Korobitsyna T.L. characterizes the upbringing of a person by various social qualities, reflecting the various attitudes of the individual to the world around him and to himself. She believes that together these qualities determine the richness and originality of each individual, its uniqueness. In the characteristics of an individual, some qualities may be absent and may represent a wide variety of combinations.

If an important task of upbringing is to promote the flourishing of each individual, then an equally important and responsible task is to ensure that any individual meets the basic criteria accepted in society. In this regard, the task arises of establishing relatively few, but the most important socially significant qualities that can be considered mandatory for the citizens of our country. Such qualities can serve as indicators of upbringing, i.e. the level of social development of the student, which characterize the measure of his readiness for life in society.

Monakhov N.I. singled out social qualities that can be formulated in younger students.

Partnership - proximity based on comradely (friendly) relations; joint participation in something on an equal footing.

Respect for elders is a respectful attitude based on the recognition of their merits.

Kindness - responsiveness, sincere disposition to people, the desire to do good to others.

Honesty - sincerity, directness, conscientiousness and impeccability.

Industriousness is the love of work. Labor - work, occupation, effort aimed at achieving something.

Thrift - careful attitude to property, prudence, frugality.

Discipline - subordination to discipline (mandatory for all members of a team, obedience to the established order, rules); keeping order.

Curiosity - a tendency to acquire new knowledge, inquisitiveness.

Love for the beautiful is a constant strong inclination, a passion for what embodies beauty, corresponds to its ideals.

The desire to be strong, dexterous is a persistent desire to achieve a physical or moral opportunity to actively act.

Teacher of English language the highest category Ponasenko I.I. highlights other significant qualities of the student's personality:

initiative;

independence and responsibility for the result of their own decisions;

willingness and need to work with modern sources of information in the professional and domestic fields of activity;

the ability and willingness to live and interact in a modern multicultural world;

readiness for education and self-improvement throughout life.

Tomsk teachers secondary school compiled over full list social qualities of schoolchildren in the table and identified two types personal qualities :

intellectual	Cognitive qualities + mental processes affecting cognitive activity	Independence receptivity to new Consistency Analytic Argumentation
	Right expressiveness Accuracy Relevance Logic
reflexive	Ability to highlight risks
Psychosocial	Emotionally sensual	Ethical (love, dignity, honor). Aesthetic (sense of beauty). Culture of emotions and feelings
Behavioral	Activity Will (purposefulness, perseverance, inner discipline) A responsibility
Communicative	Tolerance Ability to listen and hear Ability to navigate the audience Openness
Creative	Research, artistic, technical abilities

However, this is rather a basic set of social qualities of people, which should be formed in each person. It is much more interesting for us to find out what social qualities are inherent or should be inherent directly in lawyers.

Consider the socially significant qualities of lawyers based on professional factors that affect their personality.

The first factor - a high level of social (professional) adaptation forms the following social qualities:

high level of legal awareness; honesty, civil courage, conscientiousness; adherence to principles (irreconcilability) in the fight against violators of law and order; commitment, conscientiousness, diligence, discipline.

The second factor is the neuropsychic (emotional) stability of the lawyer's personality. This factor suggests:

resistance to stress, a high level of self-control over emotions and behavior, performance in critical situations that cause frustration; developed adaptive properties nervous system, strength, balance, mobility, sensitivity, activity, dynamism, lability, plasticity of nervous processes, allowing at the official level to maintain working capacity in a state of fatigue, the ability to adequately respond to various events.

The third factor is a high level intellectual development, cognitive (cognitive) activity of a lawyer. This factor is due to the following social qualities of the individual:

developed intellect, broad outlook, erudition; flexible, creative thinking, mental performance, the ability to highlight the main thing; activity, mobility of mental cognitive processes (perception, memory capacity, productive thinking, attention); developed imagination, intuition, ability to abstract, reflection.

The fourth factor is the communicative competence of a lawyer. Communicative competence implies the following personality traits:

the ability to establish emotional contacts with various participants in communication, maintain a trusting relationship with him, within the necessary limits;

insight, the ability to understand the inner world of the interlocutor, his psychological characteristics, needs, motives of behavior, mental state;

benevolent, polite attitude towards people, the ability to listen to the participant in the dialogue, empathy (the ability to emotionally respond to the experiences of the interlocutor);

free, flexible possession of verbal and non-verbal means of communication;

skill in conflict situations to carry out, adequate to the situation, a strategy of communicative behavior, to change the style of communication depending on the circumstances;

the ability to cooperate, reach compromises, agreements, developed self-control over emotions, mood in extreme situations;

adequate self-esteem;

sense of humor.

The fifth factor is organizational skills. They allow a lawyer, regardless of his kind professional activity, exert a control effect on various people with whom you have to enter into a dialogue in the process of professional communication. Therefore, a lawyer must have the following social qualities:

activity, initiative, resourcefulness, courage, determination, perseverance, purposefulness, the ability to highlight the main thing, predict the consequences of decisions made, independence, a sense of responsibility for one's actions and deeds, organization, composure, accuracy in work.

The following properties also play an important role in organizational skills: communicative competence; neuropsychic stability; adequate self-esteem; high motivation for success.

Important neuropsychic social qualities of the profession include: emotional stability; plasticity of nervous processes; reduced level of anxiety tolerance resistance to neuropsychic overstrain.

