Are individuals born or made? What is this concept in general, and how is it interpreted by the science of man - psychology? Is every person a person, and if not, how to become one? Read about all this in the article.

William James is considered to be the founder of personality psychology. He owns the philosophical theory of pragmatism, from which many modern trends psychology.

James is the first transpersonal psychologist. According to his theory, personality is the interaction of instincts and habits with the volitional qualities of a person.

However, the very term "personality" belongs to N. M. Karamzin. In his understanding, a person is the master of fate, life, a spiritually rich and original person who is responsible for his actions. Based on this, it can be argued that a person is not born, but becomes.

• Personality is a product of the social in man. At birth, a person has only a biological element, but immediately begins his formation as a person, that is, he assimilates social experience.
• However, there are many approaches to the interpretation of the phenomenon of personality. You can read more about this in the article.
• In psychology, it is customary to distinguish the inner and outer world of the individual. You can read about the first element in the article. The outside world means the relationship of the individual with society, the social environment, education and formation as a subject of society.

In order to become a person, you need to make a lot of effort:

• master speech;
• with its help - motor, intellectual and sociocultural skills.

The formation of a person as a person is the result of his socialization. The more a person perceives and assimilates information, value orientations, traditions, the more developed personality he will become.

The concept of personality is closely related to the concept of the individual and individuality:

• An individual is a person as a representative of his species.
• Individuality is a set of unique distinguishing features person.

But what is interesting: a person can be an individual, but not be a person at the same time. Each person is unique, but not everyone becomes a person.

Thus, if we speak of a person as a person, then we mean a social element in our nature. While when discussing a person as an individual, the biological element plays an important role.

The process of personality formation is a holistic and interconnected process of formation, interests, worldview, beliefs and ideals of a particular person.

Personality structure

The structure of personality includes orientation, temperament, character, features of the flow of cognitive processes and feelings.

Personal orientation

It consists of:

• interests,
• tendencies,
• needs,
• motives,
• ideals.

Orientation determines the activity of the individual and the levels of its development. The main component of the orientation of the personality is a worldview (a system of views on the development of society, nature, consciousness, beliefs). You can read more about this element in the article.

Temperament

This is a set of individual personality traits that characterize the dynamic and emotional side of its activities and behavior. You can read more about temperaments.

Character

A complex of individual, most pronounced, stable traits. Through them, a person's attitude to reality is manifested. Behavior depends on character.

Capabilities

These are the properties of the psyche and its systems, expressed in different ways. The success of the development and implementation of activities depends on them.

Motivational-need sphere as the basis of personality

Needs - the motivating force of the activity of the individual.

• Need - the need of the body in certain conditions, without which life is impossible.
• A motive is an objectified need.
• The set of motives aimed at the goal is motivation.

The need to know the world is the most important for a person. It releases a person from the captivity of fears, misunderstandings and superstitions, allows you to be the creator of life.

Other spiritual needs are no less significant for the individual:

• in aesthetic pleasure;
• in labor;
• in social activities;
• in communication.

The development of needs (from the lowest to the highest) is a condition for the development of the personality.

Aspects of personality

• the properties of the person himself, or the intra-individual aspect;
• features of the interaction of the individual with other people, or the interindividual aspect;
• the impact of personality on other people, or the meta-individual aspect.

Through the analysis of these aspects, one can characterize the inner world of a person.

A person is a representative of a particular society or social group, engaged in a specific type of activity, aware of his attitude to the world around him and having certain individual psychological characteristics.

Difficulties in understanding a person as a person

The complexity of a clear representation and description of the phenomenon of personality lies in the ambiguity of the theory. The following problem areas can be identified:

• Often a person is identified with an individual.
• Sometimes a person is called a part of the inner world or features of the mental structure.
• The personality regards it as a certain component, which includes something given from birth, and some unattainable ideal, and a set of public relations.
• How many sciences that study a person and researchers who ask this question exist, so many definitions of the term "personality" exist.

The personality is characterized by the system of its conscious relations. AT recent times it became popular to talk not only about the influence of social and biological factors, but also about the role of the situation as a deterrent element of the personality.

Afterword

Despite the fact that most scientists are of the opinion that individuals are made, not born, the question of whether all people are individuals continues to gather controversy and ambiguous opinions around itself.

