successor. He formulated his ideas in the book "Individual Psychology", thus opening a new direction in psychoanalysis of the same name. Unlike Freud and Jung, Adler does not try to isolate personality into structural elements and speaks of its holistic character. The central point in his theory is the initial feeling of imperfection, which then develops into an inferiority complex and, as a consequence, the process of compensation.

Adler emphasizes that an inferiority complex occurs in absolutely any person, regardless of objective reasons or his individual shortcomings. For example, in childhood it may occur due to wet diapers or insufficient manifestation of maternal feelings. The child is dependent and realizes his needs as a dependent, which creates a feeling of imperfection.

Compensation according to Adler can be constructive and destructive. What it will be is determined by the family climate. The style of relationships in the family forms a model for the development of the compensation process.

Structural Compensation- is associated with the development of social interest and the desire to take its harmonious place in it in a natural way. This model is associated with a sense of belonging to a common cause, which corresponds to a favorable family climate.

Destructive compensation- associated with the humiliation and destruction of other people, due to which social growth occurs.

Adler notes the two most common causes of destructive compensation:

1) Rigid hierarchy in the family, existing "according to the law of the jungle", when the younger ones are subordinate to the elders. A cult of strength and power arises, to which a person aspires in order to occupy a dominant position in the family, and then in society.

2) Spoiled and excessive respect for the needs of the child. He, in turn, gets used to such an attitude towards himself and begins to demand the same from others already outside the family. When he does not meet this, then he has an internal protest, which he expresses in pressure on the weak.

In addition to compensation, Adler introduces the concept of overcompensation. If compensation is overcoming the feeling of inferiority, then overcompensation is such compensation that leads to the complete subordination of life to this process, it becomes central. As an example, Adler cites Napoleon, who compensated for his small stature with his conquests, and Suvorov, who struggled with his frail body. Contemporaries noted that Adler often voiced these ideas, since he himself was constantly in a painful state, which led him to such overcompensation.

Carl Gustav Jung, like Adler, also makes significant changes in psychoanalysis, which leads to the emergence of the so-called "analytical psychology", on which the author writes a book of the same name. Jung's most important contribution should be considered the introduction of the term "collective unconscious", the content of which are archetypes. Archetypes are the accumulated human experience, which settles in the psyche in the form of behavior patterns, thinking, world perception, and functions in a way similar to instincts.

If Freud was an atheist, then his student Jung was a deeply religious person and in his theories he rehabilitates the concept of "soul".

Jung also conducts a thorough analysis of cultures and myths, in which he finds similar motives and the corresponding specifics of behavior, the identity of which is often found, despite racial and gender differences.

At the same time, Jung also speaks of the personal unconscious, the content of which is complexes, repressed experiences and personal meanings.

One of the fundamental archetypes Jung considers the archetype of the self, God in itself. In his opinion, the soul is what God gave to man, therefore the task of each person is to find this particle in himself, without falling into the heresy of narcissism. The actual realization of this selfhood Jung calls individuation. He notes that the personality has a lot of components and each realized archetype becomes a part of the self. At the same time, it is extremely important to maintain harmony between them without distortions in one direction to the detriment of others. How the archetypes manifest can be seen in the work of dreams. It is worth noting that in Freud, the elements of sleep are images of desires.

Jung's personality structure consists of several parts:

A person- is a social mask, that is, how a person behaves in society and how he wants to be represented. It is worth noting that the person is not always who the person really is.

Shadow- combines the base manifestations of man, what Freud called "It". Often a person tries to hide the presence and content of this component both from others and from himself.

Anima and animus- male and female manifestations of the soul. In this regard, Jung singles out feminine and masculine properties. Feminine - tenderness, aestheticism, caring, masculine - strength, logic, aggressiveness.

Jung brought sociological features to psychoanalysis, made it sociotropic. Many explored traditions, myths and fairy tales are guided by his writings.

12. Humanistic psychology was created as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Roots in existential philosophy - Jaspers, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger. Representatives: Fromm, Allport, Maslow, Rogers, Frankl.

The concept of becoming (dynamics). Maslow.

Man as a whole. Focus on individuality. The principle of irreducibility of the sum to the whole (motivation affects the person as a whole). The inappropriateness of animal experiments. The destructive force in people is the result of frustration (non-hereditary) - the opposite of Freud (human nature is good). Creativity is an integral property of human nature (it is present from birth, but is lost as a result of cultivation - official education). Creativity leads to self-expression. Criticism of Freud: the one-sidedness of the theory (the study of diseases, not health). Disease can be understood through health. Man is a desiring being, rarely reaching a state of complete satisfaction. All needs are innate (instinctoid). hierarchy of needs: physiological, security and protection, belonging and love, self-respect, self-actualization (the need for personal improvement). Decreased humanity - neurosis - reduced actualization of human capabilities. Neurosis is the extinction of internal signals.

The ion complex is the lack of desire for self-actualization. It is necessary to achieve - happiness. Controlling everything is a loss of values, as they make us feel our little value. What is needed is not hostility, but reverence. Complex - fear, we need the truth, it needs to be accepted - admiration.

The creative person is healthy. The general situation (social background) is important. Psychotherapy affects everything (dance). Most of the time is occupied by the routine (it is needed), but there is also insight, bright ideas (happiness cannot last all the time). Creative people are hard workers (one should not live with peak experiences). Deficient motives (determinants of behavior that satisfy 5 criteria: their absence - disease, presence - prevention of disease, recovery - cure of the disease, under certain conditions - preference for their satisfaction, inactive, functionally absent in a healthy person) and growth motives (meta-needs - b-motives , have distant goals associated with the desire to update the potential). Metaneeds: integrity, perfection, completion, law (order), activity, wealth, simplicity, kindness, beauty, uniqueness, non-tension, play, truth, arrogance (no hierarchy, instinctive). Growth motivation is an increase in stress, and deficit motivation is a decrease. Dissatisfaction of metaneeds - metapathology (apathy, cynicism, alienation).

Rogers:

Phenomenological approach. All motives are included in the achievement of mastery (actualization trend). Moving in the direction of greater difficulty. The organic evaluative process shows whether the present experience corresponds to the trend of actualization. The only reality is the subjective world of human experience; the central place is the self-concept (includes the self-ideal). Elements that determine the development of the self-concept: the need for positive attention, conditions of value and unconditional positive attention (always love). The threat arises if there is a contradiction between the self-concept and organismic experiences. Defense mechanisms: distortions or denials of perception (rationalization). Personal characteristics of fully functioning people: openness to experiences, existential lifestyle (each experience is new), organismic trust, empirical freedom, creativity. The opposite of behaviorism (freedom of choice). changeability (constant growth), subjectivity (the world is subjective).