Thus, there are a lot of types of social qualities of people and even sociology itself cannot list them all, since every profession, every nationality, every age, in addition to the generally accepted basic one, has its own special set of social qualities.

Features of behavior, communication, attitudes towards people, objects, work, things show the character traits that an individual possesses. According to their totality, an opinion about a person is determined. Such clichés as "the soul of the company", "bore", "pessimist", "cynic" are the result of an assessment of a person's character traits. Understanding how character is structured helps in building relationships. And this applies to both their own qualities and others.

Human character traits: classification

Types of character are determined by the prevailing traits, which in turn affect behavior and actions. They can be considered in the system of relations to work, other people, things, and oneself.

Work

• industriousness-laziness. This “duet” can be both a character trait and express an attitude towards a particular work. A constant feeling of laziness can also indicate that a person is simply not interested in the business he is busy with, but in something else, he will prove himself better. Laziness can be a sign of lack of motivation. But excessive diligence also takes on a degree of workaholism, which can also indicate problems in personal relationships, a lack of interests.
• Responsibility-irresponsibility. One of the most important qualities for an employee. A person who responsibly performs his duties, does not let his colleagues down, will be a valuable employee.
• good faith-bad faith. Doing duty and doing it well are not the same thing. It is important for management that diligence is expressed not only in the mechanical performance of actions, but brings results.
• Initiative-passivity. This quality is especially valuable for people who want to move up the career ladder. If an employee does not show initiative, does not generate ideas, hides behind the backs of colleagues, he will not develop in his profession.

Other people

• Closeness-sociability. It shows the openness of a person, his looseness, how easy it is for him to make acquaintances, how he feels in a new company, team.
• truthfulness-falsity. Pathological liars lie even in trifles, hide the truth, easily betray. There are people who embellish reality, most often they do it because reality seems boring or not bright enough to them.
• Independence-conformity. This quality shows how a person makes decisions. Whether he relies on his experience, knowledge, opinion, or follows someone's lead and it is easy to suppress him.
• Rudeness-politeness. Anger, inner feelings make a person cynical, rude. Such people are rude in lines public transport disrespectful to subordinates. Politeness, although it refers to positive character traits, can have a selfish background. It can also be an attempt to avoid confrontation.

Things

• neatness-slovenliness. Creative mess or meticulous cleanliness in the house can show how neat a person is. You can also characterize it by its appearance. Sloppy people often arouse antipathy, and there are not always those who want to see a broad soul behind external absurdity.
• thrift-negligence. You can evaluate a person by his attitude to the accumulated property, borrowed items. Although this trait of a person ended up in the material group, it can also manifest itself in relation to people.
• greed-generosity. To be called generous, it is not necessary to be a philanthropist or give the last. At the same time, excessive generosity is sometimes a sign of irresponsibility or an attempt to "buy" someone else's favor. Greed is expressed not only in relation to other people, but also to oneself, when a person, out of fear of being left without money, saves even on trifles.

Self

• exactingness. When this personality trait is clearly expressed, two extremes appear. A person who is demanding of himself is often just as strict with others. He lives by the principle "I could, so others can." He may be intolerant of other people's weaknesses, not realizing that each person is individual. The second extreme is built on uncertainty. A person tortures himself, considering himself insufficiently perfect. A striking example is anorexia, workaholism.
• Self-criticism. A person who knows how to criticize himself has a healthy self-esteem. Understanding, accepting and analyzing your achievements and defeats helps in the formation of a strong personality. When the balance is disturbed, either egocentrism or self-blame is observed.
• Modesty. It must be understood that modesty and shyness - different concepts. The first is based on the value system instilled during education. The second is a call to the development of complexes. In a normal state, modesty is manifested in moderation, calmness, knowledge of the measure in words, expression of emotions, financial spending, etc.
• Egoism and egocentrism. Similar concepts, but the feature here is egoism, but egocentrism is a way of thinking. Egoists think only of themselves, but use others for their own purposes. Egocentrics are often misanthropes and introverts who do not need others, who believe that no one is worthy of them.
• Self-esteem. Shows how a person feels internally. Outwardly, it is expressed in a high assessment of their rights and social value.

Personality assessment and types of characters

In addition to the main character traits that are formed in the system of relations, psychologists also distinguish other areas:

• Intellectual. Resourcefulness, curiosity, frivolity, practicality.
• Emotional. Passion, sentimentality, impressionability, irascibility, cheerfulness.
• Strong-willed. Courage, perseverance, determination.
• Moral. Fairness, compassion, kindness.

There are motivational traits-goals that drive a personality, determine its guidelines. As well as instrumental traits-methods, they show exactly what methods the desired will be achieved. So, for example, a girl may show masculine traits of character when she persistently and proactively seeks her lover.

Gordon Allport put forward a theory about what character traits are. The psychologist divided them into the following types:

• Dominant. They determine the behavior of the individual as a whole, regardless of the sphere, and at the same time influence other qualities or even overlap them. For example, kindness or greed.
• Ordinary. They are also expressed in all spheres of life. These include, for example, humanity.
• Minor. They do not particularly affect anything, often stemming from other traits. For example, diligence.