• The questions of whether a child can be considered a person are controversial, although humanistic pedagogy claims that, of course, it is possible and necessary.
• Just as controversial is the understanding of a mentally ill person or a criminal as a person.
• Don't the phrases "asocial personality" or "degraded personality" look ridiculous?

As a result, everyone chooses which side he belongs to in these matters. In my opinion, each person (especially important for young children during education) can be treated as a potential personality, that is, they can be given a few points head start. However, this is possible until the person proves otherwise.

Personality structure is a set of unchanging and stable properties that are manifested by individuals in a wide variety of situations. In psychology, it is customary to divide properties into three classes: character traits, abilities, and motives. In each structure, shortcomings of temperament appear, which are compensated by the main advantages of the character of each personality. Personality is a person who has acquired a certain set of social qualities. Psychological qualities that characterize the character of a person, as well as his attitude towards people, cannot be included in the number of personal qualities.

Modern psychology characterizes personality as a socio-psychological entity formed as a result of life in society. Accordingly, before birth, each individual lacks personal qualities. Each person is individual, because he has a number of personality traits present only in him.

The formation of personality is a direct process of human socialization, aimed at mastering the social essence by him, manifested only in certain circumstances of the life of each person. Two different personality structures are especially clearly distinguished - social and psychological. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Psychological personality structure.

Psychological personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes, motivation. Psychology characterizes personality as follows:

• Intelligence is limited.
• Discretion, steadfastness, restraint - susceptibility to influence, vanity.
• Softness - callousness, cynicism.
• Friendliness, flexibility, complaisance - rigidity, vindictiveness, tyranny.
• Realism is autism.
• Integrity, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.
• Confidence is uncertainty.
• Tact is tactlessness.
• Happiness is sadness.
• Sociability - unsociability.
• Independence is conformity.
• A variety of interests is a narrowness of interests.
• Seriousness is windiness.
• Aggressiveness is kindness.
• Optimism is pessimism.
• Generosity is stinginess.
• Self-confidence is insecurity.
• The maturity of the mind is inconsistency, illogicality.
• Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).
• Kindness, unobtrusiveness, tolerance - self-will, selfishness.
• Kindness, gentleness - malice, callousness.
• Willpower is willlessness.
• Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.
• Adulthood is infantilism.
• Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).
• Fascination is disappointment.
• Activity - passivity.
• Expressiveness - restraint.
• Sensitivity - coldness.
• Honesty is deceit.
• Cheerfulness is cheerfulness.
• Courage is cowardice.
• Independence is dependence.

A self-actualizing personality is characterized by the ability to perfectly orient itself in reality and actively perceive it; immediacy and spontaneity in actions and expression of one's own feelings and thoughts; acceptance of oneself and others in their true face; development of abilities, etc.

Social personality structure.

Conducting research on social personality structure, had to face a number of theoretical obstacles that prevented the construction of the concept of personality. The main element here is the personality, considered as a social quality. sociological personality structure consists of subjective and objective
properties of the individual, which are manifested and function in the process of his life. It can be both interaction with others, and independent activity. In sociology, it is extremely important to determine the moment of transition and transformation taking place in the structure of personality.

Scientists have long sought to find in the content behind the concept of "personality" the main aspects of analysis, some components, "blocks", the orientation to which would help in the knowledge of a particular person. Of course, these aspects can only be abstractions that roughen reality, but without such roughenings of knowledge there is no cognition. This is the problem of personality structure. In fact, we have already touched on it when we talked about the personality structure proposed by Z. Freud. It can be assumed that a hint at the structure of personality is contained in the question we have just considered about the relationship between the concepts of "individual", "personality", "individuality".

AT domestic psychology there are some special solutions to this problem, which we will partially present here.

S. L. Rubinshtein determined the study of “ mental appearance» personality with three questions:

1. What does a person want, what is attractive to him, what does he aspire to? It is a question of his orientation, his attitudes and tendencies, needs, interests and ideals.
2. What can a person do? This is a question about his abilities, talents.
3. What is a person? This is the question of “what of his tendencies and attitudes entered his flesh and blood and was fixed as the core personality traits. It's a question about a person's character."

Can this scheme help in thinking about a particular person? Of course. Non-constructive ways of self-affirmation of a certain person, which significantly complicate his life, can come from internal conflict between his striving for great life goals (orientation) and the lack of the habit of working on developing the corresponding abilities in himself. And the very absence of this habit can be legitimately attributed to character.