Allport:

dispositional direction.

Allport is the author of trait/dispositional personality theory. He talks about cardinal, central, secondary dispositions. Dispositions are synonymous with "features", it can be different levels of generalization / generalization. The cardinal ones are the most generalized (the main directions in life, the carriers are outstanding personalities, he is an example of Jeanne Dark), the central ones are our ordinary personalities. Har-ki (usually included in the recommendation of the letter, in the har-ki), secondary - situational qualities, the cat manifested itself in life situations.

Personality is the dynamic organization of the psychophysical systems of the individual, which determine his characteristic behavior and thinking. This definition captures the essential characteristics of L, emphasizing the role of psychophysiological systems, i.e. personality is considered in a holistic connection with the body. I also emphasize the integrity and dynamic character of the Personality - the Personality as a constant (organization, structure), on the other hand, it is a changing system, i.e. raises the question of volatility. It also talks about the role of the Personality in the regulation of behavior.

Everything that is observed is an expression of personality. Damn theory. A trait is a predisposition to behave in a similar way in a wide range of situations. People actively seek out social situations that promote the manifestation of traits. Personality traits are more general than habits. They are the driving force behind behavior. Personality trait - moral or social assessment. If actions are not consistent with a given personality trait, this does not mean that this trait is absent. Features - dispositions: cardinal (all actions highlight this feature), central (bright characteristics), secondary. Proprium: the principle of organizing all individual axes, the most important quality, the formation of selfhood, the uniqueness of a human being. 7 aspects of self and stage: bodily, self-identity (continued self), self-respect, self-expansion (self covers aspects of the social and physical environment), self-image, rational self-management (abstraction and logic are applied to solve everyday problems), propritive striving (a holistic sense of self, planning long-term goals - adolescence) -the most important. At the last stage of its development, the proprium realizes itself as a unique human ability for self-awareness and self-knowledge. original idea - functional autonomy(2 types - stable F.A. associated with NS; own F.A. characterizes acquired values, attitudes of a person). The main idea of ​​F-oh.Aut. - the past is the past. What matters is not what was, but what has become. A miser who continues to live miserly after becoming rich. The original cause is gone, but the behavior persists. F.A. mechanism explains the formation of personality. Mature personality: wide boundaries of the Self (the ability to look at oneself from the outside), warm, cordial social relations; emotional non-concern, realistic perception and claim, sense of humor, whole philosophy of life.

13. Personality is most often defined as a person in the context of his social, acquired qualities. Personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined. The concept of “personality” is closely related to such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people. Personality is a social face, a “mask” of a person. Personality is a person taken in the system of such psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relationships by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him. The personality structure usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.

Personality is the highest integral concept, a system of human relations to the surrounding reality (V.N. Myasishchev).

Personality is a set of social relations that are realized in diverse activities (A.N. Leontiev).

Personality is a set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted (Rubinstein).

Personality is a social individual, an object and subject of social relations and the historical process, manifesting itself in communication, in activity, in behavior (Hanzen).

I.S. Kon: the concept of personality denotes a human individual as a member of society, generalizes the socially significant features integrated in it.

B.G. Ananiev: personality is the subject of social behavior and communication.

A.V. Petrovsky: a person is a person as a social individual, a subject of knowledge and objective transformation of the world, a rational being that has speech and is capable of labor activity.

K.K. Platonov: personality - a person as a carrier of consciousness.

B.D. Parygin: personality is an integral concept that characterizes a person as an object and subject of biosocial relations and combines in him the universal, socially specific and individually unique.

In psychology, personality is studied by various branches of psychological science. This is due to the diversity of personality manifestations, the inconsistency, and sometimes the mystery of human behavior. The diversity of behavior requires, in turn, a multi-level psychological analysis.

As K.K. Platonov, for the period from 1917 to the 70s in Soviet psychology, at least four dominant theories of personality can be distinguished:

· 1917-1936 - personality as a profile of psychological traits;

· 1936-1950 - personality as a person's experience;

· 1950-1962 - personality as temperament and age;

· 1962-1970 - personality as a set of relations manifested in the direction

Another famous Soviet psychologist A.V. Petrovsky also spoke about the existence in Russian psychology of different approaches to understanding the personality in different historical periods of time.

The period of the 50-60s. characterized by the so-called "collector's" approach, in which "personality acts as a set of qualities, properties, traits, characteristics, features of the human psyche."

By the end of the 70s orientation towards a structural approach to the problem of personality is replaced by a tendency to apply a systemic (or structural-systemic) approach, which requires the identification of system-forming personality traits.

Today, in Russian psychology, there is a widespread view of a person as an individual, personality and subject of activity, but there is no more or less generally accepted concept of personality.

Analyzing the views of V. N. Myasishchev on personality, at least two provisions should be emphasized that are significant for theoretical understanding of the problem of personality.

The first of these is that he was the first to openly raise the question of the structure of personality. “The structural characteristic illuminates a person for us from the side of his integrity or splitting, consistency or inconsistency, stability or variability, depth or surface, predominance or relative insufficiency of certain mental functions.” This fundamental position, apparently, determined the specifics of his views on the structure of the personality, where there are no separate components, but there is a psychological given - an attitude that closes all other psychological characteristics of the personality. It is the attitude, according to V. N. Myasishchev, that is the integrator of these properties, which ensures the integrity, stability, depth and consistency of the behavior of the individual. In this regard, one cannot agree with K. K. Platonov, who reproaches V. N. Myasishchev for taking orientation, temperament and emotionality beyond the limits of the personality structure. As for the orientation, according to V. N. Myasishchev, it “expresses the dominant attitude, or its intergral”. Emotionality is also represented by one of the components in the structure of the relationship itself. As for temperament, the introduction of this structural, by its nature, element into a functional formation, which is a person and with which K. K. Platonov does not argue, becomes simply illogical.

The second provision is the development and deepening of the tradition coming from A.F. Lazursky. Developing his ideas about the relationship of personality, VN Myasishchev builds his own concept of personality, the central element of which is the concept of relationship.