There are typical and individual personality traits. Typical ones are easy to group, noticing one of the dominant qualities or a few minor ones, you can “draw” a personal portrait as a whole, determine the type of character. This helps to predict actions, better understand a person. So, for example, if an individual has responsiveness, then most likely he will come to the rescue in a difficult situation, support, listen.

Personality: types of positive and negative traits

Personality is a balance of positive and negative qualities. In this regard, everything is conditional. For example, envy is considered a bad quality, but some psychologists argue that it can become an incentive to work on yourself or improve your life. The distortion of positive traits, on the contrary, can lead to their transformation into negative qualities. Persistence develops into obsession, initiative into self-centeredness.

It is necessary to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of character, they often have to be remembered when filling out a resume. They terrify many, because it can be difficult to evaluate oneself. Here's a little cheat sheet:

• Weak. Formality, irritability, shyness, impulsiveness, inability to remain silent or say "no".
• Strong. Perseverance, sociability, patience, punctuality, organization, determination.
• Negative. Pride, jealousy, vindictiveness, cruelty, parasitism.
• Positive. Kindness, sincerity, optimism, openness, peacefulness.

Character traits are formed in childhood, but at the same time they can change, transform depending on life circumstances. It's never too late to change what you don't like about yourself.

Psychologists call character a combination of personality traits that determine its behavior. You can make many lists with traits of human characters. If two people are given the task of characterizing a third, their lists will differ from each other. People don't think about how character affects their success or failure. But, considering the individual qualities that make up the character, it is easy to understand how they affect the personality as a whole. Character traits of a person develop depending on the type of nervous activity, heredity, and the environment of education. They form throughout life. The predominance of certain traits determines a person's lifestyle.

Human character traits: list

Many psychologists divide all character traits into 4 main groups:

• Attitude towards others;
• attitude towards oneself;
• Attitude to material values;
• Attitude towards work.

Within each group, many qualities can be distinguished.

For example, the list of traits of the "attitude towards others" group:

• compassion;

• respect;
• reliability;
• flexibility;
• politeness;
• the ability to forgive;
• generosity;
• gratitude;
• hospitality;
• justice;
• meekness;
• obedience;
• loyalty;

• sincerity;
• tolerance;
• truthfulness.

Character traits: list of the group "attitude towards oneself":

• Caution;
• Contentment (understanding that true happiness does not depend on material conditions);
• Creation;
• Determination;

• Courage;
• Attentiveness;
• Endurance;
• Faith;
• Honour;
• Initiative;
• Self control.

“Attitude towards material values” can be characterized by the following qualities:

• Thrift;
• organization;
• Generosity;
• Wisdom.

"Attitude towards work" demonstrates the qualities of character:

• industriousness;
• Enthusiasm;
• Initiative;
• Punctuality;

Psychologists also have a classification of character traits according to volitional, emotional and intellectual characteristics. Personality properties appear in combinations. For example, benevolence, generosity and hospitality, as a rule, are characteristic of the same person. Characterizing a person, others highlight the leading features or a set of features. Saying, “He is a kind and sincere guy” or “She is lazy and disorganized,” people emphasize the main thing. This does not mean that a lazy girl cannot be kind and honest. It's just that these traits do not dominate her behavior.

Positive and negative character traits

For harmonious interaction in all four areas (with society, material values, work and oneself), a person must demonstrate his best qualities and minimize the worst. Traditionally, it is customary to single out “pluses” and “minuses” in characterizing a person. Every positive trait has its opposite. Even children easily name antonyms: “kind - evil”, “hard-working - lazy”, etc. It is difficult to define unambiguously positive character traits. For example, for the professions of a teacher, seller, doctor, waiter, such traits as benevolence, politeness, tolerance are important. These qualities are not essential for the work of a programmer, accountant, draftsman, who need organization, punctuality, and responsibility more.

Exists special concept"professional traits". A pronounced quality, suitable for a particular job, helps a person achieve great professional success. At the same time, character is formed throughout life. The profession leaves its mark on the personality. Therefore, when they say “he is an exemplary policeman”, everyone understands that we are talking about a disciplined, courageous, fair person. The expression "teacher from God" means a kind, wise, tolerant person. A person who dreams of a good career should develop in himself the best qualities of his profession.

Good character traits are controversial in the ordinary sense. Being generous is good, but if a person distributes necessary property because of generosity, his family and himself suffer. Obedience, for which a child is praised at home and in kindergarten, can harm him and form a weak-willed, passive personality.

Much easier people understand negative character traits. We can say that these qualities are universal. Anger, envy, deceit, laziness, greed are included in the list of deadly sins of Christians. But such properties are negatively perceived by people of all faiths. Muslims consider hypocrisy to be the worst sin. Equally dislike hypocrites in all countries, among all peoples. The negative character traits of a person, if they appear in a complex, make the person very unattractive to others. Negative characters - quarrelsome neighbors, quarrelsome colleagues, evil relatives. These are people who have brought the negative aspects of their nature to the extreme.

Each person is to some extent deceitful, envious, quick-tempered, but reasonable people try not to demonstrate their negative qualities to others. Negative aspects of character can be corrected. If others often say: “You are too rude”, “It is difficult to communicate with you because of your arrogance”, you need to draw conclusions and start working on yourself. Psychologists advise you to write down the negative qualities of your character on a piece of paper and work with each one individually. For example, you can remember among your acquaintances a person who behaves exactly the opposite of you - not rude, but correct, not quick-tempered, but patient. You need to imagine yourself in a certain situation in the place of this person. At the same time, it is important to conjure up a real picture and real emotions. Such psycho-emotional training helps to reconfigure behavior and develop the desired quality in oneself.

