Higher education can be obtained in full-time, part-time, part-time, evening or free forms of education, as well as in the form of an external student. Moreover, in some countries, depending on the form and objectives of education, the number of disciplines studied, the level of training, etc., students are divided into “regular”, “conditional”, “special”, “casual”, “free” and etc.

Depending on the form of study, country, system and profile, the period of study for higher education ranges from 4 to 9 years.

Story

The separation of the highest level of education occurred in the countries of the Ancient East more than a thousand years BC. e. Then, at this stage, young people studied philosophy, poetry, as well as the laws of nature known at that time, received information about minerals, heavenly bodies, plants and animals.

Medieval higher education, primarily pursued the goal of substantiating theological dogmas. Only in the XIV-XVI centuries. there is a gradual liberation of science and education from scholasticism. This was facilitated by large scientific discoveries and advances in medicine during the Renaissance in Italy. Among the prominent representatives of science of that time were Leonardo da Vinci, N. Copernicus, I. Kepler, G. Galileo, R. Descartes, I. Newton, G. Leibniz. The scholastic school was sharply criticized by the English philosopher F. Bacon. Humanist writers and teachers of that time - Vittorino da Feltre, Erasmus of Rotterdam, L. Vives, F. Rabelais, M. Montaigne - opposed the Catholic Church's monopolization of the field of education. They proposed new teaching methods based on the development of independent critical thinking.

Of exceptional importance for the development of higher education and education as a whole was the invention of printing in the c.

Mikhailovsky - Engineering castle. Where, since 1823, one of the first higher engineering educational institutions in Russia, the Nikolaev Engineering School, was located, now the Military Engineering and Technical University is located near it at the site of its foundation.

The first higher engineering educational institutions began to be created only after the radical innovative turning point of 1810, which occurred at the Main Engineering School Russian Empire when the officers began to continue to finish their education for an additional two years. The first higher engineering educational institution in Russia, after the addition of senior officer classes, unlike all others cadet corps, became in 1810 the Main Engineering School, and now the Military Engineering and Technical University, which made the training program for engineers a five-year one and gave rise to the system of two-stage division of engineering education between senior and junior courses that still exists. As the famous mechanical scientist Stepan Timoshenko wrote in his book Engineering Education in Russia, it is this system of the Main engineering school made it possible to provide high-quality theoretical training during the junior years, in order to later proceed to a deeper study of engineering disciplines in the senior years. Subsequently, throughout the nineteenth century, the transition of the most advanced engineering and technical educational institutions of the Russian Empire to the system of higher engineering education continued, accompanied by its further qualitative development, primarily due to the fact that almost every educational institution created a program of its own new direction or specialization of higher engineering education that did not exist before, positively borrowing the best practices of others, collaborating fraternally, exchanging innovations and mutually enriching each other. The outstanding organizer and symbol of this process was Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev.

Main building of Kazan University

On November 17, 1804 Kazan University was established in Kazan. Already in the first decades of its existence, it became a major center of education and science. It formed a number of scientific directions and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). The university is especially proud of its outstanding scientific discoveries and achievements: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (N.I. Lobachevsky), the discovery chemical element ruthenium (K. K. Klaus), the creation of a theory of structure organic compounds(A. M. Butlerov), the discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance (E. K. Zavoisky), the discovery of acoustic paramagnetic resonance (S. A. Altshuler) and many others.

In 1861, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts approved a charter by William Burton Rogers to establish "the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Boston Society of Natural History" (now ). William Burton Rogers wanted to create a new form of higher education that would meet the challenges of the rapidly developing science in the middle of the 19th century, to which classical education was pathologically unable to adequately respond. After the adoption of the charter, Rogers began to seek funds, develop the curriculum and select a suitable location for the institute. Rogers' plan, as it is now known, was based on three principles: the educational value of useful knowledge, the need for learning through action, and the integration of professional and humanities. MIT pioneered the use of instructions for laboratory work. His philosophy is "learning not in the manipulations and instantaneous details of science, which can only be applied in practice, but in the knowledge and understanding of all basic scientific principles with their explanations." Due to the onset of a few months later civil war the first classes at MIT took place only in 1865 in a rented trading house in the suburbs of Boston.

