Separation of words in a sentence. Secondary members of the sentence. Clarifying members of the sentence are separated

The following syntactic constructions belong to the isolated members of the sentence:

1. isolated circumstances;

2. separate definitions;

3. standalone applications;

4. separate additions.

1. Special circumstances

Separate circumstances- these are the circumstances that are highlighted in oral speech intonation, and in writing - commas. Circumstances answer the questions Where? Where? When? Where? Why? What for? How? Against what? etc.

Special circumstances can be expressed as:

1) Single participle

N: Having made a noise, the river calmed down.

How to recognize adverb?
1. answer the questions what by doing? and what did you do?
2. have suffixes -a / -ya, -v, -lice, -shi (+ -s)
3. examples of gerunds: heard / a, thought / I, opened / in, saw / lice, locked / shi / s

2) Participle turnover

N: The peasants, seeing the landowner, took off their hats.

A participle turnover is a gerund with a dependent word(s).

DO NOT CONFUSE segregated participial turnover with INTRODUCTORY CONSTRUCTION:

N: Apparently, our journey will be delayed.

To be honest, I don't want to talk about it.

(the highlighted part of the sentence is introductory words, not adverbial turnover)

The adverbial phrase answers the question, denotes an additional action and has a direct meaning, while the introductory construction does not answer questions and has a figurative meaning.

More examples of introductory constructions that can be confused with adverbial turnover:

* in other words

* in short

* honestly

* talking between us

* putting it mildly, etc. .

DO NOT confuse the isolated adverbial phrase with the SUDDENDENT DETERMINATIVE:

N: [Here is a book], (after reading which you will learn a lot of interesting things).

(the highlighted part of the sentence is an attributive clause, not a participle)

NO in adverbial circulation grammatical basis and there can be no pronoun “which”, and in the attributive clause there is a grammatical stem and “which”!

3) Comparative turnover

N: Her head is shaved like a boy's.

Instead of the union HOW, synonymous conjunctions AS LIKE, AS IF, AS IF, EXACTLY WHAT (= HOW), LIKE can be used.

DO NOT confuse comparative clause with comparative clause:

N: [The three of us began to talk], (as if we had known each other for a century).

(the highlighted part of the sentence is a comparative clause, not a participle)

There is NO grammatical basis in the comparative turnover, but there is in the comparative clause!

4) Concessive turnover with the preposition DESPITE or DESPITE OF
N: In the streets, despite the bright sun, lanterns were burning.

DO NOT confuse the concessive turnover with the CONDITIONAL CONCESSION:

N: [He looks neat, clean], (despite the fact that his clothes are pretty worn).

(the highlighted part of the sentence is a concessive clause, not a participle)

There is NO grammatical basis in the concessive turnover, but there is in the concessive clause!

5) Nouns with derivative prepositions “thanks to”, “according to”, “contrary”, “in view of”, “due to”, “subject to”, “because of”, etc.

N: In Elena's room, thanks to the thick curtains, it was almost dark.
Children, despite the frost, went out for a walk.

Types of isolated circumstances:

1) NON-COMMON (these are isolated circumstances expressed by one independent part speech)

N: In the chest, smoking, the wound blackened.

2) COMMON (these are isolated circumstances consisting of 2 or more independent parts of speech)

N: Entering the hall, I hid in a crowd of men.

3) HOMOGENEOUS (these are separate circumstances that refer to the same verb-predicate and answer the same question).

N: Swaying and sparkling, the shelves are moving.
|Walking along a noisy avenue| and |feeling cheerful|, he experienced a happy pleasure.

Separate members of a sentence are secondary members of a sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation, in order to give them some independence in the sentence. In writing, they are usually distinguished by commas, less often by dashes.

Separate members of the sentence, in comparison with non-isolated ones, have b about greater syntactic weight, greater stylistic expressiveness and logical emphasis.

Separation of agreed definitions.

Agreed definitions after the word being defined.