Relations - consciously - selective, built on experience, psychological connection with various aspects of objective reality, which is expressed in actions and experiences. According to V. N. Myasishchev, attitude is a system-forming element of personality, which appears as a system of relations. At the same time, an important point is the idea of ​​a person as a system of relations structured according to the degree of generalization - from the subject's connections with individual aspects or phenomena of the external environment to connections with the whole reality as a whole. The relations of the individual themselves are formed under the influence of social relations by which the individual is connected with the surrounding world in general and society in particular.

Indeed, from the moment of birth, a person is forced to enter into public relations(first with the mother - directly emotional relations, then with the relatives surrounding him, peers, educators, teachers, colleagues, etc. in the form of play, educational, social and labor activities), which, refracting through "internal conditions", contribute to the formation, development and consolidation of personal, subjective relations of a person. These relationships express the personality as a whole and constitute the inner potential of a person. It is they who manifest, i.e. discover hidden, invisible possibilities for the person himself and contribute to the emergence of new ones. The author emphasizes the regulatory role of attitude in human behavior.

The concept of the dynamic structure of personality K.K. Platonov

This concept is the most striking example of the implementation of the ideas of a structural approach to understanding a person's personality. K. K. Platonov considers personality as dynamic system, i.e. a system that develops over time, changing the composition of its constituent elements and the relationships between them, while maintaining the function.

There is a statistical and dynamic structure of personality. The first is understood as an abstract model separate from the person functioning in real life. This model characterizes the main components human psyche. The fundamental point in determining the parameters of personality in its statistical model is the dissimilarity of the components of the psyche. There are such components:

· general properties psyches for all people (emotions, perception, sensations);

Features of the psyche, characteristic only for certain social groups, due to various value orientations and social attitudes;

individual properties of the psyche, they are unique, inherent only to a particular person (character, abilities, temperament).

In contrast to the statistical model of personality structure, the dynamic structure model captures the main components in the individual's psyche no longer abstracted from the everyday existence of a person, but, on the contrary, only in the immediate context of human life. At each specific moment of his life, a person appears not as a set of certain formations, but as a person in a certain mental state, which is somehow reflected in the momentary behavior of the individual. If we begin to consider the main components of the statistical structure of the personality in their movement, change, interaction and living circulation, then we thereby make the transition from the statistical to the dynamic structure of the personality.

The most common is the one proposed by K.K. Platonov's concept of the dynamic functional structure of the personality, which highlights the determinants that determine certain properties and characteristics of the human psyche, due to social, biological and individual life experience.

K. K. Platonov proposed his concept of the dynamic structure of personality. He distinguishes the following substructures in the dynamic structure of personality:

1. socially determined features (orientation, moral qualities);

2. experience (volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);

3. individual characteristics of various mental processes (sensations, perception, memory);

4. biologically determined features (temperament, inclinations, instincts, simple needs).

14. One of the newest integrated scientific disciplines, which took shape in the 20th century, became general systems theory. In accordance with the principles of this theory, one of the key general scientific concepts was the concept systems, and one of the methods of scientific methodology was systematic approach to reality, and the types of systems are extremely diverse. They can be static or dynamic, open or closed. An example of an open system. those. system that is closely related to the environment is human. This means that a person cannot exist without a close relationship with the external environment surrounding him, natural and social.

This circumstance causes the presence in a person of various needs, one or another composition of which is the most important characteristic of the personality.

The satisfaction of these needs is a fundamental condition of human existence. This process expresses the close connection of a person with the environment, his belonging to the type of systems that is characterized as open system.

In psychological science need is defined as the internal state of the individual, caused by the need he experiences for the objects necessary for his existence and development and acting as the deep source of all forms of his activity.

The concept of motive is closely related to needs. A motive is an internal state of readiness associated with needs for active actions of a certain direction and form.

Needs as a mental process have some features:

§ they are associated with the subject to which a person aspires, or with any type of activity that should give a person satisfaction, for example, with a game or work;

§ more or less clear awareness of this need, accompanied by a certain emotional state readiness for concrete actions;

§ emotional-volitional state that accompanies the search for ways and means to satisfy the need and its implementation;

§ weakening of these states when needs are met.

Human needs are varied. They share intangible or natural(in food, clothing, shelter, genle) and cultural or social associated with the acquisition of knowledge, the study of science, familiarization with confessional and artistic values, as well as the need for work, communication, social recognition, etc.

Natural needs reflect the dependence of a person on the natural, material conditions necessary to maintain his life. Cultural needs reflect man's dependence on the products of human culture.

When a need is recognized, it becomes "objectified", concretized, it takes the form of a motive. A motive is a conscious need enriched with ideas about the ways to satisfy it and the goals of behavior that ensures its satisfaction.

The difficulty of identifying the motives of activity is connected with the fact. that all activity is motivated not by one, but by several motives. The totality of all motives for this activity is called motivation for the activity of this subject.

Motivation- this is a process that links together the personal and situational conditions of activity aimed at transforming the environment in accordance with human needs.

General motivation characteristic of this person, is the most important component of the characteristics of his personality.

The most well-known and developed theory of motivation is the concept of the hierarchy of motives American psychologist Abraham Maslow.

A representative of humanistic psychology, one of the leading psychologists in the field of motivation research in the USA, A. Maslow developed a “hierarchy of needs” and correlated with them the hierarchical structure of behavioral motives. His model of needs, which has found wide application in management psychology, psychotherapy, business communication, was later refined and refined, but the principle of considering the needs and motives of behavior remained the same. A. Maslow highlights the following fundamental needs:

§ physiological (organic) - needs for food, sleep. sex, etc.;

§ safe - manifested in the fact that a person needs to feel protected, get rid of fear. To do this, he strives for material security, takes care of his health, takes care of his provision in old age, etc.;

§ in love and belonging - it is natural for a person to belong to a community, to be close to people, to be accepted by them. Realizing this need, a person creates his own social circle, starts a family, friends;

§ in respect - a person needs the approval and recognition of others, to achieve success. The realization of the need for respect is associated with the labor activity of a person, his creativity, participation in public life;

§ in self-actualization - in the hierarchy of needs, the highest level associated with the realization of both one's abilities and the personality as a whole.

Needs form a hierarchy, as they are divided into lower and higher. A. Maslow revealed the following features of human motivation:

§ motives have a hierarchical structure;

§ the higher the level of motive, the less vital the corresponding needs are;

§ with the increase in needs, the readiness for greater activity increases.