A big impetus to the development, convergence and harmonization of higher education in Europe was given by the so-called. Bologna process. Its beginning can be traced back to the mid-1970s, when the EU Council of Ministers adopted a Resolution on the first cooperation program in the field of education. The official start date of the process is considered to be June 19, 1999, when in the city of Bologna, at a special conference, the Ministers of Education of 29 European states adopted the declaration "European Higher Education Area", or "Bologna Declaration". Subsequently, intergovernmental meetings were held in Prague (2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005), London (2007) and Louvain (2009). Currently, the Bologna Process brings together 46 countries.

Russia joined the Bologna process in September 2003 at the Berlin meeting of education ministers European countries. In 2005, the Minister of Education of Ukraine signed the Bologna Declaration in Bergen. Universities of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and all CIS countries and Europe are participating in the implementation of the main directions of the Bologna Process.

Higher education by country

Russia

Austria

Main article: Higher education in Austria

Higher education in Austria has three levels and lasts from 3 to 9 years.

The University Education Act 1966 and the Universities Act 1975 laid the foundation for higher education. The Federal Ministry of Science and Research finances and supervises university education. 23 public and 11 private universities have a high degree freedom and offer a wide range of educational programs. Studying at universities in Austria is free. But there are also paid educational institutions.

University graduates can continue their studies and receive postgraduate education by enrolling in graduate school and then in doctoral studies. In addition, it is possible to take retraining courses and receive a second higher education. Education is free.

Bulgaria

Higher education is based on the Higher Education Act 1995 and consists of four levels. The network of higher schools in Bulgaria includes universities, specialized higher schools and colleges.

Great Britain

After completing a two-year A-levels course, students can receive either professional or higher education.

Professional education (Further education - FE) includes courses vocational training and some higher education courses (bachelor's degrees). The term "vocational education" is used to refer to courses for those who left school at the age of 16. There are over 600 public and private further education colleges in the UK. These institutions offer various programs of study, including English language courses, General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-levels, professional courses.

Higher education (HE) includes undergraduate degree programs, postgraduate programs (master's degree, doctoral degree) and MBA. The term "tertiary education" refers to studies at universities, colleges and institutes that offer advanced or doctoral degrees.

Germany

The German system of higher education is characterized by a variety of types of universities. In total, there are 409 universities in Germany, of which 104 are universities and 203 universities of applied sciences. Getting the first higher education in almost all universities until recently was free for both Germans and foreigners. The tuition fee and its amount are set by the federal state, for example, in Bavaria, even the first higher education is paid, and in Berlin, higher education is free. In other states, fees may be charged to students who exceed the prescribed period of study by several semesters ("several" again, in each state differently) or who make a second higher education. Total students in Germany is almost 2 million, of which 48% are women, 250,000 are foreign students. The teaching staff is about 110 thousand people. Approximately 69,000 Germans study abroad. Until 2010, in the course of the Bologna process, German universities had to restructure their curricula according to a new model.

A significant number of universities are state-owned and are subsidized by the government. There are relatively few private universities - 69.

Egypt

Egypt has both private and public institutions of higher education. Public higher education in Egypt is free, students pay only the registration fee. Private education is more expensive.

The main universities in Egypt: Cairo University (100,000 students), Alexandria University, Ain Shams University, Al-Azhar University (the oldest university in Egypt with 1000 years of history).

Leading private universities in Egypt: American University in Cairo, German University in Cairo, French University of Egypt.

Ireland

Higher education in Ireland is called Third Level education. Upon graduation from the university, the graduate is awarded a bachelor's degree (Bachelor Degree). Higher education is possible in public universities, various colleges.

Italy

The Italian higher education system is represented by universities, technical universities, university colleges and academies. The education system is three-tiered.