In the context of specifying the relationship between social and biological factors in the development of personality, one can turn to the solution of the problem of personality structure proposed by K. K. Platonov. There are four substructures of personality.

1. The substructure of the personality orientation, which includes the worldview, beliefs, interests, desires, drives. In the forms of orientation, both relations and moral qualities personality.
2. The substructure of experience, which manifests itself in knowledge, skills, abilities. It can also be called a substructure of readiness. It is through this substructure that the individual development of a person accumulates the historical experience of mankind.
3. Individual features of individual mental processes or mental functions. Here we can point to the fact that some people think quickly, but perhaps somewhat superficially, others - slowly, but they are more striving to comprehend the essence of phenomena. Similar features are found in other mental processes.
4. Biologically determined substructure. It includes properties related to gender, age, type nervous system, organic changes.

When moving from the fourth substructure to the first, the value of the biological conditionality of personality properties decreases and the value of their social certainty increases. It is important that biologically determined properties are included in the personality structure. This fact is not consistent with the above statement by A. N. Leontiev about personality as a “special quality” of purely social origin. In his opinion, a person "reckons" with innate properties and uses them in organizing his activity. As for the structure of the personality, it is "a relatively stable configuration of the main hierarchized motivational lines within itself," which is produced from the hierarchy of the corresponding activities that make up the basis of the personality.

Against the background of these judgments, we present another solution to the question of the structure of personality. AT this case there are three hierarchical levels in the functioning of the personality: “Firstly, this is the core of the personality, which is a set of motivational structures that set the direction of the “movement” of the personality ... Secondly, this is the periphery of the personality, which determines the specific way of implementing the motivational core. The periphery of the personality is made up of personal meanings, traits, systems of constructs, social roles in which the subject is included, his personal history. At this level of discussion, it is possible to carry out a personality typology. Thirdly, this is the level of individual prerequisites for the existence of a person, which, in essence, are impersonal. Individual prerequisites (for example: gender, age, structure and properties of the nervous system, the nature of neurohumoral regulation, etc.) in themselves are not informative in relation to the individual, but determine the characteristics of the individual's interaction with the world and with himself. It turns out that the motivational sphere is the core of the personality, but the structure of the personality is not exhausted by it.

Consider one more interesting solution problems of personality structure, which has practical significance. Three components of this structure are distinguished by A.V. Petrovsky.

• First - intraindividual(or intra-individual) substructure. This is the organization of the personality of a person, represented by the structure of temperament, character, abilities.
• At the same time, a person cannot be considered as something located only in the closed space of the individual's body. It reveals itself in the sphere of interindividual relations, in the space of interpersonal interactions. Hence the second substructure of personality - interindividual.
• Third substructure - meta-individual(or superindividual). In this case, the focus is on the “contributions” that a person makes by his activity to other people. Thus, the personality not only moves beyond the limits of the organic body of the individual, not only moves beyond the limits of its cash, "here and now" existing connections with other people, but also continues itself in other people. This ideal representation of the personality in other people due to the "contributions" made to them is called personalization. Apparently, such "contributions" to a large extent determine the scale of the individual.

Thus, we have considered a number of solutions to the question of the structure of personality. They differ significantly from each other due to the extreme complexity of the object of knowledge, as well as the versatility of approaches to it by researchers. However, together they help to comprehend the content that stands behind the concept of "personality".

In most of the various psychological definitions a person appears as a "set", "sum", "system", "organization", etc., i.e. as a certain unity of certain elements, as a certain structure. And in foreign psychology the most different directions, and in the domestic one we can meet many specific developments of personality structures (3. Freud, K.G. Jung, G. Allport, K.K. Platonov, B.C. Merlin, etc.). At the same time, understanding the problem of personality structure from general theoretical positions and the subsequent consideration of the most important points in the construction of one's own concept is not so common. Examples of such developments are personality structures created by K.K. Platonov, G. Eysenck.