Adaptation of character to society

Any culture, people and civilizations have certain limits of behavior. Man cannot exist outside of society. From childhood, the child has to adapt to the requirements of the environment - the family, kindergarten, schools. An adult is influenced by many social forces, from spouses to politics, religion, social stratum. The character of a person involuntarily adapts to the requirements of society. At the same time, many of the natural inclinations of the individual are subjected to pressure.

History knows many examples when brilliantly gifted people came into conflict with the environment because of the impossibility of leading the lifestyle that their nature demanded. At the same time, social norms allow a person to lead a safe life in the society around him. Such social traits as loyalty, tolerance, politeness allow painless contact with others. The rejection of social norms, above all, laws and morality, creates an asocial personality.

In modern psychology there is a term "national character traits". Each nation forms some common, typical features of behavior among its representatives. For example:

• The peoples of Northern Europe and the Americans are self-confident, honest, practical, stubborn, freedom-loving. The conservatism and subtle humor of the British, the punctuality of the Germans, and the taciturnity of the Scandinavians are well known.
• Residents of Southern Europe and Latin America are energetic, temperamental, emotional, cheerful, sensual. A romantic Italian, a passionate Spaniard, a charming Frenchwoman, restless Brazilians - there is a lot of reality in these stereotypes;

• Representatives of Eastern Europe(Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs) love constancy, are generous, generous, selfless, responsive, prone to repentance and forgiveness. A common stereotype - the "mysterious Russian soul" has many reasons.
• The peoples of the East are much more respectful of their parents and, in general, elders than Europeans. For Eastern societies, much more than for European ones, hospitality, family honor, dignity, modesty, benevolence, tolerance are characteristic.

Features that have a social character are inextricably linked with religious norms. Christian moral standards include the following qualities:

• Lack of envy;
• Chastity;
• Meekness;
• Generosity;
• Sociability;
• Compassion.

The influence of religious culture in the history of society is very strong. Even modern atheists European countries consider the main Christian value - love for people - to be the best property of a person.

Islamic society forms the following features in people:

• Respect for elders;
• Hospitality;
• Modesty;
• Courage;
• Humility.

Features of the character of men and women

A huge role in the formation of character is played by the gender of a person. Not only the characteristics of sex develop certain qualities, but also public opinion. Standard character traits of a man:

• Leadership;
• The ability to protect;
• inner strength;
• Reliability;
• Loyalty;

Women are guided more by intuition and feelings than by reason, they are more talkative, soft in communication, cunning. Of course, in most cases, women and men correspond to their gender characteristics. But it has not yet been studied in detail, which has more influence on the formation of gender traits - nature or upbringing. Often men and women have to fulfill the role that society imposes on them. For example, medieval society ordered a woman to be modest, obedient to her parents and husband. Modernity demands more independence from a woman.

The world is full of men and women who do not fit the accepted characteristics. Many girls have leadership and organizational skills. And, on the contrary, a large number of men are delicate, not aggressive and emotional.

At what age is character formed

Any mother who has raised several children will tell you that all her babies were completely different from infancy. Even infants react differently to food, bathing, and play. There are temperamental, noisy babies, there are quiet and inactive ones. Here heredity affects, as well as natural temperament, which depends on the physique, health and conditions of education.

The character traits of the child develop under the influence, first of all, of the family. Responsible loving parents already at the age of three or four years, they see what type of temperament the baby got from nature: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic or melancholic. Depending on innate qualities, it is possible to form a positive, socially acceptable character. If there is no love and attention to children in the family, they are less likely to grow up to be friendly and hardworking. On the other hand, many examples prominent politicians, writers, artists who grew up in disadvantaged conditions, confirm the importance of innate character traits and self-education.

Was last modified: August 2nd, 2016 by Elena Pogodaeva

Write a list of those qualities of a person that you think are very suitable for him as a person.

We offer you an example of such a list (with a breakdown of each quality). We hope it helps you a little:

1. Workaholism. A person is able to work for a long time and not complain of terrible fatigue.
2. Altruism. A person always thinks about other people, forgets about his own problems, troubles and worries.
3. Accuracy. A person tries to take care of his appearance, clothes, things.
4. Creativity. A person thinks outside the box, is able to find a way out of any situation.
5. Pedantry. A person acts strictly according to the points of any instruction, not deviating from the information presented by a single step.

Adjectives characterizing a person

Sincere, responsible, reliable, inventive, eccentric, talented, selfless, fair, sociable, responsive, stress-resistant, strong, attentive, smart, strong.

Accentuation of a person's character with a description of each type

You can characterize a person taking into account character accentuations. We will tell you a little about them.

stuck type

It is distinguished by a clear "stuck" on thoughts, experiences. People are not able to forget past grievances, betrayals, quarrels. In conflict, they take a leading and active position. Arguing with such people is almost always useless and pointless. They will stand their ground and are unlikely to admit they are wrong. "Stuck" people are adamant fighters for real justice.

Negative qualities and aspects of this type: resentment (seriously and for nothing), revenge, rudeness, straightforwardness, jealousy, arrogance, harshness, rejection of any other person's opinion.