They are isolated if:

Participial	Sportsman, skipping workouts, deprives himself of the chance to win.
Definition-adjective with dependent words	Boy, red from frost, stumbled into the door of the school.
Several uncommon definitions, separated intonation	Autumn, warm and affectionate, gilded the tops of the trees.
Single definition with added value	Fedor, glad, ran out of the canopy.
	He, surprised, threw up his hands.
If there is another definition before the noun being defined	Spring spirit, cheerful and silent, went everywhere.

Agreed definitions before the word being defined.

They are isolated if:

Participial constructions and definitions expressed by adjectives with additional meanings (usually reasons)

flattered by praise she sang at the top of her voice.

Single or common definitions that have an additional meaning and are placed before the noun being defined

deep green, forest sharply contrasted with the gray array of clouds.

Definitions expressed by short adjectives or short passive participles

Oveyan a thing of drowsiness , half-dressed forest is sad (Tyutchev).

Awakened at the usual hour, she got up by candlelight (Pushkin)

Separation of inconsistent definitions.

An inconsistent definition is separated by commas:

If it is expressed by a noun in the oblique case and at the same time the meaning expressed by it is emphasized (usually a noun with a preposition):	Father, with your invariable pencil behind your ear, came out to meet me.
If it is separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence	Shirt his, with sleeves wrapped up to the elbows, looked awkward.
If it is connected by a coordinating link with an agreed definition	White shirt , in black stripes sat well.
If it is expressed by a turnover with an adjective in a comparative degree	his house, just below the willow seemed cozy.
If the word being defined is a proper name	Pale, dull-eyed, Sergey slowly sank down on the sofa.
If the word being defined is a personal pronoun	With a broken lip and bruises on his face, he stood in the middle of the room in front of a smiling policeman.

An inconsistent definition may be separated by a dash:

An inconsistent definition is optionally isolated:

Separation of applications.

Separated by commas:

Common application after the word being defined	Girl, father's favorite, ran in boldly ... (L. Tolstoy)
If the application is in front of the word being defined, it has a shade of beingness and can be used with the word “ being”	Unhappily faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon it will wake up cheerfulness and fun ... (A. Pushkin). (You can say: Being a faithful sister of misfortune, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun)
Application with personal pronoun	Victory Day he was worth a lot
Common application after the word being defined	Bear, king of the forests, let out a terrible roar
If the application is a proper name or the nickname of an animal, it stands after the word being defined and explains or clarifies the common noun	been there and one of the guilty Stepanov.
If the application is a proper name, it stands after the word being defined and has a pronounced meaning of clarification, explanation	The owner of the sakli, Sado, was a man of about forty (L. Tolstoy).
A single appendix that comes after a definable common noun and explains or clarifies this noun - especially if the noun is preceded by another definition	Answered the call rosy-cheeked boy, journeyman.
If the word being defined is a personal pronoun	We, gunners, fussed near the guns (L. Tolstoy).
An application that has an additional adverbial value (most often with the conjunction “ how”, meaning cause)	smart animals, beavers winter reasonably (D. Zuev). And Birkopf, like a smart person, immediately took advantage of the exclusivity of his position (L. Tolstoy).
Application attached to the word being defined using words even, for example, in particular, that is etc. (In this case, the application has a pronounced refinement value).	My father showed me a wooden chest, that is a box, wide at the top and low at the bottom (S. Aksakov).

Separated with a dash:

To separate the application from the homogeneous members of the sentence (so that the application is not perceived as one of the homogeneous members)	A former ship's doctor lives with us - fast and strict old man, big connoisseur of music... (K. Paustovsky).
With intonational emphasis on the independence of a common application, which has a pronounced clarifying, explanatory meaning	At night, Funtik often cried in a dream - little red dachshund(K. Paustovsky).
If the application is at the end of the sentence and is a detailed explanation of the word being defined	Came neighbor – thin tall man with a scar on his right cheek.
In general, instead of a comma, a dash is often put if the application is at the end of the sentence	Evening came - shadow time.
If you can insert words before the application that is, namely	With our Aldar - a big black dog - we were not afraid of anything.