Platonov, after analyzing the philosophical and psychological understanding structure, defines it as the interaction of a real-life mental phenomenon, taken as a whole (in particular, personality), and its substructures, elements and their comprehensive connections. To describe the structure of personality, according to Platonov, it is necessary to establish what is taken as a whole, to delimit and define it. Then it is necessary to find out what constitutes the elements of this integrity, understanding by them the parts that are indecomposable within the framework of the given system and relatively autonomous of it. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account the fullest possible number of these elements. At the next stage, the most significant and general connections between the elements, between each of them and integrity should be revealed. Further, the necessary and sufficient number of substructures is revealed, which will fit all the elements of the analyzed integrity. Substructures and elements are classified. Next, it is important to explore the genetic hierarchy of component levels.

The result of such a structural analysis was the dynamic, functional structure of the personality of K.K. Platonov. It consists of four adjacent substructures:

1. substructure of orientation and personality relations;
2. knowledge, skills, abilities, habits, i.e. an experience;
3. individual features of individual mental processes;
4. typological, age, gender personality traits, i.e. biopsychic.

Platonov also identifies substructures of character and abilities as superimposed on four main substructures.

The ideas of S.L. Rubinstein and V.N. Myasishchev, although specific structures were created by their followers.

A.G. Kovalev distinguishes the following components of the personality structure: orientation (a system of needs, interests, ideals), abilities (an ensemble of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties), character (synthesis of relationships and behaviors), temperament (system natural properties). B.C. Merlin created the theory of integral personality, he describes two groups of individual characteristics. The first group - "properties of the individual" - includes two substructures: temperament and individual qualitative features of mental processes. The second group - "personality properties" - has three substructures:

1. motives and attitudes;
2. character;
3. capabilities.

All substructures of the personality are interconnected due to the mediating link - activity.

B.G. Ananiev used a broader category of "man", which includes the whole range of private categories, such as an individual, a personality, an individuality, a subject of activity. He proposed the general structure of man. Each of the elements of this structure has its own substructure. So, in the structure of a person as an individual, there are two levels, and it includes age-sex properties, individual-typical (constitutional, neurodynamic features, etc.), psycho-physiological functions, organic needs, inclinations, temperament. Personality itself is organized no less complicated: status, roles, value orientations - this is the primary class of personal properties; motivation of behavior, the structure of social behavior, consciousness, etc. - secondary personal properties.

In foreign concepts of personality, much attention is also paid to the problem of structure. One of the most famous is the personality structure of 3. Freud. In the concept of K.G. Jung, in which the personality, like that of Freud, appears as a system, the following important substructures are distinguished: Ego, personal unconscious and its complexes, collective unconscious and its archetypes, persona, anima, animus and shadow. Within the framework of depth psychology, G. Murray, W. Reich, and others also addressed the problem of personality structure.

A large group of foreign researchers considers traits as structural units of personality. G. Allport was one of the first to work in this direction. His theory of personality is called "theory of traits". Allport distinguishes the following types of traits: personality traits (or general traits) and personal dispositions (individual traits). Both are neuropsychic structures that transform a multitude of stimuli and cause a multitude of equivalent responses. But personality traits include any characteristics inherent in a certain number of people within a given culture, and personal dispositions - such characteristics of an individual that do not allow comparison with other people, make a person unique. Allport focused on the study of personal dispositions. They, in turn, are divided into three types: cardinal, central and secondary. The cardinal disposition is the most general, it determines almost all human actions. According to Allport, this disposition is relatively uncommon, and not seen in many people. The central dispositions are the bright characteristics of the personality, its building blocks, and they can be easily detected by others. The number of central dispositions on the basis of which a person can be accurately recognized is small - from five to ten. The secondary disposition is more limited in manifestation, less stable, less generalized. All personality traits are in certain relationships, but relatively independent of each other. Personality traits exist in reality, and are not just a theoretical invention, they are a driving (motivating) element of behavior. According to Allport, personality traits are united into a single whole by a specific construct, the so-called proprium.

A trait is also a basic category in R. Cattell's theory of personality. In his opinion, in order to gain knowledge about a person, three main sources can be used: registration data of real life facts (L-data), self-assessment data when

filling out questionnaires (Q-data) and data from objective tests (OT-data). Cattell and his collaborators have been conducting large-scale surveys of several age groups in different countries. These data were subjected to factor analysis in order to identify underlying factors that determine or control variations in surface variables. The results of this survey was the consideration of personality as a complex and differentiated structure of traits. A trait is a hypothetical mental structure that is found in behavior and causes a predisposition to act in the same way in different circumstances and over time. Traits can be classified in several ways. Central is the distinction between surface features and baseline features. A superficial trait is a series of behavioral characteristics of a person accompanying each other (in medicine this is called a syndrome). They do not have a single basis and are inconsistent. More important are the original features. These are some combined values ​​or factors. It is they that determine the constancy of human behavior and are the "blocks of the personality building." There are 16 baseline traits, according to the results of Cattell's factor analysis. To measure them, the questionnaire "16 Personality Factors" (16 PF) is used. These factors are: responsiveness - aloofness, intelligence, emotional stability- instability, dominance - subordination, prudence - carelessness, etc.