The basic level of needs are physiological, because without their satisfaction a person cannot live. The need for security is also basic. Higher, social needs, which include the need for belonging, have different degrees of severity in different people However, outside of human communication, not a single person (as a person) can exist. Prestige needs, or the need for respect, are associated with the social success of the individual. In fact, a full-fledged person becomes only when he satisfies his needs for self-actualization.

The process of raising needs looks like a replacement of primary (lower) by secondary (higher). According to the principle of hierarchy, the needs of each new level become relevant for the individual only after the previous requests are satisfied, therefore the principle of hierarchy is called the principle of dominance (the need that is dominant at the moment).

Higher needs have the following characteristics:

§ they are later;

§ the higher the level of need, the less important it is for survival, the further its satisfaction can be pushed back and the easier it is to get rid of it for a while;

§ living at a higher level of needs means higher biological efficiency, longer duration, better sleep, better appetite, less tendency to disease, etc.;

§ Satisfaction often results in personal development, often brings joy, happiness, enriches the inner world.

L. Maslow considered personalities only those people whose goal is to develop their abilities, self-actualization. He called everyone else subhuman. Self-actualization is personal growth through productive activity, this is the upward growth. He considered personal, psychological growth as a consistent satisfaction of ever higher needs. Growth is theoretically possible only because the taste of the "higher" is better than the taste of the "lower", and therefore sooner or later the satisfaction of the "lower" becomes boring. As long as lower needs dominate. the movement towards self-actualization cannot begin. Higher needs are perceived as less urgent. A person whose all efforts are aimed at earning a livelihood is not up to high matters.

When needs are not met, people complain. What people complain about, as well as the level of their complaints, is an indicator of the development of the individual and the enlightenment of society. A. Maslow believed that there would be no end to complaints and one could only hope for an increase in their level.

The main functions of motives are the functions of motivation to action and the function of meaning formation.

In psychological terms, there is a difference between the goals that a person sets in order to achieve the satisfaction of a particular need, and the motives of his activity: the goals are always conscious, and the motives, as a rule, are not actually realized. Acting under the influence of one or another impulse, a person is aware of the goals of his actions, but the situation is different with the awareness of motives, for the sake of which they are performed. Usually the motive does not coincide with the goal, lies behind it. Therefore, its detection constitutes a special task - awareness of the motive. Moreover, we are talking about the task of understanding the meaning of his actions at the personal level, i.e. about the personal meaning of activity.

Needs and motives are so closely intertwined in the structure of personality that these components can only be understood in relation.

The analysis begins with needs, since the presence of needs in a person is the same fundamental condition for his existence as metabolism. The human body, like any living system, is unable to maintain its internal dynamic balance or develop if it is not in interaction with the environment.

In its primary biological forms, a need is a state of an organism that expresses an objective need for something that lies outside of it. As the personality develops, needs change and develop. As individuals, people differ from each other in the variety of needs they have and their special combination.

Any manifestation of human activity is accompanied by feelings and emotions, which largely determine the nature of this activity.

15. Temperament(lat. temperamentum - the proper ratio of features from tempero - I mix in the proper ratio) - a characteristic of the individual from the side of the dynamic features of his mental activity, i.e., the pace, speed, rhythm, intensity that make up this activity of mental processes and states.

Story

The word "temperament" was introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament, he understood both anatomical and physiological, and individual psychological features person. Hippocrates explained temperament, as a feature of behavior, by the predominance of one of the “vital juices” (four elements) in the body:

The predominance of yellow bile (Greek chole, "bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, "hot" - choleric,

the predominance of lymph (Greek phlegm, "sputum") makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic,

the predominance of blood (lat. sangvis, “blood”) makes a person mobile and cheerful - sanguine,

The predominance of black bile (Greek melana chole, "black bile") makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.

This concept still has a profound influence on literature, art and science. It is important, however, to note that the selection of precisely four temperaments is connected not so much with the real existence of clearly distinct groups (most people have mixed temperaments), but with the magic of numbers, characteristic of the Mediterranean civilization, in which the number four played an important role. At the same time, a five-component "world system" was developing in the East.

At present, the teaching of temperaments continues to develop in the same numerological key. For example, within the framework of socionics, 16 (4 × 4) psychotypes are distinguished. However, these studies are not taken seriously by academic psychology.

Personality as an integral complex organized system consists of many interrelated elements (substructures), each of which has a specific functional purpose. They constitute the psychological structure of the individual. Understanding the personality involves the selection of the elements that form it, the establishment of the nature of their connection and functional purpose. The question of the structure of personality in different theoretical schools is solved ambiguously. For example, in the personality theory of Alexei Leontiev, the motive is considered as the main structural unit, and the personality itself is presented as a system of motives. V.N. Myasishchev defines personality as a system of relations, the unit of which is separate relationship. In the psychoanalytic concept, personality is understood as a system consisting of three structural elements: "It", "I" and "Super-I". It is a set of unconscious and morally condemned needs, motives and inclinations that perform an energy function. "Super-I" is a system of moral norms, prohibitions and restrictions assimilated by a person. They act as a kind of moral restrictions and controllers that stand in the way of unconscious drives. “I” is the consciousness of a person, which is the arena of the struggle between “It” and “Super-I” and the search for opportunities to satisfy actualized needs and drives.

The development of personality leads to a significant change in its psychological structure. She becomes socialized. Therefore, we consider it expedient and possible to have a broader understanding of the psychological structure of personality. As the main structural components personality (personally forming elements), the following can be distinguished: need-motivational, volitional, cognitive, emotional, character, abilities and self-consciousness.

Need-motivational sphere of personality is a system of stable needs and motives. They can take the form of interests, beliefs, ideals, dreams, drives, desires, and attitudes. These personal formations act as sources of human vital activity and give his actions the necessary energy potential. Without appropriate motivation, no action is simply impossible. Needs and motives are actualized in situations when something is missing for a normal and prosperous existence of a person: food, information, communication, etc. Subjectively, this is experienced as a state of discomfort in the form of corresponding desires, drives, and other phenomena.