Does not separate:

REMEMBER!

1) It is unacceptable to mix commas and dashes when separating applications.

If the standalone application is in the middle simple sentence, then it is distinguished on both sides by the same signs - or a dash, or commas:

Behind the meadows, behind the old women - shelter for pike and other fish- a strip of sand is visible ...(K. Paustovsky)

2) If a separate application, distinguished by a dash, ends on the border of homogeneous members (between homogeneous members), then the second dash is not put:

I started talking about conditions, about inequality, about people- victims of life and about people- its lords(M. Gorky).

Separation of add-ons.

Separate objects are case forms of nouns with prepositions and prepositional combinations besides, besides, including, except for, along with, instead of, etc.

Separation of circumstances.

Separate circumstances are usually expressed by a gerund, a participle, a noun in oblique cases (most often with a preposition).

The following circumstances stand out:

Participial turnover	He was walking, looking around.
Two or more single gerunds-homogeneous members with a coordinating connection	The wind is blowing on the rooftops whistling and rumbling.
Single gerund before the predicate	after saying hello, he sat down. He, after saying hello, sat down.
Circumstances are always isolated with the preposition DESPITE	Despite the early morning, Glasha was no longer sleeping
The adverbial phrase standing after the coordinative or subordinating union or allied word. EXCEPTION: After union A, a comma is not put if it cannot be torn off from the gerund (the gerund cannot be rearranged).	Antonov got up and without saying a word, left the room. It became clear that taking this step, he will go to the end. EXCEPTION: He decided but having decided, was determined to go to the end. (the gerund cannot be rearranged).
Circumstances with prepositions and prepositional combinations can be isolated owing to, in view of, according to, in the absence of, thanks to, on occasion, in order to avoid, etc.	Work, according to the contract must be completed within three days.

Do not separate:

Phraseologisms	Worked through the sleeves. Went up his nose.
Single gerunds SILENTLY, SITTING, LAYING, STANDING, JOKING, NOT LOOKING, UNWANTING	He answered reluctantly. Tanya was reading lying down. The boy ate in silence.
A single gerund, close in meaning to an adverb and standing immediately after the predicate	Sergei nodded and left. whistling
Homogeneous members, of which one is a gerund, the other is a non-isolated circumstance (more often an adverb)	He approached slowly and trying not to make noise.
In revolutions starting from ..., starting from ..., depending on ... In this case, the participle has become a derivative preposition and has lost the additional meaning of the action. In a sentence, it can be omitted, while retaining the meaning of the sentence. Exception! The turnover is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification and stands in the middle of the sentence	Beginning with it's raining in the morning. - It has been raining since morning. (The rain did not start anything - there is no action). All day, starting in the morning, it's raining.
Participle turnover, which is closely adjacent to the predicate, constituting a single whole with it, and are the semantic center of the statement	This exercise is done standing on outstretched toes. Boy ran without seeing anyone.
A gerund with the dependent word "which". In this case, the comma is placed only before the gerund (participle turnover).	Somewhere there was a ford, not finding which one could drown.

Separation of clarifying members of the proposal.

In addition to isolation, there is also intonation-semantic separation. Moreover, not only secondary, but also the main members of the proposal can stand out. There are two types of such a selection: explanation and clarification.

An explanation is a designation of the same concept in different words:

We talked well, in a friendly way.

Refinement is a narrowing of a concept, its limitation.

Most often, the clarifying members of the sentence are circumstances of place and time:

I went to the right, through the bushes.

The clarifying members of the proposal are separated:

Separate secondary members of the sentence are divided into the following types: separate definitions, separate additions, separate circumstances.
Detached defined W.M
Separate definitions can be expressed by participles with dependent words, adjectives and nouns.
Note. A participle with a dependent word or several words is called a participial turnover, which in the sentence is an agreed common definition: The sun has already hidden in a black cloud resting on the ridge western mountains(M. Lermontov); I will continue my journal, interrupted by so many strange events (M. Lermontov).