The initial traits can, in turn, be divided into two types depending on their origin: traits that reflect hereditary traits - constitutional traits; resulting from the social and physical conditions of the environment - traits formed environment. The original features can be distinguished in terms of the modality through which they are expressed. Ability traits are related to the effectiveness of achieving the desired goal; temperament traits - with emotionality, speed, energy of reactions; dynamic features reflect motivational sphere personality. Dynamic traits are divided into three groups: attitudes, ergs and feelings. Cattell considers the complex interactions of these substructures, while he attaches special importance to the "dominant feeling" - the feeling of the I.

In the theory of G. Eysenck, personality is also represented as a hierarchically organized structure of traits. At the most general level, Eysenck distinguishes three types or super-features: extraversion - introversion, neuroticism - stability, psychotism - the power of the Super-Ego. At the next level, traits are surface reflections of the fundamental type. For example, extraversion is based on such traits as sociability, liveliness, perseverance, activity, striving for success. Below are the usual reactions; at the bottom of the hierarchy are specific responses or actually observable behavior. For each of the super traits, Eysenck establishes a neurophysiological basis. The severity of a particular super-feature can be assessed using specially designed questionnaires, the most famous in our country is the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.

Just like G. Eysenck, J.P. Guilford viewed personality as a hierarchical structure of traits and was one of the first to study it using factor analysis. In personality, he singles out the sphere of abilities, the sphere of temperament, the hormic sphere, the class of parameters of pathology. In the field of temperament, for example, ten traits are factorially distinguished: general activity, dominance, sociability, emotional stability, objectivity, a tendency to think, etc.

The described classical studies of the structure of personality traits were a model and stimulus for subsequent numerous works on the empirical reproduction of one or another factor model or for the development of new grounds for a factor description of personality without a serious analysis of their relationships in a holistic concept of personality.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution

higher professional education

"STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT"

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE TRAINING

PROGRAM AND CONTROL TASKS

FOR ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

"PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY"

Abstract on the topic: The structure of personality.

Moscow - 2010

Plan

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..2

1. The concept of personality…..……………………………………………………………………. ...............................3

2. Psychological structure personalities.……………………............................5

3. Statistical and dynamic structures of personality…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7

4. Formation and development of personality………………………………………….8

5. Properties and individual typological features of personality……...10

5.1. Temperament……………………………………………………………………10

5.2. Character……………………………………………………………………..11

6. Determination of the general orientation of the personality ..………………….……… ..12

7. Inclinations and abilities……………………………….………………………….14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…15

Literature………………………………………………………………………….16

Introduction

Psychology is the science of the most complex that is known to mankind so far. After all, the psyche is “a property of highly organized matter”. If we mean the human psyche, then the word “most” should be added to the words “highly organized matter”: after all, the human brain is the most highly organized matter known to us.

The history of research in the field of personality psychology is over a hundred years old. For more than a hundred years, scientists have been looking for answers to questions about the nature of a person, the inner world of a person, about the factors that determine the development of a person and human behavior, his individual actions and his life path as a whole.

This search has by no means only theoretical value. From the very beginning, the study of personality has been closely connected with the need to solve practical problems.

Psychology without practice is deprived of its main meaning and purpose - knowledge and service to man. Practical orientation, however, not only does not reduce the importance of the development of psychological theory, but, on the contrary, strengthens it: the idea that successful practical work requires, first of all, the mastery of a number of practical skills and the accumulation of experience, while theoretical education plays a rather secondary role. , is fundamentally wrong.

Thus, in Western psychology, it is precisely the intensive development of practice that has brought to life questions that relate to the general problems of personality psychology. In particular, the question of the leading beginning in the development of personality remains debatable: whether to consider it, as many representatives of the humanistic direction in psychology suggest, as a gradual unfolding of the potential inherent in a person that pushes a person to self-realization, or whether the development process is determined by a series of life choices the person himself.