Cyprus

Young people attend universities, other public institutions of higher education and colleges offering various programs of study.

Malta

Higher education in Malta is provided only by the University of Malta, which has a huge number of branches, branches and representative offices.

Monaco

There is only one institution of higher education in Monaco, the International Institute of Monaco.

The Republic of Korea

High schools (고등학교, 高等學校) of the Republic of Korea enter at the age of 17 and graduate after the third grade at 19. Schools can be divided into specialized departments that correspond to the interests of a particular student and coincide with his career path. For example, there are "scientific" higher schools (Science high school), schools of study foreign languages and art schools. All of them require quite difficult exams for admission. Higher schools can also be divided into public (public) and private. Such schools do not give any specialty, but simply prepare their students for college. For students who, for whatever reason, do not want to go to college, there are vocational schools that specialize in technology, agriculture or finance, where students can enroll immediately after graduation. High school schedules are often designed so that after an intense session of "self-study" at such a school, students return home after midnight. Training program, which includes about eleven subjects, is often considered quite difficult, so some students choose to enter private academies called "hagwons" ( 학원, 學院 ) to increase their academic knowledge. The list of core subjects includes Korean and English, mathematics, various social and natural sciences. Specific subjects and the level of their teaching may vary from school to school, depending on the specialization of such educational institutions.

Unlike high school higher education is not compulsory. However, the OECD estimated that in 2005, 97% of young Koreans graduated from high school. Obviously this is the most high percent among all countries.

USA

Despite many problems in the field of secondary education, higher education in the United States is considered one of the best in the world. There are more than 3,000 institutions of higher education of various types in the United States. They had 515,000 international students out of a total of 17.5 million, of which 60% were from Asia. However, in recent times education in universities, both private and public, is becoming more and more expensive. Fees for a year of tuition range from $5,000 at State University to $40,000 at Harvard, and while generous scholarships are given to poor students, these are often insufficient for middle-class students whose families lose proportionately the most of their income. From 2002-2003 to 2003-2004 academic year tuition in state universities rose by 14%, and in private - by 6%, which is still more than the rate of inflation at the same time.

In the American colloquial speech all universities are usually called college, even if they are not colleges, but universities.

It is believed that today in order to be competitive in the labor market, it is necessary to constantly supplement one's education. This is certainly true: change happens every day - and this applies to almost any activity, from office cleaning to top management. And if you lag behind the trends indicated by your field of work, you will most likely be left behind.

But, if you are just starting your career, having a second higher education can be a nice bonus. Another plus of having an additional diploma is that you can choose from two specialties (and at the beginning of the journey, as practice shows, it is very important to have an alternative). Or you can work at the intersection of learned disciplines - then you will be a truly indispensable specialist and will surely occupy your niche.

And one more thing: getting a second higher education is an excellent way out for those who, for some reason, could not study what they had dreamed of all their lives. This is how it was for me: USE results in social studies, which I took “in reserve”, were impressive, and therefore I preferred free sociological education to paid education in journalism. The desire to be a journalist did not disappear, but sociology, as I studied, captured more and more. Therefore, I began to look for opportunities to master both professions - and soon found them.

An important fact - the second higher education cannot be obtained on budgetary basis. Therefore, if you are studying in a higher education program or already have a diploma, the state will not fund your education, no matter how well you pass the exams.

The Federal Law on Education (Article No. 34) states that any student has the right to simultaneously study several professional educational programs. But how can this be done technically?

Listener

Few people know that, in addition to students, so-called listeners- people who, for one reason or another, cannot provide original documents on education and are enrolled in the course as if "in advance". Important feature such a status - it is provided only at the correspondence or distance department (perhaps, somewhere you can become a student and at the "point" - but this is rather an exception to the rule). At the same time, students go to classes in the same way, write tests and take exams.

