1 formation and features of the development of barbarian states. The first "Barbarian kingdoms". A brief description of. the states founded during this stage turned out to be relatively short-lived political entities

The Great Migration of Peoples and the Formation of "Barbarian Kingdoms"

Great Migration- mass movement of tribes of Germanic, Slavic, Turkic origin to the territory of the Roman Empire, accompanied by the formation of barbarian kingdoms.

Chronological framework movements - IV - the end of the VII century. The Great Migration of Nations consisted of three stages:

IV - the end of the V century;

The end of the 5th - the middle of the 6th century;

Mid 6th - late 7th century

The reasons Great Migration:

Coming in Western Europe in the II-III centuries. the general cooling of the climate caused the deterioration of conditions for farming and cattle breeding;

There was a relative overpopulation, the way to eliminate which was forced relocation to more fertile areas;

At the beginning of the 1st millennium, there was an intensive formation of tribal unions, the institution of leaders was taking shape.

resettlement main tribes and tribal unions on the eve of the Great Migration of Nations.

Germanic tribes :

Lombards - in the interfluve of the Elbe and the Vistula, on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea;

Burgundians - in the interfluve of the Elbe and Oder;

Vandals - in the valley of the river. Oder;

Saxons, Angles and Jutes - on the coast of the North Sea;

Bavaria - in the valley of the river. Danube;

Franks - in the valley of the river. Rhine;

Goths - in the interfluve of the Dnieper and Dniester (Ostrogoths) and in the lower reaches of the river. Danube (Visigoths).

Slavic tribes :

Polish tribes - along the rivers Vistula and Warta;

Czech-Moravian tribes - in the basin of the upper Elbe;

Serbo-Lusatian tribes - in the basin of the middle Elbe;

South Slavic tribes - in the north of the Balkan Peninsula.

Turkic tribes :

Proto-Bulgarians - in the North Caucasus and in the lower reaches of the river. Don;

Avars - in the steppes east of the Caspian Sea;

Huns - in the Black Sea steppes (the Hunnic tribal union included tribes of both Turkic and Proto-Mongolian and Finno-Ugric origin).

1st stage

In the IV century. the Ostrogoths formed an alliance, which included the Slavs, Scythian-Sarmatians, Heruli. Under Bishop Ulfilas (313-383), the Goths adopted Christianity in the form of Arianism. The alliance reached its peak under King Ermanarih, but after the Huns' invasion of the Black Sea region, it collapsed (375), some of the tribes became part of the Hunnic alliance, some retreated to the north, and some to the west. This caused a shift of the mass of the tribes that inhabited Europe, in the western and south-western directions.

Visigothic kingdom

Fearing the Huns, the Visigoths turned to Emperor Valens with a request to grant them permission to settle within the empire as federates. They were given land in the province of Moesia. As a result of the violation of obligations by the empire, the Visigoths revolted and defeated the army of Valens at Adrianople (378). Emperor Theodosius I signed peace with the Visigoths, but after his death (395) the Visigoths began to raid the Balkan provinces of the empire. In 401, the Visigoth king Alaric made a campaign in Italy, but was defeated by the troops of Stilicho. The invasion of Italy by the Suebi and Vandals under the command of Radagaisus was also repulsed, for which the legions were withdrawn from Britain.

After the execution of Stilicho, convicted by the Senate for treason, Alaric made demands to the emperor of the Western Roman Empire:

Pay the ransom;

Release all barbarian slaves;

Provide the Visigoths for the settlement of the provinces of Dalmatia, Norik and Venice.

After the refusal of Honorius, the Visigoths invaded Italy and took Rome (08/24/410). After the death of Alaric, the Visigoths occupied southwestern Gaul, where they founded the Visigothic kingdom with its capital in the city of Toulouse (418). Formally, the Visigoths had the status of federates of the Western Roman Empire. The kingdom reached its heyday under King Eirich (466–485), when Gaul was conquered up to the river. Loire and most of Spain (in the northwestern part of the peninsula, the kingdom of the Suebi was formed). After the loss of Aquitaine (517), the capital was moved to Toledo. The Visigothic kingdom was conquered by the Arabs in 711.

Burgundian kingdom

The first Burgundian kingdom was founded in the 4th century. on the river Rhine with its capital in Worms. After its defeat by the Huns, the Burgundians moved to Gaul, where the Second Burgundian Kingdom with its capital in Lyon was founded in the basin of the Upper and Middle Rhone. It was conquered by the Franks in 534.