Personality structure is a set of the most stable and unchanging properties displayed by individuals in different time in different situations, as well as hierarchical relationships between properties. The description of the personality structure in psychodiagnostics depends on the accepted classification of properties, or diagnostic factors.

It is customary to distinguish three broad classes of properties: abilities, character traits, and motives. In the structure of a complex, heterogeneous personality, shortcomings in temperament (a weak type of nervous system, for example) can be compensated by virtues of character (the ability to self-control - to arbitrary volitional regulation), but in dramatic situations (conditions of danger and lack of time), the usual compensatory hierarchy of properties can "fail ”and a weak, passive-defensive style of behavior due to temperament will appear.

1. The concept of personality

To the question of what a personality is, psychologists answer differently, and in the variety of their answers, and partly in the divergence of opinions on this matter, the complexity of the very phenomenon of personality is manifested. Each of the definitions of personality available in the literature deserves to be taken into account in the search for a global definition of personality.

Personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities. This means that personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined and do not depend in any way on life in society. Many definitions of personality emphasize that psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in relations with people, in society, do not belong to the number of personal ones.

The concept of “personality” usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people.

Today, psychology interprets personality as a socio-psychological entity, which is formed due to a person's life in society. A person, as a social being, acquires new 9 personal qualities when he enters into relationships with other people and these relationships become "formative" of his personality. At the time of birth, an individual does not yet have these acquired (personal) qualities.

Since personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities, this means that personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are naturally conditioned and do not depend on his life in society. Personal qualities do not include the psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in relations with people in society.

The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his traits and actions that are significant for people.

By definition, R.S. Nemov, a person is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics, which are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relations by nature, are stable and determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him.

Along with the concept of “personality”, the terms “person”, “individual”, “individuality” are used. Essentially, these concepts are intertwined.

Man is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest degree development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.

An individual is a single member of the species homo sapiens» . As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).

Individuality is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intellect, worldview, life experience).

The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two of his different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of the formation of personality and individuality.

The formation of a personality is a process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of a generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life.

The formation of personality is associated with the acceptance by the individual of the ideas developed in society. social functions and roles, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.

The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and originality. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively manifested himself in life.

In the concepts of “personality” and “individuality”, various aspects, different dimensions of the spiritual essence of a person are fixed. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality" such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent" are usually used, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others.

Individuality is said to be “bright”, “unique”, “creative”, referring to the qualities of an independent entity.

2. Psychological structure of personality

The personality structure usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.

Let's consider a set of such traits that, according to R. Meili 1 , quite fully characterize a personality:

Self-confidence is insecurity.

Intellectuality (analyticity) - limitation (lack of developed imagination).

The maturity of the mind is inconsistency, illogicality.

Discretion, restraint, steadfastness - vanity, susceptibility to influence.

Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).

Softness - callousness, cynicism.

Kindness, tolerance, unobtrusiveness - selfishness, self-will.

Friendliness, complaisance, flexibility - rigidity, tyranny, vindictiveness.

Kindness, gentleness - malice, callousness.

Realism is autism.

Willpower is willlessness.

Integrity, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.

Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.

Confidence is uncertainty.

Adulthood is infantilism.

Tact is tactlessness.

Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).

Happiness is sadness.

Fascination is disappointment.

Sociability - unsociability.

Activity - passivity.

Independence - conformity.

Expressiveness - restraint.

Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.

Sensitivity - coldness.

Seriousness is windiness.

Honesty is deceit.

Aggressiveness is kindness.

Cheerfulness is cheerfulness.

Optimism - pessimism.

Courage is cowardice.

Generosity is stinginess.

Independence is dependence.

The psychological characteristics of a self-actualizing personality include:

Active perception of reality and the ability to navigate well in it;

Acceptance of oneself and other people for who they are;

immediacy in actions and spontaneity in expressing one's thoughts and feelings;

Focusing on what is happening outside, as opposed to focusing only on the inner world, focusing consciousness on one's own feelings and experiences;

Having a sense of humor;

Developed creative abilities;

Rejection of conventions;

Preoccupation with the well-being of other people, and not with ensuring only one's own happiness;

The ability to deeply understand life;

Establishment with people around, although not with all, quite friendly personal relationships;

The ability to look at life from an objective point of view;

The ability to rely on your experience, reason and feelings, and not on the opinions of other people, traditions or conventions;

Open and honest behavior in all situations;

The ability to take responsibility, rather than avoid it;

The application of maximum efforts to achieve the goals.

