Trotsky People's Commissar L.D. Trotsky: personality and political activity. Childhood. early years

L. D. Trotsky is an outstanding revolutionary of the twentieth century. AT world history he entered as one of the founders of the Red Army, the Comintern. L. D. Trotsky became the second person of the first Soviet government. It was he who headed the people's commissariat, was engaged in maritime and military affairs, showed himself to be an outstanding fighter against the enemies of the world revolution.

Childhood

Leiba Davidovich Bronstein was born on November 7, 1879 in the Kherson province. His parents were illiterate people, but quite wealthy Jewish landowners. The boy had no peers, so he grew up alone. Historians believe that it was at this time that such a trait of Trotsky's character as a sense of superiority over other people was formed. From childhood, he looked with disdain at the children of farm laborers, never played with them.

Youth period

What was Trotsky like? His biography has many interesting pages. For example, in 1889 he was sent by his parents to Odessa, the purpose of the trip was to educate the young man. He managed to enter the special quota allocated for Jewish children at St. Paul's School. Quite quickly Trotsky (Bronstein) became best student in all subjects. In those years, the young man did not think about revolutionary activity He was fond of literature, drawing.

At seventeen, Trotsky found himself in a circle of socialists engaged in revolutionary propaganda. It was at this time that he began to study with interest the works of Karl Marx.

It is hard to believe that whose books were studied by millions of people, he quickly turned into a real fanatic of Marxism. Even then, he differed from his peers with a sharp mind, showed leadership qualities, and knew how to conduct discussions.

Trotsky plunges into the atmosphere of revolutionary activity, creates the "South Russian Workers' Union", whose members were the workers of the Nikolaev shipyards.

persecution

When was Trotsky first arrested? The biography of a young revolutionary contains information about many arrests. The first time he was imprisoned for revolutionary activities in 1898 for two years. Next was his first exile to Siberia, from which he managed to escape. The surname Trotsky was entered in a fake passport, it was she who became his pseudonym for his whole life.

Trotsky is a revolutionary

After escaping from Siberia, the young revolutionary leaves for London. It was here that he met Vladimir Lenin, became the author of the Iskra newspaper, publishing under the pseudonym Pero. Having found common interests with the leaders of the Russian Social Democrats, Trotsky quickly becomes popular, accepting active agitators among migrants.

Trotsky easily established a trusting relationship with the Bolsheviks, using his oratorical skills and eloquence.

Books

During this period of his life, Leon Trotsky fully supported the ideas of Lenin, therefore he received the nickname "Lenin's club." But a few years later, the young revolutionary goes over to the side of the Mensheviks, accuses Vladimir Ulyanov of dictatorship.

He failed to find mutual understanding with the Mensheviks either, as Trotsky tried to unite them with the Bolsheviks. After unsuccessful attempts to reconcile the two factions, he declares himself a "non-factional" member of the social democratic society. Now, as his main goal, he chooses the creation of his own current, which differs from the views of the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.

In 1905, Trotsky returned to revolutionary Petersburg, finding himself in the thick of the events taking place in the city.

It is he who creates the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, voices revolutionary ideas to people who have a revolutionary mood.

Trotsky actively advocated the revolution, so he ended up in prison again. It was at this time that he was deprived of civil rights, sent to Siberia for an eternal settlement.

But he manages to escape from the gendarmes, cross to Finland, then go to Europe. Since 1908, Trotsky settled in Vienna, began to publish the newspaper Pravda. A couple of years later, the Bolsheviks intercept the publication, and Lev Davidovich leaves for Paris, where he manages the publishing house of the Nashe Slovo newspaper. In 1917, Trotsky decides to return to Russia and sets off from the Finland Station to the Petrosovet. He is given membership, is granted the right to an advisory vote. A couple of months after his stay in St. Petersburg, Lev Davidovich manages to become the informal leader of those who advocate the creation of one common social democratic workers' party.

In October of the same year, Trotsky formed the Military Revolutionary Committee, and on November 7 carried out an armed uprising, the purpose of which was to overthrow the provisional government. This event is known in history as October revolution. As a result, the Bolsheviks come to power, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin becomes their leader.

The new government gives Trotsky the post of People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, a year later he becomes People's Commissar for Naval and Military Affairs. It was from that time that he was engaged in the formation of the Red Army. Trotsky imprisons, shoots deserters, violators of military discipline, without sparing those who interfere with his active work. This period in history was called the Red Terror.

In addition to military affairs, Trotsky at that time was actively cooperating with Lenin on issues related to foreign and internal politics. His popularity peaked towards the end of the Civil War, but because of the death of Lenin, Trotsky was unable to implement all the reforms aimed at the transition from war communism to the New economic policy. He failed to become a full-fledged successor to Lenin, this place was taken by Joseph Stalin. In Leon Trotsky, he saw a serious rival, so he tried to take steps to neutralize the enemy. Since the spring of 1924, the real persecution of Trotsky begins, as a result of which Lev Davidovich is deprived of his post, membership in the Central Committee of the Politburo.

Who replaced Trotsky as People's Commissar for Defense? In January 1925, Mikhail Vasilievich Frunze took this position. In 1926 Trotsky tried to return to political life country, he organizes an anti-government demonstration. But the attempts were unsuccessful, he was exiled to Alma-Ata, then to Turkey, and deprived of Soviet citizenship.

We have already noted who replaced Trotsky as People's Commissar of Defense, but he himself did not stop the active struggle against Stalin. Trotsky began to publish the Bulletin of the Opposition, in which he tried to write about the barbaric activities of Stalin. In exile, Trotsky is working on the creation of an autobiography, writes the essay "History of the Russian Revolution", talking about the necessity and inevitability of the October Revolution.

Personal life

In 1935, he moved to Norway and came under pressure from the authorities, who did not plan to spoil relations with the Soviet Union. The revolutionary's works were taken away from him, and he was placed under house arrest. Trotsky did not want to put up with such an existence, so he decides to leave for Mexico, following from a distance the events unfolding in the USSR. In 1936, he completed work on the book "The Revolution Betrayed", where he called the Stalinist regime an alternative counter-revolutionary coup.

Alexandra Lvovna Sokolovskaya became Trotsky's first wife. He met her at the age of 16, when he had not yet thought about revolutionary activities.

Alexandra Lvovna Sokolovskaya was six years older than Trotsky. It was she who, according to historians, became his guide to Marxism.

She became an official wife only in 1898. After the wedding, the young went to Siberian exile, in which they had two daughters: Nina and Zinaida. The second daughter was only four months old when Trotsky managed to escape from exile. The wife remained in Siberia alone with two babies. Trotsky himself wrote about that period of his life that he escaped with the consent of his wife, and it was she who helped him move to Europe.

In Paris, Trotsky met with an active participant in the iskra newspaper. This led to the breakup of the first marriage, but Trotsky managed to maintain friendly relations with Sokolovskaya.

a series of troubles

In his second marriage, Trotsky had two sons: Sergei and Lev. Since 1937, numerous misfortunes began to lie in wait for the Trotsky family. The youngest son was shot for political activity. A year later, his eldest son dies during an operation. A tragic fate befell the daughters of Lev Davydovich. In 1928, Nina dies of consumption, and in 1933 Zina commits suicide, she is unable to get out of a state of severe depression. Soon Alexandra Sokolovskaya, Trotsky's first wife, was shot in Moscow.

The second wife of Lev Davydovich lived after his death for another 20 years. She died in 1962 and was buried in Mexico.

Mystery biography

Trotsky's death is still an unsolved mystery for many people. Who is he, that secret agent who is associated with the death of Lev Davydovich? Who killed Trotsky? This issue deserves separate consideration. Pavel Sudoplatov, whose name is associated with the death of Trotsky, was born in 1907 in Melitopol. Since 1921, he became an employee of the Cheka, then was transferred to the ranks of the NKVD.

Some historians believe that it was he who committed the murder of Trotsky on the orders of Stalin. The task from the “leader of the peoples” was to eliminate the enemy of Stalin, who at that time lived in Mexico.

Pavel Anatolyevich Sudoplatov was appointed to the post of deputy head of the 1st department of the NKVD, where he worked until 1942.

Perhaps it was the assassination of Trotsky that allowed him to rise so high through the ranks. Lev Bronstein has been personal enemy Stalin, his opponent. No one knows exactly how Trotsky was killed; many legends are associated with the name of this person. Someone considers Trotsky a state criminal who fled abroad in an attempt to save his life.

How was Trotsky killed? This question still torments domestic and foreign historians. It was Lev Bronstein who made a significant contribution to Russian history. There is no exact information about how Trotsky was killed, but Stalin tried to eliminate his rival by any means throughout his political life.

Lenin's and Trotsky's views on the reality of Soviet Russia differed significantly. Lev Bronstein considered the Stalinist regime a bureaucratic degeneration of the proletarian regime.

Secrets of doom

How was Trotsky killed? In 1927, serious charges were brought against him for carrying out counter-revolutionary activities under Art. 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, Trotsky was expelled from the party.

The investigation into his case was short. Just a few days later, a car with prison bars was taking the Trotsky family to Alma-Ata, far from the capital. This journey was for the founder of the Red Army his farewell to the streets of the capital.

For Stalin, the death of Trotsky would have been an excellent way to eliminate a strong opponent, but he was afraid to deal directly with him.

In search of an answer to the question of who killed Trotsky, we note that many KGB agents tried to crack down on Trotsky.

In exile, his family was given shelter by the Mexican artist Rivera. He protected Trotsky from the attacks of local communists. Police officers were constantly on duty at Rivera's house, Trotsky's American supporters reliably guarded their leader and helped him to carry out active propaganda work.

Soviet counterintelligence in Europe was led at that time by Ignacy Reiss. He decided to stop his espionage work and informed Trotsky that Stalin was trying to kill him, his supporters outside the Soviet Union. To do this, it was supposed to use various methods: blackmail, cruel torture, terrorist acts, interrogations. A few weeks after this letter was sent to Trotsky, Reiss was found dead on his way to Lausanne, with about ten bullets found in his body. The Mexican police found out that the people who killed Reiss were spying on Trotsky's son. In 1937, Stalin's supporters were preparing an assassination attempt on Leo, but Trotsky's son did not arrive at the appointed time in Mulhouse. This incident made Stalin's supporters think about a possible leak of information, they started looking for an informant. Trotsky's family, having learned about the planned assassination, became even more circumspect and cautious.

Lev Davydovich wrote to his son that when an attempt was made on his life, Stalin would act as the customer of the murder.

In September 1937, an international commission headed by Dewey published the results of the Leon Trotsky case. They spoke of the complete innocence of Lev Sedov (son) and Leon Trotsky (father) of the charges brought against them in Moscow. This news gave Stalin's opponent strength for work and creative activity. But his joy was overshadowed by the death of his son Leo during the operation. The young man became a victim of the NKVD, death overtook him at the age of 32. The death of his son crippled Trotsky, he grew a beard, the sparkle in his eyes disappeared.

The younger son refused to renounce his father, for which he was sentenced to five years in the camps, exiled to Vorkuta.

Only Zina's son, Seva (Trotsky's grandson), who was born in 1925 and lived in Germany, managed to survive.

Life in exile

Historians put forward different versions regarding the place where Trotsky was killed. In the spring of 1939, he moved into a house near Coyoacan, Mexico. An observation tower was built at the gate, police officers were on duty outside, and an alarm system was installed in the house. Trotsky grew cacti, raised rabbits and chickens.

Conclusion

In the winter of 1940, Trotsky wrote a will, where in each line one could read the expectation of tragic events. By that time, his relatives and supporters had been destroyed, but Stalin did not want to stop there. Trotsky's criticism, sounded from the other side of the earth, cast a shadow on the bright image of the leader, which had been created over the course of so many years.

Lev Davydovich, in his messages addressed to Soviet sailors, soldiers, and peasants, tried to warn them about the depravity of GPU agents and commissars. He called Stalin the main source of danger for the Soviet Union. Of course, such statements were painfully perceived by the "leader of the peoples", he could not allow Trotsky to live. On Stalin's orders, NKVD agent Jackson, who was the son of the Spanish communist Caridad Mercader, is sent to Mexico.

The operation was carefully planned, thought out to the smallest detail. Jackson met Sylvia Agelof, Trotsky's secretary, and gained access to the house. On the night of May 24, 1940, an attempt was made on Lev Davydovich.