Alano-Vandal Kingdom

The Vandals broke through the Roman limes on the Middle Rhine at the beginning of the 4th century, invaded Gaul and Spain. In 429, in alliance with the Alans, they crossed over to North Africa. Using the rebellion of the governor Boniface and the movement of agnostics, King Gaiseric conquered part of North Africa and founded the Alano-Vandal kingdom with its capital in the city of Carthage (439). The Vandals also received the status of federates. By the middle of the VI century. they occupied the islands of Sardinia, Sicily and Corsica, in 455 captured and plundered Rome. The kingdom was conquered by the Byzantine Empire in 534 under Justinian I.

Hun tribal union

During the IV century. The Huns subjugated the tribes of the Ostrogoths, Gepids, Quads, Marcomanni, Thuringians, and others. At the end of the 4th century. they conquered the province of Pannonia, which became the core of the union's territory. The Huns reached their greatest power under Khan Attila (435-453). In 451 they invaded Gaul and besieged the city of Orleans. In the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields (451), the Huns were defeated by the Romans and their allies (Visigoths, Franks and Burgundians) under the command of Aetius. After the death of Attila (453), the Hunnic tribal union broke up.

Kingdom of Odoacer

In 476, the commander of the barbarian mercenaries Odoacer overthrew the Western Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus, executed his father Orestes. He sent the signs of imperial dignity to Constantinople and founded his own kingdom in Italy. This event is considered to be the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Results of the 1st stage

-the Germans and the Hunnic tribal union were the main driving force;

- the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist as an independent state, and its territory became the basis for the formation of "barbarian kingdoms";

-since 476 all "barbarian kingdoms" became sovereign states;

- the states founded during this stage turned out to be relatively short-lived political entities.

2nd stage

Kingdom of the Ostrogoths

After the collapse of the Hunnic tribal union, the Ostrogoths poured in as federates in the Danube region. Having subjugated the Ostrogothic tribes to his power, King Theodoric (from the Amal family) invaded Italy (488). In 493, he concluded an agreement with Odoacer on the division of Italy, but after the murder of Odoacer at a feast, the peninsula went to the Ostrogoths. Pannonia also became part of the kingdom. The Ostrogothic kingdom reached its highest power under King Theodoric the Great (493-526). Theodoric sought to maintain diplomatic and commercial relations with neighboring "barbarian kingdoms" and Byzantium. He himself was married to the sister of the Frankish king Clovis I, he married his sister and two daughters to the kings of the Vandals, Visigoths and Burgundians. In 533 the Ostrogoths went to war with Byzantium. Under King Totila (541-552), as a result of his reforms, the combined forces of the Ostrogoths and the Italians managed to oust the Byzantines from Northern and Central Italy. Despite these measures, the war was lost by the Ostrogoths, and in 553. the kingdom ceased to exist. The Exarchate of Ravenna, the Roman Ducat, Southern Italy and Sicily became part of the Byzantine Empire.

Frankish kingdom

The tribal union of the Franks included the Hamavs, Sugambras, Bructers, and Franks. Clovis (from the Merovingian clan) subjugated all the tribes of the union to his power. In 486 they were defeated at the city of Soissons by the troops of the Roman governor in Gaul Siagrius, after which the possessions of Clovis I expanded to the river. Loire. After the battle of Poitiers (507), Aquitaine was taken from the Visigoths. In 534. Burgundy was conquered, the duchies of Thuringia and Bavaria were made dependent, Franconia was colonized, and Provence was annexed (536). The power of Clovis I in Gaul was recognized by Byzantium, which granted him the title of consul. In 496 (507) the Franks accepted Christianity in the Roman Catholic version. After the death of Clovis I (511), the fragmentation of the state began. At the beginning of the 7th century, despite short-term associations under kings Chlothar II and Dagobert I, the kingdom broke up into three independent states - Neustria, Austrasia and Burgundy.

Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

After the recall of the Roman legions (407), the raids of the Scots and Picts tribes began on the kingdoms of the Britons. At the same time, the raids of the Germans are becoming more frequent. The King of the Britons, Vortigern, invited the detachments of the Saxons Hengist and Horsa as mercenaries. The Germans soon began to act independently and in the second half of the 5th century. established their kingdom in Kent. In the last quarter of the 5th c. the raids of the Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians and Franks) become regular, the Germans move on to settling the lands seized from the Celts. The unification of the Britons that had begun under the kings Uther Pendragon and Arthur was interrupted after the death of the latter. By the middle of the VI century. the conquest of Britain was basically over. The Celts retained the north (Scotland) and west (Wales and Cornwall) of Britain. In the rest of the territory, the Germans founded seven kingdoms: Saxon Essex, Sussex and Wessex, English Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia and Jutish Kent. In the VI-VII centuries. between them there was a struggle for possession of the title of Britwald (ruler of the Britons). In the VI century. Christianization of Britain began by missionaries from the continent and from Ireland. In 664 Cathedral in Whitby adopted Christianity in the Roman Catholic version as the state religion.

Results of the 2nd stage

- main driving forces – Germanic tribes;

The territory of the Western Roman Empire was divided among "barbarian kingdoms";

Byzantium's attempt to restore the empire to its former borders and destroy the "barbarian kingdoms" ended in failure;

International relations intensified: the barbarians and the states founded by them entered into relations not only with the empire, but also with each other.

3rd stage

First foray Slavs to the territory of Byzantium took place in 519/527. In 550/551, the transition from raids to the settlement of the occupied territories began. In the 60s. 6th century part of the Slavs was under the rule of the Avar Khaganate. By the 20s. 7th century the Balkan Slavs formed political associations - Slavinia. The beginning of the resettlement of the Serbo-Croatian tribes to the Balkans and the unsuccessful campaign of the Avars against Constantinople (626) led to the weakening of the Khaganate and the withdrawal of part of the Slavs from its power. In 657/658, Emperor Constant II made a campaign against the Slavs and resettled some of those captured in Asia Minor. The attempts of the Avars and Slavs to make peace with the empire were unsuccessful. By 685 most of the Balkan Slavs were under the rule of Byzantium. In the 70s. 7th century Proto-Bulgarians began attacking the empire. In 680 they defeated the army of Emperor Constantine IV. Byzantium made peace with the Khan of the Proto-Bulgarians Asparuh (from the Dulo clan) on the condition of paying an annual tribute. The Proto-Bulgarians founded their own state in the Balkans. This event is considered the year of foundation of the First Bulgarian Kingdom.

Principality of Samo

The danger from the Avar Khaganate stimulated centripetal tendencies among the Western Slavs. In Moravia and Nistra, a principality developed, named after its founder Samo (629-658). He defeated the Avars and Franks, including Thuringia and East Franconia in the principality. By the beginning of the 8th century the state broke up into independent principalities, which, in alliance with the Franks, waged war with the Avars until the latter were defeated at the end of the 8th century.

Kingdom of the Lombards

After moving to Pannonia, the Lombards formed a tribal union, which included the Saxons, Gepids, Sarmatians and part of the Proto-Bulgarians. In alliance with Byzantium, he fought against the Ostrogoths. Under the leadership of King Alboin, the Lombards invaded Italy (568). They occupied Northern and Central Italy, with the exception of the Exarchate of Ravenna and the territory around the city of Rome. After long wars, the kingdom of the Lombards was subjugated by the Frankish kingdom (774).

Results of the 3rd stage

- the main driving forces are the Slavic and Germanic tribes;

The first Slavic states are founded;

The movements of the Proto-Bulgarians and Lombards basically completed the Great Migration of Nations.

Results of the Great Migration of Nations

- the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist;

The ethno-political situation in Europe has changed dramatically;

Numerous "barbarian kingdoms" were formed, which led to the intensification of international relations;

The Byzantine Empire is gradually losing its dominant position in the European system of international relations, retaining it only in the Eastern Mediterranean region.

In the conditions of its collapse in the V century. characteristic feature, common to all these early medieval political formations, was internal instability, resulting from the absence of a well-established rule of succession at that time - the sons of the king, in principle, had a priority right to the throne, but the nobility could well propose a different, their own candidacy. Discord among members royal family, between the king and his vassals, disputes between pretenders to the throne were commonplace, so many kings died a violent death. The borders of the barbarian kingdoms were also unstable, with capitals frequently changing their locations. The internal structure was characterized by a communal-tribal organization in the form of a territorial community of free landowners, popular assemblies and military militias.