The psychological structure of the personality is designed to represent a single personality picture that interacts with the microclimate that does not go beyond its own boundaries.

To determine the concept of personality and its characteristics, for this there are scientific approaches. They are based on various methods, sometimes entering into each other, or mutually complementing each other. By personality is meant not just a subject, but a person consisting of a body and blood, which is a carrier, possessing the abilities contained in it, called knowledge. A person can experience and empathize, the whole world can be transformed around him. the world, he can come into contact with things and people of the world around him.

Starting a conversation about a person, we mean her active behavior, awareness, responsible approach to any business, transformation of realities, adaptability. And this is not a complete list of possessions, which together help to react to current events, as well as take part in them and even change their course.

Personality Structure: Philosophy

Personality is understood as a specific person who is characterized only by his manifestations of peculiar mental, volitional, emotional and physical properties. The emergence and development of the personality was carried out over a huge period of time, due to the socio-historical development of mankind, as well as as a result of the labor process.

Psychological and is determined by its belonging to the social environment with its inclusion in social relations.

Personality is social entity, the subject of knowledge, an active figure in the development of society. Characteristic features personality is determined by its consciousness, participation in the performance of public roles, useful activities for society.

Also, one of the qualities of a personality is determined by its individuality, that is, a set of peculiar and unique psychological differences in character, temperament, the course of development of the psyche (perception, memory, speech, will, etc.), as well as in the motivating sphere.

But be that as it may, a person is nothing but a product of his own deeds and participation in economic relations habitat. The process of studying personality is determined historical research, its formation when it enters certain conditions of society, as well as the social system.

Personality structure according to Rubinstein

It must not be overlooked that Rubinstein laid the foundation for a special methodological basis which deals with the problems of human psychological development. He flatly denies:

1. idealization of personality;
2. functional analysis, that is, division into disparate functions;
3. isolation from life;
4. bringing the individual to awareness.

According to Rubinshtein, the personality and its activities depend on the relations in society and the specific situation in its social existence, the dependence of its consciousness on the actions taken. According to S. L. Rubinshtein, the formation of a person's personality occurs as a result of interaction with the environment, including people.

According to the psychologist, the personality core consists of the motives of conscious actions, but the personality is also characterized by unconscious tendencies or impulses. The structure of personality according to Rubinstein varied personal temperament, self-awareness, abilities, character and direction.

The structure of personality according to Platonov

If we turn to Platonov's approach, then his personality is understood as a kind of biosocial hierarchical structure. They have the following substructures:

1. experience, consisting of knowledge, skills and abilities;
2. the presence of direction;
3. the presence of individual abilities expressed in various reflective forms, for example, sensation, memory, perception;
4. possession of the combined properties of behavior.

K can be attributed to the interpreted general structure of the personality, as some of its combined biological and socially determined distinctive features.

Complex of knowledge, skills and abilities can be attributed to the fundamental links that affect the definition of human labor activity. In the labor process itself, not only the appearance of the product of labor takes place, but also the formation of it itself in labor activity. Labor activity is carried out in conjunction with perception and temperament.

Presence of perception, is sensory awareness in relation to some object or phenomenon.

1. To feel means to reflect a separate sensual quality.
2. Memory is a mental process that records, preserves and subsequently reproduces past experience.
3. Thinking is a process of cognitive actions that are characterized by a generalized and mediated mirror-reflecting reality.

The presence of temperament shows a peculiar individuality of the properties of the psyche, which determines the active mental activity of a person, the manifestation of which is always fixed in the same measure.

1. Character combines stable individual personality traits that are made up of activities and.

Freud's personality structure

According to Freud, the personality structure consists of three components:

1. “It” is the most primitive matter, embracing the phenomena of an innate and subordinate nature to the object of pleasure and not at all aware of the realities.
2. "I" - is a consciousness that follows the rule of reality, creating mechanisms for adaptation to the environment.
3. "Super-I" - a resource that reproduces moral and religious feelings, acting as a controlling and punishing agent, is the final product of influence that comes from another mass of people. Appears since early childhood. The id is in conflict with the superego.