Will- this is a system of mental actions and mechanisms of conscious self-regulation and realization by a person of his own behavior: holistic activity, individual actions and acts of communication (assistance). This behavior is called arbitrary. That is what is characteristic of a person as social being. Volitional behavior is a kind of voluntary behavior. The need for it arises in situations of obstacles and difficulties in achieving the set goals. At the core volitional behavior lie such mental actions as goal setting, meaning formation, decision making, task setting, planning, regulation of the implementation process and control. Subjectively, such actions are experienced in the form of the following phenomena: volitional effort, tension, doubt, a sense of responsibility, decision-making, presentation of the result of an action, etc.

cognitive sphere It consists of a system of interrelated cognitive mental processes: sensations, perceptions, memory, thinking, imagination and attention. Subjectively, they are presented in the form of all kinds of images, ideas, thoughts, fantasies, memories, etc. Each of them performs its own special and unique functions that cannot be compensated with the help of other cognitive processes. Consider their main functional purpose:

1. provide orientation of a person in the surrounding reality, in other people and in himself, without which it is impossible to perform practical actions;
2. serve as a tool for obtaining and accumulating a person's life experience (information) in the form of subjective images, concepts and psychomotor schemes of various actions;
3. constitute a very important part of the human soul and are directly involved in its construction, development and functioning.

emotional sphere represented by a system of mental processes of direct subjective experience of life significance for oneself of objects, phenomena or events. Subjectively, they are presented in the form of various emotions in strength, sign, coloring and duration: joy, surprise, grief, pleasure, etc. They are integral part mental life of a person. The main function of emotions is a subjective assessment of the significance of objects, people, phenomena or events. They orient a person in how useful or harmful something (someone) is for him. Their other functions include stimulating activity, influencing the work of the body and cognitive processes. Emotional experiences are actualized in situations where a person collides with vital situations that either prevent or contribute to the satisfaction of needs and motives.

Capabilities- sustainable individual psychological characteristics of a person, which is a condition for the successful development and performance of activities. They act as a kind of psychological means (tools) of the personality, making it suitable for activity. They seem to accumulate socially developed ways of optimal performance of various activities. They are especially pronounced in complex and non-standard situations that require the search for fundamentally new non-traditional methods of action. Subjectively, abilities manifest themselves in the form of a feeling of ease in performing an activity, pleasure in performing it, interest in it, a feeling of insight (insight) at the moment of discovering a new method.

character called a system of individual, stable personal properties that manifest themselves in typical human behavior in various life situations and expressing his attitude towards someone or something: to people, to activities, to the Motherland, to things, to himself, etc. ( kindness, responsibility, patriotism, individualism, etc.). Each character trait is actualized in the specific life situations corresponding to it, which are critical for it. In the traits of character, the social experience of a person is recorded, that is, the socially developed ways of behavior that he has learned. Therefore, the character forms a kind of frame of personality. Subjectively, each character trait manifests itself in the form of complex, synthetic mental states, including emotional experiences, desires, thoughts, images, doubts, etc.

self-awareness- this is a special personal substructure, expressed in the ability of a person to distinguish himself as something independent, separate and different from everything around him. Thanks to self-awareness, a person becomes the master of himself, that is, he is able to plan his life, set life goals for himself, correlate his capabilities with them, manage his actions, control and evaluate himself, treat himself. This is its functional purpose. Critical for the actualization of self-consciousness are life situations that require the selection of oneself in any of its hypostases and dimensions: as an individual, as a subject of activity, as a personality and as an individuality. By their genetic basis, these are situations of overcoming one's own individual (natural) essence. Subjectively, self-consciousness is expressed in the experience of the feeling of "I", which is an integral component of any actions performed by a person in appropriate situations: I write, I want, I think, I am afraid, etc. Self-consciousness is a kind of core, center, highest authority and spiritual basis of personality.

The phenomenon of personality is too complex to give it an unambiguous definition. It can be considered as a social subject or a chain of psychological connections. The value of understanding what a person is is that it helps to better understand yourself, to study your abilities, motivation, temperament. It allows you to learn how to apply the acquired knowledge in practice, building relationships with other people.

What is a personality?

Personality is a combination of individual social and psychological properties of character and behavior. There are certain properties, structure and personality types. They differ because each classification method is based on the research and points of view of different scientists in the field of psychology and sociology. They are united only by some properties that help to “draw” a social and psychological portrait of a person.

• . An important component that demonstrates the attitude to the world, others, life, which determines behavior and forms views.
• . In accordance with this characteristic, there is a division into types of personalities: melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine. Each of them has its own reactions to life circumstances, their perception.
• Motivation. A person may have several motives that determine his actions and proceed from his needs. They are driving force The stronger the motivation, the more purposeful the person is.
• . There are strong-willed, mental, physical, mental, etc. They are the basis for accomplishments and achieving goals. But not always a person skillfully disposes of them.
• Emotionality. Shows how a person expresses his attitude to the situation, people, events.
• Orientation. The ability to define values ​​and goals, to move towards their achievement. This is a collection of things, tangible and intangible, that are really dear to a person.
• worldview. A look at life, a vision of the world, an attitude towards them. It can be realistic, mystical, feminine, masculine, positive, negative.
• An experience. Knowledge and skills acquired throughout life, formed the worldview, habits.
• body drawing. External expression of personality characteristics: gait, facial expressions, gestures, stoop or attempt to keep the back straight, etc.

Social structure of personality

Sociology defines the structure of personality as a set of objective and subjective properties that form its detail and depend on society.

There are 2 approaches, each of which has its own important components:

• Activity, culture, memory. Activity involves conscious actions in relation to an object or subject. culture affects social norms gravitating over the actions of the individual. Memory is a storehouse of knowledge formed into experience.
• value orientations, social roles, culture. This trio reflects the character traits acquired through interaction with the subjects of society, instilled by parents, inherited, shaped by life experience.

Personality structure

The psychological structure of personality mainly consists of the following components:

• Orientation. Needs, attitudes, interests. It happens that in a person only one of the components is leading, and the rest are less developed. For example, a person has a need for work, but this does not mean that he will be interested in it. For directionality to work, this case a financial motive may suffice.
• Capabilities. This component influences the previous one. For example, an individual has the ability to draw, this generates interest, which is the leading component of direction and motivation for development in this particular area.
• Character. The most important component, sometimes a person is judged precisely by it, and not by orientation or abilities. For example, a person with a bad and difficult character will find it difficult to integrate into society, even if he has phenomenal abilities in any area.
• self control. Determines the ability to plan behavior, transform, correct actions.