The statehood of the barbarian kingdoms developed under the influence of the Roman political system, Roman law, and with the participation of officials who received a Roman education.

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See what "Barbarian Kingdoms" is in other dictionaries:

- (Latin Leges barbarorum, literally the laws of the barbarians) a record of customary law (See Customary Law) of the Germanic tribes (Visigoths (See Visigoths), Burgundians (See Burgundians), Franks (See Franks), etc.), who founded on territory of Western Roman ... ...

Clovis I King of the Frankish Kingdom ... Wikipedia

- (Greek bárbaroi, lat. barbari) an onomatopoeic word that the ancient Greeks, and then the Romans, called all strangers who spoke a language they did not understand and were alien to their culture. At the beginning of N. e. name "V." especially often applied to ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (Jugoslavija, Jugoslavija), Socialist federal Republic Yugoslavia (SFRY), state in the South East. Europe, ch. arr. on the Balkan Peninsula. It borders with Italy, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania. Area 255,804 km2. Us …

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- (Greek Bapbaroi not Greeks, foreigners; lat. barbari) onomatopoeic. the word, to Crimea, the ancient Greeks, and then the Romans, called all strangers as people speaking an incomprehensible language. and alien to the real Hellenic culture. At the beginning of our era, the name V. ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

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Books

From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Formation of power structures and its images, Starostin Dmitry Nikolaevich. From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Formation of power structures and its images in the kingdom of the Franks during the reign of the Merovingians (V-VIII centuries). Transition from Antiquity to...

The expansion of the Western Roman Empire contributed to the further migration of many-sided tribes from Asia and Central Europe which began in the 2nd century. The great migration of peoples led to the formation of new states.

Causes of the Great Migration

Mass migration of numerous tribes in Western Europe had its cause and effect :

IV began abrupt change climate.
Constant crop failures due to cooling forced people to look for a warmer climate.
Tribes with a common cultural and linguistic ethnos united in unions.
These alliances of tribes sought to capture new territories and prepared the basis for the emergence of their statehood.
Significant population growth, especially in Southern Europe, also contributed to the development of new lands.
Unions of eastern tribes, for example, the Proto-Slavs, gradually settled in the territory of South-Eastern and Central Europe.

As a result, the migration of peoples led to numerous clashes of tribal unions among themselves and the formation of barbarian kingdoms. All this served as the basis for the birth of a new political and religious system on the territory of the Western Roman Empire.

Rice. 1. Rider on horseback from Hornhausen. About 700 years.

Formation of the Frankish kingdom

The tribes of the Franks, whose name is first mentioned in the 3rd century, created a powerful alliance that included the Germanic tribes. The Franks constantly led small local wars with the Western Roman Empire, gradually moving deeper into the territory, once a formidable state.

Rice. 2. Frankish warriors. 5th century

In the era of the formation of the Frankish kingdom, the bulk of its population were the Gallo-Romans and free Franks, lower in the hierarchical ladder were the litas, who were able to get out of the position of slaves, but remained dependent on the owners and slaves. There was no tribal nobility yet, however, the warriors grew rich quickly enough, who later became large landowners.

In the 5th century under the threat of invasion powerful army the Huns, who swept away everything in their path, the Franks united with the alliances of the Visigoths and Burgundians. In the bloody battle on the Cataluan fields in 451, the Huns were defeated. Thus, the first beginnings of the formation of the state of the Franks arose. The table below will briefly review important dates in the history of the Frankish kingdom:

What have we learned?

The history of the Middle Ages, briefly studied in the 6th grade, does not by chance begin with the Great Migration of Nations. After the capture in the territories of the Western Roman Empire, the barbarians began to form their own states. Thus the Frankish kingdom was created. And the obsolete slave system was replaced by a new feudal era.

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During the Great Migration of Peoples, the barbarian tribes did not have statehood. The rise of states was due to internal development German society, as well as the adaptation of the Germans to the real conditions of infusion into the Roman Empire. The states created by the Germans were called barbarian kingdoms.

Definition 1

Barbarian kingdoms are state formations on the territory of the Western Roman Empire, created by barbarian peoples. The time of their occurrence is V century, i.e. the time of the collapse of the empire. A common feature of states: internal instability, the cause of which is not established rules for the transfer of power.