List of protective mechanisms:

1. deny everything and everything;
2. suppress internal impulses coming from the "Super-I";
3. a rational approach that reasonably justifies any actions that are contrary to internal principles;
4. form reactions when the expression of an unpleasant motive by people is carried out at the expense of a motive in the opposite type;
5. projection formation - when one's shortcomings are attributed to other people;
6. the formation of intellectualization - when a threatening situation arises, a person wants to avoid it at the expense of abstraction;
7. to replace - to partially satisfy an unacceptable motive at the expense of a morally acceptable way.

Personality structure: sociology

The structure of personality in sociology combines the objective and subjective properties of the subject, which arise and function in the period of various life activities, while affecting him with the community and associations with which the person comes into contact. Based on this, social structure personality is characterized independent activity and interaction from their own kind, which focuses the understanding of the object of life. It is impossible to analyze the structure of personality without analyzing the forms of its functioning.

The social attitudes of the individual are determined by her value orientations, which serve as a regulator of her behavior. Due to them, the fundamental interests of the individual are reflected, determined in her activities. Their manifestation is life position object, worldview and moral principles. The formation of holistic orientations occurs due to the assimilation of social skills by the object, in the list of which are social, moral, political, aesthetic ideals, as well as immutable regulatory requirements that are imposed on the object as a mandatory component that is part of the social community.

Personality structure according to Petrovsky

According to Petrovsky, the personality structure consists of three constituents and three subsystems:

1. individuality of the individual;
2. representation of personality in the structure of relationships between individuals;
3. representations of other people.

The character of the personality should be expressed by the unity of all three components, in its existence as an interindividual subject, the social origin of relationships.

This is how the personality structure according to Petrovsky looks like:

1. Personality is a social property that is considered individually.
2. Personality as a subject of interaction with his own kind.
3. A person who influences other people.

Personality structure according to Leontiev

According to Leontiev, the structure of personality is that it does not need to be searched for in any collection collected by individual features. human psyche such as genetics, acquired knowledge, skills, abilities and inclinations. As a solid foundation for a person's personality, one can apply his objective activity, or, more precisely, the system of his relations to the environment, which can be implemented using a hierarchy of various activities. To the extent that a person develops, he has to connect everything to more varieties of activities. This happens on the terms of those social relations in which a person falls, thanks to life circumstances. One of them is destined for the role of leaders for this person, others have to fall under his subordination. This is called the hierarchy of activities, and is the core of the personality, which does not depend on the state of the human body. Behind the "back" of these correlations of activities are motivating relationships, since the sphere of personality has a multi-top structure.

And now let's consider the list of basic parameters of personality structure according to A. Leontiev:

1. The individual and his various connections with the outside world, which are realized in conjunction with various activities.
2. To what extent is hierarchization related to the environment (activities), what motivational coloring they have.
3. An individual with his general arrangement of connections with the environment, which is formed with the help of internal correlations of the main motives together with activities.

Personality structure according to Adler

According to Adler, the personality structure consists of only four attitudes or types of behavior:

1. Control type of behavior.
2. Taking type of behavior.
3. Avoidant type of behavior.
4. Socially useful type of behavior.

Active, assertive and self-confident people fall under the governing type, whose orientation is aimed at having superiority over their own kind.

The desire to flee is characteristic, so as not to solve the problems that have arisen. They have low social activity, and any activity too.

The socially useful type of behavior includes people who combine high level activity and social interests, show concern for others, and always seek to cooperate with someone. This type is the most efficient.

Jung's personality structure

According to Jung, the personality structure corresponds to three main levels:

1. Ego, that is me.
2. Personal unconscious.
3. The super-ego is the collective unconscious.

Ego- is our consciousness. It consists of perceptions, memories, sensations and thoughts. The ego is responsible for self-identification and is essentially the center of the personality.

Personal unconscious consists of sensations, complexes, fears, thoughts forced out of consciousness and, as it were, forgotten about them. In the personal unconscious all the time there are new experiences that we ignore, or are not aware of.

collective unconscious- is the most controversial aspect of Jung's personality structure, which caused disagreement between Jung and Freud. This level of personality was given another name - the transpersonal unconscious. It consists of memories and images that were inherited by previous generations, and applies to all people without exception. According to Jung, the collective unconscious is the heritage of the ancestors, which has been formed throughout the evolution of people.