So it's best do not start getting a second degree in the same year that the first: it is likely that there will be problems with obtaining a diploma. Yes, and psychologically, it can be very difficult: after all, at school there is a different format of education, and, becoming a student, you need to get used to the new rules, join the team. It is also important to establish interaction with teachers, because it depends on them what consequences your absenteeism will have. And absenteeism, alas, will happen for sure, because, even when receiving education in absentia, it is sometimes necessary to be present at an educational institution - and this time may coincide with the time of the main classes.

I entered the second institute, barely finishing the first year, and soon realized that I had made a mistake: my studies could last one or two years less if I had more disciplines already mastered (they can be re-credited - this is done by the scientific part of the new university) . In general, it is best to complete at least the third year in the first specialty in order to start mastering the second.

By the way, about admission. Each university has its own rules for admission of students to the second higher education. However, usually for those who wish to receive parallel education, did not finish the third year in the main institute, most often they arrange the most ordinary selection - with the results USE and entrance exam(not the fact that it is necessary - it depends on the specialty). Recall that the results of the USE in Russia are valid 4 years. The only consolation in this situation is that the competition for the correspondence department is usually several times less than for the full-time department.

Those who decide to enter the second higher education after the start of the third year of the main institute are usually enrolled only according to the results entrance examinations .

By the way, in some universities (including the National Research University Higher School of Economics and Moscow State University) there are programs of parallel education within the framework of one university, as a result of which a graduate can receive two diplomas. However, the range of specialties is usually limited.

Parallel distance learning at first, it can also be difficult and unusual. Especially during exam sessions. Of course, sessions at face-to-face and correspondence departments usually do not coincide in time: this is done for the convenience of teachers. But sometimes exams at two institutes can still overlap - in this case, you will have to stock up on strong coffee and Novopassit. But this period, as practice shows, quickly ends. And there is nothing better than celebrating the end of two sessions at once!

In general, in order to study at two universities at the same time, you need to have a stable psyche, a frantic work capacity and an incredible desire to know everything at once. But graduates with two higher educations are usually valued by employers and are willing to take both internships and open vacancies. And besides, such students save the main resource modern man - time, which in the future can be spent not on sitting at a desk, but on travel, family or anything else.

And a parallel higher education is very interesting. It's great when you can go beyond the profession, offer something new, experiment, applying the methods of one profession to another. Often the work done for one university was useful for me to complete assignments in another. By the way, it will be very useful to calculate the zone of your scientific interests: then all the achievements over the years of study can be useful to you in writing theses in both universities. And then, perhaps, when writing a master's thesis - if you are going to write it at all.

It is believed that the second higher education in our country can be obtained only for money. But some cunning students manage to get some of the most real, not fake diplomas - and completely free.

ANNA VASILIEVA

Master of Other Sciences

You can get a state diploma of higher education for free, already having one in your pocket, in several legal ways (many, sadly, go the illegal way, but more on that later).

The most obvious way is a master's degree. Students who have received a specialist or bachelor's degree can go to any other university for a master's degree. On the websites of absolutely all universities and institutes where there is a magistracy department, it is emphasized that the magistracy is an opportunity to receive a second higher education for free. “Applicants who have received higher education and have a bachelor’s or specialist’s degree can apply for places financed from the federal budget,” says, for example, on the website of the Russian University of Economics them. G. V. Plekhanov. At the same time, it is clarified that when entering a master's program, you can choose any direction of training, regardless of the profile of your first higher education. "The opportunity to change the direction of study and master a new specialty is one of the key advantages of the 4 + 2 system (bachelor's + master's)", emphasizes the Higher School of Economics.

This path is good from all points of view, including the fact that it is easier to enter the master's program of some universities than to enter the same place for the first year.

"I dreamed of going to higher school economics from school,” says 24-year-old Ruslan Pekhov. “But I knew for sure that I would not be able to enter the free department, the requirements were too high and the competition was big. And then I went to MIIT, received a bachelor's degree there, and with it I already entered the master's program at the Higher School of Economics. Entry exams much easier, and the competition is minimal."