Conformal type

People of this type are distinguished by hypersociality, turning into talkativeness. Often they do not have their own opinion, they do not strive to somehow stand out from the crowd. "Conformal" people are very fond of various entertainments, they do not deny their interest in gambling.

Negative qualities and aspects of this type: a long process of adaptation to anything, insincerity, pretense, duplicity, misperception of objective reality.

alarm type

People develop feelings of inferiority. They constantly think that they are acting incorrectly, making mistakes. They do not know how to be themselves, as they try to be the best in everything. They cannot be trusted with the position of leader, since nothing good will come of it.

Negative qualities and aspects of this type: timidity, shyness, isolation, shyness, "brute force" with a sense of duty and responsibility, high degree sociability only with close people.

Dysthymic type

"Dysthymic" people attract others with their serious approach to any problems and deeds, conscientiousness and good-heartedness. They are extremely negative about all changes. It is easier for them to live the way they are used to.

Negative qualities and aspects of this type: pessimism, decadent mood, solid slow thinking, love of loneliness, desire to work alone (not in a team).

Cycloid type

The main difference between "cycloid" people is a high degree of efficiency. They dress rather strangely (like for picnics, for outdoor recreation). They try to be as interesting as possible for the interlocutors. Charming.

Negative qualities and aspects of this type: instability, inconstancy, excessive gullibility, obsession, laziness, straightforwardness (sometimes), affectation, excessive gesticulation, inattention.

exalted type

Emotions are reflected in constant (frequent) amorousness. In people of this type, mood changes so quickly that they do not have time to keep track of it. "Exaltiras" are strongly attached to their friends and therefore try not to scandal with them. They believe in eternal friendship, but often get burned.

Negative qualities and aspects of this type: alarmism, susceptibility to despair, a tendency to depression of a neurotic type.

You can characterize a person with the help of knowledge of temperamental features

Characteristics of temperament types

Choleric

Always in moving. There is no gloom and pessimism in it. Choleric is an explosive leader. He always argues to the last, defending his own point of view. His distinctive features and hobbies - hyper-communicative skills, mobility, perseverance, sexuality, craving for extreme sports and experiments, courage, willingness to take risks.

sanguine

We are quick to learn, resourceful, fair, reasonable and talented. He is accustomed to discipline, cleanliness and order. Doesn't like cheating. Sanguine is difficult to piss off, but it is possible. For example, routine work is capable of this, since sanguine people do not tolerate continuous monotony. As soon as they get tired of doing this or that work task, they immediately begin to send out resumes to change the type of usual activity.

melancholic

He is always betrayed by a “frozen” facial expression, timid speech, excessive vulnerability and resentment, shyness, gloom, puzzlement and depression. The melancholic is very sensitive to criticism and praise. Melancholic people are never afraid of loneliness, because they can find harmony within themselves. Their need for friendship is extremely poorly developed.

Phlegmatic person

Silent, balanced, calm, secretive person. He always manages to do everything (despite his slowness), since everything in his life is planned in advance. They differ in constancy in tastes, habits, views.

There are people related to mixed type temperament. What is temperamental "mixing"? Type of temperament, which includes a "cocktail" of various qualities of a sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

In the social life of society and in relationships.

Each person has special qualities and individual traits in character. It is impossible to find two absolutely identical men or women. The description of the character of people is built from their actions, which affect their whole life.

Character and dependence on physique

E. Kretschmer, a famous German psychologist, determined that the behavior of a person directly depends on her physique. He compiled a description of the examples fit into three main groups.

1. Asthenics are people with underdeveloped muscles, rather thin with a small chest. They have an elongated face and long limbs. The psychologist united all such people in the group of schizotimics. Often these are very stubborn people, it is difficult for them to adapt to changing conditions. environment. They are very withdrawn and tend to suffer from schizophrenia with severe mental disorders.
2. Picnics are people who tend to be overweight. They are characterized by a round face, short neck and small. These people fell into the typological group of cyclothymic character. These are sociable people, very emotional and prone to quick adaptation in unfamiliar conditions. When psychological disorders fall into depression.
3. Athletics - have an athletic build, large chest and high growth. Athletes Kretschmer related to iksotimiks - unemotional personalities, domineering and not loving change. A severe psychological disorder can easily lead to epilepsy.

Here is a description given by a German psychologist. Now boldly approach the mirror and draw conclusions whether this theory applies to you or not.

The influence of temperament on character

Temperament - the characteristic vital energy of a person, which establishes an attitude towards life. It is often difficult to find a person in whom only one temperamental indicator is pronounced. As a rule, people have mixed temperaments, but knowing them, one can easily make a description of a person’s character, examples are given below:

• Sanguine is a mobile person, who is characterized by regular mood swings. He reacts very quickly to all the events in his life. Failures and negative moments are perceived easily, without depression and frustration. Such a person has developed facial expressions, and he also completely devotes himself to work, if he is interested in it.
• Choleric is a very bright and excited person, who reacts vividly to life events. It can quickly get angry and at the same time feel a breakdown. Such a person quickly lights up with new ideas, but just as easily loses interest.
• A melancholic is a person who takes everything to heart. At the same time, he is very impressionable, it is easy to bring him to tears.
• Phlegmatic - a person who is stingy with emotions. The whole life of such a person is balanced and full of stability. Such people are valued in many firms, as they are distinguished by perseverance and high work capacity.

Formation of personality character

The description of the character of people was made by many psychologists. But when is this very character formed and can it be changed? Character manifests itself at a very early age. By the age of five, the child has established character traits which are almost impossible to change.

In the lower grades, the opinion of parents and teachers remains a priority, but after 14 years there is a whole psychological explosion. A teenager clearly demonstrates his opinion about life, forming character. Clearly, the formation is influenced by the media. During this period, it is easy to impose the wrong political views and grow a supporter of some movement. By the age of 20, the human personality is formed, the turning point begins at the age of 50. There is a rearrangement of priorities, the so-called wisdom appears.

Appearance and character of a person

And a person's character is important stylistic device for writers. This gives us a complete picture of the hero. We see its positive and negative features, a negative or positive character is formed.

Description of the nature of people is very important for solving serial crimes - experts start from the repetitive actions characteristic of a maniac. This creates an accurate portrait of the individual and even the possibility of predicting the actions of the offender.

If it's important to do detailed description person, character traits are a significant indicator. Especially in such areas as politics, journalism. You need to be able to characterize a person’s abilities by appearance, because a real character does not always appear immediately.

In the understanding of the layman, a person is a person who has strong character who has his own opinion, is able to think and act outside the box, without fear of condemnation of the crowd. In other words, according to the majority, not all people deserve it. high rank. After all, many prefer the position of a gray mouse, living peacefully in its own little world and worrying about what neighbors and colleagues will say about it.

However, the scientific approach to this concept gives quite different results. In psychology, each person is considered to be a personality, regardless of the set of qualities and traits that he possesses. To create a basic "portrait" of a member of the community, scientists use a certain set of criteria. Let's try to understand what characterizes a person as a person from the point of view of science.

What is a personality?

By this term it is customary to understand the totality of the mental and physical characteristics of a person, his habits, experience and knowledge acquired by him in everyday life and in the process of interaction with the environment - people and objects. All these components are manifested in behavior, expressed in the change of "masks" suitable for various socio-cultural groups and situations. Simply put, personality is a complex concept that includes social skills, mental characteristics and attitudes based on the experience of interpersonal relationships.

What is the place of the term personality in the system of modern psychology? It is between the individual and individuality. At the same time, an individual is a single representative of the human race, and individuality means a reflection of specific hereditary or acquired traits of a particular person.

Components of personality

In order to fully illuminate the versatility of each of us, signs are used that characterize a person as a person. These, according to modern scientists, include:

• character,
• temperament,
• motivation,
• capabilities.

Each of these concepts reveals human nature from a certain side. Therefore, only after a thorough analysis of all points and the combination of the information received into a single whole, we can talk about creating an exhaustive portrait of a member of society.

Character

As a rule, character is understood as a set of stable features of a person that influence his behavior. At the same time, it is customary to divide all properties into 4 groups, each of which reflects the attitude of the individual to one of the aspects of life:

• to other people
• to work
• to things
• to yourself.

Based on this data, one of the most common types of characters can be attributed to each of us:

• psychasthenic - indecisive, prone to introspection and reflection;
• schizoid - closed, detached from the outside world;
• hyperthymic - mobile and sociable;
• epileptoid - with a low reaction, sullen, scrupulous and conservative;
• sensitive - timid, impressionable;
• asthenoneurotic - tired of communication, irritable and anxious;
• hysterical - self-centered, longing for universal attention and approval;
• emotionally labile - prone to frequent mood swings;
• infantile - refusing responsibility for himself and his actions;
• unstable - weak, weak-willed, gravitating towards entertainment and idleness.

Of course, a person's behavior is not always determined only by his character. However, in most cases, it is he who has a decisive influence on actions and words.

Temperament

Temperament serves as the basis of character and is determined by the type of higher nervous activity. In other words, the psychophysiological characteristics of a person become the basis for it, which means that it can be attributed to the innate properties of the personality. Temperament mainly affects the activity and intensity of actions, and not their content.

There are 4 types of temperament:

• choleric - explosive, often aggressive, mobile and prone to frequent and abrupt mood swings;
• melancholic - impressionable and vulnerable, tired and prone to self-flagellation;
• phlegmatic - calm and balanced, with great difficulty adapting to new conditions and tasks;
• sanguine - energetic and sociable, active and cheerful.

There are practically no “pure” representatives of this or that temperament. Therefore, most often a person is referred to one of the types, focusing on the predominant features.

Motivation

In order for a person to start acting, demonstrating his personal characteristics, he needs motivation. It is a psychophysiological process that stimulates the commission of a particular act. The activity and direction of activity, as well as its effectiveness, depend on the strength of motivation. In this case, the average indicators are optimal. When motivation is too weak or too strong, productivity drops sharply.

Motivation is divided into internal and external. The first is connected with the action itself, which brings pleasure and benefit to a person. And the second is based on “side effects” that appear as a result of the implementation of any activity.

There are also positive and negative motivations. The basis for this division is the polarity of the stimuli. In the first case, we are talking about receiving a reward, benefit or pleasure as a result of an action. And in the second case, the performance of tasks is aimed at avoiding punishment, fines, and censure.

The source of the stimulus influences the stability of motivation. The needs of the person himself create constant prerequisites for the performance of actions. But if the behavior is determined by external factors, then constant reinforcement is required to maintain momentum.

Capabilities

In order for all activity to bring the expected effect, abilities are needed. This word refers not only to the skills and abilities that allow you to engage in certain activities, but also the speed and depth of their development. Such parameters depend on internal mental processes.

Abilities are usually divided into general and special. The first - search activity, creativity and intelligence - are necessary for performing almost all actions. Therefore, the degree of their development often correlates with the success of a person as a whole. Special abilities are more specific: for example, a penchant for music, literature, mathematics, design, sports, etc. Without them, it is impossible to achieve decent results in specific areas of activity.

To assess certain abilities, the following "ladder" was created:

• makings,
• capabilities,
• talent,
• genius.

As a rule, the transition from one "step" to another requires great effort, and often is not possible at all. However, in stressful situations often there is a surge, sharpening of already known abilities or an unexpected manifestation of new ones.

So, the criteria that determine a person are not only the qualities of her character, but also the features of her activity - the sources of motivation and the quality of the performance of the roles assumed. At the same time, activity aimed at establishing interpersonal relationships is of primary importance. After all, it is precisely under the personality, and not the individual or individuality, that the very thing is often meant. social being”, which is formed and manifests its features exclusively during interaction with its own kind and the environment.

As Victor Hugo used to say, a person has as many as three characters: one ascribes to him the environment, the other he ascribes to himself, and the third is real, objective.

There are more than five hundred character traits of a person, and not all of them are unambiguously positive or negative, a lot depends on the context.

Therefore, any person who has collected certain qualities in individual proportions is unique.

The character of a person is a specific, inherent only to him combination of personal, ordered psychological traits, features, nuances. It is formed, meanwhile, for a lifetime and manifests itself during labor and social interaction.

Soberly assessing and describing the character of the chosen person is not an easy task. After all, not all of its properties are shown to the environment: some features (good and bad) remain in the shadows. Yes, and to ourselves we seem somewhat different than seen in the mirror.

Is it possible? Yes, there is a version that this is possible. Through long efforts and training, you are able to appropriate the qualities you love, becoming a little better.

The character of a person is manifested in actions, in social behavior. It is visible in the attitude of the individual to work, to things, to other people and in her self-esteem.

In addition, the qualities of character are divided into groups - "volitional", "emotional", "intellectual" and "social".

We are not born with specific traits, but acquire them in the process of upbringing, education, exploration of the environment, and so on. Of course, the genotype also influences the formation of character: the apple often falls very close to the apple tree.

At its core, character is close to temperament, but they are not the same thing.

In order to relatively soberly assess yourself and your role in society, psychologists advise you to write out your positive, neutral and negative traits on a piece of paper and analyze them.

Try to do this and you will find examples of character traits below.

Positive character traits (list)

Negative qualities of character (list)

At the same time, some qualities are difficult to attribute to good or bad, and you can’t call them neutral either. So, any mother wants her daughter to be shy, silent and bashful, but is this good for the girl?

Again, a dreamy person can be cute, but completely unlucky due to the fact that he is always in the clouds. An assertive individual looks stubborn for some, unbearable and stubborn for others.

Is it bad to be gambling and carefree? How far has cunning gone from wisdom and resourcefulness? Ambitiousness, ambition, purposefulness lead to success or to loneliness? It will probably depend on the situation and context.

And what to be to you, you decide!

By studying the characteristics of the character of a particular person, it is possible to identify what qualities characterize a person. At the heart of their manifestation are the influence of individual experience, knowledge, abilities and capabilities of people. List biological features includes innate human characteristics. Other personality traits acquired as a result of life:

• sociality

It means irreducibility to individual, biological characteristics of people, saturation with socio-cultural content.

• Uniqueness

The uniqueness and originality of the inner world of an individual, his independence and the inability to attribute to one or another social or psychological type.

• transcendence

Willingness to go beyond one's "limits", constant self-improvement as a way of being, belief in the possibility of development and overcoming external and internal obstacles on the way to one's goal and, as a result, incompleteness, inconsistency and problematicness.

• Integrity and subjectivity

Internal unity and identity (equality to oneself) in any life situations.

• Activity and subjectivity

The ability to change oneself and the conditions of one's existence, independence from the surrounding conditions, the ability to be a source of one's own activity, the cause of actions and the recognition of responsibility for the actions performed.

• Moral

The basis of interaction with the outside world, the willingness to treat other people as the highest value, equivalent to one's own, and not as a means to achieve goals.

List of qualities

The personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes and motivation. And also separately the following qualities:

• Independence;
• Intellectual self-improvement;
• Communication;
• Kindness;
• industriousness;
• Honesty;
• Purposefulness;
• A responsibility;
• Respect;
• Confidence;
• Discipline;
• Humanity;
• Mercy;
• Curiosity;
• Objectivity.

The personal qualities of a person are internal perception and external manifestations. External manifestation includes a list of indicators:

• congenital or acquired artistry;
• attractive appearance and sense of style;
• ability and distinct pronunciation of speech;
• intelligent and sophisticated approach to .

The main qualities of a person (her inner world) can be classified according to a number of criteria:

• a comprehensive assessment of the situation and the absence of conflicting perceptions of information;
• inherent love for people;
• unbiased thinking;
• positive form of perception;
• wise judgment.

The level of these indicators determines the individual characteristics of the student.

The structure of individual qualities

To more accurately determine the quality of a person's personality, it is necessary to highlight its biological structure. It consists of 4 levels:

1. Temperament, including characteristics of genetic predisposition (nervous system).
2. The degree of unique mental processes that allows you to determine the personal qualities of a person. The level of individual perception, imagination, manifestation of volitional signs, feelings and attention affects the result.
3. The experience of people, characterized by knowledge, abilities, capabilities and habits.
4. Indicators of social orientation, including the attitude of the subject to the external environment. The development of personal qualities acts as a guiding and regulating factor in behavior - interests and attitudes, beliefs and attitudes (a state of consciousness based on previous experience, a regulatory attitude and), moral norms.

Features of people that characterize their temperament

The innate qualities of a person form him as a social being. Behavioral factors, type of activity and social circle are taken into account. The category is shared by 4 concepts: sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

• Sanguine - easily adapting to a new habitat and overcoming obstacles. Sociability, responsiveness, openness, cheerfulness and leadership are the main personality traits.
• Melancholic - weak and inactive. Under the influence of strong stimuli, behavioral disturbances occur, manifested by a passive attitude to any activity. Closure, pessimism, anxiety, a tendency to reason and resentment are characteristic features of melancholic people.
• Cholerics are strong, unbalanced, energetic personality traits. They are short-tempered and unrestrained. Resentment, impulsiveness, emotionality and instability are clear indicators of a restless temperament.
• Phlegmatic - a balanced, inert and slow personality, not inclined to change. Personal indicators act in easy overcoming of negative factors. Reliability, goodwill, peacefulness and prudence are the hallmarks of calm people.

Individual character traits

Character is a set of traits of an individual, which are manifested in different types activities, communication and relationships with people. The development of personal qualities is formed against the background of life processes and the type of activity of people. For a more accurate assessment of the nature of people, behavioral factors in specific circumstances should be studied in detail.

Varieties of character:

• cycloid - changeability of mood;
• hyperthymic accentuation consists in high activity, failure to complete things;
• asthenic - capricious and depressive personal qualities;
• sensitive - timid personality;
• hysterical - the makings of leadership and vanity;
• distimic - focused on the negative side of current events.

Individual abilities of people

Individual psychological qualities of a person contribute to the achievement of success and perfection in a certain activity. They are determined by the social and historical practice of the individual, the results of the interactions of biological and mental indicators.

Exist different levels abilities:

1. giftedness;
2. talent;
3. genius.

The development of the algorithm of personal qualities and abilities of people is characterized by the ability to learn new things in the mental sphere. Special features are manifested in a specific type of activity (musical, artistic, pedagogical, etc.).

Volitional traits of people

Adjustment of behavioral factors associated with overcoming internal and external discomfort makes it possible to determine personal qualities: the level of efforts and plans for taking actions, concentration in a given direction. Will manifests itself in the following properties:

• - the level of effort to achieve the desired result;
• perseverance - the ability to mobilize to overcome troubles;
• endurance is the ability to limit feelings, thoughts and actions.

Courage, self-control, commitment - personal qualities strong-willed people. They are classified into simple and complex acts. In a simple case, urges to action flow into its execution automatically. Complex acts are carried out on the basis of drawing up a plan and taking into account the consequences.

human feelings

The persistent attitude of people to real or imaginary objects arise and are formed on the basis of the cultural and historical level. Only the ways of their manifestation change, based on historical eras. are individual.

Personality motivations

Motives and motivations that contribute to the activation of actions are formed from. The stimulating qualities of a person are conscious and unconscious.

They appear as:

• striving for success;
• avoiding trouble;
• getting power, etc.

How to manifest and how to recognize personality traits

The personal qualities of an individual are determined by analyzing behavioral factors:

• self-esteem. manifested in relation to themselves: modest or confident, arrogant and self-critical, decisive and brave, people with a high level of self-control or lack of will;
• assessment of the relationship of the individual to society. There are different degrees of relationships between the subject and representatives of society: honest and fair, sociable and polite, tactful, rude, etc.;
• a unique personality is determined by the level of interests in the labor, educational, sports or creative field;
• clarification of the position of the individual in society occurs in a close relationship of opinion about it;
• in the study of psychological factors, special attention is paid to memory, thinking and attention, characterizing the development of personal qualities;
• observation of the emotional perception of situations allows you to assess the reaction of the individual when solving problems or its absence;
• measuring the level of responsibility. The main qualities of a serious personality are manifested in labor activity in the form of a creative approach, enterprise, initiative and bringing things to the desired result.

A review of the individual properties of people helps to create big picture behavior in the professional and social sphere. Under the concept of "personality" is a person with individual properties, due to the social environment. These include personality traits: intellect, emotions and will.

Grouping features that contribute to personality recognition:

• subjects who are aware of the presence of their inherent social traits;
• people participating in the social and cultural life of society;
• personal qualities and character of a person are easy to determine in a social relationship through communication and the labor sphere;
• individuals who are clearly aware of their peculiarity and significance in the public.

Personal and professional quality of a person are manifested in the formation of a worldview and internal perception. The individual always asks philosophical questions about life, his significance in society. He has his own ideas, views and life positions affecting

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