Freud's personality structure

In the personality structure proposed by Freud, the following components:

• It. The unconscious part that generates desires, internal instincts, libido. A component based on biological attraction, driven by the desire for pleasure. If there is tension, it can be discharged through fantasies, reflex actions. Unfulfilled desires often result in a problem in social life.
• Ego. Consciousness, which controls It. The ego is responsible for satisfying the desires of the id. But this happens after the circumstances are analyzed, the implementation of the desired should not contradict social norms.
• Superego. A set of moral and ethical principles and taboos that affect human behavior. They originate in childhood (3-5 years), a period when parents pay the most attention to raising children. These rules are fixed in a children's direction, later supplemented by their own norms, which they acquire in life experience.

Three components should develop equally, if one of them is more active, the balance is disturbed. The balanced work of the three components allows you to develop a protective mechanism:

• Negation. Causes suppression of impulses coming from within.
• Projection. When a person attributes his negative traits to other people.
• substitution. When an unreachable object is replaced with one that is accessible.
• Rationalization. A person is able to logically explain his actions.
• Reaction formation. Committing acts that are opposite to internal impulses that a person considers forbidden.

Freud also identified the Electra and Oedipus complexes. Children unconsciously consider one of the parents as a sexual partner, feeling jealous of the second. Girls see their mother as a threat, boys see their father.

Personality structure according to Rubinstein

Rubinstein named 3 components of the structure:

• Orientation. It includes beliefs, motivation, needs, worldview, behavioral factors. Expresses the social essence, determines the type of activity.
• Skills, knowledge. Means obtained through knowledge and objective activity. Knowledge helps to navigate the world, skills allow you to engage in specific activities, skills contribute to the achievement of results.
• Typological properties. This includes temperament, character, abilities that make a person unique.

In addition, Rubinstein singled out the levels of organization:

• Vital. Includes experience, morality, worldview.
• personal. Individual character traits.
• Mental. Psychological processes, specificity, activity.

Rubinstein believed that the formation of personality occurs through interaction with society and the world as a whole. The structure of the orientation of the personality is made up of conscious actions and the subconscious.

Jung's personality structure

Jung identified the following components:

• consciousness;
• collective unconscious;
• individual unconscious.

Consciousness is divided into the human I (person), shown to others, and Ego, the real essence of man. The person helps to socialize. It is a mask that a person wears to get in touch with other individuals. This allows you to make an impression, to attract attention. Makes you buy fashionable things, expensive cars, big houses to fit and fit into a certain segment of society.

The ego is the core formed from experiences, thoughts, awareness of one's actions, decisions. It is experience, knowledge, skills. Thanks to the ego, a person is a holistic person.

The individual unconscious is formed from thoughts, beliefs, experiences, desires. Previously, they were relevant for a person, but after he experienced them, they turned into memories. They are stored in the unconscious, sometimes come out. They are divided into archetypes:

• Shadow. Kind of a dark twin. These are vicious desires, negative feelings, immoral thoughts that a person suppresses, as he is afraid to face them openly. Jung believed that to repress dark side harmful, it must be accepted and, against its background, consider your good traits.
• Anima and animus. Masculine and feminine. The animus gives women masculine traits - firmness of will; the anima makes it possible for men to sometimes be weak - to show softness. Jung attributed this to the presence of male and female hormones in opposite sexes. The presence of the concepts of anima and animus enables women and men to better understand each other.
• Self. Jung called it the core that forms integrity. The self develops only with a balanced development of all components of the structure.

Personality structure according to Leontiev

A. N. Leontiev defines personality as experience, a set of actions, decisions. He divided the structure of personality into levels:

• Psychophysical background. This includes temperament, inclinations that can develop into abilities.
• Expressive instrumental. Roles, character, abilities. This is the outer shell of a person through which he interacts with the world.
• Inner world. Values, meaning, relationships. This is a person's view of the world through the prism of their own opinion about it.
• existential level. Includes freedom, spirituality, responsibility.

Leontiev singled out in his theory the concept of "the second birth of personality". It occurs when a person corrects his behavior, finding new methods for solving conflict and difficult situations.

The structure of personality according to Platonov

K. K. Platonov built a pyramidal personality structure, which has four substructures (from the foundation to the top):

• biological conditioning. Genetics and physiology. This includes age, gender.
• Display forms. Thinking, attention, memory, perception, sensations. The more developed they are, the more opportunities a person has.
• social experience. Skills, abilities, knowledge acquired through experience.
• Orientation. Worldview, aspirations, beliefs, ideals.

Socionic personality types in psychology

Socionics is a concept developed by Aushra Augustinavichiute based on the personality types proposed by Jung. In different sources there are different designations, they can be conditionally divided into such groups.

Analysts:

• INTJ is a strategist. He has a rich imagination, he always has a plan for the next Saturday, and for 20 years ahead.
• INTP is a scientist. Creativity and ingenuity are their forte. They believe in science, they believe that it can explain everything.
• ENTJ - commander. Resourcefulness, courage, fortitude are the strong features of such people. They always find a solution to a problem.
• ENTP is a controversialist. Thinkers with curiosity, a sharp mind. They are happy to get into arguments.

Diplomats:

• INFJ is an activist. Idealistic, sometimes vindictive, usually reticent, but inspiring.
• INFP is an intermediary. Altruists who can come to the rescue at any moment.
• ENFJ is a trainer. They have unusual charisma, natural leadership qualities, can inspire, charm.
• ENFP is a wrestler. More sociable, creative, imaginative, optimistic, full of enthusiasm.

Keepers:

• ISTJ is an administrator. Perceive only the facts, reliable.
• ISFJ is a protector. They have a high responsibility, will help relatives.
• ESTJ is a manager. Such people can easily manage the masses, they are skilled administrators.
• ENFJ - consul. Sociable, popular, love to take care of others.

Seekers:

• ISTP is a virtuoso. They are characterized by courage, craving for experiments, jacks of all trades.
• ISFP is an artist. They have a subtle charm, ready to rush in search and study of the unknown.
• ESTP is a businessman. Receptive, the energy in them is in full swing, they like to take risks, they are smart.
• ESFP is an entertainer. You will not get bored with such a person, they are always cheerful, adore spontaneous actions and surprises.

To quickly understand a person, it is enough to disassemble his personality on the shelves. Theories about its structure and types help with this. This information helps build business and personal relationships.