Despite the fact that it takes only two years to study for a master's degree, students who decide to radically change direction in the course of their studies do receive two full-fledged professions. “I studied for four years at the Institute of Asian and African Studies at Moscow State University,” says 25-year-old Nastya Mironova. “I learned Japanese well, received a bachelor’s degree. that I will receive a master's degree at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. budget place and two years later - the second diploma of higher education. Now working as a special correspondent in Japan, I am quite happy with the start of my career."

But what about those who have already become a master, but still want to study?

At someone else's expense

Then there is only one legal way - grants. Compared to the West, in Russia the topic of grants does not seem to be very relevant, nevertheless, with the desire and ability, education with their help can be obtained not only in Russia, but also abroad. Public organizations In fact, there are quite a lot of grants that provide such grants, you just have to set out to find them. There is, for example, the Ford Foundation, which annually announces a competition for a grant for undergraduate or postgraduate studies at any university in the world, including Russian ones. There is the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), thanks to which grants for a second higher education can be obtained in more than 2 thousand specialties, and the training will not necessarily take place in German.

This year, the British Council in Russia has revived the well-known Chevening scholarship program, which provides young professionals with not only free education in any chosen university in the UK for 12 months, but also residence in this country. In addition to the opportunity to take a course, the program provides for sponsoring the work of specialists on short-term research projects. Applicants are required high level possessions English language, a diploma of higher education with excellent and good grades, as well as at least two years of work experience in the chosen specialty. Particular emphasis is placed on the intention of the scholarship applicant to continue working in Russia.

Such grants are trying to allocate the ministries of foreign affairs of all countries with which Russia has established diplomatic relations. Therefore, in fact, you should choose a country, go to the website of its embassy and carefully study the section describing cooperation in the field of education. For example, the website of the French Embassy published a list of programs for which grants are issued, and it seems that they reflect the entire spectrum of human activity. There is a Copernicus program here, which is designed for young economists, lawyers and engineers, scholarships designed for Russian students those wishing to continue their studies in the second cycle (master), grants for university graduates who would like to enroll in public service, and much more.

Most of these grants assume that upon completion of training, diplomas will be issued to specialists, which are equated with official documents on obtaining higher education.

Without a diploma, but with knowledge of the matter

Everyone has long understood that the presence of a diploma does not always indicate the presence of knowledge. Therefore, it often occurs to those who want to raise their level of education that it is much more logical to choose some refresher courses or acquire new skills that are not related to your profession. The number of paid offers in this area generally beats all records, but it’s worth working on finding free options.

The Strelka Institute of Media, Architecture and Design, founded in 2009, looks unique here. The aim of the Institute is "to educate the next generation of architects, designers and media professionals who will shape the world in the 21st century."

The creators of the project call the institute a postgraduate program, which is intended for graduates of higher educational institutions - young professionals. "The program provides an opportunity to work with the authors of brilliant projects in the field of urbanism, architecture and communications from different countries of the world is an experience invaluable for everyone young specialist", - says Alexander Ostrogorsky, director of communications at the Strelka Institute.

“It is still impossible to perceive training at our institute as a regular second higher education. Educational program designed for a year, during which students work on projects whose ideas are related to some global and Russian issues, such as the future of energy or conservation historical heritage. After training, students receive certificates, but we do not issue state diplomas either in the Russian or in the Western system," Ostrogorsky said.

At the same time, it is no easier to enter Strelka than to enter some Western university. Upon admission, students must submit a portfolio, explain why this education is important to them, and go through a serious competitive selection: 12 candidates applied for a place last year. After admission, all students are provided with a scholarship, and, if necessary, accommodation.

Education is absolutely free. “Yes, we have summer schools for everyone, where some workshops are paid. But for our students, the entire course of study is absolutely free,” says Ostrogorsky.

According to him, not only those guys who have already received an architectural or design education can enter the institute. "Our main task is to find ways to solve problems that are important for Russia and the whole world. Therefore, if not an architect, but, for example, a physicist comes to us and says that he wants to apply innovative approaches in the field of energy in Russia, we will only be happy", Ostrogorsky emphasized.

