The treacherous attack of the Nazi invaders forced all people to interrupt their peaceful life. The period of the Great Patriotic War began - the question of the freedom and independence of our fatherland was being decided. The defense of the Motherland was at the same time the fulfillment of the great historical mission of saving mankind from the fascist threat. Science and higher education, its professors, teachers, staff and student youth faced new and complex tasks, serious difficulties and severe trials.

First months of the war

The war years occupy a special place in the history of Moscow University. All his scientific, educational, social life during these years was determined by military conditions and the task of mobilizing the entire university staff to help the front.

The news of the perfidious attack of the Nazi invaders caused a powerful patriotic upsurge in the university staff, as well as in the entire Soviet people. After V.M. Molotov on the radio on June 22, 1941, from all over Moscow and the Moscow region, students and teachers hurried to the university to declare their readiness to defend the Fatherland.

Massive rallies were held at the faculties. Students and teachers expressed their determination to give all their strength to defeat the enemy. On the evening of June 22, Komsomol members of the university gathered. The Komsomol audience could not accommodate everyone. They were located in the aisles, on the stairs, on the platforms. The decision of the meeting stated: "The Komsomol organization of Moscow State University declares itself fully mobilized to carry out any task of the Party and the Government - at the front, in factories, in transport, on collective and state farm fields."

The students of Moscow University backed up their word with practical deeds and active participation in various areas of defense work. In the first week, 138 biologists, 155 geographers, 90 geologists, 163 historians, 213 mathematicians and mechanics, 158 physicists, 148 philosophers went to the front. In total - 1065 people.

A significant part of the students of Moscow University began to work at defense plants. 1,200 Komsomol members of the university began working on the construction of the subway, 1,300 students left for harvesting work in state and collective farms, student teams worked at the Fraser and them. Frunze. In the first three weeks of the war, 52,000 young Muscovites left to build defensive lines, among them 3,000 students of Moscow University.

After June 22, military training was widely developed at the university. Students were trained in groups of tank destroyers, signalmen, radio operators, air defense and air defense. Hundreds of girls were trained in the courses of nurses. Two-month courses for the training of nurses have been established. University staff fought for their native university, disarming incendiary bombs and eliminating the threat of fires. On July 28, one of the university teams received a commendation for their selfless behavior while extinguishing the fire.

On July 10, 1941, the Krasnopresnenskaya division of the people's militia was formed, consisting of four regiments. The entire political composition of the division was staffed by communists from Moscow University. Post-graduate students and teachers of Moscow University were appointed regimental commissars and instructors. The artillery regiment of this division could be called university.

When the historic battle for Moscow unfolded, parts of the people's militia and destroyer battalions took part in the battles on the outskirts of the city. Many members of the university staff received their first baptism of fire in the great battles for the capital. Many pupils and employees of Moscow University died a heroic death in these battles for Moscow.

The university staff has shrunk significantly, but those who remain have doubled and tripled their energy, replacing those who have gone to the front. University scientists from the very first days of the war began to restructure their work. On June 30, the Scientific Council decided to include in the thematic plan a number of scientific topics of defense importance. The resolution stated: "Organize an oil institute at Moscow State University. Strengthen the material and production base of the institute of physics by creating joint experimental production, working on self-supporting basis, strengthen the technological base in the training of specialists in the field of aero and hydromechanics, making appropriate changes to the curriculum."

Scientific and technical problems of defense significance were dealt with by teams of faculties of natural sciences. The only faculty of the humanities at that time, the Faculty of History, was also rebuilt. His thematic plan included a series actual problems from the historical struggle of the Russian people for freedom and independence, from the history of German imperialism and German aggression.

Despite the difficulties encountered, the university energetically prepared for the new academic year. Under these conditions, the need for rapid training of specialists has sharply increased. Therefore, even in the first days of the war, the government made a decision to temporarily reduce the terms of study at universities. Students who transferred from the 1st to the 2nd course were set the deadline for July 1, 1943, those who transferred to the 3rd year - February 1, 1943, those who transferred to the 4th year - May 1, 1942.

In connection with the reduction in the terms of training, the first military academic year 1941/42 began a month earlier - on August 1. With regard to the wartime plan, the weekly workload increased by 28 hours. Holidays were reduced - summer for a month, winter - for a week, temporarily canceled state exams and admission to graduate school. All these emergency measures were the conditions of the first period of the war. Moscow University continued to train specialists and develop science in accordance with the requirements of wartime.

University evacuation

In October 1941, when Soviet troops repulsed the onslaught of Nazi troops on the outskirts of Moscow and a gigantic battle unfolded in close proximity to the capital, the evacuation of Moscow University began. Partial evacuation began in September, when the most valuable book collections scientific library them. Gorky were sent on a barge to Khvalynsk, and from there to Kustanai.

In early October, a plan was developed for the evacuation of Moscow University. The place of evacuation was Ashgabat, where the university was supposed to be located in the building of the Turkmen Pedagogical Institute. The first two groups of professors, staff and students left Moscow on October 14 and 18. The team at Moscow University at the same time had to complete the ongoing evacuation. On October 29, a train was sent to Ashgabat, in which 220 students and 35 teachers left. In November and the first days of December 1941, about 400 more students, teachers, and employees were evacuated. There they sent a train with textbooks and scientific equipment.

Moscow University was repeatedly attacked from the air. So on October 29, significant damage was caused to the library. Gorky. And already on December 6, 1941, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive, and the question arose of resuming the work of individual institutions in Moscow - the library, the Anthropology Museum, the Zoological Museum, and the Botanical Garden.

Training is scheduled to resume on February 2, 1942. In the difficult conditions of the first war year, when students were constantly employed in various jobs, it was not possible to ensure the normal course of the educational process, which led to a decrease in performance in the 1941/42 academic year. After the session, both students and the entire staff of Moscow University, refusing vacations and rest, worked all summer on the labor front. On May 8, 1942, 1030 students and employees of Moscow University, together with the workers of the Krasnopresnensky district, left for the construction of defensive structures in the Krasnogvardeisky district of the Moscow region. The collective transferred its earnings in the amount of 30 thousand rubles to the defense fund.

The war accelerated the solution of the long overdue task of restoring the humanities sector in its entirety and turning Moscow University into a truly unified complex of science and humanities faculties. Now the Moscow State University included 10 faculties: physical, mechanical and mathematical, chemical, biological, geographical, geological and soil science, philosophical, historical, economic, philological, and since March 1942 - the eleventh legal one. These changes had a positive impact on the work of the university staff in Ashgabat.

Classes began in Ashgabat in December 1942. The first lectures and seminars were held in dorm rooms. By mid-December, training sessions were moved to the auditorium of the Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute and were held during hours free from the Institute's classes. At that time, 145 topics of defense and national economic importance were developed. It was not easy to study in the conditions of evacuation. There is also a shortage of teaching aids and equipment. All the difficulties as a result affected the results school year- 48% of students by the end of the academic year had an academic debt. At the end of June 1942, the university was transferred to Sverdlovsk. The Urals, with its powerful industry, was one of the most important sources of supply for the Soviet Army with weapons and ammunition.

The new academic year began again with acute issues - lack of premises, most students (80%) combine study with work and active participation in the labor fronts. Practical training of students of a number of faculties was manifested in a number of factories' laboratories.

After the victory of the Soviet Army at Stalingrad in April 1943, the government decided to re-evacuate Moscow University from Sverdlovsk to Moscow.

Return to Moscow

1943 - was the year of a radical turning point in the course of the war. Having completed the reevacuation, the university began preparations for the new 1943/44 academic year. At that time, many scientific student circles came to life, in which about 1000 people already worked. The achievement rate increased to 87%, which was a significant increase compared to the previous year.

The university continued to expand. The strengthening of the international prestige of the Soviet state and the expansion of the international relations of the USSR put forward the task of training qualified workers in the field of international relations. In October 1943, the Faculty of International Relations was established at Moscow State University. Also, 45 new departments were created at various faculties.

Lomonosov readings were organized in April 1944 in order to familiarize the scientific community with the achievements of university scientists. Since then it has become a tradition and readings are held every year.

By the end of 1944, our homeland was completely liberated from the fascist invaders. The Soviet people restored the destroyed cities and villages, schools and higher educational institutions. The country was in dire need of specialists capable of solving the grandiose tasks of a peaceful socialist state. By the end of 1944/45, the last military academic year, the university had high student achievement. The organization of work practice is of great importance for improving the quality of training of specialists.

In 1945, all faculties were again transferred to a five-year term of study. In total, over 3,000 specialists graduated from Moscow University during the war years. Humanitarian faculties during the war years trained specialists, a significant part of whom went to work in the schools of the areas liberated from the Nazi invaders.

The university staff patronized military units and 14 hospitals, 11 Moscow schools and 2 orphanages. Also, Moscow University provided assistance to Kharkov and Belarusian Universities, Stalingrad and Smolensk Pedagogical Institutes.

Heroes of Moscow University

Many glorious heroes were brought up by Moscow University. Among them, the first place is rightfully occupied by student pilots - Heroes of the Soviet Union E. Rudneva, A. Zubkova, E. Ryabova, R. Gasheva, E. Pasko, P. Gelman. Zhenya Rudneva, making her 645th sortie on April 9, 1944, died. Many gave their lives in the name of the Motherland, but will forever be remembered.

In the same 1944, Musa Jalil, a pupil of Moscow State University, a wonderful Soviet patriot poet, Hero of the Soviet Union, died in a fascist dungeon. University students: N. Fedorov, Y. Salamatin, V. Nekrich, N. Baransky (junior), L. Kantorovich, T. Bauer, E. Shamshikova, I. Rezchikov, I. Sovkov and many others - laid their young heads in struggle for the independence of the motherland. Among them were people of outstanding abilities. Their death is a great and irreparable loss for science. On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, brave professors of Moscow State University A. Kon, G. Kara-Murza, F. Khaskhachikh, M. Zorkiy fought and died a death; teachers P. Prozorov, N. Kinalev, S. Moralev, A. Gavrilenko, V. Konstantinov, N. Florya; graduate students G. Kaftanovsky, V. Modestov, D. Ognev, V. Kotyaev, M. Korchnoi and many others.

The government highly appreciated the military exploits of the Moscow State University staff. Eight of his pets were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 2200 were awarded orders of the Soviet Union. The Great Patriotic War was a severe test for Moscow University, and it passed it with honor. With their heroism at the fronts and selfless work in the rear, the team has multiplied the glorious traditions of Moscow State University.

Based on the article by Svetlana Zayerova “Moscow University
during the Great Patriotic War"

A huge number of memoirs are devoted to the past Great Patriotic War, historical research and artistic works. And we can say with confidence that this theme will remain in the hearts of peoples, in the works of historians, writers, statesmen and military figures for many years to come.

Not all questions of the war were decided on the battlefields, and financial support should be mentioned as one of them. It is known that not one of the warring states escaped some serious shock to its financial system, and in some of them it came to complete collapse.

The greatest advantages of a socialist public and state; the system withstood the ordeals of the Great Patriotic War with honor, providing full funding for the colossal military expenditures. “Neither the finances as a whole, nor the monetary system of the USSR…,” A. G. Zverev, who was the People’s Commissar of Finance of the USSR during the war years, points out in his memoirs, “did not undergo fundamental changes during the Great Patriotic War.”

He notes at the same time that military financiers, "commanding the migration of financial resources through military channels ... worked tirelessly in the name of the great cause of approaching victory."

This article is devoted to the activities of the financial service during the war years. By the end of the 1930s, the financial service of the Red Army began to experience an acute shortage of personnel in the district and central levels. This was due to the implementation of measures to improve the organizational structure of the Red Army, including the military financial service. New military districts, army groups, mechanized, tank, aviation and other military formations and units were formed.

There was a training of military-financial personnel, but it took time, and the army could not wait. Therefore, they began to select them among commanding staff The Red Army, including among political workers, who better than others in their training were oriented in socio-economic issues and more than others dealt with issues of military economy. This measure gave positive results, and one can name quite a few political workers who became major leaders of various parts of the financial service of the Red Army. So, back in 1930, Andrei Vasilyevich Khrulev, deputy head of the political department of the Moscow Military District, was appointed head of the Central Military Financial Directorate.

Having worked in this position for six years, he left a deep mark on the history of the financial service of the Red Army. In the Ukrainian Military District, from 1924 to 1935, the financial and planning department was headed by divisional commissar Sergei Semenovich Shvabinsky, a former regimental commissar and head of the political department of the division.

The author of this article was the head of the political department of the 51st division, in November 1937 he was appointed head of the financial department of the Kyiv military district, and in August 1940 he was appointed head of the Financial Department under the NPO. By profession he was an economist and financier and for some time worked as the director of the Kharkov Financial Institute, which was probably the reason for the appointment.

There were many such examples. At that time, the Kyiv Military District occupied one of the first places in the Red Army in terms of the technical equipment of the troops. It consisted of mechanized, tank, aviation, airborne and other formations and units. Considering the great importance of the operational direction of this district, the responsibility of its tasks, the Main Military Council of the Red Army transformed the KVO into the Kyiv Special Military District (KOVO). Four army groups were formed in it, on the basis of which armies were created in 1939.

Large-scale exercises were held annually in the military districts, tasks were solved to master new military equipment. All this determined the complexity and responsibility of the tasks of financially supporting the troops.

In 1940 by order People's Commissar of the defense of the USSR, the rights of managers of credits of the 3rd degree according to the estimate of NPOs were vested in the commanders of corps, divisions and their respective formations, as well as regional, regional and republican military commissars, which was associated with a change in the supply scheme for troops. Since that time, the financing of the troops began to be carried out according to the scheme: center - district - formation - military unit. In September 1939, the troops of the KOVO participated in the liberation of Western Ukraine, and in the summer of 1940, in the liberation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.

In the course of these campaigns, shortcomings were revealed in the system of settlement and cash services for the troops of the army in the field. The military units that were part of the Ukrainian Front were financed by the financial department of the KOVO. As soon as the troops entered the liberated territory, they needed money, and the created field bodies of the State Bank of the USSR did not actually carry out any operations, since they were not provided with either workers trained for this, or banknotes.

So, in the 150th separate rifle corps, a field cash desk of the State Bank was deployed, but the bodies of the State Bank that formed it did not provide either inventory or cash, and a former accountant of a psychiatric hospital, who did not have the slightest idea about banking operations, was appointed head of the field cash desk. Measures had to be taken to ensure the cash supply of the troops by the financial department of the district, since the experiment with the organization of field bodies of the State Bank of the USSR was unsuccessful. Before joining Soviet troops to the territory) of Western Ukraine, the commander of the K.OVO troops, commander of the 1st rank S.K. Timoshenko set the task for the financial department of the district - to ensure the safety of valuables in banks in the liberated territory.

In order to restore the economy, organize production at enterprises, and the functioning of state institutions in the liberated regions, the government of the Ukrainian SSR formed a special commission. In the course of the work of this commission, it was established that the Polish administration did not pay wages to workers and employees for 3-4 months.

Those monetary funds that were taken under our control were used to settle accounts with workers and employees and to provide assistance to new bodies. government controlled in the organization of economic life. For these purposes, significant funds were allocated in the form of assistance and the government of the USSR. The Great Patriotic War found the author of these lines in the post of head of the Financial Department at: NPO of the USSR. The pre-war year of 1940 and the first half of 1941 were especially tense for the Financial Directorate under the NPO and the financial service of the Red Army as a whole.

New units and formations were formed, extensive defensive work was carried out on the western border, and the supply of military equipment, weapons, military equipment and other supplies by the national economy increased. All this required an increase in funding, strengthening financial control and improving the training of financial service personnel. On the eve of the war, the financial service of the Red Army faced a number of problems that needed to be addressed. The first such problem was the organization of control over the production and financial activities of industrial enterprises of NGOs.

Before the war, along with an increase in the number of military equipment and weapons, the number of specialized repair enterprises was growing rapidly. This required day-to-day skilled management of them.

The management of enterprises presented a significant difficulty for the People's Commissariat of Defense in comparison with the industrial People's Commissariats. The fact is that each industrial People's Commissariat's enterprises produced homogeneous products. This made it possible to unify the methods of managing them. The People's Commissariat of Defense had unusually diverse enterprises under its control - from bath and laundry to aircraft repair.

There was no centralized management of these enterprises on the scale of NPOs, and even within each branch of the armed forces, the management of enterprises was reduced to administrative and technical functions. The financial department of NCOs, which financed enterprises, was acutely aware of these shortcomings and sought centralized management of the production and financial activities of enterprises. In 1940, by order of NCOs, departments were created in the central departments of the People's Commissariat of Defense, which were entrusted with the management of the production and financial activities of subordinate enterprises and its planning.

The financial service was entrusted with control over the financial and economic activities of these enterprises. With all the difficulties of centralized management, due to the extraordinary diversity of the profile of enterprises and their heterogeneity in terms of production volume, opportunities were created for developing general principles for setting prices for the repair of weapons, military equipment and military equipment, planning the production and financial activities of enterprises and solving other important economic issues.

The centralization of the management of the production and financial activities of enterprises played a large role in reducing the prices for repairs, and hence in reducing the costs according to the estimate of NCOs. The solution of this issue turned out to be all the more important because later, during the Great Patriotic War, the repair of weapons and military equipment increased significantly and was even more concentrated on the industrial enterprises of the People's Commissariat of Defense.

The financial department of the NPO has made great efforts to streamline the financing of the repair of weapons and military equipment. No less attention was demanded by the material support of military personnel. And here, in the prewar period, important problems arose. Concern for the material security of servicemen and their families has always been at the center of attention of the Communist Party and the Soviet government.

The system of monetary allowances for the servicemen of the Red Army and the Navy, which had developed by the beginning of the war, was the result of a number of measures taken by the party and government aimed at strengthening the combat readiness of the troops and raising the living standards of their personnel. But this system could not fully meet the conditions of wartime. After all, during the war, the activities of military personnel change radically.

Camping, field life becomes common, when military personnel do not leave the battlefield for weeks, and sometimes for months, constantly exposing their lives to mortal danger. In October 1940, by decision of the People's Commissar of Defense, the Financial Administration under the NPO prepared for submission to the government a draft resolution on changing the system of monetary allowances in wartime. This project provided for the introduction with the outbreak of war of the payment of field money and a lump sum, and also made separate additions to the rules for paying monetary allowances.

Simultaneously with the draft resolution, the Financial Department reported to the People's Commissar of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union S. K. Timoshenko about making some changes to the system of pay for the commanding staff. In particular, it was proposed to introduce salaries according to the position and military rank instead of the existing staff salaries. This was justified by the need to raise the importance of military rank, to take into account more fully the qualifications of commanders, their experience and length of service.

The Main Military Council of the Red Army, at a meeting on December 11, 1940, approved the proposed principle of paying salaries to military personnel in command, but the war began, and stimulating the combat activities of military personnel went along the path of expanding additional types of allowances and increasing salaries for individual positions.

The issue of introducing salaries according to military rank remained unresolved until the end of the war. As already noted, in prewar years gaps in the organization of settlement and cash services for troops in the field were revealed. Therefore, the Financial Department under NCOs, together with the Board of the State Bank of the USSR, came to grips with the study of this issue.

As a result, measures were taken to prevent disruptions in the settlement and cash services of the troops. With the beginning of the war, field bodies of the State Bank were deployed in the army. They worked clearly and harmoniously throughout the Great Patriotic War. Before the war, questions about the norms and procedure for paying monetary allowances to servicemen of the active army were not resolved. Therefore, on June 23, 1941, the day after the start of the war, the Financial Administration at the NPO instructed to pay monetary allowances personnel Red Army in wartime according to peacetime norms.

Already three days after the start of the war (June 25), at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, a draft resolution on field money and a lump sum allowance during the war was considered. Considered comprehensively, the draft resolution was adopted. He was the first document to introduce changes in the system of monetary allowance caused by the war.

Subsequently, throughout the war, the system of monetary allowances for military personnel was continuously improved in order to strengthen its incentive nature, to maximize the stimulation of military skills of military personnel: official salaries for military personnel of leading specialties were increased, additional payments were established for military personnel who performed the most responsible combat work.

So, soon after the start of the war, the payment of increased official salaries to the personnel of the guards units and formations was established. Increased salaries were also established for the personnel of shock armies. In order to give a wide scope to sniper work and to encourage the combat work of snipers, the State Defense Committee established new, higher salaries for snipers in May 1942.

Already at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, units of the people's militia were created in a number of cities, and a partisan movement arose and expanded. On the proposal of the People's Commissariat of Defense, the Council of People's Commissars and the State Defense Committee resolved the issues of the financial support of the people's militias, partisans and their families. It is known what superiority in aviation and tanks in the main directions the Hitlerite command had in initial period war. Soviet pilots showed mass heroism in the fight against enemy aircraft.

The combat work of our Air Force required encouragement and encouragement. Already in 1941, by decisions of the party and government, the awarding of aviation personnel with orders and the payment of monetary rewards for good combat work were introduced. Somewhat later, in 1942, the salaries of the flight and technical staff of aviation were increased, and in 1943 the regulation on awards and bonuses for personnel of the Red Army Air Force, long-range aviation, air defense fighter aviation and the Air Force of the Military Marine Fleet for combat activities and the preservation of materiel.

Similar decisions were made to encourage and stimulate the fight against enemy tanks. In July 1942, when the fascist army launched a general offensive in the south of our country in order to capture the regions of the Lower Volga and the Caucasus, anti-tank artillery regiments, divisions and batteries were created.

The senior and middle commanding staff of these units and subunits were set one and a half, and the junior commanding and rank and file - double salaries. At the same time, bonuses were paid to the personnel of these units and subunits for each wrecked and destroyed tank.

In the summer of 1943, on the eve of the Battle of Kursk, by decision of the party and government, the payment of bonuses to servicemen of other branches of the armed forces for knocked out and destroyed enemy tanks was introduced. The decisions of the party and government on the issues of monetary allowance and material incentives for military personnel were aimed at improving combat training and military skills, they played an important role in bringing victory over Nazi Germany.

In this regard, I would like to recall the colonel of the quartermaster service G.I. He and the employees of the department headed by him developed proposals on salary salaries, the amount of additional types of monetary allowance, the conditions and procedure for their payment, and prepared draft orders of NGOs on these issues.

Only knowing well the life of the troops of the army in the field and continuously studying it, it was possible to competently, clearly solve the issues of monetary allowance during the war. An important component of the material support of the personnel of the Armed Forces is the provision of pensions for servicemen and their families.

The procedure for assigning and paying pensions to military personnel and their families that existed before the war and at the beginning of the war could in no way be called perfect. At that time, pensions to the commanding staff of the Red Army and members of the families of the deceased and dead military personnel from among the indicated persons were appointed by the personnel departments of the districts. Persons who had the right to a pension through the People's Commissariat of Defense had to personally appear in the personnel department of the district to apply for a pension.

Even before the war, this order urgently required revision. But if then it was somehow possible to put up with this, then with the outbreak of the war, the existing procedure for registering and assigning pensions was completely unacceptable. In addition, the number of persons entitled to a pension has risen sharply. The conditions of communication worsened during the war years, and for war invalids, as well as people who lost their breadwinner, travel often from remote places to the personnel department of the district was fraught with great difficulties.

The only pension authority in the district at that time, the personnel department of the district, was unable to ensure the timely and correct assignment of pensions to the ever-increasing number of pensioners. Moreover, a new difficult task arose before the pension authorities - taking care of the household arrangements for pensioners, the disabled and members of the families of military personnel, but for the personnel department of the district it turned out to be unbearable because of its territorial remoteness.

Control over the correctness of the payment of pensions was carried out by the Financial Department under the NPO. But this during the war was clearly not enough. In March 1942, by a resolution State Committee Defense assignment of pensions to military personnel and their families was entrusted to the regional, regional, republican, and in the cities of Moscow and Leningrad - to the city military commissariats. By the same resolution, the management of pension provision was transferred from the Main Personnel Department to the Financial Department under the NPO.

The expediency of these changes becomes obvious if one considers that monetary allowances for certificates for the families of military personnel were paid by military registration and enlistment offices. Thus, all issues related to the provision of family members of military personnel were concentrated in one body - the military commissariats. Of course, the Financial Department at the NPO has more work to do. An important task was entrusted to the management team - to manage the work on pension provision for military personnel and their families. Pension departments were organized in the financial departments of the military districts. They were entrusted with the functions of leadership and control over the work of the regional military commissariats for pensions.

But the increase in the volume of work and the increase in responsibility was offset by a sense of satisfaction from the realization that the right solution had been found on one of the important issues of material support for servicemen and their families. As a result of the restructuring of pension bodies, their relationship with pensioners has been strengthened. They began to know better the needs of pensioners, their living and living conditions, the state of affairs with the employment situation and provide them with the necessary assistance in a timely manner.

Significantly reduced the time for drawing up documents for retirement, reduced the number of complaints from pensioners about the delay in the appointment of pensions. The restructuring of the pension system for military personnel and their families, carried out on the initiative of the Financial Department under the NPO, was undoubtedly timely and correct.

This system has withstood the rigors of the war and continues to justify itself in the post-war years. During the Great Patriotic War, the Communist Party and the Soviet government showed exceptional concern for the families of servicemen.

On this issue, a special resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of January 22, 1943 “On measures to improve the work of Soviet bodies and local party organizations in providing assistance to the families of military personnel” was adopted, which played an important role in ensuring the household and labor arrangements for the families of military personnel. This resolution stated that concern for the families of military personnel is half of our concern for the Red Army.

This instruction of the party and the government was guided by the Financial Department under the NGOs in its activities. Soon, at the initiative of the Financial Department, a mass audit of the activities of the pension authorities was carried out.

As a result of this check, it was found that many wives of the dead generals and elders, who had not reached the age that gives them the right to retire, were in a difficult financial situation.

They were paid only a one-time allowance in the amount of a monthly salary of the monetary maintenance of a serviceman. Proposals were prepared for submission to the government on improving the material support for the wives of dead and dead generals and seniors.

The government approved these proposals and adopted a decision that provided for the improvement of the material support for the families of these military personnel, which undoubtedly contributed to the strengthening of the political and moral state of the front-line soldiers. The pension system for military personnel and their families continued to improve throughout the entire period of the war.

During the war, in addition to pensions for the families of military personnel, various forms of their financial support arose: the payment of lump-sum benefits, advances, repayable benefits, according to cash certificates.

For the families of the commanding staff and long-term servicemen, the main, and sometimes the only source of material support was the allowance of the head of the family. Even before the war, the procedure for receiving by family members of a part of the monetary allowance of a serviceman according to a monetary certificate was thought out and prepared for Wartime.

But at the beginning of the war, many military families lost contact with the breadwinners, did not receive money from them according to their certificates, and found themselves in a difficult financial situation.

In the second half of 1941, 6.5 million rubles were paid to such families in the form of allowances. Subsequently, a monthly advance payment was established for them, and from May 1942 a return allowance until the fate of the head of the family was clarified.

With the receipt of the certificate, a recalculation of the amounts paid was made. According to the accounting data of the Financial Department under the NPO on January 1, 1942. total number Families of servicemen who received monthly advances amounted to almost 114,000. On the one hand, this figure indicated that the families of commanders were not left without attention.

But, on the other hand, it made us think about the fact that tens of thousands of families do not know about the fate of their sons, husbands, fathers. The flow of letters to various central authorities with a request to find out the fate of relatives-front-line soldiers and the oncoming flow from the army from the soldiers who were looking for families showed that this problem was far from being solved. In order to resolve this complex and important problem

The financial department at the NPO organized the registration of the families of the commanding staff in the form of a file cabinet. A form was developed for registering the families of the commanding staff and instructions were given to the military commissariats on the procedure for registering these families.

The military registration and enlistment offices sent completed cards to the Financial Directorate under the NPO, which, in turn, requested information from the fronts and armies about servicemen who did not issue family certificates. At the same time, instructions were given that military personnel who do not know the whereabouts of their family should send certificates to the Financial Directorate under the NPO. Here the certificates were until the address of the lost family was found out.

As soon as such an address became known, the money certificate was immediately sent to the owner and at the same time the serviceman was informed of the address of his family.

If the certificate was not handed over to the family, then all the amounts withheld from it were returned to the serviceman. Lists of the dead, missing and those in captivity were requested from the Main Directorate of Personnel. Data on the commanding staff of the Red Army was systematized in the Financial Department under the NPO in alphabetical order.

Thus, a card file of centralized registration of families of military personnel was created. It was continuously updated with information from the military registration and enlistment offices about the families of servicemen. By May 1, 1942, the card index contained 700,000 cards. The filing cabinet has been a huge help. During the war years, 174,000 family addresses were identified with the help of a card file, and the servicemen were immediately informed about them.

Families were sent to their place of residence 71,750 certificates received by the Financial Department at the NGO from the military.

About 55,000 families of the fallen and deceased servicemen were found with the help of a card index, and pensions were immediately assigned to these families1. During the war, the annual payment of certificates to family members of military personnel reached 6 billion rubles. And what a labor it was to establish links between servicemen and their families, separated in a whirlwind of events and lost each other!

On these issues, the Financial Department at the NPO received 7-8 bags of letters a day, and each letter had to be sorted out and answered. In total, during the war years, the department received and considered about 800 thousand letters from military personnel and members of their families, as well as requests from military units and various organizations. The great work done by the Financial Department at the NPO has contributed not only to the improvement financial situation families, but also to strengthen the morale of front-line soldiers.

What this meant could be seen from the numerous letters of thanks received by the department during the war years. I remember the content of a letter from a senior lieutenant. He wrote that he lost his sight in battle.

While in the hospital after being wounded, he asked various organizations about his family, searched for more than a year - the answer was negative. He was advised to write to the NGO Financial Department. And then he received a response indicating the address of the family.

For a blind person, family is everything! He thanked the employees of the Financial Department who found his family, expressed his sincere gratitude to the party, the government and the People's Commissar of Defense for creating such a wonderful body to search for the families of military personnel. Another officer, the commander of an artillery unit, wrote that when he received a message from the Financial Directorate at the NPO that his dear children and wife were alive and well, he was so immensely glad that he did not hear the explosions of shells. Great concern for the families of soldiers was shown by the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army, military councils of fronts, armies, command and party organizations of units and formations.

Expenses for the payment of monetary allowances to military personnel had a large share in the costs of maintaining the Red Army.

At the same time, the fund of monetary allowance increased all the time. During the war years, it doubled. During the war years, the organization of deposit operations, which contributed to the strengthening of the country's money circulation, was of great importance. The increase in the cost of maintaining the personnel of the Red Army, associated with the growth of the monetary allowance fund for servicemen of the army in the field, required additional release of money into circulation.

It was necessary to protect the country's monetary circulation system from undesirable consequences that could adversely affect the economy. The personnel of the active army units accumulated large sums of cash. Meanwhile, the possibilities for spending money by military personnel in front-line conditions were limited, since there was no normal trade turnover in the front line.

The servicemen kept money in field bags, duffel bags. In a combat situation, money was lost. This caused material damage to military personnel and even more significant damage to the state. In a combat situation, Soviet money fell into the hands of the enemy and was used by him against the Soviet Union in organizing sabotage and espionage. From the very beginning of the war, the need to mobilize the personal funds of the military units of the army in the field was clear.

In August 1941, the People's Commissariat of Defense turned to the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR with a proposal to introduce deposit operations on the fronts. The creation of a cumbersome apparatus of savings banks in the army did not make any sense. It was much more expedient to entrust the conduct of deposit operations to the financial bodies of military units and the corresponding field institutions of the State Bank of the USSR, which was proposed by the Financial Department under NCOs. The Board of the State Bank of the USSR supported this proposal. In October 1941, the government approved the Regulations on Deposit Operations in Field Institutions of the State Bank of the USSR. The work of attracting money from military personnel into deposits was entrusted to the heads of financial bodies of all levels.

They were asked, together with employees of the field institutions of the State Bank, to systematically explain to the military personnel the procedure for conducting deposit operations, their advantages and conveniences. Employees of the financial service and field institutions of the State Bank had to clearly organize the daily work on registration of deposit transactions and non-cash payments.

Field institutions of the State Bank were obliged to make unlimited acceptance of cash deposits with the issuance of a deposit book. A serviceman could, at his request, at any time receive his deposit at any stationary or field office of the State Bank. The Main Political Directorate of the Red Army, the military councils of the fronts and armies were actively involved in this new event for the troops.

The Main Political Directorate of the Red Army instructed the political bodies of the fronts and armies to carry out explanatory work among the personnel of the troops about the importance of keeping free personal funds by military personnel in the field institutions of the State Bank for strengthening the country's monetary circulation.

It seemed that everything was thought out and foreseen for the development of the system of deposit operations, but they developed slowly, the number of depositors was insignificant, and the economic effect was not achieved. The financial department at NPOs began to analyze why non-cash payments are not widespread and what is needed to implement them after all. To solve this problem, it was necessary that the head of the financial service communicate directly with the soldiers in the advanced positions. It required individual work with them in a difficult combat situation.

It was necessary that the heads of financial bodies were imbued with the consciousness of the importance of introducing new system settlements with military personnel, despite the difficult conditions of the combat situation, persistently sought its implementation. We needed a lot of organizational work of all parts of the financial service. Such a boring, seemingly clerical business, like deposit operations, in essence, acquired the character of combat work.

In April 1942, along with other important measures to improve the financial and economic activities of the troops, the financial service took a number of measures to further develop deposit operations and cashless payments.

Among these measures was a directive prepared by the Financial Department under the NPO and signed by the Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, obliging the military councils of fronts and armies, commanders of formations and military units, and political agencies to intensify work on attracting deposits. This directive proposed to present to government awards those financial workers who have achieved good results in attracting deposits and developing cashless payments.

The financial department of NPOs has developed detailed instructions on organizing the work of the heads of financial bodies in deposit operations. Attention was drawn to the need to widely use the army press for the promotion of cashless payments. All this gave positive results, which affected quite quickly.

The introduction of non-cash payments made it possible to drastically reduce the release of cash into circulation, since already in July 1942 more than half of the monetary allowance paid was credited to deposits, and by the beginning of 1943 the share of non-cash transfers was 76.5%. Some fronts provided funding for troops without cash, since all monetary allowances were credited to deposits. The Don Front was especially distinguished, where the head of the financial department was Colonel of the quartermaster service V. N. Dutov. Here, in December 1942, they not only dispensed with the issuance of money into circulation, but even withdrew from circulation and handed over to the field bodies of the State Bank 3.7 million rubles, kept by the personnel.

The financial service has achieved its goal. Cashless payments have firmly entered the practice of the troops. The servicemen understood all the convenience that non-cash payments provided, and a kind of competition arose among the heads of financial authorities to achieve the highest level of attracting money in deposits. All this gave a great economic effect, strengthening the country's monetary circulation system and ensuring the safety of the personal funds of military personnel.

During the war, the financial service faced no less acute issues of saving money and material resources allocated by the state for military needs. The war laid a heavy burden on the state budget. Military spending 1941-J945 accounted for more than half of all state budget expenditures, reaching in 1944 376 million rubles a day.

The party and the government constantly showed concern for saving material and monetary resources, for the preservation and increase of social wealth, but during the war great importance.

The Great Patriotic War showed that timely measures taken by the party and the government made it possible to successfully finance the needs of the war, unprecedented in terms of volume, to ensure greater maneuverability of financial resources in a difficult wartime situation.

This was achieved thanks to the expansion of the scope of financial control, carrying out on a significant scale accounting work, which contributed to a systematic reduction in the cost of military products. The financial service of the Armed Forces directed its efforts to ensuring that funds were primarily used to meet those needs of the Red Army and Navy, on which the solution of the main task depended - the defeat of the Nazi invaders.

Throughout the Great Patriotic War, spending on armaments, ammunition, military equipment and military property occupied one of the first places in military spending. It must be said that before the war and during the first period of the war, there were significant shortcomings in spending on armaments and military equipment.

There was little control over the introduction of advanced technology at enterprises in order to reduce the cost of military products; unproductive losses were allowed in the production process of these products; Despite a significant increase in the supply of military products on the eve of the war, the industry did not fully cope with the planned targets, which, of course, was reflected in the execution of the estimates of NGOs. Thus, with an absolute increase in the cost of paying for orders for weapons and military equipment in 1940 in comparison with 1939 by 22.7%, appropriations for paying for these orders in 1940 were used only by 79.5%.

There were no unified instructions on the conduct of procurement of weapons and military equipment. Despite the measures taken by the Financial Department under the NPO, the calculation apparatus of the main and central departments of the NPO remained small. The military representations at the enterprises were not sufficiently prepared and involved in the work of controlling prices for military products.

The war, on the other hand, required the introduction of many adjustments in the relations between the supplying bodies of the Red Army and the industry for the supply of weapons, ammunition and military equipment. In connection with these shortcomings, at the beginning of the war, spending on weapons and equipment increased significantly.

In March 1942, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR A. I. Mikoyan pointed out to the Financial Directorate under the NPO that it poorly deals with issues of the cost of military products, and overpays significant amounts for the supplied items of military weapons. The reproach was fair, but it must be said that at that time only three people were involved in the financing of the order plan in the Financial Department of the NPO. They exercised control over settlements with industry, but were unable to control the correctness of pricing for military products. For this, a special apparatus was needed.

In accordance with the instructions of A. I. Mikoyan, in April 1942, a pricing and calculation department was created as part of the Financial Directorate under the NPO, which was entrusted with the study of production costs at enterprises supplying military products, analysis of planned and reporting data on the cost of this products.

He was also responsible for the organizational and methodological management of the work on prices in the main and central departments of NCOs, in which, as well as in the Financial Department, the number of the calculation apparatus was increased.

The financial department of NPOs began to regularly receive accounting estimates from enterprises and to check prices for military products. Checks of accounting and cost estimates directly at enterprises in a number of cases revealed deviations from technical conditions, unjustified differences in the costs of producing identical products.

The reasons for these differences were established and measures were taken to eliminate them. So, for example, at two enterprises, when checking estimates for the manufacture of mines, it was found that one of them had developed new technology castings in the manufacture of the mine case, and on the other mine case They were made using outdated technology by turning blanks, as a result of which tens of tons of metal went into shavings. Therefore, the difference in the cost of mines at these enterprises was significant.

Based on the results of the inspection, measures were taken to change the technology for manufacturing mines at a lagging enterprise. The checks carried out revealed significant differences in the cost of the T-34 tank at different enterprises. After analyzing the reasons that caused the tank to rise in price, employees of the Financial Department at the NPO found that at one enterprise the armor plate was used with maximum efficiency, and at the other - only the middle of the armor plate.

Large waste of armor plate, going to be remelted, significantly increased the cost of manufacturing a tank at the second enterprise. After the intervention of the Financial Department at the NPO, this enterprise put things in order in the use of armor plates. When checking the cost estimate for the manufacture of the PPSh machine, it was found that at one enterprise the shock absorber was made by hand and cost 2 rubles. 63 kopecks, and on the other, the same shock absorber was made by stamping, and its cost was only 65 kopecks.

In the manufacture of the shock absorber by stamping, the productivity was so high that this enterprise could provide shock absorbers for all enterprises in Moscow and the Moscow region that manufactured the PPSh automatic machine. Order in this matter was put in place with the help of the People's Commissariat of State Control. By deeply and comprehensively studying the calculations, employees of the Financial Department at the NPO discovered additional sources for reducing the cost of military products.

It was painstaking and time-consuming, but rewarding work, because its significance was enormous. It allowed to save many millions of rubles and contributed to the acceleration of the production process. The systematic reduction in prices carried out during the war years covered all types of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and military equipment.

This is a new phenomenon in the history of wars, when in the course of hostilities the prices of military products did not rise, but fell. In the capitalist countries, prices for military equipment rose steadily during the first and second world wars. This is natural, since in the capitalist countries the supply of military products is a source of profit for the monopolies. In our country, the reduction in prices for military products made it possible to build up the military-technical power of the Armed Forces. with less cash outlay. The total savings received during the war years from the reduction in prices for military products amounted to 50.3 billion rubles.

Measures to find internal sources of savings to obtain additional material resources and reduce the cost of public funds were carried out at all stages of the construction of the Red Army. But during the war, when the country found itself in a difficult economic situation, the question of all-round savings in material and monetary resources among the troops arose with particular urgency. Therefore, throughout the war, the command, political agencies, financial service and contenting agencies paid much attention to the regime of economy in the military economy.

The year 1942 was especially difficult, when military expenditures increased sharply, and the temporary occupation by the Nazi troops of a number of vital, developed regions of the USSR aggravated the difficult economic situation of the country. It was in this year that the Supreme High Command carried out a number of special measures to ensure the most economical and expedient use of food, fuel and lubricants, military property and other material assets among the troops.

The financial service of the Red Army was actively involved in the economic work carried out by the command, and, together with other central departments of the NPO, organized the systematic implementation of measures in the troops that gave the state and the Red Army significant additional resources. Tasks were set before the financial workers of the troops: to strengthen control over the ruble, to delve into all spheres of the military economy, to study and know the needs of the units.

And financial workers in the troops are actively involved in this important work. It is impossible to describe all the variety of economic work carried out by the troops during the war years. This includes harvesting grain left in the fields due to the evacuation of the population, and catching fish for the personnel of units, and collecting wild fruits, and repairing military equipment and property by personnel, and using trophies, and saving fuel and lubricants, etc. Any possibility of saving material values, saving, was noticed by the sharp eye of a military business executive.

Financial workers tried to bring any manifestation of initiative in economic work to the entire army collective, to disseminate it as widely as possible. The command, political agencies, party and Komsomol organizations carried out mass political work among the personnel, sought to understand the need for each soldier to fight for savings and the most efficient use of material values ​​and money. For example, youth work in the troops of the Karelian Front was clearly established. Here, a significant amount of food came in canned form. Tin cans were not thrown away, but allowed to be processed. The fat was removed from them, with which they were covered to protect against corrosion, and used to make laundry soap.

Then tin (seal), which was an acutely scarce metal, was removed from the cans. In front-line conditions, more than one kilogram of tin was removed from every thousand empty cans and used for tinning kitchen boilers. And, finally, the tin obtained from cans was used to make ski bindings, which were required by the Karelian Front in large quantities.

After the flour sacks were freed from flour in bakeries, they were shaken again using wooden beaters. In this way, a significant amount of flour was obtained for feeding the horses. Horseshoes were made from scrap metal on their own. Karelian pine needles were used as a remedy for scurvy.

Economic work was also carried out on other fronts on a large scale and with great effect. The financial department at the NPO systematically summarized the experience of this work, published information letters and used other forms of dissemination of valuable experience in saving material and money. Not infrequently, the Financial Department of NCOs itself came up with proposals aimed at saving money.

So, in 1942, together with the Main Artillery Directorate of the NPO, a proposal was made on the need for financial incentives for the collection of spent cartridges and the return of special closures.

This proposal was approved by the People's Commissar of Defense and accepted by the government. The introduction of bonuses for the collection of spent cartridges and special closures played a big role in providing artillery factories with spent cartridges and in obtaining additional sources of scarce raw materials - brass. As a result, already in 1943, 76% of spent cartridges were collected at the fronts. Their cost amounted to 738 million rubles, and 38 million rubles were spent on the payment of bonuses for the collection of cartridge cases.

Thus, the economic effect was expressed in the amount of 700 million rubles. In 1945, 33.7 million rubles were spent on the payment of bonuses for the collection and return of spent cartridge cases, and 799 million rubles were returned to the industry of brass cartridge cases. 2 No less important and effective was the work carried out by the fronts to collect and return the industry of special closures from ammunition. Much economic work was carried out at the repair enterprises of the Red Army.

So, for example, the repair enterprises of the Main Artillery Directorate mastered the renewal of spent cartridges. As a result, the assembly of shots in 1944 was almost completely provided with updated cartridge cases, which saved metal by 720 million rubles. USSR during the discussion of the draft State budget for 1945.

According to these data, “the military units of the Red Army, with their own strength and means, carried out in 1.944 various works on the repair and manufacture of equipment, spare parts and supplies in the amount of 3253 million rubles, received agricultural products from their subsidiary farms for 602 million rubles ., mobilized and handed over to the state 1194 million rubles. from the funds of self-supporting enterprises and from their own income. In total, in this way, more than 5 billion rubles were saved.

One of the sources of financing military spending was voluntary contributions by citizens of the USSR to the defense fund of their personal savings and property. These receipts amounted to billions of rubles.

So, during the war years, about 17.8 billion rubles were received from the population. cash, a large amount of gold, platinum and other valuables. Significantly increased receipts from subscriptions to government loans, amounting to 76 billion rubles during the war years. (against 50 billion rubles received for. all pre-war years).

In addition, about 12 billion rubles. gave the state budget money and clothing lotteries2. In-kind receipts were especially significant. From the population of the USSR during the war, the defense fund received 2.5 million pairs of felt boots, 2.5 million hats with earflaps, 1.2 million cotton jackets and many other clothing items3. Soldiers of the Red Army also participated in the patriotic movement to raise funds for the defense of the country, donating government bonds and their personal money to the defense fund.

This movement was a vivid demonstration of the comprehensive concern of the people for their army. The people's war also created popular sources of its support. In contrast to just wars of liberation, imperialist wars of conquest cannot give rise to patriotic feelings. There were known attempts by the German fascists to organize a fundraiser for the so-called "winter aid fund". Carried out by force, this collection did not give tangible results.

Natural supplies prevailed in meeting the material needs of the troops during the war. Therefore, the chiefs of services focused their main attention on the procurement and transportation of goods, the delivery of everything necessary to the troops from the rear. Under these conditions, control by the supply services over the completeness of posting and the legality of spending material assets was weakened, which was a very significant drawback.

Inspectors-auditors of the financial service could not and did not have the right to ignore the existing violations in the use of material resources and, if such violations were detected in the process of auditing financial activities, they reported to the command about the need to take appropriate measures.

In March 1942, the Financial Directorate under the NPO summarized the work of financial bodies in this area and demanded that the financial departments of the fronts and military districts expand and deepen inspections of the economic activities of military units. The control of economic activity by the financial authorities had a serious impact on increasing the responsibility of commanders and chiefs for the correct accounting, storage and use of food, clothing and other material assets in the troops.

In 1942, the Financial Directorate of the NCO carried out a check on the completeness of the receipt of paid weapons, ammunition, military equipment and military property at military warehouses, bases and troops. During the audit, many shortcomings were revealed. Based on the results of the check, an order was issued by the People's Commissar of Defense to restore order in the accounting, storage and use of material assets.

In pursuance of this order, a lot of work was done in the troops to ensure the safety of weapons, military equipment, food, fuel, military equipment and other materiel.

To this end, the financial responsibility of officials for plundering and squandering food and all types of military property was increased. At first, the amount of damage in these cases was determined at market prices, but since it was difficult for military units to obtain data on market prices, from May 1943, state retail and procurement prices increased by 12.5 times began to be used when determining the amount of damage.

This played an important role not only in ensuring the full compensation of damage caused to the state, but also in preventing theft and illegal use of material assets. Thus, despite the complex and difficult situation, the financial service of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War very effectively fulfilled the task of timely and complete satisfaction of the needs of the troops, economical expenditure of state funds for the conduct of the war. During the war years, new forms and methods of financial work were worked out, which are being successfully applied in the practice of the financial bodies of the Soviet Armed Forces even at the present time.

As is known, the success of any undertaking depends on the organizational abilities of the cadres, on their political maturity and profound competence. In this regard, first of all, I would like to recall the head of the rear of the Red Army, General of the Army Andrey Vasilyevich Khrulev. In the thirties, he headed the Central Military Financial Directorate for a long period, accumulated extensive experience in managing the financial service and knew the issues of financial support well.

General of the Army A. V. Khrulev played a big role in leading the Logistics of the Armed Forces, invested a lot of effort in the cause of victory over Nazi Germany. Each person is a carrier of certain qualities. For Andrei Vasilievich characteristic qualities there was inexhaustible energy, creative inspiration in solving any issues, the talent of a leader.

In order to lead the Logistics of our Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War, one had to have outstanding abilities. Each major operation was associated with the regrouping of troops, the supply of ammunition, fuel and everything necessary for the front.

It was necessary to ensure an uninterrupted supply of troops, to correctly and rationally use enormous material resources. It was necessary to maintain a close and direct relationship with the national economy. A large apparatus, headed by General of the Army A.V. Khrulev, was quite able to cope with all this. In addition to numerous rear services, A. V. Khruleva was subordinated railway transport countries, In February 1942, the State Defense Committee appointed A. V. Khrulev concurrently as People's Commissar of Railways.

And he successfully coped with all the duties assigned to him. Andrey Vasilyevich is a native of the working people. He was born on September 30, 1892 into a peasant family and early years knew work. As a boy, fate brought him to St. Petersburg, where he first worked for a goldsmith, and then as a locksmith at one of the factories.

In 1917, Andrei Vasilievich joined the Red Guard, participated in the defeat of the White Guard troops, who were trying to capture Petrograd. In March 1918, A. V. Khrulev became a member of the Communist Party and in the same year voluntarily joined the Red Army. The whole subsequent life of Andrei Vasilyevich was inextricably linked with the army, with the struggle of the party for the implementation of the cause of the Great October Socialist Revolution.

During the Civil War, A. V. Khrulev, as part of the First Cavalry Army, fought against the troops of the White Guard generals Denikin, Mamontov and Wrangel. He served as head of the political department and commissar of the division. For participation in the battles A. V. Khrulev in 1920 awarded the order Red Banner. In 1928 he was appointed deputy head of the political department of the Moscow Military District. In this position, along with a lot of party political work, he dealt a lot with issues of material support, improving the military economy, improving the technical and medical support of the troops.

The features of A. V. Khrulev as a sensitive, caring boss, diligent business executive, who deeply knew the work of the rear, served as the basis for his appointment in 1930 as head of the Central Military Financial Directorate. He successfully worked in this position for 6 years. On the initiative of A. V. Khrulev, the reorganization of the financial economy of military units was launched, turning the financial service into an independent body subordinate directly to the unit commander, and the rights of the unit commander in the field of financial management were expanded. Beneficial changes in the financial service of the Red Army were so effective that they were reflected in a number of documents. So, in a special resolution of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR on the results of financing the Red Army, it was noted: "... the military financial authorities have significant achievements in streamlining the financial economy of the Red Army ... improving budgetary discipline and exercising control."

The Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, announcing this resolution in its order of 1934 No. 59, emphasized: “... the achievements noted in the resolution of the Narkomfin of the USSR did not come by chance. They are the result of a huge, hard work done in recent years by military financial workers ... we are obliged not only to keep, but also to persistently continue work on improving the financial economy of the Red Army, which is of great importance in all areas of building the Red Army.

Successes in the restructuring of the financial service, establishing proper order in the financial economy, and strengthening financial discipline were largely ensured by the initiative, firm leadership of Andrei Vasilyevich Khrulev. His authority as a creative leader-innovator turned out to be so high that in 1936 he was sent to a responsible and difficult area - the head of the construction and apartment department of the Red Army. And here Andrei Vasilyevich showed himself to be a skillful, energetic leader in the construction of defense facilities.

Before the war, A.V. Khrulev was the head of supply, and then I will nominate? to the post of Chief Quartermaster of the Red Army. In August 1941, by decision of the State Defense Committee, he was appointed Deputy People's Commissar of Defense - Head of Logistics of the Red Army. In this responsible post, his organizational talent, his qualities as an experienced party and economic worker, clearly manifested themselves.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, General A. V. Khrulev, together with A. I. Mikoyan, who, as a member of the State Defense Committee, was in charge of supplying the troops, proposed a new structure for the rear. It was accepted, turned out to be vital and fully justified itself. General A.V. Khrulev was in charge of the complex work of the Logistics of the Armed Forces. He led a large army of logistics workers involved in providing combat fronts with ammunition, fuel, food, evacuating and treating wounded soldiers, restoring bridges, roads and railways.

Andrei Vasilievich often traveled to the front and to the areas liberated from the Nazis in order to judge the state of supply for the troops, the situation in the liberated areas, not only from reports and papers. One of the main tasks of such trips was to take care of the Soviet people rescued from fascist captivity, to help them. In 1942, when Mozhaisk was liberated, A. I. Mikoyan and A. V. Khrulev went there.

Andrei Vasilyevich ordered the front line workers to provide the liberated population with food, clothing, and organize housing. The same measures were taken by General A. V. Khrulev when leaving for Klin, Solnechnogorsk and other liberated cities. Andrei Vasilievich showed great concern for the safety of military property and material values.

He paid special attention to this during offensive operations. He rejoiced at both the offensive impulse of the troops and the pace of advancement, but at the same time he took tough measures to ensure that military property and material values ​​were not lost, frugality was shown and safety, including trophy property, was ensured.

Once, while at the front, Andrei Vasilievich learned that large food warehouses of the Nazi troops had been seized in the liberated city of Nevel. Immediately followed by his order: to provide protection, take into account everything that is possible, turn to the supply of his troops, and General A.V. Khrulev ordered to transfer a large amount of chocolate to hospitals. General A. V. Khrulev showed great concern for the selection and placement of personnel.

So, in 1943, during the organization of the Central Front, he personally went to the area where the front headquarters was being formed and on the spot picked up the entire apparatus of the rear services of the front. After the completion of the organizational work carried out, General Khrulev instructed the leadership of the rear and services. Andrei Vasilyevich Khrulev had a lot to learn from those who worked with him. In his youth, Andrei Vasilyevich worked in a jewelry workshop. Knowledge of jewelry was useful to him in a high government position. Everyone knows that during the Great Patriotic War, the government introduced a number of new military orders and medals to reward soldiers for military exploits. The government gave instructions for the preparation of layouts of combat awards to the head of the Logistics of the Red Army, General A.V. Khrulev. He accepted prepared layouts of orders and medals from specialists for submission to the government for approval.

How much artistic taste of an amateur and connoisseur of jewelry art showed Andrey Vasilyevich, discussing models of orders and medals with specialists! The layouts of the orders presented by General Khrulev were approved by the government, as a rule, without changes, and the fact that our government awards from the times of the Great Patriotic War are outwardly expressive and beautiful is to a certain extent the merit of the head of the Logistics of the Red Army, General of the Army A. V. Khrulev. In the life of A. V. Khrulev, there was too little time for rest.

The load, tension and return of forces were very great. Apparently, this is why Andrey Vasilievich Khrulev died so early, in June 1962, a little before reaching the age of 70.

He was buried in Red Square near the Kremlin wall. The government named the Yaroslavl Military School, which trains the financial services of the Armed Forces, the name of General of the Army A.V. Khrulev. This paid tribute to the titanic work of a major military and statesman, who invested so much in the development of the rear and financial service, in defeating the enemy during the Great Patriotic War. In the pre-war and war years, such experienced political workers as Lieutenant-General V. V. Polyakov and Colonel N. N. Sysoev carried out a lot of party-political work in the Financial Department at the NPO.

With their inherent partisanship and inexhaustible energy, they organized and rallied the management team to fulfill the tasks assigned to it. With the beginning of the war, the financial service of the army and navy was replenished with people called up for mobilization. One of them was Colonel of the quartermaster service Boris Borisovich Rivkin. His ebullient energy and fruitful work left a noticeable mark on the financial service. Prior to joining the Financial Department at the NPO, he was the head of the department of educational institutions of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR. In the Financial Department at the NPO, he became the deputy head of the inspectorate.

But his role has significantly outgrown the scope of the duties of his position. Attentive, observant, possessing an analytical mindset, he followed everything valuable, useful, initiative that was born in the troops, he knew how to give this the necessary assessment, to achieve widespread introduction into the practice of financing. H

It was no coincidence that Boris Borisovich Rivkin later became the head of the Department of the Military Faculty at the Moscow Financial Institute, Doctor of Sciences, Professor, and a prominent scientist. He made a great contribution to the development of Soviet financial science and the science of military finance, to the education of military financiers. It is very unfortunate that this talented person passed away so early, in the prime of his creative powers.

A highly respected worker of the department was the head of one of the responsible departments, colonel of the commissary service, Boris Vladimirovich Kin. He was distinguished by high erudition, high staff culture. They prepared important documents of national importance for submission to the government. One of the qualities of Boris Vladimirovich was foresight. Somehow, while carrying out an analysis of financed expenditures under a certain program, Boris Vladimirovich drew attention to some data that were not provided for by the program, but were of great interest.

Over the course of a number of years, B. V. Kin accumulated these data, although they did not find practical application. But once the government urgently needed this data to solve an important state issue. The leadership of the Financial Department at NPOs found itself in a difficult position, but B. V. Keen presented detailed material on the issue of interest in a few minutes. It was impossible not to admire BV Kin's foresight and correct assessment of this issue. How valuable are such creative, initiative workers! Like B. B. Rivkin, colonel of the quartermaster service B. V. Kin, after the end of the war, switched to teaching, became B. B. Rivkin’s closest assistant, and after his death took over the leadership of the leading department of the Military Faculty at the Moscow Financial Institute, but not for long.

Sudden death prematurely cut short the life of this remarkable man. Its veterans were especially valuable personnel in the staff of the Financial Department at the NPO. The oldest among them was Vsevolod Ivanovich Pichugin, who began military service in the old army and joined the Red Army from the moment it was created.

It was a living history of the Financial Department, in which he rose to colonel, head of department. He came up with the idea of ​​introducing a passbook for officers, which, having replaced the money certificate, is valid to the present. VI Pichugin made many creative proposals for material stimulation of combat work and was always willing to share his wealth of experience with young officers. During the war, Colonel of the Quartermaster's Service V.S.

A highly qualified military economist, a former teacher of political economy at the Military Economic Academy, Vasily Semenovich worked fruitfully in the Financial Department, headed the Military Faculty at the Moscow Financial Institute. Subsequently, V. S. Krishkevich became a lieutenant general, for many years he was the first deputy head of the Central Financial Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense.

Major-General of the quartermaster service M. V. Terpilovsky is an energetic, cultured person, quickly grasping the essence of the issue. He did a lot to improve budgeting and planning work, save money. It should be noted that with his participation more than two dozen annual cost estimates for the Armed Forces were developed, and in the course of their consideration in the Nar-Comfin of the USSR and in other government instances, Mikhail Vasilyevich always gave exhaustive, well-reasoned justifications. Major-General of the quartermaster service I.S. Vekshin arrived at the Financial Directorate under the NPO from the post of head of the financial department of the front after being seriously wounded.

He invested a lot of effort and energy in improving the provision of pensions for military personnel and their families, and controlling the financial and economic activities of the troops. This sensitive to people, benevolent person enjoyed great respect from his subordinates and colleagues.

Ivan Avdeevich Chekalkin during the war more than once led such areas of activity where initiative and decisiveness were required. He dealt with legal issues, financing the partisan movement. Ivan Avdeevich took an active part in the development of responsible guiding documents for the financial service.

Subsequently, Major-General of the quartermaster service I. A. Chekalkin also became one of the deputy heads of the Central Financial Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense. K.I. Znamensky, A.A. Timashev and many others proved themselves to be initiative and energetic workers of the management. In the financial bodies of fronts, military districts, associations, formations and military units, thousands of remarkable financial workers also selflessly worked, contributing to the cause of victory over fascism.

The officers of the financial service honestly fulfilled their duty to the Motherland on the fronts, showing courage and dedication. In this regard, it is appropriate to recall the feat of the head of the financial department Southern Front colonel of the quartermaster service N. A. Fedyunin. In May 1942, fascist troops broke through the defenses on one of the sectors of the Southern Front and rushed into this breakthrough. The situation has developed in such a way that in a number of small settlements, which turned out to be cut off, there were field cash desks1 of the State Bank with large amounts of cash.

Fascist troops bypassed these settlements and continued their offensive to the east. And under these conditions, the head of the financial department of the front, N. A. Fedyunin, decided to save the values ​​\u200b\u200bthat remained on the territory occupied by the enemy. He was given two trucks with a group of fighters, and a small convoy went behind enemy lines. N. A. Fedyunin knew very well the location of the settlements where the field cash desks were located. For the most part, these were small towns and villages.

Observing all precautions, the group of N. A. Fedyunin traveled around a vast area hundreds of kilometers long. Sacks with tens of millions of rubles of money were taken from the safes of the field cash desks. But the group ended up in the rear of the Nazis. Now the task was to break through the front line to join with their troops. It’s not easy to break through on your own, and even more so in cars, with bags of money, for the sake of which, in fact, this unusual raid on the rear of the enemy was started. If it were then possible to buy a car, then it would be easier to complete these complex tasks.

Having carefully reconnoitered the enemy's defenses and choosing an appropriate weakly fortified sector of the front, Fedyunin's group left the encirclement, broke through to its troops at night, with a fight, with casualties. At the same time, N. A. Fedyunin himself was seriously wounded. But the task was completed. Large sums of money were saved.

It was a truly heroic deed that required courage, courage, and a high sense of duty. Participants in this operation and N. A. Fedyunin himself; were awarded orders and medals. Nikolai Afanasyevich recovered and continued to be in the army until the end of the war, heading the financial service of the Southern, and then the Ukrainian fronts.

All the years of the war, V. N. Dutov successfully managed the financial support of the fronts. B. V. Borisov-Bogolyubov, Yu. G. Mostun and others. In military units, the chiefs of financial allowance carried out heavy military service. In combat conditions, they carried out the provision of personnel with monetary allowances. But if the situation required, military financiers with weapons in their hands entered the battle and at the same time showed high commanding qualities.

So, in early October 1941, when the 32nd Army was surrounded near Vyazma, the head of the financial department of the army, the quartermaster of the 2nd rank M, V. Slepukhin, together with the employees of the financial department P. S. Poparin and P. V. Fadeev, were taken from fighting from the encirclement of a group of 300 people in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe city of Vereya. In the same October 1941, the 133rd artillery regiment of the 32nd rifle division defended a sector of the front in the area of ​​the Borodino field. During the fierce battle, many commanders failed.

The head of the financial allowance of this regiment, quartermaster of the 3rd rank, communist Petrov, took over the leadership of part of the fighters and fought the Nazis for three days. Many Nazis were destroyed, but Petrov himself died a heroic death. The treasurer of the 113th Infantry Regiment of the same division, Denisenko, bravely fought the Nazis in one of the hot battles, and when an enemy tank approached the position he was defending, Denisenko threw a bottle of flammable liquid at him.

He destroyed the tank, but he himself died in the process. The head of the financial allowance of the 1080th Infantry Regiment of the 310th Infantry Division, Senior Lieutenant A.V. Polishchuk, during the battle, led the personnel of the company of the 2nd Battalion and held positions. During this battle, A. V. Polishchuk was seriously wounded and died in the hospital. For the exemplary performance of command assignments during the Great Patriotic War, thousands of financial services were awarded government awards.

The motherland paid tribute to the military financiers who stood shoulder to shoulder in the ranks of its defenders during the Great Patriotic War.

The Communist Party mobilized the heroic Soviet people to fight the Nazi invaders, to eliminate the danger hanging over our country, to turn the country into a single military camp, launched a mass movement under the slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!", Tirelessly showed concern about providing the Red Army and the Navy with military equipment, weapons, ammunition, food, uniforms, about the high political and moral state of the personnel of the Armed Forces of the USSR. The war, which temporarily interrupted the development of socialist construction in our country, required a restructuring of finances, making adjustments to the system of financial support for the troops.

Specific tasks; solved by the financial service at one stage or another of the war, were closely connected with the conditions of the combat activity of the Armed Forces, with the nature and development of ties with the national economy. Using the advantages of the Soviet economy and finances, the financial service of the Armed Forces of the USSR successfully coped with the tasks assigned to it.

Replenishment of personnel of the financial service during the war years was carried out mainly in three directions. First, for some time, training continued in military educational institutions created before the war. Secondly, a whole network of short-term courses was created to train the commanding staff of financial bodies. Thirdly, the positions of the lower level of the financial service were staffed by civilian specialists who had experience in financial and accounting bodies.

The first graduates of the Military Financial School of the Red Army. 1941

The military educational institutions created before the war continued to work for some time in the same rhythm, gradually moving to military conditions. The Faculty of Finance of the Military Economic Academy of the Red Army produced its last graduation in the middle of 1942. Many teachers and adjuncts of the faculty were sent to the active army. Graduates of the Faculty of Finance formed the core of the leadership of the financial service during the war years, and subsequently many of them became generals, including B.V. Bliznichenko, V.D. Ermolovich, S.V. Spiridonov, D.P. Khlyubko, V.Ya. Solovyov, S.A. Glamazda and others.

Short-term training courses for military financiers were launched at the Military Economic Academy of the Red Army, the Yaroslavl Military Economic (Quartermaster) School.

Before the start of the war, it was decided to create an independent military school to train financial service personnel. The school was supposed to be formed in the city of Kharkov, but the war prevented the implementation of this order in full, and the village became the first point of deployment. Khlebnikovo, Moscow region. By the beginning of August 1941, there were 566 cadets in the school. Hard work began, the terms of training were reduced, classes were conducted within the framework of a 12-hour working day. The first graduation of cadets also took place, it included graduates who later became heads of various parts of the financial service: Major General V.A. Chugreev, colonels B.V. Migunov, N.P. Shelepugin. The school was then deployed in a number of cities in the east of the country, and in February 1942, a machine gun and mortar school was created on its basis.

Military financiers for the Navy were trained at the Naval Economic School, established at the end of 1938, which continued to work during the war years, switching to a reduced training period. Among the graduates of the Naval Economic School are military financiers Major General L.A. Valyavkin, colonels N.F. Gritsynin, A.P. Vandyshev, V.S. Povarov, V.Ya. Stolyarenko.

A great contribution to the training of personnel for the financial service of the army and navy was made by short-term courses. The places of their deployment and the terms of training were established on the basis of specific circumstances. Thus, with an acute shortage of cadres of military financiers in the first period of the war, two-month and monthly courses were developed in military districts, at the fronts and in the armies. This work continued throughout the war, which made it possible to staff the financial service at the required level. Only the financial school from 1941 to 1945 trained more than 3,500 military financiers. At the same time, it was taken into account that many young military financiers were also sent to staff command posts. So, during only 1944, 330 people were transferred to command work from among the military financiers of the 1st Ukrainian Front, 273 people of the 1st Belorussian Front, 159 people of the 2nd Belorussian Front, 3rd Belorussian front - 273 people.

During the war, graduates of the financial specialty of the Military Economic School M.A. Samarin, A.I. Krainov, G.A. Sklyar, D.I. Vorobyov became commanders of divisions and units. For courage and courage they were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Courage and heroism were shown in the war by other military financiers.

So, the famous sniper of the Battle of Stalingrad, Hero of the Soviet Union, foreman A.G. Zaitsev - a graduate of the financial department of military economic courses Pacific Fleet, a graduate of the courses of the financial faculty of the Military Economic Academy of the Red Army, captain of the quartermaster service A.S. Egorov became the commander of a partisan brigade, a Hero of the Soviet Union.

In September 1942, a decision was made to form the Central Military Financial Courses under the Financial Directorate of the NPO of the USSR on the basis of the courses of the Moscow Military District. During the courses, in addition to the main department, which consisted of three companies of cadets, a department for the improvement of financial service specialists was deployed. Those who completed the courses were awarded the rank of officer. During the period from November 1942 to November 1944, about 1000 people were trained and sent to the troops.

The transition to foreign territories complicated the tasks of the financial service at the final stage of the war, which also required appropriate measures to improve the training of military financiers. On June 15, 1944, the Central Military Financial Courses were transformed into the Military Financial School of the Red Army. The regulation on the school was approved by the Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, the head of the rear of the Red Army, Colonel-General A.V. Khrulev.

In September - October 1944, two companies of cadets were completed, later two more companies, advanced training courses for financial service specialists began to operate. From the first military enrollment of the school, which consisted mainly of front-line soldiers, such major financiers as Major General I.P. Uvarov, colonels S.Ya. Ryadov, Yu.S. Chernov, V.V. Klimov, V.G. Bochenkov, V.V. Pustovalov.

The term of training for cadets was set to one year, but in connection with the needs that arose in January 1945, it was decided to release 50 people from the first two companies ahead of schedule. On April 20, 1945, the first graduation of the newly created school took place. All graduates were sent to the active army or to staff units sent to the Trans-Baikal or Far Eastern fronts. Among the first graduates of the military recruitment were financiers who gave many years of service in the financial bodies of the army and navy, Colonels N.K. Kashlakov, V.S. Sitkarev.

Training of personnel for the financial service, pers.

Civilian financiers, who were called up for financial service during the war years, were trained in specially created courses. Many of them were admitted to independent work after an internship in the financial bodies of military units and institutions.

A special layer among specialists from the national economy, called up and sent to the financial bodies of the army and navy, were graduates of higher financial and economic educational institutions. These, as a rule, were experienced specialists who made a great contribution to solving financial and economic problems during the war years. Many of them remained in military service after the war.

Among civilian universities, whose graduates served in the financial bodies of the army and navy, are the Moscow Credit and Economic Institute, the Leningrad Financial and Economic Institute, and others. A special place is occupied by the Kharkov Financial and Economic Institute. Its graduates were Lieutenant General Ya.A. Khotenko, Lieutenant General V.S. Krishkevich, colonels B.B. Rivkin, B.V. Kin, I.K. Nevler. Graduates of this institute left a deep mark on the activities of the military financial and economic service.

The war severely tested the vitality of the economic and political system in our country, the readiness of the Armed Forces for any situation, the suitability of all systems of the military economy and finance. The war also made its demands on the personnel, their readiness to endure the trials of the war. And the fact that military financiers withstood the test of the war and ensured uninterrupted financing of the fronts and military districts, the supply of weapons and military equipment, a large role belongs to the thoughtful concrete work on training personnel for the financial service in the pre-war and war period.

Federal state educational budget
institution of higher vocational education
"FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION»

(Financial University)
Department of Economic History

FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY:
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Tutorial
for the preparation of bachelors

Moscow 2011
UDC 378(091)

BBC 74.58ya73

Reviewers

d.h.s., prof. V.V. Dumny(Financial University)

d.h.s., prof. S.A. Pogodin

(Moscow City University of Management
Moscow Government)

Editorial team

Chief Editor– Doctor of Economics, prof. M.A. Eskindarov

Members of the editorial board:

Doctor of Economics, prof. I.N. Shapkin, Doctor of History, prof. ON THE. Razmanova

Doctor of Economics, prof. M.A. Eskindarov(introduction, chapter 7, 8,
conclusion, application); d.h.s., prof. ON THE. Razmanova(chapters 1, 2; 3.2, 7.4 ) ; Ph.D., prof. E.I. Nesterenko(chapters 3, 4); Ph.D., Assoc.
N.B. Khailova(chapter 5); Ph.D., prof. S.L. Anokhin(chapter 6);

d.h.s., d.p.s., prof. Ya.A. Place (6.3)
F59 Financial University: past - present - future: textbook / ed. prof. M.A. Eskindarova. M.: Financial University, 2011. 184 p.

ISBN 978-5-7942-0835-1

This tutorial reveals the process of becoming Financial University as the leading financial and economic university in Russia. The book shows the inextricable relationship between the history of the Financial University and the history of our country, highlights the stages of development of the university. The most important achievements in the organization of the personnel training system, scientific research for 90 years are indicated, the leading teachers, scientists and graduates are described, as well as development prospects until 2020. A separate chapter is devoted to rectors. The manual includes questions for repetition and a list of references. The strategy and development program of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation for 2010–2015 are presented in the Appendix.

The publication is intended for undergraduate students, it may be of interest to graduate students, graduates and teachers of the Financial University, employees of the financial and banking sector of the Russian economy and everyone who is interested in the history of Russian education.

UDC 378(091)

BBC 74.58ya73

^ GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
RESOLUTION
July 14, 2010 No. 510
MOSCOW
On the federal state educational budget

institution of higher professional education

"Financial University under the Government

Russian Federation"
Government of the Russian Federation decides:

1. Rename the federal state educational institution of higher professional education "Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation" into the federal state educational budgetary institution of higher professional education "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation".

2. Approve the attached charter of the federal state educational budgetary institution of higher professional education "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation".

3. Recognize as invalid:

clause 1 of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 13, 2006 No. 375 “On Approval of the Charter of the Federal State educational institution higher professional education "Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2006, No. 25, item 2735);

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2006 No. 820 “On Amending the Charter of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation” (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2007, No. 1, Art. 276).

Prime Minister

Russian Federation V. Putin

^ Rector's congratulations
in connection with the status

"Financial University under the Government
Russian Federation"

I congratulate the management, faculty, employees of structural divisions, veterans, graduates, doctoral students, graduate students and students on awarding the status of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation - University. This became possible thanks to the accumulated experience in the training of highly qualified specialists, huge scientific potential, great authority in the country and abroad.

We have a strategic goal ahead of us - to become a national research university. In the scientific and educational environment, we must develop with a double charge of energy, an absolute understanding of our new mission and the commitments made to become a national research university.

I express my most sincere gratitude to the entire staff of the Academy for the great work that has been done so that our students and graduates can be proud of their University, which opens up unlimited prospects for their future professional activity.

I wish the entire staff of the Academy good health, creative success, inexhaustible energy, new scientific and pedagogical achievements, well-being and prosperity!

Rector

Honored Worker of Science

Russian Federation,

Doctor of Economic Sciences,
Professor M.A. Eskindarov

Introduction

In March 2009, our university celebrated its 90th anniversary, and in 2010 it received the status of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. These events served as an impetus for comprehending the path traveled, understanding our tasks for the future and prospects for development in the 21st century.

The Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation has come a long way, the analysis of which helps in further progress. The "Strategy and Program for the Development of the Financial University", approved by the Academic Council in 2010, notes: "... we value the past, but based on what has been achieved, we build the future." Turning to the origins of the Financial University, having studied our own history, we better understand the causes and nature of the structural changes taking place at the present time, the features of the formation of the University's teaching staff, the significance of scientific and methodological achievements.

A huge role in the transformation of the university into a leading financial and economic educational and scientific center was played by its rectors. It was they who ensured the continuity of development, gave new impetus to the forward movement of our university.

The foundations of domestic financial and economic education were laid in 1890–1910, when industrial modernization began in Russia, associated with the names of S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin. At that time, material and intellectual resources were formed, without which the existence of a financial and economic university is impossible. A hundred years later, at the beginning of the 21st century, Russia is entering an era of new modernization, in accordance with which the Financial University is developing. Its history is divided into four stages.

The first stage fell on the period 1920 - mid-1940s. It was the time of the formation of financial and economic education in our country as an independent industry in the context of the creation of a planned model of the economy. Experience was accumulating, a faculty was formed, teaching methods were developed, the first scientific works, curricula and textbooks were created. For two decades, there has been a reorganization financial universities, reflecting the search for ways to optimally train personnel for the accelerated implementation of industrialization.

The second stage, which began after the victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, is characterized by an increase and strengthening of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of educational and scientific activity. Then the main goal was to train graduates for the socialist economy. An important new phenomenon in the life of the university was the establishment of close links between scientific research and the needs of state authorities and administration, industrial enterprises and banks. Many graduates of those years took leadership positions in the financial institutions of the USSR.

The third stage in the history of the university is inextricably linked with the restructuring of the Soviet economy, the beginning of the economic reform of 1987–1989, and the emergence of market relations. In accordance with the needs of the emerging market in Russia, profound transformations took place in the structure of the university and the organization of the educational process, and the research activities of teachers. The content of the disciplines has changed radically. In 1991, the Moscow Financial Institute was given the status of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation. In the 1990s The Financial Academy successfully trained highly qualified specialists for the new economy. Our graduates of those years work in many sectors of the economy, occupy a leading position in the largest companies and state bodies of Russia.

Today, the Financial University is entering the fourth, qualitatively new stage in its history. We have to become an innovative scientific and educational center in the financial sector and contribute as much as possible to solving the problems of modernizing the national economy. Thanks to the knowledge that they receive at the University, our graduates should become competitive not only in the Russian, but also in the foreign labor market.

During the celebration of the 90th anniversary of our university, a new academic discipline was introduced into its curricula - "History of the Financial University", which is taught to first-year students and is a continuation of the discipline "Introduction to the specialty".

This textbook aims to help first-year students learn the history and traditions of the university they came to study at, to acquaint a new generation of students with rectors, teachers, graduates who have become successful entrepreneurs.

The textbook is based on the problem-chronological principle. In the first six chapters, the main milestones of the ninety-year history of the university are highlighted in close connection with the history of our country. Against the background of the generalized characteristics of the political and socio-economic situation, the achievements of science and education, the processes of reorganizing the structure of the university, updating the educational and methodological work, and the contribution of scientific research of teachers to the financial and economic policy of the state are considered. The seventh chapter of the textbook is dedicated to the rectors who have made an invaluable contribution to the formation and successive development of the Financial University. A special place in the textbook is occupied by the eighth chapter, which analyzes the most important directions for the development of the Financial University for the period up to 2020, which is especially important for understanding by first-year students of the development prospects of their "alma mater".

One of the tasks of the authors of this book was to show readers the living history of one of the leading Russian universities. To do this, the chapters include biographical information about teachers, heads of departments, deans, vice-rectors and graduates of different years. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of life and life of students throughout the history of the Financial University.

The textbook includes as an appendix the Strategy and Development Program of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation for 2010–2015. This document is intended to help the current generation of students and those who are still preparing to become our students to better imagine the future of their own and their University.

Studying the discipline "History of the Financial University" will allow freshmen not only to know, but also be proud of the 90-year history of their university. The authors hope that this textbook will be interesting and useful for new generations of students of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.
Rector of the Financial University
under the Government of the Russian Federation

Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation,

doctor of economic sciences, professor M.A. Eskindarov

Chapter 1
^ MOSCOW FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC AND MOSCOW INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTES in the 1920s

In October 1917, as a result of the revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power, but they did not have either a clear economic program, or the knowledge or practical experience necessary to lead a country like Russia. The level of their competence did not correspond to the tasks of managing a vast and war-ravaged country. In the first months of power, they were guided by utopian theories about the withering away of trade under socialism and the dominance of direct product exchange.

Based on these ideas, they embarked on radical economic transformations - the nationalization of land, industrial enterprises, capital, and so on. These measures led to the final collapse of industry, the destruction of the banking system, hyperinflation, and serious difficulties arose in organizing the work of the state administration apparatus. Strikes by employees of the State Bank, the Treasury and the former Ministry of Finance paralyzed the economic and financial life of the country and brought the new government to the brink of collapse.

In an effort to overcome these difficulties, the Bolsheviks began to urgently create their own system of training specialists. The first Soviet financiers were recruited from the worker-peasant environment, were ideologically consistent and had to have knowledge of the basics of "bourgeois" financial science.

Strengthening their power in the era of a cashless economy, the Bolsheviks established financial and economic universities in Moscow, Petrograd, Kyiv, Kharkov as an alternative to pre-revolutionary commercial institutions.

^ 1.1. Moscow Financial and Economic University
during the Civil War (1917–1922)

An important event was the decision of the People's Commissariat for Finance (NKF) of the RSFSR, together with the financial department of the Moscow Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, to establish in March 1919 the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute (MFEI) of the NKF of the RSFSR. The result of this decision was the transformation of financial and economic education into an independent branch of the domestic system of higher professional education.

The main prerequisite that determined the formation of financial and economic education was the level of development of industry and the monetary system of pre-revolutionary Russia. The needs of the economy determined the specifics curricula, the formation of the teaching corps. The relationship between politics and education was preserved in the Soviet era. In October 1918, the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the organization of financial departments of provincial and district executive committees with the transfer of "the functions of the now abolished state chambers, provincial excise departments and financial bodies of local governments" to them. At the same time, it was required that "responsible employees of the financial department" possess "the necessary special knowledge."

The acute need of the new government for qualified leaders in the field of financial policy prompted Deputy People's Commissar for Finance D.P. Bogolepov to create in early 1918 the country's first courses for Soviet financial workers. Members of the Bolshevik Party, heads of provincial and district financial departments became their listeners. The courses were short-term, the training programs were designed for training for three weeks in two subjects - accounting and budgeting. The rest of the subjects - statistics, the organization of state control, the doctrine of the state, banking, the management of the national economy in a socialist state - were read in the form of review lectures. They were led by colleagues D.P. Bogolepov at the NKF, teachers of Petrograd University.

In the context of the growing Civil War, the German offensive on Petrograd in February 1918, the Council of People's Commissars decided to transfer the capital to Moscow. In March, the attention of the party leadership was focused on the issue of concluding the Brest peace, and the current issues of financial, economic and educational policy faded into the background. In the provinces, issues of organizing management at the local level were acute, and the experience of the Petrograd short-term courses began to be used, since local leadership cadres of Bolsheviks with "theoretical training" "corresponding to the period of profound transformations" in the economy of Soviet Russia were required. An obstacle to the rapid and wide training of financial workers in the field was the lack of qualified teachers.

It was only possible to form a layer of top financial managers and teachers at the same time in Moscow, where financial and economic education developed from early XIX century. On February 6, 1919, the newspaper "Economic Life" announced the creation of a financial university - the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute.

On March 2, 1919, classes began at the MFEI, the first financial and economic institute in our country. Today this day is celebrated at the Financial University as the day of its foundation. D.P. was appointed the first rector. Bogolepov. Before the revolution, being a member of the Bolshevik Party, he read financial disciplines at Moscow University, Moscow Commercial and Moscow Private Law Institutes. Becoming Deputy People's Commissar of Finance, D.P. Bogolepov not only continued teaching, but also acted as the organizer of the Soviet financial and economic education.

The first vice-rector was appointed a member of the board of the NKF A.M. Galagan, the largest specialist in the theory and practice of accounting. The opening of the MFEI was attended by the leadership of the university and the first students, A.S. Mikaelyan, Deputy Head of the Financial Department of the NKF and Institute Professor, delivered a speech. It noted that the main task of the MFEI is to train Bolshevik financiers in a short time - in six months. Initially, teaching was organized in cycles. This made it possible to limit oneself to the study of one or several cycles, which was confirmed by a certificate of graduation from the institute. The final exams were to become, according to the idea of ​​the founders of the university, a decisive condition for occupying leadership positions in the Soviet state apparatus. It was also supposed to open three-month applied courses in accounting and banking, where, along with general economic, financial and legal disciplines, knowledge of accounting would be given. In 1920–1921 the course of study became two years, including four semesters with lectures, seminars, tests and exams, writing qualification papers.

Simultaneously with the opening of the university, work began on the recruitment of students. On March 6, 1919, the Izvestia newspaper published an appeal from the Moscow Institute of Economics and Power Engineering to the departments and institutions of the Moscow Council to send its employees to train specialists from financial institutions. Employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance, industrial people's commissariats, employees of financial institutions of provincial and district executive committees were admitted to the MFEI. The first set consisted of 300 people. Two-thirds had secondary, special and higher education. Enough high level training of students allowed, in the opinion of the rectorate, to fulfill the task - to graduate the first specialists in six months. This is what MFEI differed from the Institute of National Economy. K. Marx, renamed in 1919 into the Moscow Commercial Institute (now the Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov), and the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University, where the training was designed for four years.

The short duration of his studies at MFEI cast doubt on his fate as a higher educational institution. New People's Commissar for Finance N.N. Krestinsky, who from the beginning of 1919 took a course towards the curtailment of monetary circulation, considered the existence of a higher education institution of financial and economic profile to be inexpedient.

^ Krestinsky Nikolay Nikolaevich (1883-1938) - Soviet party and statesman, member of the Bolshevik Party since 1903. In 1918–1921 headed the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR, joined the "left communists". One of the conductors of the policy of "war communism". During the leadership of the NKF, Krestinsky laid the foundations for a planned economic system, developed projects for the abolition of money, and an attempt was made to switch to direct commodity exchange. In 1921–1930 - Representative of Russia, the USSR in Germany. In the 1930s - Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. He lectured at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1919 and in the early 1930s. Repressed. Posthumously rehabilitated.

In April 1919, a commission of members of the collegium of the Narkomfin, having studied the program, the composition of lecturers and students of the MFEI, made a compromise decision: not to close the university immediately, but “to continue its work until mid-August”, when the first graduation was supposed. MFEI was not closed and retained the status of an institute for another two years. This is the merit of its leaders: D.P. Bogolepova, A.S. Mikaelyan, A.M. Galagan.

The Charter of the MFEI adopted in 1920 determined the purpose and tasks, organizational structure, features learning activities, control method. The main goal of the university was to train specialists in the field of cash, budget, tax affairs and economic construction of Soviet Russia. Education at MFEI was free. The subjects were grouped in such a way that each course was a complete whole. Such a construction academic work was caused by the conditions of the Civil War. MFEI students were subject to mobilization to the labor front and to the active army.

35 students taught at MFEI academic disciplines organized in philosophical and historical, general economic, financial and legal cycles. Applied accounting classes were conducted. There were no special courses in the modern sense, the so-called episodic lectures were read, supplementing and expanding certain aspects of the compulsory courses. To implement such an extensive program, D.P. Bogolepov invited prominent economists and lawyers from the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University - I.Kh. Ozerova, M.A. Reisner, V.M. Ekzemplyarsky, S.V. Poznysheva, S.B. Chlenova, L.I. Lubny-Gertsyk. The leaders of the Narkomfin also conducted classes at the MFEI - its head N.N. Krestinsky, head of the department of direct taxes and duties L.L. Obolensky and others.

^ Ozerov Ivan Khristoforovich (1869-1942) - an outstanding scientist-economist and public figure. From the peasants Kostroma province. Graduated from Moscow University. Before the revolution, a major entrepreneur, a member of the boards of a number of industrial and banking joint-stock enterprises, had a large fortune. From 1898 he headed the Department of Financial Law of the Law Faculty of Moscow University. Teacher D.P. Bogolepov. In 1909 he was elected a member of the State Council from the Academy of Sciences and Universities. Author of the textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Science". In the 1920s employee of Narkomfin. In the 1920s was a professor at MFEI and MPEI.
In the 1930s his work was banned, the scientist himself was repressed. There is evidence that I.Kh. Ozerov died of starvation in 1942 in besieged Leningrad. In 1991 he was rehabilitated.

The policy of "war communism" led the country to a dead end. Industrial production, agriculture, finance, and transport were in a catastrophic situation as a result of radical economic reforms. In addition to a comprehensive economic crisis, a power crisis erupted in early 1921. An attempt to form a system of a moneyless economy led to the destruction higher education, including financial and economic. In the 1919/1920 academic year, dozens of universities were closed due to lack of funds, firewood, military and labor mobilizations. Of the eight financial and economic institutions that existed in the country, by the beginning of 1921 only three remained, where about a thousand people studied. At MFEI, the number of students decreased to 43. The staff of teachers almost halved - there were 11 professors, four teachers of general education disciplines and two teachers of foreign languages.

The MFEI Presidium and teachers made attempts to save the university. A.M. Galagan, who was the rector at that time, proposed changing the structure of the university and curricula and transforming it "into a higher school of a normal type, with a three-year course of study", two faculties - pedagogical and economic. The pedagogical one was supposed to train teachers in financial and economic disciplines, and the economic one was to give the knowledge necessary for practical activities in financial institutions, industrial, exchange and consumer farms. By March 1921, curricula were developed for two faculties, and in April all the documents necessary for the reorganization of the institute were sent to the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros), which was responsible for training specialists for the national economy.

MFEI even before in March 1921 V.I. Lenin proclaimed the beginning of a "new economic policy”, suggesting the restoration of commodity-money relations, began to prepare for the reorganization. Initially, the People's Commissariat of Education reacted with approval to this proposal: "The organization of the preparation of the teaching of accounting sciences is extremely necessary," its leadership noted, "The Financial and Economic Institute should be established as an advanced technical school (practical institute)." However, the financial and economic crisis, the famine, the lack of a clear program for the implementation of the NEP, the contradictory opinions of V.I. Lenin - all this allowed the left-wing figures of the People's Commissariat for Education to close it on August 4, 1921 instead of restructuring the institute.

The Pedagogical Faculty was reorganized for the 1921/1922 academic year into short-term pedagogical courses to train teachers of computer science for technical schools. They were transferred to the building on Arbatskaya Square, where the MFEI was located, and its meager material base. The teaching staff of the Faculty of Economics, curricula and programs were transferred to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute (MPEI), in which the Faculty of Finance and Economics (cycle) was created.

Summing up the activities of the MFEI, it should be noted that it was created in revolutionary era. Unlike other Soviet universities, it had no predecessors and was organized without relying on the material and methodological base of any pre-revolutionary educational institution. It was one of the first attempts by the Bolsheviks to create something new, both in terms of goals and objectives, and in content. educational process, higher education institution.

MFEI made a significant contribution to the development of Russian financial and economic education, although it lasted only three years. The university completed the task of training personnel and improving the skills of the first Soviet employees of the Narkomfin, local financial authorities in the conditions of the civil war and the policy of "war communism".

Disagreements in the environment Soviet leaders about the fate of the MFEI testify to the existence of different views on financial and economic policy in general. Curtailing the university to the level of the financial cycle was an erroneous measure. Qualified financiers were required to overcome the devastation, improve money circulation, and develop industry. A year later, in March 1922, central courses for the training of financial workers were organized under the People's Commissariat of Finance.

^ 1.2. From commercial school to university:
Moscow Industrial and Economic
institute (1918–1929)

In 1896, Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte carried out a reform, as a result of which a system of commercial education was formed, which included more than 300 schools (male and female) and Moscow, Kyiv and Kharkov commercial institutes. They trained specialists different levels for banks, industry, trade, zemstvos, for teaching financial and economic disciplines. The Russian business community made a great contribution to the development of commercial education, providing significant funds for the construction of school buildings and their equipment, for salaries for teachers and scholarships for students.

The Bolsheviks changed the principles of organization and management of educational institutions. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on a unified labor school." Education was declared free, self-government was introduced, pedagogical innovation was encouraged. All private and public educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia became state-owned, and their property was nationalized. Departmental subordination has changed. They passed into the administration of the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NTiP). The new government renamed educational institutions. First of all, this measure affected commercial schools.

Having proclaimed trade as speculation, the new government abandoned the term "commerce", which was associated with profit. Schools began to be called industrial-economic or national-economic - which is more consistent with the content of education. Commercial schools have long "outgrown" themselves, graduating specialists for all sectors of the economy. Among them was the Alexander Commercial School of the Moscow Exchange Society, the level of teaching in which was close to that of a university. On the eve of the revolution, the leadership of the school and the board of trustees made an attempt to transform the school into an institute. The status of the university was already obtained by the school under the Bolsheviks.

The fate of the Alexander Commercial School in the first post-revolutionary years is another example of how the formation of domestic financial and economic education took place. The nationalization of the capital of educational institutions led to their actual closure. The urgent need for financiers forced the educational department of the STiP on the eve of the 1918/1919 academic year to raise the issue of former commercial schools at a special meeting. Member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education P.I. Shelkov, a graduate of the Moscow Commercial Institute, a well-known figure in the field of commercial education, proposed that the younger students of commercial schools be transferred to general education schools, and industrial and economic groups should be created from the senior classes. P.I. Shelkov said that "if students in commercial schools are dispersed," then the ranks of financial workers will not receive replenishment for a long time.

In accordance with the proposal of P.I. Shelkov in September 1918, the senior classes of the Alexander Commercial School were reorganized into industrial and economic groups, and in October - into the industrial and economic technical school, which, as the successor to the Alexander Commercial School, was located in its building and received the material base of this richest pre-revolutionary school. The IPEI was governed by a council, which, along with the deans, included representatives of the teaching staff, students and trade unions. The reorganization did not end there. In 1919, the technical school was transformed into the Moscow Practical Industrial and Economic Institute, since the curricula, the teaching staff (mainly professors of Moscow University) corresponded to the status of the university. P.I. was appointed the first rector of this institute. Shelkov.

In terms of their status, practical institutes were higher than technical schools and were part of the higher education system, releasing personnel for practical work in the national economy. Institutes and universities prepared mainly specialists for scientific activity and teaching in universities. Analogies can be found in the organization of higher education modern Russia- for practical work bachelors are issued, for scientific and pedagogical activities - masters. In the 1920s MPEI graduates, along with those who graduated from universities proper, were sent to senior positions in state financial institutions and industrial enterprises.

MPEI, unlike MFEI, not only survived in the conditions of economic ruin and famine, but also successfully trained specialists for the national economy. There are a number of reasons for this. “Historical roots” were preserved, the material base, which before the revolution was estimated at more than one million rubles, teachers remained “receptive to all kinds of methodological innovations”. The MPEI was subordinated to the People's Commissariat of Education and the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NKTiP), where the left-wing functionaries were opposed by prominent figures in science and culture. Soviet industrial enterprises were in dire need of specialists. MPEI was originally created as a higher educational institution, in contrast to the one created for emergency training of financial managers of the MFEI. The MFEI accepted not just members of the ruling party, but its leading officials. MPEI, headed by non-partisan P.I. Shelkov, until a certain time was more democratic, open to non-party people and people from employees and peasants, and therefore more crowded.

In the era of NEP, it was the MPEI that became the university where financial and economic education developed. With the liberalization of economic life, the legalization of commodity-money relations, the restoration of the budgetary and tax policy, the banking system, the importance of the IPEI has grown. The need for a wide dissemination of industrial and economic knowledge and the speedy training of accountants, commodity experts, economists, statisticians, commercial agents, etc. became visible to authorities at all levels. The task of training leaders for industry and central financial authorities remained.

1923–1925 became decisive in the fate of MPEI, when it turned into one of the leading universities in the capital. In accordance with the orders of the government and the People's Commissariat of Education, MPEI created curricula and programs for three- and four-year studies, developed admission conditions with mandatory successful passing of entrance exams. This was a serious step towards improving the preparation of students in comparison with 1918-1920, when the decree of the Council of People's Commissars was in force, giving the right to enter a university without a certificate of education. This is how it started new era in educational policy Soviet power. The radicalism of the first post-October years gave way to a sober attitude towards the organization of higher education.

At the same time, ideological control increased. The social origin of the listeners was regulated for reasons of "processing" their composition. This meant that people from the working environment, party and Komsomol members, workers' faculty, as well as persons recommended by party, Komsomol and trade union organizations and seconded from the Red Army enjoyed an unconditional advantage in entering the university. Graduates were accepted second. training courses at the institute, in the third - all the rest. The apportionment for the admission of students to the university on the indicated socio-political grounds was “lowered” by the structures of the People's Commissariat for Education. In the mid 1920s. 550-600 people studied at the MPEI, and its party and Komsomol stratum was about 340-350 people, i.e. about 60% of students. To maintain this ratio, "purges" were carried out in the MPEI, deductions were made according to the class principle. These processes in the life of the university can be regarded as symptoms of the coming radical changes in the education system of the 1930s.

MPEI received the university status with the support of Narkomfin in the summer of 1923. Its structure did not need to be reorganized: it had two departments. The industrial department produced specialists for factories and factories, it consisted of two cycles: the organization and management of industrial enterprises and commodity science. The economic department trained personnel for trade and the financial sector. The accounting and financial cycle (the former MFEI) was the leader in it, in addition, the administrative and economic cycle and the cycle of procurement, trade and cooperation were created. By tradition, there was a pedagogical cycle that gave the right to teach special disciplines in technical schools and practical institutes. It was planned to enroll only 300 people for the first course, 100 students for the industrial department, and 200 students for the economic department.

The main work to turn MPEI into a Soviet university was to create new curricula and programs. The task was to "saturate" the teaching of general education and special disciplines with Marxist theory. He supervised the introduction of ideology into the work of the higher school Glavprofobr. Since 1925, students have received training in basic disciplines on the basis of new, ideologized programs.

The content of education was also updated in accordance with changes in the economic life of the country. Along with lectures, seminars and practice at enterprises were held. For all cycles, it was obligatory to read: the doctrine of the national economy, the history of economic development in modern times, the encyclopedia of industry, economic geography, the doctrine of law and the state, accounting, elements of higher mathematics, financial calculations. Specialization was carried out in the second and third years.

Since 1923, Narkomfin financed the university, providing funds for scholarships and teacher salaries.
In this regard, the "Regulations on subsidizing universities that set themselves the task of training financial workers" was developed, which gave Narkomfin the right to participate in the management of the MPEI. A university representative was introduced to the council of the university, who monitored the compliance of curricula with the requirements of the financial department.

Leading employees of the Narkomfin, prominent specialists and scientists worked as teachers at the MPEI. This is F.A. Menkov (financial policy), S.A. Iveronov (taxation technique), V.A. Rzhevsky (local finance and public utilities), S.T. Kistinev (banking), N.A. Padeisky (organization of financial institutions), A.N. Doroshenko (organization of a small loan), D.A. Loevetsky and L.N. Yurovsky (money and credit).

^ Yurovsky Leonid Naumovich (1884-1938) - an outstanding economist, statesman. Graduated from the economic department Polytechnic Institute Petersburg and the University of Munich, took a course in economics at the University of Berlin. Until 1917 he was Privatdozent at St. Petersburg University and taught at the Moscow Commercial Institute. In the summer of 1917 he was elected dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Saratov University. In 1922–1928 - Head of the Foreign Exchange Department, member of the Collegium of the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance. In the 1920s - Member of the Board of Prombank of the USSR. Since 1926 professor at MPEI. In 1927–1930 - Dean of the Faculty of Finance, MPEI. In 1930 - professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. He was not a member of the Bolshevik Party. Author of scientific monographs on the problems of the monetary policy of the Soviet state in the 1920s. In 1930 he was repressed, was imprisoned together with N.D. Kondratiev in the Suzdal political isolator, transformed into the Suzdal Special Purpose Prison (STON). After the term, he was struck in his rights, he earned a living by rewriting scores. In 1938, he was arrested for the second time, on September 17, 1938, on the day of the verdict, he was shot.
In 1987 he was rehabilitated.

In addition to Narkomfin, the People's Commissariat for Trade and Industry, the People's Commissariat for Food, the People's Commissariat for Communications, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, the All-Union Council of the National Economy, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, and the Tsentrosoyuz began to apply for highly qualified graduates of the MPEI. In the summer of 1925, the departments of the MPEI were transformed into commercial and industrial, financial and cooperative faculties.

By the mid 1920s. the organizational structure of the Institute. The rector was at the head, a specialist in the field of law and the doctrine of the state V.I. was appointed to this post. Veger, who was at the same time the rector of the Institute of the Soviet State at the Komakademiya.

P.I. Shelkov became vice-rector. It was a common practice of that time - a member of the Bolshevik Party occupied a leading position, and a non-party prominent specialist in his field was appointed his deputy. They held their positions until 1929, when they were repressed. The dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry was appointed a well-known party leader at that time, the editor-in-chief of the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper M.A. Saveliev. As a contemporary recalled, Savelyev "had no taste for economics, especially for specific ... issues, was completely absent." Most of the work was carried out by the Deputy Dean Professor A.M. Fishhandler.

^ Saveliev Maximilian Alexandrovich (1884-1939) - Soviet figure in science and education. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. In 1903 he joined the RSDLP, became a professional revolutionary. In 1907–1910 graduated from the University of Leipzig. In the 1910s He was a member of the editorial boards of the Enlightenment magazine and the Pravda newspaper. In November 1917 he became a member of the Supreme Economic Council. He was the editor of the Proletarian Revolution magazine, the newspapers Pravda, Izvestia and the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper. From 1928 to 1932 he headed the Lenin Institute. In 1932 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1927 - Dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry of the MPEI. Repressed in 1938.

The Faculty of Finance was more fortunate. L.N. became its dean. Yurovsky, and a major specialist in finance D.A. Loevetsky. At the financial and industrial faculties in 1925-1927. the founder and head of the Market Institute N.D. Kondratiev.

^ Kondratiev Nikolai Dmitrievich (1892-1938) - Soviet economist, creator of the concept of long waves of conjuncture ("Kondratieff cycles"). Graduated from the Economics Department of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. Among his teachers was M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky. In 1915
remained at the department to prepare for a professorship. In 1917 N.D. Kondratiev became the secretary of A.F. Kerensky for Agriculture, then Deputy Minister of Food in the last composition of the Provisional Government. In 1919 he left the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, retired from politics and focused on scientific activities. In 1920 he became the director of the Institute of Market Research under the People's Commissariat of Finance, taught at the MPEI and the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. In 1925 he published the work "Large cycles of conjuncture". He was a member of many foreign economic and statistical societies, was personally acquainted with or was in correspondence with W. Mitchell, A.S. Kuznets, I. Fisher, J. Keynes. In 1920 and 1922 Kondratiev was arrested on political charges. In 1928, "Kondratieffism" was declared the ideology of the restoration of capitalism. In 1929, Kondratiev was fired from the Market Institute.
In 1930, he was arrested in the case of the Labor Peasant Party and sentenced to eight years in the Suzdal political isolator. In 1938, the seriously ill scientist was sentenced to death by firing squad. In 1987 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

1920s were the heyday of the MPEI. Problems with financing were solved, its structure and curricula were stabilized. The overcoming of hunger, the restoration of the national economy, the rise of industry and agriculture gave rise to confidence in the ability to apply their knowledge for the benefit of the country. As N.V. Volsky (N. Valentinov), “then people were keenly interested in economic issues. They seized on them, argued about them, talked about them, ... not only communists, but along with them, in parallel, the widest layer of the so-called "non-party intelligentsia." At the end of the 1920s. in the bowels of the NEP, socio-economic and political contradictions ripened, the resolution of which was " great break and the Great Terror.

The era of the first five-year plans began with political processes 1928-1929, directed, among other things, against "bourgeois specialists". First of all, the “purges” covered the leaders and employees of the Narkomfin apparatus. People's Commissar for Finance G.Ya. Sokolnikov and head of the currency department L.N. Yurovsky, who protested against the expansion of emission as a source of forced industrialization. Since the leading employees of the Narkomfin conducted classes at the MPEI, repression fell upon its teachers and employees. The students were also "cleaned out". MPEI was depopulated and in May 1930 was disbanded.

^ Sokolnikov Grigory Yakovlevich (1888-1939) - politician and statesman, member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. In 1918 - Chairman of the Soviet delegation at the negotiations with Germany, signed Brest Peace. Since 1920 - Chairman of the Turkestan Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1921 - Deputy People's Commissar, in 1922-1926. - People's Commissar for Finance, one of the initiators of the monetary reform, which led to the stabilization of the ruble. In 1922 - a participant in the Hague Conference, since 1926 - Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Commission, since 1928 - Chairman of the Oil Syndicate, since 1929 - in diplomatic work. In the 1920s - Professor of the MPEI, in 1930 - head of the department "Finance" at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1935–1936 - First Deputy People's Commissar of the Forestry Industry of the USSR. In 1939 he was repressed and shot. In 1987 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

Once again, politics intervened in the life of the Institute. The faculties and departments of the MPEI served as the basis for the creation of new universities. The industrial faculty was transformed into the Moscow Engineering and Economics Institute, the cooperative faculty served as the basis for the organization of the Moscow Institute of Consumer Cooperatives, the financial faculty was transferred to the NKF and the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the Narkomfin of the USSR was created on its basis.

Summing up, it can be noted that the emergence of the first financial universities, which became the forerunners of the modern Financial University, was due to the needs of the national economy. Our university was based on both the achievements of pre-revolutionary commercial education and the innovations of the first post-revolutionary decade.

1920s for financial and economic education were of great importance. In the transitional era, the former Alexander Commercial School, which grew into a leading industry university, played a connecting role in the transfer of educational, methodological and, to a certain extent, scientific traditions of pre-revolutionary commercial education to Soviet financial and economic universities. The traditions of personnel training developed and improved, the Soviet economy received qualified specialists.

The achievements of the MFEI and the IPEI are inextricably linked with the development of the country in general and the education system in particular. Both universities responded to the needs of the emerging new socio-economic model, prepared leading personnel for the Soviet economy, specialists for the apparatus of central state institutions of a financial and economic profile. A significant contribution to the emergence of the future Financial University was made by the leaders of the Narkomifin and prominent scientists who were the organizers of the domestic financial and economic education of the 1920s.

 Review questions

1. 
   What are the prerequisites for organizing the first financial universities?
2. 
   What are the goals, objectives, organization of training at MFEI?
3. 
   Specify and describe the stages of IPEI activities.
4. 
   Point out the differences in the organization and activities of the MFEI and IPEI.
5. 
   Name the organizers of the MFEI and IPEI and describe their contribution to the development of financial and economic education.
6. 
   Tell us about the teachers of the first financial and economic universities, the predecessors of the Financial Academy.

The outbreak of war interrupted the peaceful plans of the people. Soviet scientists joined the ranks of those for whom the slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" became an expression of their civic and patriotic duty. The center of intensive scientific work was the fulfillment of orders for the front.

In the very first days of the war, 66 young employees, graduate students and 600 students were drafted into the army. When the front approached the city, Dmitry Nikiforovich Shishov, elected in 1940 as the secretary of the party organization of the university, with a large group of communists joined the ranks of the people's militia, became the commissar of the battalion. Archaeologist Georgy Aleksandrovich Inozemtsev went from being a machine-gun platoon commander to a rifle division commander. In 1944 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. This high title was also awarded to S.Ya. Orekhov and V.F. Solyanik. Alexandra Dubrovina, a graduate of the biological faculty of the university, was the class teacher of Ulyana Gromova, Anatoly Popov, and Maya Peglivanova. Like her students, for whom she was an authoritative mentor, Dubrovina joined the ranks of the heroic Young Guard, participated in its affairs and, along with other Young Guards, went to her death.

From June 1941 to July 1942 the university continued to work in Rostov-on-Don. From the first months of the war, Rostov turned out to be a front-line city, and the university became a front-line university. Those who remained at their jobs took on a double, triple load, replacing the departed comrades.

The selfless work of the entire team was highly appreciated in the order of the People's Commissar of Education dated May 22, 1942, in which the university scientists were thanked "for the initiative, energy and diligence in carrying out special tasks aimed at accelerating the defeat of the Nazi troops" (Cit. by: Rostov State University (1915-1965), p. 337) . University chemists headed by Professor N.A. Trifonov developed an incendiary bottle grenade and mass-produced these munitions. The experimental workshops of the university became a real military factory, which produced various explosive devices, including those for conducting guerrilla war, defense equipment was created. Mathematicians and physicists carried out the orders of the command, testing the strength of various materials, gave an opinion on the patency of the soil for various types of transport, and made devices. Day and night, the work continued - the university joined the ranks of the city's defenders.

In the summer of 1941, about 500 students and staff of the university left for the Tarasovsky and Tsimlyansky regions to harvest. And here was the front line of the fight against the enemy. The agricultural detachment worked selflessly, the work was carried out almost around the clock.

In a difficult situation, when the city was constantly bombed and shelled, the university staff worked on the construction of defensive structures: they dug trenches, built barricades. The work was directed by the party organization, the communists F.N. Kucherova, E.A. Ko-sakovskaya, P.V. Miroshnikov, E.I. Vojvodina.

The start of the school year was delayed by wartime difficulties. But from December 22, 1941, systematic studies were resumed at the senior courses of physics and mathematics, geological-soil-geographic, biological, chemical, and at the first year of the historical and philological faculties. Lectures were read by leading professors D. D. Mordukhai-Boltovskoy, V. V. Bogachev, S. A. Zakharov, V. P. Velmin, N. I. Pokrovsky, young graduate students and staff prepared candidate dissertations for defense. Not everyone was able to finish the job. The need to take up arms forced to postpone the defense of M.I. Shartsman, A.A. Peresada, who died the death of the brave.

The situation in the city became more and more complicated and tense. On July 8, 1942, fascist aviation bombed the building of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, in which 12 workers of experimental workshops died at a combat post. The front was getting closer. The university began to prepare for the evacuation. 8 Communists and 47 Komsomol members, headed by Party Bureau Secretary Faina Nikolaevna Kucherova last day remained in the city. The rector of the university, Semyon Efimovich Belozerov, also worked selflessly, leading the team from September 1938 to November 1954. In the future, he did a lot to recreate the history of the university.

In July 1942, the university was evacuated to Makhachkala, and then to the city of Osh in the Kirghiz SSR. Has begun new period in the activities of the university - evacuation. The conditions of the first winter were especially difficult. The lack of the most necessary equipment, the lack of a sufficient number of highly qualified personnel (often departments were headed by graduate students) - all this made the work of the team very difficult. But he immediately found himself in the midst of the affairs and problems that Kyrgyzstan and the city of Osh lived in: biologists began to solve problems related to improving the quality of cotton; issues of weed and pest control were intensively studied; geologists have done significant work to identify the natural resources of the republic. And although the combined team of Rostov University and the Pedagogical Institute consisted of only 9 professors, 25 associate professors, 25 teachers, laboratory assistants and assistants, a large amount of work was done.

Continued and intense scientific work, there were training sessions with students. From June 1941 to October 1942 the university trained 550 specialists. 10 scientists of the university and 15 employees of other universities defended candidate dissertations at the Russian State University, three - doctoral.

Osh regional party and state bodies, the leadership of the republic and the People's Commissariat of Education highly appreciated the contribution of university staff to the study of the Naukat mineral resource complex, local plant materials, and the development of the scientific history of the Osh region.

In February 1943, after stubborn fighting, Rostov-on-Don was liberated. Here began a huge restoration work. The city was badly damaged, and significant damage was done to university buildings. However, already on October 11, 1943, the regional party committee decided to open a university and a pedagogical institute. The Rostovites strove to include their main scientific center as soon as possible, which could assist in solving the complex problems of restoring the national economy.

Since November 1943, the preparation of the Russian State University for re-evacuation began. In the meantime, in Rostov, under the guidance of the associate professor of the university, F. N. Kucherova, the equipment of classrooms, laboratories, and classrooms was being completed. On December 6, classes resumed. The university completely moved to Rostov on May 16, 1944. At first, lectures were held mainly in the former dormitory, where most of the students and teachers lived. The conditions were difficult. But the state constantly increased aid to the university. In 1943, its budget was 1.5 million rubles, in 1944 - 4.8 million, in 1945 - already 18 million rubles. In addition to increasing monetary allocations, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR ordered a number of people's commissariats to supply the university with household equipment, materials, clothing, and footwear. Materials were allocated for restoration work and housing construction.

In less than five years, the main building, the buildings of the physical and chemical faculties, part of the premises of the botanical garden, Azovo-Don and Novorossiysk biological stations. In 1946, a soil station began to function, and since 1948, an astronomical observatory and an ionospheric station.

Given the need for specialists, the university reorganized the leading natural faculties. The Faculty of Geography was merged with the Faculty of Geology, and the training of soil scientists was concentrated in the Faculty of Biology and Soil. Since December 1948, the department of the history of physical and mathematical sciences has been opened at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. The cycle of humanities faculties has expanded. The training of jurists began at the newly created Faculty of Law. Departments of Romano-Germanic languages ​​and literature, as well as logic and psychology, were opened at the Faculty of History and Philology. The first of them in 1955 became an independent faculty of the Rostov State Pedagogical Institute.

Materials from the book "Rostov State University (1915-1985)" under the general editorship of Corresponding Member. USSR Academy of Sciences Yu.A. Zhdanova, Rostov University Publishing House, 1985, pp. 25-29.