Reading time: 3 min

The structure of personality. Personality is a stable system of completely individual, psychological, social characteristics. Psychology, as a science, considers only the psychological characteristics that form the structure of the personality. The concept and structure of personality is a controversial issue among many psychologists, some believe that it cannot be structured and rationalized in any way, while others, on the contrary, put forward new theories of personality structure. But still, there are certain characteristics that one way or another, but they exist, and they should be described.

It is the most important component of personality, it demonstrates all human relations in the world. Attitude to other personalities, to some object, situation, and in general to all the reality that surrounds him.

is a manifestation of the dynamic properties of human mental processes.

is a set of individual typological features that contribute to the manifestation of success in a particular activity.

The orientation of the personality determines its inclinations and interests to some subject of activity. Volitional qualities reflect the readiness at some point to put a ban on oneself, but to allow something.

Emotionality is an important component of the personality structure, with its help a person expresses his attitude to something, a certain reaction.

A person is a collection that determines a person's behavior. Social attitudes and values ​​play an important role in the personality. It is them that society perceives in the first place and determines its attitude towards the individual. This list of characteristics is not exhaustive; additional properties can be found in different theories of personality, highlighted by different authors.

Psychological structure of personality

The personality structure in psychology is characterized through certain psychological properties, without affecting in a special way its relationship with society and the entire surrounding world.

The structure of personality in psychology briefly. There are several components in personality psychology.

The first component of structure is orientation. The orientation structure covers attitudes, needs, interests. One component of orientation determines human activity, that is, it plays a leading role, and all other components rely on it, adjust. For example, a person may have a need for something, but, in fact, he has no interest in a certain subject.

The second component of the structure is abilities. They give a person the opportunity to be realized in a certain activity, to achieve success and new discoveries in it. It is the abilities that make up the orientation of a person, which determines his main activity.

Character as a manifestation of personality behavior is the third component of the structure. Character is such a property that is most easily observed, therefore a person is sometimes judged simply by her character, without taking into account abilities, motivation and other qualities. character is complex system, which includes the emotional sphere, intellectual abilities, volitional qualities, moral qualities, which mainly determine actions.

Another component is the system. a person provides the correct planning of behavior, correction of actions.

Mental processes are also included in the personality structure, they reflect the level of mental activity, which is expressed in activity.

Social structure of personality

When defining personality in sociology, it should not be reduced solely to the subjective side, the main thing in the structure is social quality. Therefore, a person must determine the objective and subjective social properties that form his functionality in activities that depend on the influence of society.

The structure of personality in sociology briefly. It constitutes a system of properties that are formed on the basis of its diverse activities, which are influenced by society and those social institutions in which the individual is included.

Personal structure in sociology has three approaches to designation.

In the framework of the first approach, a person has the following substructures: activity - purposeful actions of a person in relation to some object or person; culture - social norms and rules by which a person is guided in his actions; memory is the totality of all the knowledge acquired by it in life experience.

The second approach reveals the personality structure in such components: value orientations, culture, social statuses and roles.

If we combine these approaches, then we can say that a personality in sociology reflects certain character traits that it acquires in the process of interaction with society.

Freud's personality structure

The personality structure in Freud's psychology has three components: the id, the ego, and the superego.

The first component of the It is the oldest, unconscious substance that carries the energy of a person, responsible for instincts, desires and libido. This is a primitive aspect, operating on the principles of biological attraction and pleasure, when the tension of sustained desire is discharged, it is carried out through fantasies or reflex actions. It knows no boundaries, so its desires can become a problem in a person's social life.

The ego is the consciousness that controls the id. The ego satisfies the desires of the id, but only after analyzing the circumstances and conditions, so that these desires, released, do not contradict the rules of society.

The Super Ego is a repository of moral and ethical principles, rules and taboos of a person, by which he is guided in behavior. They are formed in childhood, at about 3-5 years old, when parents are most actively involved in raising a child. Certain rules are fixed in the ideological orientation of the child, and he supplements it with his own norms, which he acquires in life experience.

All three components are important for harmonious development: It, Ego and Super Ego must interact equally. If any of the substances is too active, then the balance will be disturbed, which can lead to psychological deviations.

Thanks to the interaction of the three components, protective mechanisms are developed. The main ones are: denial, projection, substitution, rationalization, formation of reactions.

Denial suppresses the inner impulses of the individual.

Projection is the attribution of one's own vices to others.

Substitution means replacing an inaccessible but desired object with another, more acceptable one.

With the help of rationalization, a person can give a reasonable explanation for his actions. Reaction formation is an action applied by a person due to which he does an action opposite to his forbidden impulses.

Freud singled out two complexes in the personality structure: Oedipus and Electra. According to them, children view their parents as sexual partners and are jealous of the other parent. Girls perceive their mother as a threat because she spends a lot of time with her dad, and boys are jealous of their mother to their father.

Personality structure according to Rubinstein

According to Rubinstein, personality has three components. The first component is orientation. The orientation structure consists of needs, beliefs, interests, motives, behavior, and worldview. The orientation of a person expresses his self-concept and social essence, orients the activity and activity of a person, regardless of specific conditions. environment.

The second component is knowledge, skills and habits, the main means of activity that a person acquires in the process of cognitive and objective activity. The presence of knowledge helps a person to navigate well in the outside world, skills ensure the performance of certain activities. Skills help to achieve results in new areas of objective activity, they can be transformed into skills.

Individually - typological properties constitute the third component of personality, they manifest themselves in character, temperament and abilities that provide the originality of a person, the uniqueness of his personality and determine behavior.

The unity of all substructures ensures the adequate functioning of a person in society and his mental health.

Also in a person, it is possible to determine some levels of organization that carry it out as a subject of life. Standard of living - it includes the experience of a lived life, moral standards, worldview. The personal level is made up of individual characterological features. The mental level consists of mental processes and their activity and specificity.

In Rubinstein, personality is formed through interaction with the world and society. The motives of conscious actions belong to the core of the personality, but also, a person has unconscious motives.

Jung's personality structure

Jung identifies three components: consciousness, the individual unconscious and the collective unconscious. In turn, consciousness has two substructures: the person, which expresses the human "I" for others, and the self itself, which is - the ego.

In the structure of consciousness, the person is the most superficial level (the archetype of conformity). This component of the personality structure includes social roles and statuses through which a person is socialized in society. This is a kind of mask that a person puts on when interacting with people. With the help of a persona, people draw attention to themselves and impress others. Behind external signs, symbols of covering oneself with clothes, accessories, a person can hide his true thoughts, he hides behind external properties. Symbols of confirmation of social status also have an important place, for example, a car, expensive clothes, a house. Such signs can appear in the symbolic dreams of a person who is worried about his status, when he dreams, for example, of the object that he is afraid of losing in real life he loses it in his sleep. On the one hand, such dreams contribute to an increase in anxiety and fear, but on the other hand, they act in such a way that a person begins to think differently, he begins to take the thing lost in a dream more seriously in order to save it in life.