However, in his opinion, for those who want to combine study with work, this is not the best option. "The study schedule is very tight. During the year, students will have to master an extensive program, which consists of lectures, events and study trips. Therefore, we are against combining education with serious work, and this is unlikely to work out," says Ostrogorsky.

If the task is to combine education with a work schedule, you can try to get the employer to pay for your training. Some firms organize on-the-job training for their employees. It's called a corporate university. Such are, for example, Beeline, Severstal, Ingosstrakh, Rostelecom, Wimm-Bill-Dann, McDonald's, Coca-Cola and many others. These institutions are good because students are given practical knowledge in a narrow specialty on the job. As a rule, teachers are invited from leading business schools and large companies, and the learning process is based on the performance of business tasks.

hope for the best

It is possible that in the future it will be easier to study for a second time at a university for free. In any case, discussions on this topic among legislators are ongoing. In 2008, a draft law was submitted to the State Duma, in which deputies propose to allow free second higher education in some specialties in the field of culture and art. In particular, it was supposed to give the opportunity to once again unlearn for free those people who wanted to choose as a second profession such areas as theater directing, film and television directing, composition, conducting, and some others. However, the number did not pass.

“Then the Ministry of Finance simply felt sorry for the money,” says Elena Drapeko, one of the authors of the bill, deputy from the Just Russia party. At the same time, she is sure that not everything is lost, and intends to re-submit the bill in the near future. "Many years of experience objectively show that in some professions, for example, in the profession of a director or conductor, success was achieved only by those who entered these specialties at the age of 23-25. A conductor is a second education by definition, since a person must at least get a musical education and become, for example, an excellent violinist," the deputy noted.

She says telling story about young man, who, while studying at the theater department, showed a rare talent as an animated film director. "So tell me, do we have many directors of animated films? Yes, almost none! And the guy is really talented. And everyone admits it. The teachers are happy to teach him again for free on new specialty but not required by law. So we have to collect money from sponsors, - says Drapeko. - We are trying to find money for talented guys. But there are few such grants, and not everyone who wants and deserves them can get them."

“And besides, there is no system in this,” the deputy continues. “This is some kind of manual control. We must finally admit that there are specialties that only adults need to learn.”

Bypassing the law

In the meantime, the bill is waiting in the wings, cunning students solve the problem of the second highest in their own way. According to federal law"On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education" every citizen of Russia has the right to receive professional education free of charge on a competitive basis and only if he receives education of this level for the first time. However, the law does not provide for liability for obtaining a second higher education free of charge. There is also no procedure for checking data on whether an applicant has a completed vocational education. And some people take advantage of it. Applicant, as you know, is required to submit admission committee an identity document, citizenship, a government-issued education document and photographs. That is, it is necessary, in theory, to present a diploma of higher professional education, if any. Moreover, each applicant signs that he/she is receiving a higher professional education for the first time.

"The legislation does not provide for liability for providing false information or failure to submit certain documents when entering a university," says the specialist. federal center of educational legislation Maria Smirnova. - And the judicial practice on the application to such cases of Part 3 of Art. 327 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on the provision of knowingly false documents has not yet been formed. "In theory, liability in the form of expulsion from the university can be enshrined in the charter of the university, but this also practically does not happen.

Modern system higher education, with its levels and options, can confuse applicants and their parents. They often ask the representatives of the university administration whether a bachelor's degree is a complete higher education or not? Let's look at the modern education system, its nuances and features.

Features of modern higher education

Modern society is characterized by high mobility and steadily increasing information flow. To successfully fit into new world young people must have certain qualities. First of all it is:

• the ability to quickly switch between tasks;
• the ability to receive and filter out information;
• the ability to mobile use knowledge, and, if necessary, to acquire new ones.

Unfortunately, the system of higher education lagged behind the progress for quite a long time. Once having received a diploma of a specialist, a graduate became a professional in a rather narrow field. However, this does not imply a change in occupational activity.