Together with his wife and grandson, Trotsky hid under the bed. Then they managed to survive, but on August 20, Stalin's plans to eliminate the enemy were implemented. Trotsky, who was hit on the head with an ice drill, did not die immediately. He managed to give some orders regarding his wife and grandson to his devoted workers.

When the doctor arrived at the house, part of Trotsky's body was paralyzed. Lev Davydovich was taken to the hospital, they began to prepare for the operation. The craniotomy was performed by five surgeons. Most of the brain was damaged by bone fragments, and part was destroyed. Trotsky survived the operation, and for almost a day his body fought desperately for life.

Trotsky died on August 21, 1940, without regaining consciousness after the operation. Trotsky's grave is located in the courtyard of a house in the Coyoacan area of Mexico City, a White stone, a red flag has been set.

Lev Davidovich Trotsky (real name Leiba Davidovich Bronstein; October 26, 1879, Yanovka farm, Kherson province, Russian Empire - August 22, 1940, Villa Coyacana, Mexico) - figure in the international workers' and communist movement, Marxist theorist, ideologist of one of its currents - Trotskyism. One of the organizers of the October Revolution of 1917 and one of the creators of the Red Army. One of the founders and ideologists of the Comintern, a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. In the Soviet government - People's Commissar for foreign affairs; in 1918–1925 - People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the RSFSR, then the USSR. Member of the Politburo of the CPSU(b) in 1919-1926.

encyclopedic reference

From the family of a wealthy colonist, he was educated at the Nikolaev real school. He joined a circle of revolutionary-minded youth, who tried to conduct propaganda among the workers. Together with the Sokolovsky brothers, in 1897 he formed the Social Democratic South Russian Workers' Union. Arrested in January 1898. He spent about 2 years in prison, after which he was sentenced to 4 years in the settlement. Initially, he served the link in the village of Ust-Kutsky (since August 1900), from February 1901 - in Nizhneilimsky, then in Verkholensk, Irkutsk province. Here L.D. Trotsky actively studied Marxism, studied literary activity. The newspaper Vostochnoye Obozreniye published his articles under the pseudonym Antid Oto.

In February 1902 L.D. Trotsky arrived in , where he delivered a lecture to the local Social Democrats, and in August, with the help of the Siberian Social Democratic Union, he fled to Samara. In , before entering the train car, he entered the name Trotsky on a blank passport form.

In the autumn of the same year he went to V.I. Lenin in London. After January 9, 1905, he returned to Russia, joined the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, and then, after the arrest of G. S. Nosar (Khrustalev), was elected its chairman. In December 1905 he was arrested and in October 1906 exiled to Obdorsk, Tobolsk province, but fled to Finland from the road.

In 1907-1917 he tried to distance himself from both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, taking his own position on the issues of the socialist revolution. On September 25, 1917, at the suggestion of the Bolsheviks, he was again elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, took an active part in preparing the coup, and was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee.

After the October Revolution, L.D. Trotsky was People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Communications, Military and Naval Affairs, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council. He was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), took part in a number of all-Russian discussions. In November 1927 he was expelled from the party, in 1928 he was expelled from Moscow, and a year later from the country. Abroad L.D. Trotsky continued to fight against Stalin. Organizer of the IV International (1938). Last years spent his life in Mexico. On August 19, 1940, he was mortally wounded by GPU agent R. Mercader.

Irkutsk. Historical and local lore dictionary. - Irkutsk, 2011

Trotsky in Siberia

Almost two years at the very beginning of the 20th century, Trotsky spent in exile in the Irkutsk province (his daughters were born here). It was on the Irkutsk land that Leiba Bronstein, thinking before escaping, what name to enter in the handed over false passport, remembering his prison guard, entered in the passport: "Trotsky". In Irkutsk, through which he fled (to Samara), his comrades brought him a suitcase with underwear, a tie, and, as he put it, " other attributes of civilization". In the book" My life. The experience of autobiography" he recalled:

Biography

Childhood and youth

Leiba Bronstein was born the fifth child in the family of David Leontievich Bronstein (1843-1922) and his wife Anna (Annetta) Lvovna Bronstein (nee Zhivotovskaya) - wealthy landowners from among the Jewish colonists of an agricultural farm near the village of Yanovka, Elisavetgrad district, Kherson province (now the village of Bereslavka Bobrinetsky district of the Kirovohrad region, Ukraine). Leon Trotsky's parents came from the Poltava province. As a child, he spoke Ukrainian and Russian, and not the then widespread Yiddish. He studied at St. Paul's School in Odessa, where he was the first student in all disciplines. During the years of study in Odessa (1889-1895), Leon Trotsky lived and was brought up in the family of his cousin (on the maternal side), the owner of the printing house and scientific publishing house "Mathesis" Moses Filippovich Shpentzer and his wife Fanny Solomonovna, the parents of the poetess Vera Inber.

Beginning of revolutionary activity

In 1896, in Nikolaev, Lev Bronstein participated in a circle, together with other members of which he conducted revolutionary propaganda. In 1897, he participated in the founding of the South Russian Workers' Union. January 28, 1898 was first arrested. In the Odessa prison, where Trotsky spent 2 years, he becomes a Marxist. “A decisive influence,” he said on this occasion, “two studies by Antonio Labriola on the materialistic understanding of history had on me. Only after this book did I move on to Beltov and Capital. The appearance of his pseudonym Trotsky dates back to the same time, it was the name of the local jailer who impressed the young Lyova (he would write it in his fake passport after escaping). In 1898, in prison, he married Alexandra Sokolovskaya, who was one of the leaders of the Union. Since 1900, he was in exile in the Irkutsk province, where he established contact with Iskra agents and, on the recommendation of G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, who gave him the nickname "Pen" for his obvious literary gift, was invited to cooperate in Iskra. In 1902 he fled from exile abroad; “at random” entered the name Trotsky in a fake passport, after the name of the senior warden of the Odessa prison.

Arriving in London to Lenin, Trotsky became a regular employee of the newspaper, spoke with essays at meetings of emigrants and quickly gained fame. A. V. Lunacharsky wrote about the young Trotsky:

“... Trotsky struck the foreign audience with his eloquence, significant for young man education and aplomb. ... They didn’t take him very seriously because of his youth, but everyone resolutely recognized his outstanding oratorical talent and, of course, felt that this was not a chicken, but an eagle.”

First emigration

Insoluble conflicts in the editorial board of Iskra between the “old men” (G. V. Plekhanov, P. B. Axelrod, V. I. Zasulich) and the “young” (V. I. Lenin, Yu. O. Martov and A. N. . Potresov) prompted Lenin to propose Trotsky as the seventh member of the editorial board; however, supported by all members of the editorial board, Trotsky was voted down by Plekhanov in an ultimatum form.

At the II Congress of the RSDLP, in the summer of 1903, he supported Lenin so ardently that D. Ryazanov dubbed him "Lenin's club." However, the new composition of the editorial board proposed by Lenin: Plekhanov, Lenin, Martov - the exclusion of Axelrod and Zasulich from it prompted Trotsky to go over to the side of the offended minority and criticize Lenin's organizational plans.

In 1903, in Paris, Trotsky married Natalya Sedova (this marriage was not registered, since Trotsky never divorced A. L. Sokolovskaya).

In 1904, when serious political differences were revealed between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, Trotsky moved away from the Mensheviks and became close to A. L. Parvus, who fascinated him with the theory “ permanent revolution". At the same time, like Parvus, he advocated the unification of the party, believing that the impending revolution would smooth out many contradictions.
Revolution of 1905-1907.

In 1905, Trotsky illegally returned to Russia with Natalya Sedova. He was one of the founders of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, joined its Executive Committee. Formally, G. S. Khrustalev-Nosar was the chairman of the Council, but in fact the Council was led by Parvus and Trotsky; after the arrest of Khrustalev on November 26, 1905. The Executive Committee of the Soviet officially elected Trotsky chairman; but on December 3 he was arrested along with a large group of deputies. In 1906, at the widely publicized trial of the St. Petersburg Soviet, he was sentenced to permanent settlement in Siberia with the deprivation of all civil rights. On the way to Obdorsk (now Salekhard) he fled from Berezov.

Second emigration

In 1908-1912, he published the newspaper Pravda in Vienna (in 1912 the Bolsheviks founded their own newspaper Pravda with the same name, which caused much controversy). Trotsky recalled in 1923:

« During several years of my stay in Vienna, I came into fairly close contact with the Freudians, read their works and even attended their meetings at that time.».

In 1914-1915 he published the daily newspaper Nashe Slovo in Paris.

In September 1915 he took part in the work of the Zimmerwald Conference together with Lenin and Martov.

In 1916 he was expelled from France to Spain, from where he was already exiled by the Spanish authorities to the United States, where he continued his journalistic activities.

Return to Russia

Immediately after the February Revolution, Trotsky headed from America to Russia, but along the way, in the Canadian port of Halifax, together with his family, he was removed from the ship by the British authorities and sent to an internment camp for German sailors. merchant fleet. The reason for the detention was the lack of Russian documents (Trotsky had an American passport issued personally by President Woodrow Wilson, with attached visas to enter Russia and a British transit visa), as well as British fears about Trotsky's possible negative influence on stability in Russia. However, soon, at the written request of the Provisional Government, Trotsky was released as a well-deserved fighter against tsarism and continued his journey to Russia. On May 4, 1917, Trotsky arrived in Petrograd and became the informal leader of the Mezhraiontsy, who took a critical position in relation to the Provisional Government. After the failure of the July uprising, he was arrested by the Provisional Government and accused, like many others, of espionage; while he was charged with passing through Germany.

In July, at the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b), the “mezhraiontsy” united with the Bolsheviks; Trotsky himself, who at that time was in the "Crosses", which did not allow him to speak at the congress with the main report - "On the Current Situation", - was elected to the Central Committee. After the failure of the Kornilov speech in September, Trotsky was released, along with other Bolsheviks arrested in July.

Exile from the USSR

In 1929 he was exiled outside the USSR - to Turkey on the island of Buyukada or Prinkipo - the largest of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara near Istanbul. In 1932 he was deprived of Soviet citizenship. In 1933 he moved to France, in 1935 to Norway. Norway, fearing to worsen relations with the USSR, tried with all its might to get rid of the unwanted immigrant, confiscating all the works from Trotsky and placing him under house arrest, and Trotsky was also threatened to extradite him to the Soviet government. Unable to withstand the harassment, Trotsky emigrated to Mexico in 1936, where he lived in the house of the family of artists Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera.

In early August 1936, Trotsky finished work on the book The Revolution Betrayed, in which he called what was happening in the Soviet Union "Stalin's Thermidor." Trotsky accused Stalin of Bonapartism.

Trotsky wrote that " the lead backside of the bureaucracy outweighed the head of the revolution', while he stated that ' with the help of the petty bourgeoisie, the bureaucracy managed to tie the proletarian vanguard hand and foot and crush the Bolshevik opposition»; the strengthening of his family in the USSR aroused real indignation in him, he wrote: “ The revolution made a heroic attempt to destroy the so-called “family hearth”, that is, an archaic, musty and inert institution ... The place of the family ... was, according to the plan, to be occupied by a complete system public care and service…».

In 1938 he proclaimed the creation of the Fourth International, whose heirs still exist.

In 1938, Trotsky's eldest son, Lev Sedov, died in a hospital in Paris after an operation.

Trotsky archive

During his exile from the USSR in 1929, Trotsky was able to take out his personal archive. This archive included copies of a number of documents signed by Trotsky during his time in power in the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, the Central Committee, the Comintern, a number of Lenin's notes addressed personally to Trotsky and not published anywhere else, as well as a number of valuable information for historians about the revolutionary movement before 1917, thousands letters received by Trotsky, and copies of letters sent to him, telephone and address books, etc. Based on his archive, Trotsky in his memoirs easily quotes a number of documents he signed, including sometimes even secret ones. In total, the archive consisted of 28 boxes.

Stalin turned out to be unable to prevent (or he was allowed, which Stalin later called in personal conversations a big mistake, like expulsion) Trotsky to take out his archive, however, in the 30s, GPU agents repeatedly tried (sometimes successfully) to steal some of their fragments, and in March 1931, part of the documents burned down during a suspicious fire. In March 1940, Trotsky, in dire need of money and fearing that the archive would still fall into the hands of Stalin, sold most of his papers to Harvard University.

At the same time, a number of other documents related to Trotsky's activities are, according to the historian Yu. G. Felshtinsky, also in other places, in particular, in the president's archive Russian Federation, in the archives of the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam, etc.

Murder

In May 1940, an unsuccessful attempt was made on Trotsky's life. The assassination attempt was led by a secret agent of the NKVD Grigulevich. The group of raiders was led by the Mexican artist and staunch Stalinist Siqueiros. Bursting into the room where Trotsky was, the attackers fired aimlessly at all the cartridges and hurriedly disappeared. Trotsky, who managed to hide behind the bed with his wife and grandson, was not hurt. According to Siqueiros, the failure was due to the fact that the members of his group were inexperienced and very worried.

Early in the morning of August 20, 1940, the NKVD agent Ramon Mercader, who had previously penetrated Trotsky's entourage as a staunch supporter, came to Trotsky to show his manuscript. Trotsky sat down to read it, and at that time Mercader hit him on the head with an ice pick, which he carried under his cloak. The blow was struck from behind and from above on the seated Trotsky. The wound reached 7 centimeters in depth, but Trotsky, after receiving the wound, lived for almost a day and died on August 21. After cremation, he was buried in the courtyard of a house in Koyokan.

The Soviet authorities publicly denied their involvement in the murder. The killer was sentenced by a Mexican court to twenty years in prison; in 1960, Ramon Mercader, who was released from prison and arrived in the USSR, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin.

Compositions

Trotsky L. My life. Experience of autobiography, in 2 volumes. Berlin: Granit, 1930.

Literature

Shaposhnikov V. N. Trotsky - an employee of the "Eastern Review" // Izv. Sib. Department of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Ser. history, philology and philosophy. 1989. Issue. 3.

Startsev V.I. L. D. Trotsky: Pages watered, biographies. M., 1989;

Ivanov A. Leon Trotsky in Siberian exile // Irkutsk Land. 1998. No. 10.

Trotsky L.D. My life. Autobiographical experience. M., 1991.

Links

Trotsky, Lev Davidovich. // Wikipedia

Lev (Leiba) Davidovich Trotsky (real name - Bronstein) was born on October 26, 1879 near Yanovka (Kherson province, Little Russia), in the family of a wealthy Jewish landowner. Already in his early youth, he became interested in revolutionary ideas and began their propaganda among the workers of Nikolaev, where he took a course at a real school. In January 1898, Leo was arrested, spent about two years in prison, and then was exiled to Lena.

In 1902, he escaped from exile on a false passport issued under the name Trotsky, went to London and began to work there in the Marxist newspaper " Spark". In terms of his views, Trotsky stood closer to the left wing of the Iskra editorial board. But, not wanting to submit to the primacy of the leader of this wing, Lenin, he II Congress of the RSDLP(1903) joined not to Bolsheviks, and to Mensheviks. Soon Trotsky put forward the theory of "permanent revolution", according to which the working class in Russia should take power before the bourgeoisie, assist the proletarian revolution in Europe and go with it to socialism.

Leon Trotsky. Photo ok. 1920-1921

Trotsky. TV series. Series 1-2

Trotsky and Bolshevism. Polish poster, 1920

After education Council of People's Commissars Trotsky became People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs there. In December 1917 - January 1918, he led the Soviet delegation in negotiations with the Germans on the Brest Peace. During them, Trotsky put forward the famous slogan: "no peace, no war, but disband the army" - that is, stop the war without recognizing the German conquests as a formal peace treaty.

In March 1918 Trotsky assumed the post of military people's commissar and took an active part in the creation of the Red Army. Leading it during the Civil War, he acted with merciless cruelty. Trotsky reinforced the discipline of the Red Army by shooting every tenth in badly fought units, and ordered the whites and the insurgent people to be destroyed without pity. Through " decossackization"He tried to exterminate the Cossacks - the most organized and militant part of the Russians. At the end of the Civil War, Trotsky was going to drive the entire population of the Soviet state into military prisons arranged according to the model " labor armies", but the growth of widespread uprisings in 1920 - early 1921 forced the Bolsheviks to make a "strategic retreat" and proclaim NEP.

Leon Trotsky and the Red Army

In 1922-1923, due to Lenin's illness, a struggle for power began in the RCP (b). The "troika" of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev. The Trotskyists were defeated in a fight with her at the top. In January 1925, Trotsky lost the posts of military people's commissar and chairman Revolutionary Military Council.

Trotsky. TV series. Series 3-4

However, soon after this, Stalin entered into rivalry with Zinoviev and Kamenev. The last two began to seek support from their former enemy Trotsky and formed with him " united opposition”, mainly from the “old Bolsheviks”. She demanded to start "accelerated industrialization" by plundering the "petty-bourgeois" village - that is, to roll up the NEP. Stalin, at this stage, for personal purposes, deceitfully presented himself as a supporter of its preservation.

Dispersed November 7, 1927 demonstrations, arranged by the opposition in honor of the 10th anniversary of October, Stalin achieved the expulsion of Trotsky to Alma-Ata (January 1928), and then his deportation from the USSR (February 1929).

Trotsky settled in Turkey, on the island of Prinkipo (near Istanbul). He did not stop his political and writing activities there, vehemently condemning the "gravedigger of the revolution" Stalin. Trotsky conducted his agitation not only for the USSR, but also for Western communists. He won over to his side a considerable part of them, which broke with the "Stalinist" Comintern and founded her own Fourth International.

In 1933 Trotsky moved to France, and in 1935 to Norway. Forced to leave this country because of Soviet pressure, he moved (1937) to Mexico, to the "left" President Lazaro Cardenas. Trotsky lived there in a villa in Coyoacan, a guest of the radical artist Diego Rivera.

Stalin, meanwhile, ordered an operation to assassinate him. In May 1940, Trotsky survived a dangerous attack by a group led by a famous artist. A. Siqueiros, but on August 20, 1940, another NKVD agent, Ramon Mercader, dealt him a fatal blow with an ice ax on the head.

Childhood and youth

He was the fifth child in the family of David Leontievich Bronstein and Anna (Anetta) Lvovna Bronstein (nee Zhivotovskaya). In 1879, the family moved from the Jewish agricultural colony Gromokley to the Yanovka estate, partly bought and partly rented from the widow of Colonel Yanovsky. In Yanovka in the same year, the son of Leib, Leo, was born, and in 1883, the youngest daughter, Olga. Leo had an older brother, Alexander (b. 1870) and a sister, Elizabeth (b. 1875). In total, eight children were born in the Bronstein family, but four children died in childhood from various diseases.

As a child, he was sent to study at a Jewish religious school (cheder), but he did not show a great desire for learning there, he did not really learn Hebrew. But early on he learned to read and write in Russian, as a child he became addicted to writing poetry (not preserved). In 1888 he was sent by his parents to study in Odessa, in the real school of St. Paul. He studied with honors, "all the time he was the first student." He was an impressionable child. Read a lot since childhood fiction, both European and Russian (favorite domestic author -). As a student of the second grade, he tried to publish a handwritten magazine - only one issue was made, almost completely prepared by himself.

His uncle M.F. Shpentzer (father of the once quite famous poetess Vera Inber), a journalist, and then the owner of a printing house and publishing house, contributed a lot to the fact that Trotsky, in his early youth, was already seriously “sick” with writing: as a process of writing a book or articles, and delivery to the press, typing, proofreading, the operation of the printing press, a heated discussion of upcoming and newly published books - the love of journalism and the printed word remained for life.

Start of political activity

In 1896, Trotsky went to finish his studies (the seventh grade of a real school) in Nikolaev, where his introduction to political life began: he was a member of a kind of political circle, which consisted, in his words, of "visiting students, former exiles and local youth." There were heated discussions in the circle. The young Trotsky, who took an ardent part in them, possessed, according to I. Deutscher, "a wonderful gift for bluffing" - he could get involved in a dispute and lead it with dignity, without really knowing the subject of the dispute. This does not mean that this state of affairs suited Trotsky: he greedily pounces on political literature, at first he does not even read books, but “swallows” them. However, the members of the circle study the most interesting things together. Create a circle for the distribution of literature "Redspring". In 1896-97. Trotsky at first leans not towards Marxism, but towards.

Parents learn about Trotsky's new acquaintances (from Nikolaev to Yanovka not so far), and after a stormy explanation, Trotsky declares his independence and refuses material assistance. For several months, Trotsky lives in the "commune" created by the members of the circle. He earns money by tutoring. The members of the commune rush from one project to another: having failed in the dissemination of literature, they try to create a "university on the basis of mutual learning", then they try to write a grandiose political sounding play, which, despite the large amount of time and effort expended, was never brought to fruition. end.

Having reconciled with his parents, Trotsky thought about entering the mathematical faculty of the Novorossiysk University (located in Odessa), but revolutionary work became the activity that really occupied him in Nikolaev. The result of the acquaintance of the members of the "commune" with the electrical worker Mukhin, who was engaged in the propaganda of revolutionary ideas under the guise of a return to true Christianity, was the creation of the "" group. According to Trotsky, it all started quite spontaneously:

It was like this: I was walking along the street with the youngest member of our commune, Grigory Sokolovsky, a young man of about my age. "We ought to start all the same," I said. "We must begin," Sokolovsky answered. "But how?" "That's it: how? - We must find workers, do not wait for anyone, do not ask anyone, but find workers and start." "I think you can find it," Sokolovsky said.
Sokolovsky that same day went to the boulevard to the bible. That hasn't been for a long time. There was a woman, and this woman had an acquaintance, also a sectarian. Through this acquaintance of a woman unknown to us, Sokolovsky on the same day met several workers, among whom was the electrical engineer Ivan Andreevich Mukhin, who soon became the main figure in the organization. Sokolovsky returned from the search with burning eyes. "Here it is people so people!"

The young organization has a success that is unexpected even for its creators:

The workers came to us by gravity, as if they had been waiting for us at the factories for a long time. Everyone brought a friend, some came with their wives, a few elderly workers entered circles with their sons. We were not looking for workers, but they were looking for us. Young and inexperienced leaders, we soon began to choke on the movement we had called forth.

According to Trotsky's close friend, Dr. G. A. Ziva, during the years of work in the "South Russian Workers' Union" Trotsky departs from the ideas of populism - "only genuine social democracy." (Ziv G. A. Trotsky. Characteristics (According to personal recollections)

Arrest and exile

On January 28, 1898, Trotsky and other organizers of the "Union" were arrested. He himself later wrote about this: “There was no serious conspiracy in our organization. We were all quickly arrested. The provocateur Schrenzel betrayed. From the Nikolaev prison, Trotsky was transferred to Odessa, and from there to Kherson. By the end of 1899, those arrested in the case of the "South Russian Union" without trial, "in an administrative order" were sentenced: 4 years of exile in Eastern Siberia. Before the exile, they had to spend several more months in the Butyrka transit prison, where Trotsky marries a woman close to him in the "commune" and the "Union" - Alexandra Lvovna Sokolovskaya.

Place of exile - the village of Ust-Kut on the Lena River (currently - a city in Irkutsk region), also lived on the Ilim River, later moved to Verkholensk. Shortly after his arrival, Trotsky begins to contribute to the Irkutsk newspaper Vostochnoye Obozreniye, whose editor at the time was a former exiled Narodnaya Volya member. Takes a literary pseudonym Antid Oto (from the Italian "antidoto", which means "antidote"). In the Ust-Kut exile, Trotsky gets acquainted with and. Trotsky spends two years in exile, during which time two daughters are born to him and Sokolovskaya.

Escape and work in Iskra

In the summer of 1902, news reached the exiles about a new upsurge in the revolutionary movement, about the creation of a Marxist newspaper abroad, and also that several Siberian articles by Trotsky got into the editorial office of Iskra and caused benevolent reviews. Trotsky (then, of course, still Bronstein) decides to escape from exile and by all means get to the center of the revolutionary movement. In exile, he leaves his wife with two young daughters. In Irkutsk, friends give the fugitive decent clothes and a blank passport, where he enters his new name: Trotsky.

It is known that such a surname was worn by the jailer in the Odessa prison, where those arrested in the case of the "South Russian Union" served about a year and a half - a domineering, stately and self-satisfied man. Why the young Bronstein chose this particular surname is not exactly known.

Trotsky's first stop was in Samara. There he spends about a week with, who at that time led the Russian "headquarters" of Iskra. Krzhizhanovsky accepts Trotsky into an organization that still exists unofficially and gives the young journalist the conspiratorial nickname "Pero". On the instructions of Krzhizhanovsky, Trotsky makes a trip to Ukraine, with the aim of meeting with the Ukrainian "Iskrists" and trying to attract revolutionaries who did not stand on "Iskra" positions to the organization - in this respect, according to Trotsky, the trip gave almost nothing. From there comes an order to send Trotsky to the editorial office of Iskra, in London. Illegally (with smugglers) having crossed the Austrian border, Trotsky through Vienna (where the head of the Austrian Social Democrats helps him with money for the further journey) and Zurich (where he meets him) arrives in October 1902 London and from the station goes straight to Lenin. meets him with the words: - The pen has arrived!

As early as November 1902, an article by Trotsky appeared in Iskra. On the advice of Lenin, Trotsky begins to give lectures, first in London, and then on the continent - in Brussels, Zurich, Paris. In Paris (in 1903) Trotsky met with his parents, who had come from Russia especially for this purpose. His parents promise him financial support for his family remaining in Russia and, if necessary, for himself. In Paris, Trotsky meets Natalya Ivanovna Sedova, a student from Russia, expelled for reading forbidden literature from the Kharkov Institute for Noble Maidens and studying art history at the Sorbonne. Sedova recalled their first meeting as follows:

The autumn of 1902 was full of essays in the Russian colony of Paris. The Iskra group, to which I belonged, first saw Martov, then Lenin. There was a struggle with the "Economists" and with the Socialist-Revolutionaries. In our group, they talked about the arrival of a young comrade who had escaped from exile ... The performance was very successful, the colony was delighted, the young Iskra-born exceeded expectations.

Subsequently, Sedova would become Trotsky's wife.

At Lenin's suggestion, in March 1903, Trotsky was accepted into the editorial board of Iskra with the right of an advisory vote. The editorial board at that time included six people: three "old men" (,), and three "young" (Lenin,). The sympathies of the 23-year-old revolutionary are more likely on the side of the “old people” - he admires Vera Zasulich, who was already a “living legend” then (she repays him in return), highly appreciates the scholarship of P. B. Axelrod, and only relations with Plekhanov do not add up - recognized authority in the revolutionary movement is inclined to consider the young revolutionary an upstart and a creature of Lenin.

A few months later, on where Trotsky represented, a gap occurred between Lenin and Trotsky. The “external” reason was in the personalities: Trotsky could not agree with Lenin’s proposal to reduce the composition of the editorial board of Iskra by excluding less active members from it (although Trotsky personally would have benefited from this). Trotsky would later write about this:

It was only a question of placing Axelrod and Zasulich outside the editorial office of Iskra. My attitude towards both of them was imbued not only with respect, but also with personal tenderness. Lenin also held them in high esteem for their past. But he came to the conclusion that they are increasingly becoming a hindrance to the future. And he made an organizational conclusion: to eliminate them from leadership positions. I couldn't put up with this. My whole being protested against this ruthless cutting off of old people who had finally reached the threshold of the party. It was from this indignation that I broke with Lenin at the Second Congress. His behavior seemed unacceptable, terrible, outrageous to me. Meanwhile, it was politically correct and, consequently, organizationally necessary.

Revolution of 1905 and further struggle against the party

Trotsky met the revolution of 1905 with the notorious theory of "permanent" revolution. It was the theory of the disarmament of the proletariat, the demobilization of its forces. After the defeat of the 1905 revolution, Trotsky supported the Menshevik liquidators. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin wrote the following about Trotsky:

"Trotsky behaved like a vile careerist and factionalist... He talks about the party, but behaves worse than all other factionalists."

Trotsky was, as you know, the organizer of the August *anti-revolutionary* Menshevik bloc of all groups and trends that opposed Lenin.

Trotsky met the imperialist war that began in August 1914, as one would expect, on the other side of the barricades - in the camp of the defenders of the imperialist slaughter. He covered up his betrayal of the proletariat with "Left" phrases about fighting the war, phrases calculated to deceive the working class. On all the most important questions of the war and socialism, Trotsky spoke out against Lenin, against the Bolshevik Party.

The ever-increasing strength of the influence of the Bolsheviks on the working class, on the masses of soldiers after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution, the enormous popularity of Lenin's slogans among the masses of the people, the Menshevik Trotsky regarded in his own way. He joined our party in July 1917, along with a group of his like-minded people, declaring that he had "disarmed" to the end.

Subsequent events showed, however, that the Menshevik Trotsky did not disarm, did not for a moment stop fighting against Lenin, and entered our party in order to blow it up from within.

Already a few months after the Great October Revolution in the spring of 1918, Trotsky, together with a group of so-called "Left" Communists and Left Social Revolutionaries, organized a villainous conspiracy against Lenin, seeking to arrest and physically destroy the leaders of the proletariat, Lenin, Stalin and Sverdlov. As always, Trotsky himself - a provocateur, an organizer of murderers, an intriguer and an adventurer - remains in the shadows. His leading role in the preparation of this atrocity, which, fortunately, failed, was fully revealed only two decades later, at the trial of the anti-Soviet “right-wing Trotskyist bloc” in March 1938. Only twenty years later, the dirty tangle of crimes of Trotsky and his henchmen was finally unraveled.

During the years of the Civil War, when the country of the Soviets repelled the onslaught of numerous hordes of White Guards and interventionists, Trotsky, by his treacherous actions and wrecking orders, in every way weakened the strength of the resistance of the Red Army, as a result of which he was forbidden by Lenin to visit Vostochny and southern fronts. It is a well-known fact that Trotsky, due to his hostile attitude towards the old Bolshevik cadres, tried to shoot a number of responsible front-line communists who were objectionable to him, thus acting into the hands of the enemy.

At the same trial of the anti-Soviet "Right-Trotskyist bloc" the whole treacherous path of Trotsky was revealed to the whole world: the defendants in this trial, the closest associates of Trotsky, admitted that they, and together with them and their boss Trotsky, had already been agents of foreign intelligence agencies were international spies. They, headed by Trotsky, zealously served the intelligence services and the general staffs of England, France, Germany, and Japan.

When in 1929 the Soviet government expelled the counter-revolutionary, the traitor Trotsky, from our homeland, the capitalist circles of Europe and America embraced him. It was no accident. It was natural. For Trotsky had long since passed into the service of the exploiters of the working class.

Trotsky has become entangled in his own nets, having reached the limit of human fall. He was killed by his own supporters. It was the very terrorists whom he taught to kill from behind a corner, betrayal and atrocities against the working class, against the country of the Soviets, who finished with him. Trotsky, who organized the villainous murder of Kirov, Kuibyshev, M. Gorky, became a victim of his own intrigues, betrayals, betrayals, atrocities.

So ingloriously ended his life this despicable man, descending into the grave with the seal of an international spy and murderer on his forehead.

Compositions

Year	Name	First publication	Text
1900	"An inconspicuous, but very important cog in the state machine"	"Eastern Review" N 230, October 15, 1900
1900	Something about the philosophy of the "superman"	"Eastern Review" NN 284, 286, 287, 289, 22, 24, 25, December 30, 1900	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1900	Something about land	"Eastern Review" N 285, December 23, 1900	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	"Old house"	"Eastern Review" N 10, January 14, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	"Tear-off" calendar as a culture tracker	"Eastern Review" N 19, January 25, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	Herzen and the "young generation"	"Bulletin of World History" N 2, January 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	About one old question	"Eastern Review" N 33 - 34, February 14 - 15, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	About pessimism, optimism, the 20th century and much more	"Eastern Review" N 36, February 17, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	"Declaration of Rights" and "Velvet Book"	"Eastern Review" NN 56, 57, 13, 14 March 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	About Balmont	"Eastern Review" N 61, March 18, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	Ordinary village ( Unsaid words about the village in general, etc.)	"Eastern Review" N 70, March 29, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	Hauptmann's last drama and comments on it by Struve	"Eastern Review", NN 99, 102, 5, May 9, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	Ordinary village ( More about "district" medicine, etc.)	"Eastern Review" N 117, May 30, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	About Ibsen	"Eastern Review" NN 121, 122, 126, 3, 4, June 9, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	Penitentiary ideals and humane prison outlook	"Eastern Review" NN 135, 136, 20, 21 June 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	We are ripe	"Eastern Review" N 154, July 13, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	New times - new songs	"Eastern Review" NN 162, 164, 165, 22, 25, July 26, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	Ordinary village ( Belated preface, etc.)	"Eastern Review" N 173 - 176, August 4 - 9, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	Two writer's souls in the grip of a metaphysical demon	"Eastern Review" N 189, August 25, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	The "illiberal" moment of "liberal" relations	"Eastern Review" N 194, September 2, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	Poetry, the machine and the poetry of the machine	"Eastern Review" N 197, September 8, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	ordinary rustic	"Eastern Review" N 212, September 26, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	S. F. Sharapov and German farmers	"Eastern Review" N 225, October 13, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	"Russian Darwin"	"Eastern Review" N 251, November 14, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	N. A. Dobrolyubov And "Whistle"	"Eastern Review" N 253, November 17, 1901	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1901	History of literature, Mr. Boborykin and Russian criticism	?	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1902	Something about the "freedom of creative spasm"	"Eastern Review" N 8, January 10, 1902	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1904	political letters. "Before the Disaster"	"Iskra" N 75, October 5, 1904	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1904	political letters. Foundation for Public Education, etc.		in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov
1904	The Appearance of the Liberals to the People	"Iskra" N 76, October 20, 1904	in the library of Oleg Kolesnikov

Biographies

Vasetsky N. A. Trotsky. The experience of political biography. - M.: Respublika, 1992. ISBN 5-250-01159-4
Volkogonov D. A. Trotsky / political portrait. - In two books. - M .: JSC "Publishing House" Novosti ", 1994. ISBN 5-7020-0216-4
Deutscher I. Trotsky. Armed Prophet. 1879-1921 - M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2006. ISBN 5-9524-2147-4
Deutscher I. Trotsky. Unarmed prophet. 1921-1929 - M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2006. ISBN 5-9524-2155-5
Deutscher I. Trotsky. Exiled prophet. 1929-1940 - M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2006. ISBN 5-9524-2157-1
Ziv G. A. Trotsky: Characteristics (according to personal recollections). New York: People's Rights, 1921
David King. Trotsky. Biography in photo documents. - Yekaterinburg: "SV-96", 2000. ISBN 5-89516-100-6
Paporov Yu. N. Trotsky. The murder of the "big entertainer" - St. Petersburg: ID "Neva", 2005. ISBN 5-7654-4399-0
“Was there an alternative?”: “Trotskyism – a look through the years”, “Power and opposition”, “Stalin’s neo-onep”, “1937”, “Party of the executed”, “World Revolution and World War"," The end means the beginning ".
Startsev V. I. L. D. Trotsky. Pages of political biography. - M.: Knowledge, 1989. ISBN 5-07-000955-9
Chernyavsky G. I. Lev Trotsky - M .: Young Guard, 2010. ISBN 978-5-235-03369-6
Isaac Don Levine. The Mind of an Assassin, New York, New American Library/Signet Book, 1960.
Dave Renton. Trotsky, 2004.
Leon Trotsky man and His work. Reminiscences and Appraisals, ed. Joseph Hansen. New York, Merit Publishers, 1969.
The Unknown Lenin, ed. Richard Pipes, Yale University Press (1996) ISBN 0-300-06919-7

	People's Commissar of the RSFSR for Foreign Affairs
November 8, 1917 - March 13, 1918

	People's Commissar of the RSFSR - USSR for Military and Naval Affairs
August 29, 1918 - January 26, 1925

Childhood

Youth period

persecution

Trotsky is a revolutionary

Books

Personal life

a series of troubles

Mystery biography

Secrets of doom

Life in exile

Conclusion

encyclopedic reference

Trotsky in Siberia

Biography

Childhood and youth

Beginning of revolutionary activity

First emigration

Second emigration

Return to Russia

Exile from the USSR

Trotsky archive

Murder

Compositions

Literature

Links

Childhood and youth

Start of political activity

Arrest and exile

Escape and work in Iskra

Revolution of 1905 and further struggle against the party

Compositions

Biographies

Read also