After the capital of the empire, Ravenna, allowed them to settle in a specific territory, the barbarian tribes received land. To manage it, to protect it became the duty of the tribe. The production was done by local people. Having become federates, the barbarians monopolized military affairs. local residents this state of affairs was fine. They perceived them as rulers, governors from the emperor, continuing to consider themselves Romans.

Barbarian kingdoms remained disparate tribal formations based on interpersonal and intertribal relations. The authority of power was based on the magical halo and personal qualities of the leader. In most cases, the barbarians did not seize power, but received it from the emperor. As a result, the empire was dismembered.

The invasion of the Huns interrupted the creation of barbarian states. There is a simultaneous division of tribes and their consolidation into multi-ethnic unions. The empire controls the settlement of tribal formations.

Existing barbarian kingdoms

The first barbarian state was the Kingdom of the Visigoths, which arose in 418. The Visigoth king Valius signed an agreement with Honorius and received lands north of the Pyrenees to the Loire River. In 718 conquered by the Arabs.

In 429, the Vandals and Alans, driven out of Iberia by the Visigoths, crossed over to Africa and formed the Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans. By the mid-30s, the Vandals had conquered the entire Roman north of Africa, captured Carthage and made it their capital. In 534 Byzantium conquered the Kingdom of Carthage.

The Burgundians became federates in 413 and settled in Worms on the left bank of the Rhine. The Burgundian kingdom was formed. In 435, the invasion of the Huns devastated their lands and killed the king. The remaining Burgundians moved in 443 on the orders of Emperor Aetius to the banks of the Rhone River in Savoy. In 534 Burgundy became part of the Frankish state.

The leader of the Franks Clovis in 481 formed the Frankish kingdom and proclaimed himself king. For three centuries, a powerful state appeared in the center of Europe.

Remark 1

In 488, an agreement was concluded between the Ostrogothic king Theodoric and the emperor Flavius Zeno to fight the leader Odoacer. Having defeated the enemy, Theodoric created the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths and became the emperor's representative in Italy. In 555 Byzantium captured the Italian Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.

The Suevi settled in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In 409 they created their own kingdom. In 585 they were subjugated by the Visigoths.

In 566, the Lombards completed the formation of a kingdom in Northern Italy. Gradually they populated the post throughout the Apennine Peninsula, Corsica and Istria. Charlemagne conquered them in 774.

In Britain in the 5th century, the Germanic tribes strengthened:

English,
Saxons
Frisians,
yuts.

In the 6th century, they created seven sovereign Anglo-Saxon states that sought to unite and created one kingdom.

Features of barbarian kingdoms

Each state had blurry, frequently changing borders. The capitals were also subject to relocation. Conflicts between the king and vassals ended in the death of the ruler.

Remark 2

Despite the formation of the state, communal relations persisted. This was expressed in holding public meetings, convening a military militia.

The Roman state system and Roman law had a great influence on the barbarian kingdoms. Officials, senior officials went through the management school in Rome.

At the Battle of Adrianople. Soon they settled in the north of the Balkan Peninsula, and then began to move towards Italy. In 410, they captured and plundered Rome, and in 418 they created their own state in the Marseille region, right on the territory of the Roman Empire. Later, the Visigoths extended their power to most of Spain.

Visigothic kingdom became the first barbarian state, but soon other Germanic tribes began to create their own states on the territory of the Western Roman Empire.

In 439 arose Alano-Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, in 457, the Burgundians created their kingdom in the region of Lyon, and in the territory of the British Isles in the 40s. 5th century several Germanic kingdoms arose at once: Mercia, Northumbria and East Anglia were the kingdoms of the Angles, Wessex, Essex and Sussex were the kingdoms of the Saxons, and Kent was the kingdom of the Jutes. In fact, the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist. Officially, the end of its existence was put in 476, when, after the overthrow of the emperor Romulus Augustulus, the military leader Odoacer did not take the imperial title, and in the rank of consul began to rule only Italy, which he could still control. However, the power of Odoacer over Italy was short-lived. material from the site

In 493, the Ostrogoths, under the leadership of Theodoric, invaded the Apennine Peninsula and created the kingdom of the East Goths. A little earlier, in 486, the tribal union of the Franks under the leadership of Clovis defeated the troops of the Roman governor Siagrius and created his own state in Northern Gaul - kingdom of the Franks.

hallmark barbarian kingdoms was a synthesis of Roman and Germanic traditions. This process was inevitable, since the Germans in the territories subject to them were an insignificant minority. For example, in Gaul after its conquest by the Franks, no more than 150 thousand Germans and about 3-5 million Gallo-Romans lived.