The ego is the core of the personality in its structure and combines all the information known to a person, his thoughts and experiences, and is now aware of himself, all his actions and decisions. The ego provides a sense of coherence, purposefulness of what is happening, the stability of mental activity and the continuity of the flow of feelings and thoughts. The ego is a product of the unconscious, but it is the most conscious component, because it acts from personal experience and based on the knowledge gained.

The individual unconscious are thoughts, experiences, beliefs, desires that were previously very relevant, but having survived them, a person erases them from his consciousness. Thus, they faded into the background and remained, in principle, forgotten, but they cannot simply be forced out, therefore the unconscious is a repository for all experiences, unnecessary knowledge and transforms them into memories that will sometimes come out. The individual unconscious has several constituent archetypes: the shadow, the anima, and the animus, the self.

The shadow is a dark bad double of the personality, it contains all the vicious desires, evil feelings and immoral ideas that the person considers very low and tries to look at his shadow less so as not to face his vices openly. Although the shadow is the central element of the individual unconscious, Jung says that the shadow is not repressed, but is another human self. A person should not ignore the shadow, she should accept her dark side and be able to evaluate her good features in accordance with those negative ones lurking in the shadow.

The archetypes representing the beginnings of women and men are the anima, which is represented in men, the animus in women. The animus endows women with masculine traits, for example, firm will, rationality, strong character, the anima allows men to sometimes show weaknesses, infirmity of character, irrationality. This idea is based on the fact that in the organisms of both sexes there are hormones of opposite sexes. The presence of such archetypes makes it easier for men and women to find mutual language and understand each other.

Chief among all individual unconscious archetypes is the self. This is the core of a person, around which all other components gather and the integrity of the personality is ensured.

Jung said that people confuse the meaning of the ego and the self and attach more importance to the ego. But selfhood will not be able to take place until the harmony of all components of the personality is achieved. The self and the ego can exist together, but the individual needs some experience to achieve a strong connection between the ego and the self. Having achieved this, the personality becomes truly holistic, harmonious and realized. If a person's process of integrating his personality is disturbed, this can lead to neuroses. And in this case, analytical psychotherapy is used, focused on optimizing the activity of the conscious and unconscious. Basically, the goal of psychotherapy is to work with the "extraction" of the unconscious emotional complex and work with it so that the person rethinks it and looks at things differently. When a person becomes aware of this unconscious complex, he is on the path to recovery.

Personality structure according to Leontiev

The concept and structure of personality in A. N. Leontiev goes beyond the plane of relations to the world. Behind his definition, personality is another individual reality. This is not a mixture of biological features, it is a highly organized, social unity of features. A person becomes a person in the process of life, certain actions, thanks to which he gains experience and socializes. Personality is experience itself.

Personality is not a complete person, as he is with all his biological and social factors. There are features that are not included in the personality, but until it manifests itself, it is difficult to say about this in advance. Personality appears in the process of relations with society. When a personality arises, then we can talk about its structure. The whole personality is a connected, integral unity, independent of the biological individual. The individual is a unity of biological, biochemical processes, organ systems, their functions, they do not play a role in the socialization and achievements of the individual.

Personality, as a non-biological unity, arises in the course of life and certain activities. Therefore, the structure of the individual and the personal structure independent of him are obtained.

Personality has a hierarchical structure of factors formed by the historical course of events. It manifests itself through the differentiation of different types of activity and their restructuring, in the process secondary, higher connections arise.

Personality for A. N. Leontiev is characterized as a great variety of real relations of the subject, which determine his life. This activity is the foundation. But not all human activity determines his life and builds a personality out of him. People do a lot of different actions and deeds that have nothing to do with the development of a personal structure and can be simply external, not truly affecting a person and not contributing to its structure.

The second thing through which the personality is characterized is the level of development of connections between secondary actions, that is, the formation of motives and their hierarchy.

The third characteristic denoting a person is the type of structure, it can be monovertic, polyvertic. Not every motive for a person is the goal of his life, is not his pinnacle and cannot withstand the entire load of the pinnacle of personality. This structure is an inverted pyramid, where the top, together with the leading life goal, is at the bottom and bears all the load that is associated with the achievement of this goal. Depending on the main life goal set, it will depend on whether it can withstand the entire structure and the actions associated with it and the experience gained.

The main motive of the personality must be defined in such a way as to keep the whole structure on itself. The motive sets the activity, based on this, the structure of the personality can be defined as a hierarchy of motives, a stable construction of the main motivational actions.

A.N. Leontiev distinguishes three more basic parameters in the personality structure: the breadth of a person's relations with the world, the level of their hierarchization, and their joint structure. The psychologist also singled out one interesting aspect of the theory, like the rebirth of a person, and an analysis of what is happening to her at that time. A person masters his behavior, new ways of solving motivational conflicts are formed, which are associated with consciousness and volitional properties. To resolve the conflict and act as a mediating mechanism in the mastery of behavior can be such an ideal motive, which is independent and lying outside the vectors of the external field, which is able to subjugate actions with antagonistically directed external motives. Only in the imagination can a person create something that will help him master his own behavior.

The structure of personality according to Platonov

In K. K. Platonov, the personality owns a hierarchical structure, in which there are four substructures: biological conditioning, display forms, social experience and orientation. This structure is depicted in the form of a pyramid, the foundation of which is formed by the biochemical, genetic and physiological characteristics of an individual as an organism, in general, those properties that give life and support human life. These include such biological characteristics as gender, age, pathological changes that depend on morphological changes in the brain.

The second substructure is the form of reflection, depending on mental cognitive processes - attention, thinking, memory, sensations and perception. Their development gives a person more opportunities to be more active, more observant and better perceive the surrounding reality.

The third substructure contains social features person, his knowledge, skills that he acquired in personal experience through communication with people.

The fourth substructure is formed by the orientation of a person. It is determined through the beliefs, worldview, desires, aspirations, ideals and inclinations of a person that he uses in a work, work or favorite pastime.

Speaker of the Medical and Psychological Center "PsychoMed"