To overcome the problem of low mobility, a system of graduated higher education was developed. And immediately a problem arose: is it considered that a bachelor's degree is a complete higher education or not? After all, the training time was reduced by a year, but at the same time, a master's degree was added as the next step.

Differences of bachelor's and master's qualifications from the specialist and from each other

With the advent of new names of specialties, many questions arise, primarily about how they differ. What was the bad specialty? And the most important question: is a bachelor's degree a complete higher education or not? The new is often scary, but progress cannot be stopped.

The main difference between a bachelor's qualification and a master's degree is the level. Both are full qualifications. Despite the questions of some employers that a bachelor's degree is a higher education or an incomplete higher education, the first option will be correct. However, there are significant differences:

• Bachelor's degree is the first stage of education. The diploma most often has an applied character and is aimed at practical activities;
• magistracy is the second stage of education. It can continue the direction of the bachelor's degree, or it can differ significantly;
• magistracy involves a deep study of the theoretical program and subsequent scientific or leadership activities;
• the standard study time for a bachelor's degree is four years, for a master's degree two years.

A little aside in modern higher education is the specialist. The list of professions that do not involve gradual education is very small. First of all, these are all medical specialties, as well as some engineering ones. these professions has not changed.

Incomplete higher education with a bachelor's degree

According to there are two levels of education - master and bachelor. Complete or incomplete higher education? It depends on the timing and availability of supporting documents.

A student who has studied more than half, but has not received a diploma of completed higher education, is considered to have an incomplete higher education. For a bachelor's degree, this period is two years, provided that at least four consecutive sessions are closed with positive marks.

To confirm incomplete higher education, a student can request an academic certificate from the dean's office. strict accounting. It indicates the number and results of the disciplines studied. This certificate can be presented to the employer for obtaining a job that requires a certain qualification.

An academic certificate of incomplete higher education of a bachelor is required for transfer to another educational institution or to another faculty. This will save the student from re-studying the disciplines passed and allows you to put the Bologna system into practice.

Is modern complete higher education a bachelor's and a master's?

AT modern world It's hard to get a good job without education. This hackneyed truth pushes young people into universities. Often, admission to a particular specialty is dictated by the desire to simply get a diploma, reassure parents, and do something.

Some are lucky, and they find the work of a lifetime, while others realize that they are in the wrong place at all. Such situations often lead to the fact that the student stops studying, loses interest in learning new things, and begins to look for other options for activity.

In the system of step education, this problem is solved very simply. The studied disciplines involve the formation of certain competencies, which is very easy to transfer to any related specialty. In addition, in the first two years there is extensive theoretical preparation at the beginning of training. It allows you to change direction in senior courses. The modern education system assumes mobility and interchangeability within the framework of the stage.

Master's degree as a stage of higher education

If received, but there is an urgent need to have a different education, knowledge and a different specialty, a master's program will come to the rescue as the second stage of education. If the question (a bachelor's degree is a complete higher education or not) puzzles some, then everything is clear regarding the second stage.

Master's degree is the second stage of higher education. The corresponding degree can only be obtained on the basis of an initial (bachelor's) or specialist degree. However, not all students who have studied for four years at the first stage can study further. The magistracy assumes a strong basic knowledge, good preparation in all subjects and a desire to engage in scientific activities.

Master's Benefits:

• the opportunity to change the direction of education according to their priorities;
• the opportunity to continue education after a few years;
• in-depth study of disciplines allows subsequently to occupy leadership positions and conduct scientific activities.

Employer Benefits of Graduated Education

Employers still doubt the advantage of a bachelor's degree. And this despite the fact that at present he makes up the vast majority of graduates of universities, academies and institutes.

Do not be afraid to hire a graduate with an entry in the Bachelor's degree. This is a complete higher education. An employee with such a diploma has passed a comprehensive theoretical and practical training and ready for work.