Pictures (photos, drawings)

On this page, material on the topics:

*the date*	*Event*
	Battle of the Cataulan Fields.	The battle of an alliance of tribes consisting of Franks, Burgundians and Visigoths under the leadership of Merovei with a horde of Huns. The battle ended with the defeat of the Huns and the beginnings of the formation of the first statehood. The beginning of the reign of Merovei is usually called the reign of the Merovingians.
	The union of Childeric and the leader of the Visigoths Odoar against the Alemanni.	During the reign of the leader of the Franks Childeric, the son of Merovei, the Franks significantly expanded the borders of their state. they conquered all of North-Eastern Gaul, and the union of the Germanic tribes of the Alemanni was forced back beyond the Rhine.
	The beginning of the reign of Clovis.	After the death of Childeric, his son Clovis ascended the throne. He became the first king of the Franks and continued his father's military expansion.
	Battle of Soissons.	The Frankish army of Clovis utterly defeated the Romans of Suagria at Soissons. After the inclusion of the Croissons region, all the prerequisites for the formation of the state arose.
	Baptism of Clovis.	Clovis signs an agreement with the bishops of the Catholic Church and accepts Christianity. This contributed to the further strengthening of the country, since many cities were initially hostile to Clovis because of his pagan faith, after he adopted Christianity, they became completely subordinate to him. The clergy blessed the king for new aggressive campaigns. In addition, the Christian religion was beneficial not only to Clovis, but also to the nobility, as it taught obedience strong of the world this.
	Battle of Poitiers.	The battle of the Franks of King Clovis with the troops of the Visigoths. The Visigoths were defeated and pushed back beyond the Spanish border.
	Start internecine wars.	After the death of King Dagobert I, civil strife between representatives of the nobility begins. The Frankish kingdom breaks up into Burgundy, Neustria and Austrasia. These autonomous regions were ruled by mayordoms. Before internecine wars, a “palace minister” who was especially close to the king was called a mayor. With the beginning of the fall of centralized power, the mayordoms took the reins of government into their own hands and pursued an independent foreign and domestic policy.
640-670 years	Further collapse of the state of the Franks.	Allemania, Bavaria, Thuringia and Aquitaine separated from the Frankish kingdom. Each seceded region has its own army and is ruled by a duke.
	Beginning of the reign of Pepin of Herstal.	During the civil strife, the mayor of Austrasia Pepin Geristalsky managed to rise. Under him, the reunification of the Frankish kingdom began. It was possible to establish centralized authority over Allemania and Bavaria and stop the onslaught of the Germans in the east.
715-741 years	Reign of Charles Martel	The son of Pepin Herstalsky, Charles Martell carried out a series of reforms and created a well-trained army with which he organized campaigns in Thuringia and subjugated Friesland back. Charles Martell also succeeded in making the Saxons pay tribute.
	Battle of Poitiers.	The troops of Charles Martel managed to inflict a decisive defeat on the Arabs thanks to new tactics. The advance of the Arabs to Southern Europe was stopped.
741-768 years	The reign of Pepin the Short.	Mayor Pepin the Short seized central power and sat on the throne thanks to the support of Pope Zacharias. The Merovingian king Childeric III was forcibly imprisoned in a monastery. Pepin the Short laid the foundation for a new Carolingian dynasty. During his reign, Aquitaine was returned and the Arabs were expelled from Gaul.
768-814 years	Reign of Charlemagne.	From the very beginning of his reign, Charlemagne set out to unite the Germanic and Romance peoples under the auspices of the Franks. The king devoted his whole life to this goal. During his reign, Northern Italy and Saxony were conquered. During the Danube campaigns, Bavaria was annexed and the Avar Khaganate was defeated. In the south, the troops of Charlemagne managed to crush the invasion of the Arabs and occupy Spain up to the Ebro River. In all the territories annexed by Charles, Catholicism was planted with iron and blood.
	Signing of the Treaty of Verdun.	Charlemagne's new successor, Louis the Pious, signed the Treaty of Verdun in 843. According to this agreement, the Frankish kingdom was divided into three parts independent of each other: Western Frankish state(France). East Frankish state (Germany) and the Italian kingdom.