Common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participial phrase with dependent words, if the definition is after the word to which it refers (after the word being defined):

on a hot coal, covered with bluish ash clouds (V. Kataev).
The participle in front of the word being defined is isolated if it has an additional circumstantial meaning of reason or concession, for example: Exhausted by the obsessive thought of the sail, grandfather fell into oblivion (V. Kataev) (cf .: Grandfather fell into oblivion, as he was exhausted obsessive thought about the sail); Wounded by a shrapnel in the shoulder, Captain Saburov did not leave the ranks (K. Simonov) (cf .: Although Captain Saburov was wounded in the shoulder, he did not leave the ranks).
An adjective with dependent words can be isolated if it comes after the noun being defined: The high sky with a single cloud resembling a bunch of grapes was reflected in the water (K. Paustovsky) (cf .: Recently, the pool replenished with mountain springs unexpectedly became shallow (A. Gaidar) .

Two or more homogeneous agreed non-spread definitions are isolated if they come after the noun being defined (often with this noun there is a definition standing before it): It was Marine officer, tall and pale (K. Paustovsky); And this thought, simple and clear, firmly lay down in his excited head (A. Gaidar) - cf .: The watery stars of port lamps were liquidly reflected in the bright and completely motionless lake of the harbor (V. Kataev); It was raining, oblique, large, beating in the face (K. Simonov) - cf .: It was frequent prickly rain (K. "Paustovsky).
Separate are inconsistent common definitions that stand after the word to which they refer, and expressed by the indirect case of a noun with a preposition, for example: Next was a real city, with high houses, shops, warehouses, gates (V. Kataev); Two girls, looking about eight and ten years old, were sitting next to her and with large round eyes that stopped from curiosity looked at the newcomers (K. Simonov). However, this condition does not always cause isolation. Compare: The same sailor with an anchor on his hand was sitting on the step of the bow ladder (V. Kataev). Separation depends on the desire of the speaker (or writer) to emphasize the special meaning expressed by these words.
Any definition (common or non-common) standing after the word being defined "or before it is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun, for example: . Gaidar); I, an adult, was a little ashamed... (K. Paustovsky); Why did he believe * false words and caresses, he, who from a young age comprehended people? (M. Lermontov),

Any definition is isolated if it is torn off from the defined noun or personal pronoun by other members of the sentence, for example: They stood with bundles, trunks and baskets, dusty and tired (A. Gaidar); After two or three seconds, a light flashed high above the platform, and, supported by a parachute, a small silver model of an airplane hung in the air (A. Gaidar); Several times, mysterious and lonely, a rebellious battleship appeared on the horizon in sight of the Bessarabian coast (V. Kataev).

Note. Definitions expressed by two or more adjectives should be distinguished from compound ones. nominal predicates, part of which are adjectives and participles: I looked around and saw thousands of people, pale and crying with happiness (K. Paustovsky). People (k a k and x?) Pale and crying with happiness. Here in the sentence is a separate definition. The path was deaf, overgrown with grass and covered with small stones (A. Gaidar). The path (what is it?) is deaf, overgrown... and covered... Here the adjective and participles are predicates. I sat immersed in deep thought. Here sat immersed in ... thoughtfulness - compound predicate.

The concept of isolated members of the proposal

So, let's start, as is customary in such cases, with a definition. Separate members of a sentence are such secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the framework of the entire phrase.

How are isolated members of a sentence distinguished?

Isolation in oral conversation occurs with the help of intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different there. Commas are used to separate separate members of a sentence in the text.

Comparing Detached Members to Non-Detached Members

It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, the stylistic expressiveness also increases. It is impossible not to say about the logical selection.

What can be isolated in Russian?

Of all the members of the proposal, only secondary ones can be isolated. The main terms in the proposal have never been separated, and this is not expected in the near future.

Why is segregation necessary?

It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of the proposal have more weight and greater independence. We immediately note that isolation can be very different. These are additions, and circumstances, and definitions. Next, we will try to deal with each of these categories, give specific examples for each group.

Isolation of clarifications

First of all, let's look at what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such secondary members of the sentence serve to specify, clarify. They are inextricably linked syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.

When are qualifying members of a sentence separated?

1. Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark all around, very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world just turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.

It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted with a dash when writing. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”

2. Circumstances that are relevant are singled out. They can be expressed as nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:

“Just a second passed - and somewhere nearby an explosion thundered, right behind him.”
“Once upon a time here, in a quiet, little-known village, life flowed.” The third example: “It happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”

Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of a place. In the third - the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the place.

3. Clarifications are isolated, attached with the help of the words “or”, “that is”, “precisely”. For example:

“Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a magician, or a mage, or a superhuman.”
“It was a balanced, individual, that is, not imposed on him by anyone, decision.”
“A lot was said about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and fragments of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shells.”

4. The clarifying members of the sentence are separated, which are joined with the help of such words as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:

“Everyone remembers that no one could defeat a magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
“The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
“Another second - the detachment went on a breakthrough, including him.”
“Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”

Separation of add-ons

The types of separate members of the proposal include a group of additions. This is nothing but case forms applied to nouns. They are used with combinations such as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be seen that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.

Separation occurs depending on what is the semantic load, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:

“He was already feeling more or less stable, except that his leg was still a little sore.”
“In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, leaving their bright mark on the retina for a moment.”
“Along with the questions that were waiting to be resolved at work, something had to be done with household chores.”
“In addition to all this, there was another significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
“And everything was fine, except, of course, some points.”

Note that if the preposition “instead of” is used in the meaning of “instead of”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money promised, as he thought, by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”

Separation of circumstance

Separate members of the sentence are called, as we found out earlier, secondary members, distinguished intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances separate? This is what will be discussed further.

The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a participial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further, past them.” Explanation: here “with bated breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by adverbial turnover. There is an exception to this rule. The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single participle. Example: "He left without looking back, although he understood what he had just done." Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was saying something to me, I stood thinking.”
Usually two gerunds connected by the union “and” (as well as two single gerunds) are separated as one turn. Example: “I, despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, continued to persistently trample my own path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “not listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. However, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative turnover. Usually in comparative terms, words like “exactly”, “as if”, “like” are used. There are some exceptions to the separation of comparative turns, they are not separated in all cases. In general, the separation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the separation minor members offers only sometimes, so we won’t talk much about it in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked over it.”

There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. It means "at the discretion of the author". So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:

If the circumstance is presented as a noun. In this case, the pretext may or may not be present. But most of all, when circumstances are isolated, which are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary”, “according to”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:
- "Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems."
“Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
- "Despite the threats, he did not change his policy in the slightest."
- “According to the plan, all tasks were completed on time.”
- "Depending on what decision will be made, a different fate awaited him."
- “In order to avoid a fight, the people who were nearby separated them different angles”.
“Due to unforeseen circumstances, it was necessary to decide something quickly, but thoughtfully.”
If there is a specification of the place, time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this place forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and prospered.”

How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it really is separated by punctuation marks. After that, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. It is easiest to start the search with gerunds, as well as single gerunds. Not worse viewed and comparative turns, which, as you remember, are also isolated circumstances along with clarifications of the place and time, the mode of action of the person. There is a questionnaire called the “Separate Members of a Sentence Test”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task according to which it is necessary to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by a participial phrase. It is logical that there will be not one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in oblique cases. Next to them there should be adverbs, prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances expressed by clarifications of place and time.

Signs of isolation

According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of the sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammar. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and highlighting intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation marks. As mentioned earlier, punctuation marks such as commas are most often used as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be carried out with the help of a dash. Copyright punctuation is a rather complicated thing.

The role of isolation in Russian

Separation often allows you to endow this or that fragment of a text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to achieve attention to these fragments, they play some special role in this or that situation. It may make some clarifications as well. Thus, summing up, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.

Test “Isolated members of a sentence”

Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with suggestions to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of secondary members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this kind of tasks that are used to identify knowledge among middle school students. educational institutions. Next, there will be a task to which you need to give an answer, then the answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.

1. What numbers correctly represent ALL the commas that should be in the text? “He went to the lake (1) which overflowed into sunshine(2) and went somewhere further”.

Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.

Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial revolutions. Participle turnover is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. So there is no comma between them.

Correct answer: a.

2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be written immediately in which commas must be correctly placed. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that a group of clouds (4) gathered into one whole was already looming on the horizon (3) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”

Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.

Explanation: “except” is an example of a stand-alone object. It does not stand at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, therefore it is isolated from two sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered together” is a common definition, which is expressed by participial turnover. There will be no isolation at the checkpoint (3). But between the “clouds” and the “predicting” necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “shower” are two equal complements that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.

Correct answer: Mr.

3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminating with forks of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) thunder was heard (6) foreshadowing bad weather.”

Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.

Clarification: omissions 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Sometimes illuminating with ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance, expressed by adverbial turnover. It will separate from two sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It separates on one side.

Correct answer: c.

Conclusion

So, what did we find out in the course of this article?

Firstly, the use of isolated members of the sentence is done in order to endow the isolated fragment with independence and increased information load.
Secondly, commas and dashes are used to isolate punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.

Separate members of the proposal, the table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. Often they are also expressed by gerunds, participles and turnovers. Comparisons are not ruled out at all.

One of the sections of the syntax is precisely the isolated members of the sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.

6. Separate members of the sentence

Secondary members of the sentence can acquire greater independence within the sentence, emphasized by intonation in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing. Eg. : Fluffy reins exploding, a remote wagon flies (P.); Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva (P.). Such secondary members are called isolated. The following factors contribute to their isolation:

1) a separate member of a sentence, usually widespread, significant in volume: this is a word with word forms that depend on it. This sign is relative, since a single gerund can also be isolated, and a common definition (expressed by a participle with dependent words), standing in a preposition, is not isolated;

2) inversion (unusual word order). This feature extends to the isolation of definitions. Wed: At last the DUSTED AND TIRED father arrived - At last the father arrived, DUSTED AND TIRED;

3) the presence of semantic connections that are not expressed by syntactic means. Such connections are emphasized by intonation. For example .: The road led to the south, TO THE VALLEY- before the clarifying component, you can put the union NAMELY. The clarification is emphasized intonation. If this sentence is pronounced with the usual intonation, then the second circumstance will not be isolated.

Separate members of a sentence perform the function of additional predicates: usually a sentence with isolation can be transformed into a complex one with two predicates or into two simple ones. For example .: Without wasting a minute, she jumps into the saddle (S. Zweig) - She jumps into the saddle + She does not waste a minute; A secular and educated person, he knows how to appreciate a good comedy (S. Zweig) - He is a secular and educated person, therefore he knows how to appreciate a good comedy. Such separate members are called semi-predicative units. In essence, isolation is a way to combine 2 messages in one sentence, one of which is the main one and the other is additional. Relations between the main and additional messages in sentences with isolated members are of 2 types:

1) logical relationship: between the components there is a connection causal, conditional, temporary, etc. For example. : Slow and cautious, this time she acted decisively (S. Zweig) - Although she is slow and cautious, but this time she acted decisively(logical assignment relations); After writing a letter, she thought - She thought after she wrote a letter(temporary relationship);

2) lack of logical plan connection: the sentence can be divided into 2 simple ones, not directly related to each other. Eg. : On a stream, pockmarked and motley, a leaf flies after a leaf - A pockmarked and motley stream + A leaf flies after a leaf.

Separate definitions and applications

The following groups of separate definitions are distinguished:

1. Definitions after the word being defined are always separated. Most often they are expressed participle turnovers, e.g.: A student READING A BOOK raised his head(in a preposition, such a construction will not be isolated: A student reading a book raised his head.)

Homogeneous definitions standing in the postposition are also isolated - adjectives, e.g.: And in a jet, DRY AND SHARP, a chill comes. In the absence of the union AND, adjectives may not be isolated: On the WINTER, BORING road, a three greyhound runs ... (P.).

Consistent and inconsistent definitions separated from the main word by other members of the sentence, for example .: Olga to her, AURORA NORTHERN ALLEY AND EASIER SWALLOWS, flies in ... (P.).

Optionally, inconsistent common definitions standing in a postposition are isolated, for example. : The letter, IN A LONG BLUE ENVELOPE, lay on the table.

2. The definitions before the word being defined, in the preposition, stand apart less often, namely, if they enter into a relationship of logical conditionality with the word being defined. Usually, such definitions can be transformed into a subordinate clause by substituting a circumstantial conjunction or the word BEING. For example .: LIKE A WEASEL, the ermine differs from it in its larger body size and the black tip of its long tail - BEING LIKE A WEASEL, the ermine... - ALTHOUGH THE ERMIN LIKE A WEASEL, it differs from it... The same applies to applications e.g.: IMPRESSIABLE FORTRESS, this castle is designed for defense - BEING IMPRESSIABLE FORTRESS, this castle ...

Definitions and applications are always isolated for personal pronouns. Eg. : TIRED, she didn't notice anything; A REALIST WITH A HIGHLY DEVELOPED SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY, she sees a vocation in power.

Applications are separated under the same conditions as definitions. A feature of applications is that they can be preceded by explanatory conjunctions THAT IS, OR (= that is), for example .: Cyclamen, OR MOUNTAIN VIOLET, one of the most beautiful flowers; Astronomy, THAT IS THE SCIENCE OF THE NAMES OF THE STARS, was originally part of astrology.

Applications that are closely related to the word being defined are not isolated, for example. : MOSCOW-river, swimming beetle. Also, the application is not isolated in the construction “common name + proper name”: city of TOMSK, Count ORLOV, CAT Vaska.

Let us especially note the definitions and applications, which are clarifying terms, before which the union AIMEMNO can be put. For example .: Uncle arrived in the evening, (namely) IVAN SERGEEVICH(in the absence of a clarifying intonation, we will not separate the application); The grass was tall, THE GROWTH OF A MAN.

Separate circumstances

Separate circumstances are mostly expressed by gerunds. The construction “participle turnover” is always isolated, anywhere in the sentence, since it most clearly indicates additional predicativity, for example. : Lowering her head, she left the room. She left the room with her head down - she left the room with her head down. Single gerunds are also separated: SMILING, Sasha looked at them; Lisa, without listening to the end, went out of the room. However, single gerunds are not isolated if they are similar in meaning to adverbs of mode of action and closely adjoin the verb, for example. A: He stared without blinking; She shrugged silently.

Circumstances expressed by other parts of speech (noun, adverb, etc.) are isolated in the following situations:

1) if they specify other circumstances. This is a very common division. Before the qualifying member, you can put the conjunction NAMELY: He lived far away, (namely) AT THE MILL; Last year, (namely) IN AUTUMN, I somehow ended up in the village. With a different intonation (not specifying), these circumstances turn into heterogeneous members, then a comma is not placed between them;

2) circumstances are often isolated - special constructions with prepositions DUE TO, FOR THE REASON, IN CONNECTION, AS A RESULT, IN VIEW, FORCE, THANKS TO, ACCORDING TO, ON THE CONDITION, IN THE CASE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF, DESPITE, DESPITE, DESPITE AND UNDER. These prepositions indicate logical conditionality, special adverbial meanings. For example .: AGAINST HYDROMETECENTRE PREDICTIONS, it started to rain(the value of the concession); ACCORDING TO THE ESTABLISHED RULES, it is forbidden to smoke on the bus(cause value); IN ORDER TO REDUCE COSTS, it is proposed to increase the workload(target value). It is recommended to separate such revolutions, although this is not always done. Only the turnover with the preposition DESPITE THE (DESPITE THE): DESPITE THE STRONG FROSTS, the students continued to study;

3) sometimes single circumstances are isolated, expressed by nouns or adverbs, if the author considers it necessary to single them out. For example .: The third simply begged for himself, BETWEEN TWO ADVICES AND IN THE ABSENCE OF ENEMIES, a lump sum for his faithful service...(L.N.T.). This is the so-called author's isolation.

Standalone add-ons

The name “separate additions” is a tribute to tradition, it is more correct to speak of separate constructions with the preposition EXCEPT, BEHIND, EXCEPT, OVER, INSTEAD OF, etc. Eg. : Nothing was heard, BUT THE BARKING OF DOGS; EXCEPT for the CACTUS, all the flowers on the windowsill were in bloom. In such phrases, nouns with prepositions answer questions of indirect cases. Separation of additions is optional, constructions with the preposition EXCEPT are more consistently separated.

PRACTICAL TASK

1. Determine the type and expression of the detached member.

EXAMPLE: BUT I DID NOT READ ANYTHING ON HER FACE BUT SURPRISING AND HIDDEN LAUGHTER trembling in the corners of her lips- EXCEPT SURPRISE AND HIDDEN LAUGHTER - a separate construction "EXCEPT + noun"; TREMBLING IN THE CORNERS OF THE LIPS - a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover.

1. Almazov, a young poor officer, listened to lectures at the Academy of the General Staff.

2. In the office, Almazov stood for a minute in one place, looking somewhere in the corner.

3. Around him, despite the late hour, a large crowd.

4. Five minutes of heavy silence passed, sadly broken by the lame running of the alarm clock, which had long been familiar and boring.

5. Vera, already dressed, looked around for the last time.

6. On the other hand, the old and bent bracelet, quite unexpectedly for Vera, was valued very dearly.

7. Lidochka's father, who served as our county treasurer, lived openly.

8. The whole role of Lidochka consisted in some two or three dozen remarks, extremely lively and coquettish.

9. But he does not want to know anything except his treasury.

10. There was in the play, I remember, a Jesuit priest, the secret spring of the whole drama.

11. We collided just before her exit, in a narrow corridor, between the wall and the wings.

12. She listened to me without interrupting, but answered inappropriately.

13. The orchestra played "Mayufes" - the national Jewish dance.

2. Find isolated members of the sentence, determine the way they are expressed, put punctuation marks.

1. But on the other hand, I saw the real Ophelia, the very feminine image that was drawn by Shakespeare.

2. I walked her home late at night happy, exhausted.

3. But unexpectedly, in the most tragic place of the drama, a furious burst of laughter and applause reached us from the auditorium.

4. Looking around, he powerlessly fell next to me on a free chair and suddenly lowered his face into his hands and wept bitterly.

5. The quarrel that boiled up was with difficulty put out by the entrepreneur, a good-natured and roguish fat man.

6. His entire musical repertoire, performed by an unusually false bass, consisted of only two pieces.

7. One major key was sung during intermissions between revelry.

8. And without this, it is impossible for us tragedians to live.

9. She involuntarily followed me all trembling with excitement.

10. I, it seems, except for the joy of seeing her, did not express anything.

11. His only daughter Nadia is sick with some strange disease.

12. So she lies for whole days and whole nights, quiet, sad.

13. Since the Polish war, Anosov has participated in all campaigns except the Japanese one.

14. During the Polish uprising, he once refused to shoot prisoners despite the personal order of the regimental commander.

15. In mid-August, before the birth of the new month, disgusting weather suddenly set in.

16. Her unmarried brother Nikolai, a fellow prosecutor who usually lived with them, also went to the city to court.

17. Jenny Reiter, a very demanding musician, always willingly accompanied him.

3. Find isolated parts of the sentence, put punctuation marks.

DEMONS DEAF-MUTE

They walk the earth

Blind and deaf-mute

And draw marks of fire

In the opening haze.

Illuminating the abyss

They don't see anything

They create without comprehending

Its purpose.

Through the smoky twilight of the underworld

They throw a prophetic ray ...

Their fate is the face of the Lord

In the darkness revealed from the clouds!

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