In the law “On education Russian Federation” says that there is no free education in Russia, except for budget revenues. However, there are benefits for which an applicant can get a higher education for free.

Tuition is paid by both the students themselves and organizations that send an employee to study in order to improve his qualifications.

The payment amount depends on:

Individual training plan. To get a second higher education, a student retakes some disciplines. If the number of exams is high, then a fixed amount is paid, which is initially indicated in the contract, regardless of the number of disciplines. Also, depending on the number of hours (how many hours the student studied, paid so much). Such rules are also prescribed in the contract.

The proposed form of education. It can be: daytime; correspondence and evening.

All of the above factors have different tuition costs. For many applicants, the payment process is important, since you can pay the entire amount at once, by semesters or for each month of study.

Citizens who:

• received the first diploma in the military educational institution. Then you can enter the university on a budgetary basis, and this is stated in the law "On the status of military personnel."
• They signed a contract and served in the army for at least 15 years. Such citizens have the right to a second higher education, and it does not matter what profession or specialty they had before.
• Graduate students who received a specialized creative specialty at the first university. It can be: be Russian University Theater Arts (GITIS), Academy for the Development of Education in the Sphere of Culture and Art ( Russian Academy Music named after Gnesins, Moscow State Conservatory named after P. I. Tchaikovsky, etc.

In addition, many preferential categories have the right to write an application for a reduction in fees for a second higher education. These may be combatants (in hot spots); citizens who took part in the liquidation of the consequences Chernobyl accident(ChNPP); some people who have received a red diploma.

Important! Citizens who have benefits for free education do not have the right to reduce the period of study. A diploma can be obtained only when a full course of study has been completed.

How to get a second higher education for free without benefits

If you do not belong to the beneficiaries mentioned in the law, do not despair, as there are other ways to get a free second higher education. To do this, consider two guaranteed ways:

Method one: payment by the employer. Often the company lacks valuable personnel, and therefore, if an employee has shown himself to be a highly qualified specialist in a certain area, he is sent for additional training. After all, then the bosses will be able to offer the employee more promising work with corresponding payment. In this case, the employer fully assumes the funding for training. However, the employee must have worked for the company for at least 5 years.

Important! It is worth considering the fact that if the employer pays for the training for the employee himself, an agreement is concluded that states how many years after receiving a diploma a person must work in the company. If a student left the university on his own initiative or was expelled from the university, the student is obliged to pay compensation to the authorities in the amount that was paid for the education.

Method two: getting a grant. There are many foundations where you can get a study grant, regardless of the number of diplomas a student already has. However, you will need to prove that you are worthy of the grant.

Admission to the magistracy on a budgetary basis

A master's degree is a stage of higher professional education that comes after a bachelor's degree, that is, the level of qualification increases on the basis of the first education. The student has the right to enter the master's program on a budgetary basis.

If a student has an incomplete higher education (only three courses have been completed), then you can enter another specialty for free, but study begins from the first year.

Fallback options for getting a second higher education

If for some reason the above methods do not suit you, then you can “cheat” a little. There are two options for this:

The first: her to show the admission committee a diploma of first education, but simply submit the documents that are required from schoolchildren, this also includes a certificate. Now you can enter the budget on a par with other applicants.

Second: receive two educations at the same time. At one university, study on a full-time basis, and at the other, on a correspondence course. Thus, almost at the same time, the student will receive two diplomas.

Second higher education at half price

If you still can’t study for free, at least try to reduce the amount. There are the following options for this:

1. Payment for training in half with the employer. If the company really needs such specialists, the bosses will make concessions and help them get a specialty in a certain direction.
2. Training on in absentia, since its cost is much cheaper than the day department.
3. Education in another city. As a rule, in each city or region, the amount of tuition fees for the same specialty differs significantly.

Conclusion

As can be seen from the article, it is quite possible to get a second higher education for free. It is not necessary to have special benefits or seek a grant. It all depends on the student himself, his desires and capabilities.

Free second higher education - benefits and opportunities for Russian students updated: April 8, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru