At all times, success in battle was decided not by the most advanced technology, but by people. They control powerful equipment, and the solution of the assigned tasks ultimately depends on their military and fighting spirit, patriotism, and moral strength.

Therefore, the issues of educating military personnel of all categories, maintaining their high professional training and strong military discipline, constant readiness and ability to fulfill their duty to protect the interests of the Russian people were, are and will be the main content of educational work in the Armed Forces Russian Federation.

The object of educational influence in a military unit is the entire personnel, but special attention is paid to the education of the officer team, which forms the basis of the entire military team of the unit and contains huge educational opportunities.

opportunities.

In the history of the development of the Russian Armed Forces, great importance has always been attached to officer cadres. At different stages, in different historical conditions of our country, the issues of officer training were raised in different ways, but the understanding of one indisputable truth was unchanged: officers are the basis of human

factor of the army, the foundation of the morale of the troops. Success in combat directly depends on the level of professional training of officer cadres, their readiness and ability to carry out the tasks assigned to them with full responsibility. Thousands of examples from the history of our army and navy confirm this. The basis of the regiment, brigade in social, professional and moral terms is always composed of

lyal officer team. The officer team has always acted as a highly organized group of professional military men, united by common goals and interests, joint socially useful activities, military discipline, mutual demands

diligence, responsibility, help. It is called upon to maintain the high combat readiness of the regiment (ship) in every possible way, and to effectively solve training and educational tasks. This circumstance predetermines the need for constant purposeful work with a team of officers in the interests of increasing its pedagogical potential. It is carried out on the basis of pedagogically reasoned influences of the organizational and substantive order, including a set of measures aimed at ensuring the comprehensive and harmonious development of the officer's personality and the unity of the officer team.

The functioning of the officer education system presupposes the close unity of all the components (directions) of education, the use of the maximum possible arsenal of forms and methods of work, the coordination of the efforts of all interacting subjects of the educational process in terms of time, events, etc.

In a regiment (on a ship), such activities are carried out in two main directions. The first of them involves the improvement personal qualities an officer with a special military social status, the social significance of his activities, as well as a leader and military specialist.

Officers, as leaders and participants in the educational process, have always been characterized by selfless devotion to the ideals of defense and service to the Fatherland, a democratic style of work, deep, comprehensive, professional preparedness, brilliant knowledge and masterful use of weapons and military equipment, high organizational skills, and a broad outlook. , the scale of thinking, a sense of the new, the ability to fully use the power

ny intellectual potential in military professional activity.

The second direction is the rallying of the officer team, increasing the strength of its educational influence on the entire personnel of the regiment (ship).

Solidarity is an important characteristic of the officer corps, an indicator of its maturity and capability. It represents the ideological, socio-political, moral-ethical, psychological and organizational unity of officers. It is on the basis of the strong unity of the named components of the cohesion of the officer team that it is possible to implement effective educational measures in the interests of the combat readiness of the unit. And above all measures to

ensuring a healthy moral and psychological climate in the team, fostering a sense of pride in belonging to one's team, introducing and developing the traditions of the officer corps of the Russian army.

Consequently, the education of the officer team is the process of forming its qualitative characteristics, which are most

to a greater extent correspond to the needs of military affairs, combat readiness, improvement of the personal qualities of an officer in a team, the performance of his inherent functions in the field of educational work and public life parts.

The personal qualities of an officer are formed and developed directly while studying at a military educational institution, professional development and his further development as a commander, teacher and mentor of his subordinates occurs while serving in units (subdivisions). It is in the process

official activity reveals the officer's personality in many ways, his qualities, abilities and inclinations are manifested.

While serving in the army, an officer performs many tasks, one

However, the main content of its activities is reduced to the implementation of the following main functions: socio-political, organizational and managerial, military-pedagogical, military-special and administrative-economic.

One of the most important functions of an officer's activity is socio-political. The complexity of the implementation of this function is due to the following factors.

First, Russian military construction is carried out in a complex and contradictory socio-political, socio-economic, national-demographic, informational, criminal and religious environment.

Secondly, for recent times the social portrait of the army has changed significantly. Among the young recruits coming

military service, the level of education dropped significantly. Deteriorated physical health and mental condition conscripts. Pacifist and anti-army sentiments increased. Religious and national factors, the problems of drunkenness and drug addiction among young people are becoming increasingly important. The personnel are seriously affected by the criminal situation in the country. The dynamics of crime in the Armed Forces correlates with the general direction of the development of crime in the country. intensifies

tendency of penetration of organized crime into the military environment.

Thirdly, the implementation of the socio-political function is of an acute contradictory nature. The main components of the contradictions are: a) the contradiction between the necessity, the duty of each officer to steadily implement the state's policy in the field of defense construction and the uncertainty, vagueness, lack of clear guidelines for this policy; b) the contradiction between the interest of the state in a strong, combat-ready army and the lack of decisive measures in creating such an army; c) the contradiction between the constitutional obligation of every citizen to defend the Fatherland and the deliberate destruction of the ideals of military service by conducting anti-army campaigns in the means mass media; d) the contradiction between the need to staff the Armed Forces with the best representatives of the people and the decline in the prestige of the officer's service; e) the contradiction between the constitutional duties of an officer and social lack of rights, social insecurity, etc.

There are a number of contradictions that complicate the implementation of the socio-political function of the officer's activity, namely: between military duty and civil rights; between the need for an officer to have a formed scientific worldview and the conditions, ways of its formation; between officer duty, official duties and ensuring the democratic rights of the individual, etc.

At present, in units (subdivisions) it is necessary to sharply raise questions of the formation and development of a scientific worldview among officers, ideological conviction and political maturity, development

their political culture, which in itself general view is considered as a unity of political consciousness and political action (behavior), as a comprehensive political awareness and the ability to defend one's political convictions in a reasoned and convincing manner.

Each officer is primarily a military leader, so the organizational and managerial function is of great importance in his professional activities. The content of this function includes organizing, planning, conducting training sessions and educational activities, streamlining, regulating various

activities of subordinates, setting tasks and their implementation, monitoring the execution of their orders, mobilizing subordinates to solve specific tasks, managing various social processes in subordinate units, leading military teams and individual military personnel, etc. The inconsistency of the implementation of this important function in the activities of an officer lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the processes of organizing the activities of units and units have become much more complicated, and on the other hand, new requirements are imposed on the managerial activities of officers. An attempt to solve new, complex problems with old approaches and methods does not always give a positive result. Therefore, the personality of a modern leader should be characterized by a high ideological and theoretical outlook and political maturity, strong moral principles, the ability to convince and lead people, competence, organization, efficiency, discipline, independence, the ability to create conditions for highly productive work of people, to establish in the collectives an atmosphere of creative search, intolerance for manifestations of rudeness, inattention to a person.

Officers carry out combat and public-state training, educational process, carry out individual work with subordinates. Here, a commander's success is not possible without the ability to study the personal characteristics of soldiers, their social, national and other characteristics, observe the principles of education and training, correctly use their methods and forms, and personal example. It is important for a commander to know how to plan combat and public-state training, independent work of his subordinates. A well-thought-out plan disciplines people and mobilizes them for high-quality performance of the tasks assigned to them.

At present, the importance of the all-round development, erudition and general culture of officers is increasing. The outstanding Russian commander M. V. Frunze emphasized that only the commander who would inspire respect with his knowledge and experience would be able to truly educate, train and discipline his subordinate unit. Only when the appropriate commander relies on knowledge can true discipline be achieved. When this knowledge is not available, then you can only rely on

compulsion. AT modern conditions this indication of M. V. Frunze is especially relevant.

Many officers - commanders of subdivisions, military collectives, today lack special knowledge in management theory, they sometimes have insufficiently formed organizational skills, the ability to effectively manage subordinates. Official authority in work with subordinates is preferred to the authority of the personality of the leader, exactingness towards subordinates is sometimes not combined with respect for the personal dignity of a serviceman and the manifestation of care for him. Rudeness, rudeness, arrogance are often allowed in relations with subordinates. For many leaders, words are at odds with deeds; there is no personal example in service, behavior, communication, etc. This causes serious harm to the authority of the officer in charge and undermines the moral foundations of the managerial activity of officer cadres. Formation and improvement

instilling in officers a managerial culture based on democratic and moral principles is the most important task in educational work with officers of units and ships.

The implementation of the military-pedagogical function in the activities of an officer occupies a special place. The organization, implementation of training and education of subordinates, in order to qualitatively solve the tasks of service activities, maintain combat readiness, strengthen military discipline, form the moral, political, combat and psychological qualities of military personnel, requires the officer to have special knowledge of pedagogy and psychology, methodological skills and abilities , pedagogical culture. Complexity and inconsistency pedagogical activity officer in a unit (unit) lies in the fact that, on the one hand, to the training and education of

military personnel are subject to high demands, and on the other hand, for the implementation of the tasks of training and education, not only are there not enough material resources, an educational base, but there are also no opportunities to organize the educational process in a quality manner. The reduction of personnel does not allow the deployment of full-fledged combat training activities, the personnel are busy with service, performing various household and other work. Household problems take away all the time, study remains only a good intention. Under these conditions, military personnel do not receive full-fledged combat training, training is carried out formally, and officers lose the qualifications of teachers and participants in the educational process, they

all interest in military pedagogical activity is lost. It cannot be allowed to continue like this. A whole generation of officers can grow up in the army who will have only a vague idea of ​​real combat training.

The military special function in the activities of an officer involves the fulfillment of the tasks of a military specialist, knowledge of the theory and practice of military affairs, weapons and military equipment of his unit, unit, ship and potential enemy, his strengths and weaknesses. The inconsistency of the implementation of this function lies in the fact that every year there are changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of equipment and weapons. Less and less new equipment enters the troops, more and more remains old, which has served its due date. New complex equipment requires large material and financial costs, highly qualified specialists. Failure to comply with these requirements leads to accidents. The use of old equipment that has served its time also becomes a cause of accidents. Violation of the established rules for the operation of equipment and weapons is also associated with the qualifications of specialists, which is noticeably reduced due to the reduction in the training time for specialists, the material insecurity of their training. Flights, hikes, combat firing, driving equipment are carried out less and less.

In his activities, the officer also implements an administrative and economic function. The life of servicemen, food, clothing, accommodation, accommodation, the ecology of the military unit and camps of residence of members of the families of servicemen and many other issues are the subject of attention of officers. There are also many problems here, and it takes a lot of time, material and financial resources to solve them. The manifestation of concern for subordinates, their social security, knowledge of the needs, interests, problems of each serviceman, rendering assistance to them largely contribute to the qualitative solution of other very important problems related to the service.

To implement all of the above functions, it is not enough for an officer to be only a good commander or a specialist, an expert in military affairs, and be able to manage a unit. It is also necessary to be a person with a high moral potential, a model for subordinates. Concepts such as honesty, honor, modesty, simplicity, accessibility, respect, benevolence,

adherence to principles, conviction, justice, officer's duty must be filled for him with deep content. The high professionalism of an officer, combined with moral purity, is undoubtedly attractive to subordinates and causes them respect and desire to imitate.

A professional portrait of a modern officer in general can be schematically represented

The social portrait of an officer is very diverse, there is one part of the officers who abandoned their ideals military service and continue to serve further, but they do not show due interest in the service, many of them are ready to retire from the army without hesitation. Not-

The activities of each society most of all depend on its leaders. This psychological axiom prevails all the more in the army, where discipline reigns.

Some officers now serve for a long time, they educate, they are the source of knowledge, they are the highest commanders and they are the guarantee of victories and defeats.

The basis of the entire life and combat activity of the army should be its officers.

If the character of a nation declines, then the great feelings that inspire the warriors also decline: the material goods of the world come to the fore.

Happy are those nations where there is a consciousness that not everything can be bought with money, happy are those where there is an estate of knights who value iron and steel more than silver and gold.

Such a class always gives energy from the idea, the class of martyrs, which is not equal to the energy of interest, to the class from the philistines. The efforts of pseudo-philosophers and subject peoples who dream of independence will always be directed towards destroying the foundations of the army.

Finally, many civilians still do not like officers simply because of petty everyday reasons.

Thus, from various sides, both external and internal, they are trying to prevent, consciously and unconsciously, the development of the army and improve the composition of its officers.

And meanwhile, who does not know the axiom that for the state a lost campaign will always be more expensive than preparations for a victorious war. And who will dare to fight with us when they know our strength and readiness.

Before the unfortunate Russo-Japanese War it seemed that in the life of our army and its head - officers - there are many aspects where improvements are necessary and possible.

At the beginning of 1903, I published my work "Statistics of Generals" where, examining the conditions for the service of a higher command element, I tried to find ways to improve.

Although the book was written with great restraint and, it seemed to me, justly, nevertheless, troubles had to be endured. The bottom line was that some unknown person dared to look for new ways in the training of the officer corps and did not say that everything was fine.

It seemed to me that our army had deviated from the path indicated by the great commanders, the great connoisseurs of man. They began to educate her in a wrong way and teach her not what was needed for the war.

In it, the main attention was paid to the appearance, partly to the life of a soldier, but little attention was paid to the essence of the improvement of an officer.

Gone was the spiritual power, the great connection between fathers-commanders and their subordinate children. The ability to lead and manage, the ability to make everyone and everything go to death has ceased to be valued in practice. There was no need, and I did not want to look into the future. More attention was paid to the exact knowledge of forms, to the ability to manage the household, in a word, to the valor of a peaceful citizen and a good owner.

I repeat, a good composition of officers is the basis of a good combat activity of the army. The Russian army has never had better soldier material than at present, and yet it has only experienced defeat.

“There is no doubt that much depends on the general routine in the institution,

but the main thing will always depend on the personality of the immediate

teacher standing face to face with the pupil: the influence of personality

educator for a young soul is that educational force,

which cannot be replaced either by a textbook, or by moral maxims, or by a system of punishments and rewards.

K. D. Ushinsky

Moral qualities occupy the most important place among all social qualities of a person. Manifested through concrete activity to defend the Fatherland, they are expressed in the concept of the moral character of a military man.

In this way, moral character of an officer- this is a system of certain moral traits in its creation and behavior, which, having relative stability, determine the character of the individual.

Analysis of results pedagogical research conducted in the troops and in universities, made it possible to allocate moral qualities professionally necessary for an officer. It is advisable to classify them on the following grounds:

a) qualities shown by an officer in relation to the Motherland: patriotism, devotion to the Fatherland, loyalty to military duty, responsibility, selflessness;

b) qualities shown by officers in relation to military labor, service activities: courage, endurance, self-control, steadfastness, determination, discipline, adherence to principles, courage, courage, bravery, initiative, military camaraderie, military friendship, honesty, disinterestedness, openness, diligence, diligence, efficiency, independence;

in) qualities shown by an officer in relation to other people: collectivism, justice, generosity, tolerance, exactingness, truthfulness, directness, politeness, delicacy, goodwill, sociability, decency;

G) officer's personal qualities: modesty, pride, exactingness, self-criticism, self-esteem and honor.

A special quality that has absorbed most of the moral traits of an officer's personality is officer honor.

Activities for the formation of these moral qualities are based on a number of principles, including:

• purposefulness of educational influences;
• humanism and democracy in solving problems of personal development;
• education in the process of military labor;
• education in the team and through the team by creating in it an atmosphere of mutual understanding, friendship, camaraderie, social justice, a high culture of relationships;
• an individual approach to the education of the personality of an officer;
• ensuring the unity of word and deed, scientific theory and practice in the process of education;
• unity of exactingness and respect for the individual;
• consistency and continuity of educational influences and influences;
• stimulation of educational activities and self-improvement of the officer's personality.

The effectiveness of the process of forming the moral character of an officer depends on: humanization of the way of life of troops; affirmations of social justice in them; combining the democratic foundations of the relationship of military personnel with one-man command; creating a healthy moral atmosphere in military teams; ensuring personal exemplification of command personnel, as well as stimulating their activity in self-improvement.

Formation of morality - The process is complex and multifaceted. It cannot be instilled or introduced into the consciousness and behavior of an officer automatically. It is formed by systematic educational influences in the course of solving three interrelated groups of psychological and pedagogical tasks.

The first one associated with the development of moral consciousness: professional and ethical knowledge, beliefs and attitudes, moral motives of activity, a sense of duty, honor, conscience, responsibility for one's deeds and actions, for the results of one's work and the training of subordinates.

Moral consciousness, fixed in the relevant views and ideas, ideas, traditions and habits, determines the officer's attitude to professional activities. The unity of ideological and moral convictions allows him to choose the right line of conduct in the educational process, to successfully solve official tasks.

Second- is to form the officer's professional pride and improve the ethics of his relationships.

The success of an officer's work is ensured primarily by his attitude to his profession. This is expressed in pride in belonging to it, in the conscientious fulfillment of one's military duty, in the constant creative search for effective ways to solve educational problems.

No less important are the moral relations of an officer with the military collective, higher commanders, the local population, members of the families of military personnel, parents of subordinates, and with their own family.

To do this, an officer must improve his communication skills with people, show restraint, courtesy, pedagogical tact and moral culture in relationships with them. This requires a thorough psychological and professional preparation from him.

The third group of tasks covers issues of moral behavior of an officer. It is a concrete expression of the level of development of moral qualities and traits of his personality as a military leader, teacher and educator of his subordinates. In practice, this is manifested in moral actions and deeds, skills and abilities, methods and techniques of the officer's educational influence, moral habits that have been formed and established in his life.

The profession of defender of the Fatherland has always been honorable in Russia. Historically, our people had to fight for centuries against foreign invaders for their national existence. One of the best achievements of the past is the developed code of morality in the Russian army - the basis of the moral character of an officer. We are talking, first of all, about such enduring values ​​as honor and military duty, the system for educating these excellent qualities among Russian officers.

The moral traditions of the officer corps have been preserved to this day. Develop them, make the foundation of the emerging new Russian army is the most important task of the state.

Ideal officer...

“Very bold, but without rashness, quick without recklessness, active without frivolity, submissive without humiliation, at ease without slyness, firm without stubbornness, thorough without pedantry, pleasant without frivolity, benevolent without treachery, shrewd without innocence (stupidity), affable without roundaboutness helpful without greed."

6.1.1. Education of officers

At all times, success in battle was decided not by the most advanced weapons, but by people. They control powerful military equipment, and the solution of the assigned tasks ultimately depends on their morale and combat qualities, patriotism, and spiritual strength. Therefore, the issues of educating servicemen of all categories, maintaining their high professional training and strong military discipline, constant readiness and ability to fulfill their duty to protect the interests of the Russian people were, are and will be the main content of educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The object of education is all military personnel, but special attention is paid to the education of officers, who form the basis of the military team of the unit and are themselves the main educators of military personnel.

In the history of the Russian Armed Forces, special importance has always been attached to officer cadres.. At different stages of the development of our country, the issues of officer training were raised in different ways, but the understanding of one immutable truth was unchanged: officers are the basis of the human factor of the army, the foundation of the morale of the troops. Success in combat directly depends on the level of professional training of officer cadres, their readiness and ability to carry out the tasks assigned to them with full responsibility. Thousands of examples from the history of our army and navy confirm this.

The basis of the military unit, the connection in the social, professional and moral terms has always been the officer team. It acted as a highly organized group of professional military men, united by common goals and interests, joint socially useful activities, military discipline, mutual exactingness, responsibility, help, and was called upon to maintain high combat readiness in every possible way, effectively solve training and educational tasks. This circumstance predetermines the need for a constant purposeful process of educating officers in the interests of increasing the effectiveness of solving the tasks at hand, their pedagogical potential.

The education of officers is carried out through pedagogical interactions and influences of the organizational and substantive order, including a set of measures aimed at ensuring the versatile and harmonious professional and personal development of officers, uniting the officer team.

The functioning of the officer education system implies the close unity of all its component parts (directions), the use of the maximum possible arsenal of forms and methods of work, the coordination of the efforts of all interacting subjects of the educational process in terms of time, events, etc. In subdivisions (units), such activities are carried out in two main directions.

The first of these assumes improvement of personal qualities of an officer as a serviceman with a special military social status, the social significance of his activities, as a leader and military specialist.

The second direction is team building of officers, increasing the strength of his educational influence on the entire personnel of the unit (unit).

Cohesion is an important characteristic of the officer team, an indicator of its maturity and capacity. It represents the ideological, socio-political, moral-ethical, psychological and organizational unity of officers. It is on its basis that it is possible to implement effective educational measures in the interests of the combat readiness of the unit, primarily measures to ensure a healthy moral and psychological climate in the team, instill a sense of pride in belonging to one's team, and to introduce and develop the traditions of the officer corps of the Russian army.

Education of officers- the process of forming qualitative characteristics (properties) of the individual, which would most closely correspond to the needs of military affairs, combat readiness, the performance of officer-specific functions in combat, service, educational, social, economic and other types of military professional activity.

Personal qualities, military-professional knowledge, skills and abilities of an officer as a military specialist, educator of subordinates are formed and developed directly during their studies at a military educational institution. Professional development and his further development as a commander, teacher and mentor of his subordinates occurs while serving in subdivisions (units). It is in the process of official activity that the personality of an officer is revealed in many ways, his skills, qualities, abilities and inclinations are manifested.

While serving in the army, an officer performs many tasks, while the main the content of its activities is reduced to the implementation of the following functions: organizational and managerial, military pedagogical, military special and administrative and economic.

Each officer is, first of all, a military leader, therefore, in his professional activity, a special role is played by organizational and managerial function. This is the organization, planning, conduct of training sessions and educational activities, streamlining, regulation various kinds activities of subordinates, setting tasks and their implementation, monitoring the execution of orders, mobilizing subordinates to solve specific problems, managing various social processes in subdivisions, leading military teams and individual military personnel, etc.

The complexity of the implementation of this function lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the organization of the activities of units and units has become much more complicated, and on the other hand, new requirements are imposed on the managerial activities of officers. Therefore, the personality of a modern military leader should be characterized by organizational and communication skills, the ability to make decisions and organize their implementation, theoretical outlook and maturity, strong moral principles, the ability to convince and lead people, competence, organization, efficiency, discipline, independence.

Officers organize the educational process, carry out combat and public-state training, and conduct individual work with subordinates. Here, success is impossible without the ability to study the personal characteristics of soldiers, their social, psychological, national and other characteristics, to observe the principles of education and training, to correctly use their methods and forms, and personal example. It is important for a commander to know how to plan combat and public-state training, independent work of his subordinates. A well-thought-out plan disciplines people and mobilizes them for high-quality performance of the tasks assigned to them.

The importance of the all-round development, erudition and general culture of officers is now increasing. The outstanding Russian commander M.V. Frunze emphasized that only the commander who would inspire respect with his knowledge and experience would be able to truly educate, train and discipline his subordinate unit. Only when the appropriate commander relies on knowledge can true discipline be achieved. When this knowledge is not available, it remains only to rely on coercion. The formation and improvement of the managerial culture of officers, based on democratic and moral principles, is the most important task in educational work with the officer corps.

Implementation military-pedagogical function occupies a special place. The organization, implementation of training and education of subordinates, aimed at the qualitative solution of tasks of service activities, maintaining combat readiness, strengthening military discipline, shaping the morale, combat, psychological qualities of military personnel, require special pedagogical and psychological knowledge, methodological skills and pedagogical culture from the officer.

There are certain difficulties in the pedagogical activity of officers. In particular, they are connected with the fact that the social portrait of the army has changed, among the young recruits entering the military service, the educational level has decreased, the physical health and mental state of conscripts has worsened. At the same time, the number of servicemen undergoing military service under the contract has significantly increased.

Military special function in the activities of an officer, it involves the fulfillment of the tasks of a military specialist, knowledge of the theory and practice of military affairs, weapons and military equipment of one's unit, unit, as well as knowledge of a potential enemy, his strengths and weaknesses. The difficulty lies in the fact that every year there are changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of equipment and weapons. This requires large material and financial costs, highly qualified specialists.

In his activities, the officer implements and administrative function. The life of servicemen, food, clothing, accommodation, consumer services, ecology, accommodation of members of the families of servicemen and many other issues - everything becomes the subject of attention. The manifestation of concern for subordinates, their social security, knowledge of the needs, interests, problems of each serviceman, assistance to them in many ways contribute to the qualitative resolution of other very important difficulties associated with the service.

To implement all of the above functions, it is not enough for an officer to be only a good specialist, an expert in military affairs. It is also necessary to be a person with a high moral potential, a model for subordinates. Such concepts as honesty, honor, modesty, simplicity, accessibility, respectfulness, benevolence, adherence to principles, conviction, justice, officer's duty, should be filled with deep content for him. The high professionalism of an officer, combined with moral purity, is undoubtedly attractive to subordinates and causes them respect and desire to emulate.

A special role in organizing the education of officers of a unit (subunit) belongs to its commander. He directs his efforts to ensure that the subordinate officers develop a readiness to unquestioningly carry out the order; there was a feeling of officer's duty, honor, pride in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; the desire to improve professional skills, personal responsibility for the training and education of military personnel; caring and respectful attitude towards them. Demandingness must be reasonable, fair, expedient, principled and combined with respect for the personal dignity of the subordinate. This is the main goal setting in the education of officers.

An important goal of educating the officer corps in the unit should be recognized as the creation and maintenance of such a moral and psychological climate when every officer will be in the center of attention: young and who has served for many years, single and family man. The main thing is to create an atmosphere of trust, respect for each other, to preserve and increase the best traditions of the officer corps, and in this an important role belongs to both commanders and educator officers.

Topic: 3 "The place and role of officers in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on information support for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"

Questions:

1. Information work is the most important factor in the successful implementation of the reform of the Armed Forces

2. The tasks of the officer corps in information support of the reform process.

Literature:

1. The concept of building the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation of 08/07/97

2. Defense Law.

3. Journals of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "Landmark" No. 1 and No. 6, 1998.

Question 1 Information work is the most important factor in the successful implementation of the reform of the Armed Forces

At the end of July of this year, the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin approved the Concept of building up the Armed Forces for the period up to 2005. From the moment of its signing, the practical stage of implementing this concept began.

Reforming the army and navy, optimizing their numbers, improving the structure and composition is supposed to be carried out in two stages.

First stage: 1997-2000. During this period of time, the tasks of the Armed Forces will be specified, their structure and composition will be streamlined, parallel, duplicating structures will be eliminated. Work in these areas is in full swing.

Second stage: 2001-2005. This is, first of all, the beginning of equipping the Armed Forces with new systems of weapons and equipment. The reorganization of the troops will be continued. At the second stage, a transition will be made to a three-service structure of the Armed Forces in terms of their areas of application: land, air and space, sea. Preparations will be made for a systematic increase in the quality parameters of troops and forces through the supply of the latest weapons and an increase in the level of operational and combat training, and an improvement in the command and control system of the Armed Forces.

Thus, the main goal of the reform is to create new army, which meets the requirements of modernity, the army, in which it will be honorable and prestigious to serve. An army capable of reliably defending the Fatherland.

In terms of its tasks, scope and complexity, military reform has no analogues in world practice. The main directions of the reform of the Armed Forces.

1. Structure optimization, combat strength and strength of the Armed Forces.

2. Qualitative improvement of the composition of the training and support of the officer corps.

3. Raising the efficiency and quality of operational and combat training, indoctrination of troops, strengthening law and order and military discipline.

4. Raising the quality level of technical equipment of the troops.

5. Creation of economical, rational systems of recruitment, training of military personnel, military education, military science and military infrastructure.

6. Ensuring legal and social protection of servicemen and those discharged from military service, their families.

The reform of the Armed Forces is taking place in the difficult conditions of the formation of the new Russia. The financial and political crisis that broke out in the country left its mark on the construction of the army. Under these conditions, the role of officer cadres in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on information support for the reform of the Armed Forces has increased more than ever.

First of all, what is "information support". Literally according to the dictionary: "Information" is information about the surrounding world and the processes taking place in it, perceived by a person. "Provide" means to supply something in the right amount.

The most important role in reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, along with financial, personnel and other measures, is assigned to its information support. Today, we should strive to ensure that information work becomes the concern of the entire officer corps. To do this, it is important for each officer to understand the relevance of this difficult work, its goals and objectives, and the specifics of its implementation. It is necessary to learn in the conditions of information freedom in society to effectively influence the consciousness and feelings of subordinates.

The events taking place in the world and the country convincingly testify to the growing role of information in human life and activity. However, it is also capable of negatively influencing people, collectives, and even state institutions. AT last years, The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have fully felt this impact on themselves.

Of course, the "moral well-being" of soldiers in the flow of conflicting information depends on the level of their upbringing, education, service and personal experience, many other components.

It is not news what contingent of conscripts, and often under contract, are now entering the Armed Forces. A set of various diseases, including mental disorders, up to 20% of recruits are underweight. What positive information can a person with an empty stomach carry. The difficult situation is with those entering military schools, and now institutes. We all, especially the teaching staff, know that the quality of education in schools is steadily declining.

Taking into account complete informational freedom, or, more simply, informational chaos, it is difficult to deny the fact that the life attitudes of people (especially unprepared, with little experience), their behavior is largely determined by the nature and content of the information they receive. That is why the purposeful work of subunit and unit commanders, their deputies for educational work, and all officers for information support of the tasks facing the Armed Forces is so necessary. The indifference of officer cadres to this problem can seriously affect the course of reforms in the army and navy.

The information support of the reform is understood as a purposeful, integrated use by military command and control bodies, military media, officers of the means and methods of information impact on personnel and society in order to successfully solve the problems of reforming the Armed Forces.

The main goal is to help strengthen the soldiers' convictions about the need and importance of the ongoing reform of the army and navy, to form in each soldier a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of the reform, to maintain high combat readiness, military discipline and law and order.

It is gratifying that information and educational work is becoming more and more a powerful factor in ensuring the combat readiness of troops, strengthening military discipline, a proven means of forming a state-patriotic position among military personnel, a sense of duty, professionalism and strict adherence to the best traditions Russian army and navy.

The most important condition for effective information support for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the purposeful, coordinated use of the information potential available in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

To accomplish this task, by decision of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Coordinating Council of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for information support for the reform of the Armed Forces was created.

A plan for information support of the reform has been adopted and is being implemented. It is aimed at explaining to the personnel the military policy of the state, the tasks military reform, decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on reforming the Armed Forces, ensuring an objective communication to the Russian and foreign public of the content of practical measures of military reform in the Russian Federation; formation in society of a deep understanding of the activities of the country's leadership to strengthen the defense power of the state, increase the prestige of military service and the authority of the Armed Forces.

For this, there are:

Organization of prompt communication to the military and civilian media of decisions on military reform, as well as the positive experience of reforming troops and forces;

Information counteraction to attempts to discredit the idea and progress of the military reform;

Dissemination of positive experience in solving issues arising in the course of the military reform among the troops (forces) and other areas of work.

Undoubtedly, the main burden of information support for the reform directly in the troops (forces) falls on the officers of units and subunits. In carrying out this work, it is important to be able to use, first of all, classes in combat training, UCP, informing personnel, as well as other forms and methods of satisfying information requests from military personnel and civilian personnel.

Question 2 The tasks of the officers in information support of the reform process

In providing information for the reform process, it is extremely important to project the general tasks of the military reform onto the problems of a specific unit (unit). It is important to help people see the reform not only from above, but also from below. For this purpose, it is expedient to make maximum use, first of all, of combat training.

It is no secret that at present the combat training of troops is associated with well-known difficulties. Moreover, the responsibility of officers for its organization increases. In the course of combat training, the entire educational material through the prism of the problems of reforming the Armed Forces, to explain to the personnel the intention, goals and expected results of the military reform.

Public-state training is called upon to play a key role in providing information to the reform process. It has the most systemic organization, has a certain depth of content, and has great potential to influence the consciousness of personnel.

In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of 1993 No. 250, OCP classes are held with officers for at least 4-6 hours a month, with female military personnel - 2 hours a week, with other categories of military personnel - at least 3 hours a week. Training is also provided for civilian personnel.

In comparison with other types of information impact, the UCP has the most developed educational and methodological base, allows you to convincingly and thoroughly convey to the audience the issues of state policy, national history, rights, etc.

It should be taken into account that many officers of the units (ships) are the leaders of the UCP groups. They are faced with the task of effectively using the opportunities of their studies for the purpose of in-depth and comprehensive coverage of the tasks and progress of military reform.

The plans for public-state training of personnel for the 1998 academic year provide for a block of topics directly devoted to military reform. There are topics that highlight the experience of military reforms of the past. Of particular importance are topics that reflect today's problems of military reform in Russia. One cannot do without highlighting certain aspects of the reform in the study of other topics. Much here depends on the preparedness and methodological skill of the leaders of the classes.

Another effective form of information support for the reform process is informing personnel. According to the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 235 of 1995, informing soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen serving on conscription is organized 2 times a week for 30 minutes; ensigns (midshipmen), cadets (listeners) of military educational institutions - once a week for 1 hour; officers - 2 times a month for 1 hour; civilian personnel, family members of military personnel - at least once a month.

Thus, informing, being an operational form, makes it possible to timely explain the measures taken by state bodies for military reform, the facts of the successful implementation of tasks within the framework, reforms in the troops (forces), and the relevant decisions of commanders and chiefs.

It is of great importance to carry out single days informing. Their competent and creative organization allows not only to highlight individual issues of reform, but also provides feedback. An experienced commanding officer gets the opportunity to study the mood of subordinate personnel, their attitude to specific measures in the framework of reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

From the point of view of information support for the military reform, military social work plays an important role. An important place in it is occupied by bringing to subordinates and explaining legal documents as more general, and directly related to the reform of the army and navy. It is especially valuable when an officer not only carries out this work himself, but also attracts law enforcement specialists, representatives of the military leadership, government, and local administration to it. Undoubtedly, such work should be supported by an increase in the level of social protection of military personnel, observance of the principles of social justice in the unit (unit). To do everything possible to fulfill the assigned tasks, to solve the problems of subordinates - the primary task of the commander (chief) of any rank.

It is also important to use such forms as evenings of questions and answers, honoring the foremost workers in service and study, summing up the results of work to strengthen law and order and military discipline.

The effectiveness of the information support of the military reform will not be high enough without individual work with subordinates. It makes it possible to most accurately convey to each serviceman, worker and employee the reform strategy, as well as to set subordinates specific tasks arising from the general logic and goals of military reform.

Along with the listed forms, in the interests of information support, cultural and leisure work should be used. This includes themed evenings, oral magazines, amateur performances, quizzes and more. In a word, we are talking about those measures in which the troops have accumulated vast experience. The list of forms of information work would be incomplete without mentioning wall printing. All that remains is to introduce new ideas and fresh factual material into this work, to adjust it, figuratively speaking, to the pulse of the reform.

Improving the level and focus of informing various categories of military personnel, it is advisable to use the appropriate dates and anniversaries, primarily public holidays and the days of Russia's military glory. The latter are determined by the Federal Law "On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia" dated March 16, 1995.

In order to achieve a greater effect in the information support of the reform, one should not be confined within the framework of a unit (subdivision). The success of the reform largely depends on the attitude towards it not only of the personnel of the Armed Forces, but of the whole society. It is necessary to actively work with the local population, at sponsored enterprises, organizations and institutions.

Conducting information work, the officer must take into account the socio-political reality of today. One of its conditions is a multi-party society. This causes an ideological confrontation between parties and movements, and is the reason for different interpretations of the problems of reform in the media. A complete distortion of the facts is not ruled out. Counteracting such phenomena is one of the most important tasks of officers in the framework of information support for military reform. In this case, it is preferable to work "ahead of the curve", to prevent negative, harmful reform of information. The most effective means of prevention is the timely, systematic and objective informing of the personnel of the unit (subdivision) about the events, facts, and problems of the progress of the reform. The more convincing the information, the less reason for the appearance of various conjectures.

Undoubtedly, speaking about the information support of the reform of the Armed Forces, it is impossible to foresee everything. However, the main thing in this work is creativity and foresight, initiative and perseverance.

Topic: 2 "The Constitution, the legislation of the Russian Federation on the defense of the country. The legal basis for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."

Questions:

1. Legal basis for organizing the defense of the Russian Federation. Responsibilities of public authorities and administration in the field of defense.

2. Legislation of the Russian Federation on the composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Literature:

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. 1993

2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense".

3. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On military duty and military service" dated February 11, 1993.

4. Military law. Textbook for military schools of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Edited by N.I. Kuznetsov. - M.: Publishing house "MORF Military University", 1996.

5. In the service of the Fatherland. A manual for public-state training. Under the editorship of Academician of the LEN RF, Major General Zolotarev V.A., Military Publishing House, M .: 1997.

6. Social and legal protection of military personnel. Collection of normative reports and sample documents. Edited by N.V. Sumenko. Publishing house "Printing yard", St. Petersburg, 1994.

7. Benefits, guarantees and compensation for military personnel, employees of internal affairs bodies, persons equated to them and members of their families.

8. Directory: Federal laws and other normative and legal acts. // Pchelintseva L.M., Pchelintsev S.V. Alpha publishing house. St. Petersburg, 1997

Question1. Legal bases of the organization of defense of the Russian Federation. Obligations of public authorities and administration in the field of defense

The defense of the country is one of the most important external functions of the state. The content of this function includes the implementation of a set of measures of an economic, political, social, scientific, technical, legal and military nature, ensuring the readiness and ability of the country to repel any military attacks, encroachments on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state.

Public relations in the field of defense and military construction are regulated by norms that can be combined under the concept of “defense legislation”. Taking into account the significance and specifics of the actual military construction, from the content of this legal branch, one can single out “military legislation (law)”, which is the core of defense legislation (law). The norms of these legal branches are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993); Laws “On Defense” (1996), “On the Status of Servicemen” (1993), “On Military Duty and Military Service” (1993), “On the State Border of the Russian Federation” (1993), “On the State Defense Order” (1995) , “On the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation” (1995), etc.

Issues of organizing defense and military development are also regulated in the regulatory decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The most important, fundamental provisions on the organization of defense and military development are enshrined in the Basic Law - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Its norms stipulate the obligation of the state to ensure the integrity and inviolability of its territory (Article 3). In Art. 59 of the Constitution establishes that the defense of the Fatherland is the duty and obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Paragraph 2 of this article emphasizes that a citizen performs military service in accordance with federal law, and paragraph 3 establishes the right to replace military service with alternative civilian service if military service is contrary to the beliefs or religion of a citizen.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains norms that fix the constitutional foundations for the powers of the highest bodies of state power in the field of organizing defense and military development. So, in Art. 80, 82, 83, 87-89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the competence of the President of the Russian Federation as head of state in this area; in Art. 102, 104, 105 - the competence of the Federation Council and the State Duma; in Art. 114 - the basis of the competence of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The fundamental principles of defense and military construction are also enshrined in the Laws “On Defense”, “On Military Duty and Military Service”, as well as in the Military Doctrine of the Russian state.

In the Law "On Defense" the first section is devoted to this, establishing the foundations and organization of defense. The law fixes the very concept of defense, thereby determining its content.

Defense is understood as a system of political, economic, military, social, legal and other measures to prepare for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory.

The Armed Forces play the leading role in the defense of the country. At the same time, according to the Law, the Border Troops of the Russian Federation, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation, the troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation, and the civil defense troops are involved in defense.

Of particular importance for the organization of the country's defense and military development is such a document as the Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation.

The military doctrine is a system of views officially adopted in the state on the prevention of wars, armed conflicts, on military development, preparing the country for defense, organizing counteraction to threats to the military security of the state, using the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation to protect the vital interests of the state.

The current Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation were approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 2, 1993. In its content, this document is an integral part of the security concept of the Russian Federation. Its implementation is achieved through the implementation of coordinated measures of a political, economic, legal and military nature with the participation of all state authorities, public associations and citizens.

This document formulated the political foundations of military doctrine, military foundations, as well as military-technical and economic foundations. The political foundations include provisions establishing the attitude of the Russian Federation to armed conflicts, the use of the Armed Forces and other troops; determining the main sources of military danger; fixing the political principles and main directions of the socio-political provision of the military security of the Russian Federation; formulating the tasks of the state in the field of ensuring military security.

The powers of the President of the Russian Federation as head of state in the field of defense and military development are enshrined in Art. 80, 82, 83, 87-89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in Art. 4 of the Federal Law "On Defense".

The President of the Russian Federation, being the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, determines the main directions of military policy and approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation; exercises leadership of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies.

Based on the provisions of Art. 87-88 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the event of aggression or a direct threat of aggression against the Russian Federation, the outbreak of armed conflicts directed against the Russian Federation, the President announces a general or partial mobilization, introduces martial law on the territory of the country or in its individual areas with an immediate notification of this to the Federation Council and the State Duma, issues an order from the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces on the conduct of hostilities. It enacts normative legal acts of wartime and terminates them, forms and abolishes executive authorities for the period of wartime in accordance with the federal constitutional law on martial law.

The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with federal laws, makes a decision to involve the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose. This provision of the Law "On Defense" makes it possible to implement the task of preventing and suppressing internal conflicts and other actions using armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation that threaten its territorial integrity, other interests of society and citizens.

The President approves the concept and plans for the construction and development of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations, bodies. It also approves federal state programs for armaments and the development of the defense industrial complex, programs for nuclear and other special tests, and authorizes the conduct of these tests.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Law “On Defense”, the President of the Russian Federation approves a unified list of military posts to be filled by senior officers, total positions to be filled by colonels (captains of the 1st rank), assigns the highest military ranks appoints military personnel to military positions for which the state provides for the military ranks of senior officers, releases them from these positions and dismisses them from military service in the manner prescribed by federal law.

The President approves the structure and composition of the Armed Forces, military formations (up to and including unification) and bodies, as well as the number of military personnel. He makes decisions on the deployment and redeployment of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations from the unit and above.

The President of the Russian Federation issues decrees on the conscription of citizens for military service, on military training (indicating the number and distribution), as well as on the dismissal from military service of citizens undergoing military service on conscription. It approves the maximum number of military personnel of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies for secondment to federal government bodies.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “On Defense” establish the powers of the highest legislative bodies in the field of defense.

The Federation Council considers:

Defense spending established by the federal laws on the federal budget adopted by the State Duma;

Federal laws adopted by the Duma in the field of defense;

Approves decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law and a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas, as well as on the involvement of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies using weapons to perform tasks not for their intended purpose;

resolves the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the country.

The State Duma is considering:

Defense spending established by federal laws on the federal budget;

Adopts federal laws in the field of defense, thereby regulating various aspects of the organization of defense and military construction.

In addition to these powers, the Federation Council and the State Duma exercise parliamentary control in this area through their security and defense committees.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation “implements measures to ensure the defense of the country” (paragraph “e” of Article 114). This constitutional norm is specified in Art. 6 of the Law "On Defense", which establishes the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.

Government:

Carries out measures to ensure defense and bears responsibility within its powers for the condition and provision of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;

Manages the activities on defense issues of federal executive bodies subordinate to him.

Submits to the State Duma proposals on defense spending in the federal budget.

Organizes the equipping of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies with weapons and military equipment according to their orders;

Organizes their provision with material resources, energy and other resources and services on their orders;

Organizes the development and implementation of state armament programs and the development of the defense industrial complex.

Organizes the development and implementation of plans for the transfer (mobilization plans) of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and the country's economy to work in wartime conditions, as well as plans for the creation of stocks of material assets of the state and mobilization reserves;

Manages the mobilization training of executive bodies of local self-government and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, transport, communications and the population of the country.

In the field of military education, the Government of the Russian Federation makes decisions on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of military educational institutions of professional education, faculties of military training and military departments under educational institutions higher professional education; approves the Regulations on military departments at these institutions.

Among the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, an important place is occupied by the organization of the development of a federal state program for the operational equipment of the country's territory for defense purposes and the implementation of measures for the implementation of the program, as well as the development of plans for the deployment on the territory of the Russian Federation of facilities with nuclear charges, facilities for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear waste.

An important place in the leadership of defense and military construction belongs to the Security Council of the Russian Federation, headed by the President. The Security Council is a constitutional body that prepares decisions of the President of the Russian Federation on issues of ensuring the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, and the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of security. The tasks and functions of the Security Council, its composition and formation procedure, work procedure and other issues are regulated by the Law “On Security” and the Regulations on the Security Council of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on July 10, 1996.

In addition to the highest executive authorities of the Russian Federation, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and local self-government bodies participate in the organization and provision of defense and military development. The functions and responsibilities of these bodies are also enshrined in federal law“On Defense”, which emphasizes that they carry out this work in cooperation with military command and control bodies.

Organizing and ensuring the implementation of legislation in the field of defense, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and local governments:

Participate in the development and provision of programs for the operational equipment of the territory and the preparation of communications for defense purposes;

Organize and ensure military registration, preparation of citizens for military service, conscription

service and mobilization;

Make reservations for the period of mobilization and in wartime;

Provide accounting and mobilization preparation of transport and other technical means for defense purposes;

Organize work on military-patriotic education;

meet the needs for material resources, energy and other resources and services;

Provide social guarantees established in connection with military service, participation in hostilities;

Ensure the implementation of mobilization plans and tasks for the accumulation of state and mobilization reserves;

Participate in planning and provide measures for civil and territorial defense;

ensure the fulfillment of the defense order.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies are not included in the system of state authorities. However, in the field of defense, they are vested with separate state powers.

Question: 2 Legislation of the Russian Federation on the composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ..

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is a state military organization that forms the basis of the country's defense. The Armed Forces consist of central bodies of military administration, associations, formations, military units and organizations that are part of the services and branches of the Armed Forces, the Logistics of the Armed Forces and troops that are not included in the branches and branches of the armed forces.

The type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is their component, characterized by special weapons and designed to perform the assigned tasks, as a rule, in any environment. These are the Strategic Missile Forces, Ground troops. Air defense troops. Air Force, Navy.

A branch of service is understood to be a part of a branch of the Armed Forces that is distinguished by its main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training, and the ability to perform specific combat missions.

The ground forces include: rocket troops and artillery; motorized rifle; tank; airborne troops; air defense troops; special forces (engineering, chemical, radio engineering, communications, automobile, road, pipeline).

In the air defense forces - anti-aircraft missile; fighter aviation; radio troops.

The Air Force consists of long-range, front-line and military transport aviation.

The composition of the Navy includes: surface, submarine forces of the fleet; naval aviation; coastal troops; Marines; auxiliary fleet.

Other troops are also intended to solve the problems of the country's defense, which include: Border Troops of the Russian Federation; internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation; Railway troops of the Russian Federation; troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information; civil defense troops.

The Armed Forces are designed to repel aggression, to defend the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation by armed means, and to carry out tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.

In accordance with the main provisions of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces and other troops can be used to counter internal sources of military threats. To prevent and suppress internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of Russia that threaten its territorial integrity, other interests of society and Russian citizens, mainly internal troops and internal troops are involved. They ensure the protection of public order and the maintenance of the legal regime of the state of emergency in the conflict area; carry out localization and blockade of conflict areas; stop armed clashes; carry out measures to disarm and liquidate armed formations and to seize weapons from the population in the conflict area, etc.

To assist law enforcement agencies and internal troops The Ministries of Internal Affairs may involve separate formations of the Armed Forces and other troops in the localization and blocking of the conflict area, suppression of armed clashes and separation of the opposing sides, as well as in the protection of strategically important objects in the manner prescribed by applicable laws.

The state border of the Russian Federation is guarded by the Border Troops. The Armed Forces may also be entrusted with the task of providing assistance in protecting the State Border, assisting in the protection of sea lanes, important state facilities and economic zones, in the fight against terrorism, drug trafficking, piracy. The forces and means of the Armed Forces and other troops may also be involved in rendering assistance to the population in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.

The involvement of the Armed Forces in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws.

The use of the Armed Forces to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of and in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation and specified in these treaties and agreements. Part of the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be part of the joint armed forces or be under joint command in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The Law "On Defense" for the first time formulated the legal basis for resolving issues related to the deployment of the Armed Forces. The deployment of associations, formations and military units is carried out in accordance with the tasks of defense and the socio-economic conditions of the places of deployment. The redeployment of military units and subunits within the territories transferred to the use of the Ministry of Defense is carried out by decision of the Minister of Defense, and from formations and above - by decision of the President of the Russian Federation.

Topic: 4 "Traditions of the spiritual culture of the officer corps of the Russian army"

Cultural traditions of the Russian army. The influence of outstanding Russian commanders on the development of the educational process in the Russian army.

Russian officers - customs and traditions. military theme in Russian artistic culture.

Literature:

2. Volkov S. Russian officer corps, - M: Military publishing house, 1993,

3. Krivitsky L. Traditions of Russian officers. - M. 1945. On the duty and honor of the military in the Russian army. -M. Military Publishing, 1990

4. Mishanov S. Traditions and spiritual culture of the officer corps of the Russian army // Orien. 1996 - No. 2,

5. Sakhansky N. The moral character of an officer of the Russian army // Landmark - 1997 - No. 3

6. Shmakov Yu. Moral qualities of an officer of the Russian army 18-19 in / Military. thought 1994 - No. 2.

Introduction

The Russian army is going through hard times. The moral values ​​that held together the collectives of the Armed Forces of the USSR for decades have disappeared. At the same time, let's take a look at the moral qualities of a military man, at those guidelines that, over the course of 2 centuries of history, allowed the Russian officer to be a model of serving the Fatherland.

At military affairs in Russia richest history. And always Russian warriors were loved and respected by compatriots. One of the reasons for that is high level spirituality of the Russian military. For centuries, a code of morality has been worked out in the Russian army. His enduring values ​​- fidelity to duty, military honor, dignity, pride in belonging to the profession of the defender of the Fatherland - were preserved as shrines and passed down from generation to generation, tested for strength in battles and brought up in military labor. What determined the moral qualities of an officer, how were they acquired, and to what extent did they influence the strength of the Russian army? First of all, it should be noted that the moral image of a person is not least determined by the general culture of the stratum or class in which he is educated and formed. The higher the level of culture, the higher the level of moral relations among members of society. There is no doubt that moral qualities are largely determined by the level of education of people entering into interpersonal relationships.

The salvation of society and the army is in the development of culture. Apparently, there is no other way and there can be no other way. Man himself was, is and will be the decisive factor in all transformations. Only such people are able to revive military traditions, raise the authority of the army, its role as a school of education. Today, the way out of this situation is a return to the traditions of the spiritual culture of the Russian officer corps, developed by many generations of Russian officers.

What are the origins of the traditions of the spiritual culture of Russian officers? What is the contribution of Russian officers to its development? What are the tasks for shaping the spiritual culture of today's officers? Answering these questions is the purpose of this lecture.

Question1. Cultural traditions of the Russian army. The influence of outstanding Russian commanders on the development of the educational process in the Russian army

During the 18-19 centuries, the officers of the Russian army were formed, as a rule, from the privileged class - the nobility. Young people called up for service first passed it in ordinary positions, and then received an officer's rank. In January 1701, the School of Navigation began to function; in 1715 - the Academy of the Dark Guard, which trained personnel for the fleet. Since 1731, the training of officers was also carried out in the gentry cadet corps. In the 19th century, a network of military schools. Along with them, there were Cossack educational institutions, various kinds of officer classes and schools, military gymnasiums, and there was a system for the production of private officers for military merit.

All these elements of the organization of study and service directly influenced the formation moral character Russian officer.

One of the main requirements for the officer corps since the time of Peter I was a high moral qualification, understood as a set of those personal qualities that are necessary for a person who decides to devote himself to serving the Fatherland.

A kind of attestation to a candidate for officers was given by the society of officers of a given regiment through a secret ballot. Under such conditions, despite the class diversity, the command staff was distinguished by rare camaraderie and unanimity.

For the education of the qualities necessary for military service, during the reign of Catherine II, "Rules were issued according to which every officer, following military service with full pleasure, can continue." They condemned drunkenness, lies, idle talk, bragging. A young man must take care of himself so that he does not become famous with such a title.

Loyalty to the Orthodox faith was considered an indispensable quality of a Russian soldier and officer. Peter I, in one of his orders to the army, declared: "Faith and piety are especially necessary for a warrior; he is more often than others in fire, more often than others they meet with death, and more often than others he needs those consolations that are given to people by the holy Christian faith." Loyalty to the Christian faith as a necessary moral quality of an officer and war was also noted by A.V. Suvorov. In this regard, it is necessary to remember that since 1710 the institute of the military clergy existed and worked well in Russia. At the heart of his educational work were the dogmas of Orthodoxy, the traditions of the Russian army. It was the feeling of deep patriotism that was the foundation of her morality, it was this feeling that permeated the age-old motto: "For the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland!" To this we can add that even now faith in the noble goals of defending the Fatherland can hold military teams together. Now the connection between the army and the church is being established in order to spiritually educate the Russian army, and the laws now do not prohibit an officer from performing religious rites during office hours.

An important place in the development of high moral qualities already in the 18th century was occupied by the study of History. Acquaintance with the activities of the great men, who became famous for their courage and devotion to the Fatherland, contributed to the upbringing of firmness of spirit and fearlessness in their descendants. A.V. wrote about the benefits of reading books on history and military art, about the qualities necessary for military service. Suvorov to one of his relatives: Military virtues are: courage for a soldier, courage for an officer, courage for a general, but these must be guided by the rules of order and severity, and controlled by vigilance and insight. Be sincere with your friends, moderate in your needs, and blameless in your conduct.

In the service of his sovereign, he shows fiery rationality; love true glory; distinguish piety from arrogance and pride. Learn to forgive the mistakes of your neighbor in advance and never sell them in yourself. Know how to take advantage of the position of the place, be patient in the labors of the military, do not lose heart in misfortune, warn true, doubtful and false objects, beware of passion. Keep in the memory of your great husbands, imitate them ... "

A Russian officer is always characterized by love for the Fatherland, pride in belonging to the Russian people. On the eve of the Battle of Poltava, Peter I, addressing the army, uttered significant words: “Warriors, the hour has come that should decide the fate of the fatherland! You should not think that you are fighting for Peter, but for the state entrusted to Peter, for your family, for the Fatherland, for our Orthodox faith and church..."

A.V. Suvorov repeatedly reminded his subordinates of patriotic feelings.” We are Russians! "Will we all win?" These tin served as the first commandment of a Russian officer.

Therefore, it is not surprising that the officers of this period of Russian military history distinguished by extraordinary nobility, an amazing ability to suppress personal ambition, to forget one's "I" in moments when it was about the benefit of the Fatherland. "The concept of honor, as a high moral category, without which there is no officer, became the same for the entire officer corps of the Russian army at the beginning of the 19th century What was unworthy of the junior chief, the same was forbidden to the elder, At the heart of everything was the idea of ​​selfless service to the Motherland.

With the departure of the comrades-in-arms of Suvorov, Rumyantsev, Kutuzov from the Russian army, the noble military traditions laid down by them began to disappear. Realizing the pernicious consequences of this and considering that people from the lower classes began to come to the army, the military leadership began to think about creating such a system for training cadets in military schools that would make up for the shortcomings of family education and develop strong moral qualities in trainees. To this end, in 1830, Emperor Nicholas I approved the Charter for military educational institutions of the second class, in which a whole section was devoted to moral education and the goal was "To make future officers virtuous and pious." The educational process was aimed at developing such qualities as piety, a sense of duty, boundless devotion to the sovereign, obedience to superiors, tender respect for parents, respect for elders, gratitude and love for one's neighbor. However, the measures taken could not quickly give positive results. Therefore, after the defeat in Crimean War In 1854-1856, attempts were made to analyze the reasons for the failures of the Russian army. Most researchers have come to the conclusion that the main one lies in the incorrect formulation of the system for training and educating a soldier, that the soldier "has deteriorated and is not at all the same as in the era of Suvorov and Kutuzov.

The main reason for the changes that have taken place in the army lies in the moral qualities of the army leaders, Minister of War D.A. Milyutin. The army of the era of Suvorov and Kutuzov was strong not only in its soldiers, but also in the spirit and personal merits of its commanders. The general of the old school - a knight of duty and honor, proud of his vocation - saw in his officers the same knights, faithful comrades and assistants. Understanding that an officer is not a slave and day laborer, that the fear of punishment is incompatible with the dignity of a person, this general was looking for sublime incentives to make the officer more willing to work. Proximity to the officer, the charm of the personality of the chief, the development of ambition in subordinates - these are the foundations on which education in the army lay.

Analyzing these events, one comes to the idea of ​​the inseparable connection between the moral state of the Russian officer corps and the affairs on the battlefields.

High moral qualities, such as firmness of character, ambition and honor, conscientiousness in the performance of one's duty, courage and courage, contempt for death and love for the Fatherland, respect for the defeated enemy, philanthropy, a sense of friendship and discipline, became the key to high professionalism. commanders army and navy.

Russian military school has come a long and difficult way of becoming. The ideas of Peter I and his students, which formed the basis for the training and education of troops, were continued and developed over the centuries by outstanding military figures, commanders and military leaders. Through the efforts of the best representatives of the officer corps in Russia, its own national school of military education was created, based on deep patriotism, humanism, a high sense of duty and honor.

Question 2. Russian officers - customs and traditions. Military theme in Russian artistic culture.

The tradition of the Russian army from ancient times was the concentration in the officer corps of people not only highly educated, but also thinking and creative. The activities of Russian officers spread to some extent to all areas of culture.

Literature is the most revealing here. Among the hundreds of Russian writers of the 18th - early 20th century, approximately one in three was an officer or came from an officer's family.

The poets Antioch Kantemir Mikhail Sobakin, Vasily Maykov, Gavriil Derzhavin, Yakov Knyazhin, writers Alexander Sumarokov, Nikolai Kurganov, Mikhail Kheraskov, Andrei Bolotov, Nikolai Novikov, Vasily Kapnist, Nikolai Karamzin and many others entered the history of Russian literature forever.

An outstanding place in Russian literature HUI! century is occupied by Gabriel Derzhavin (1743-1816). He spent the first ten years of his service as a simple soldier. Derzhavin served in officer positions for five years and in 1777 was promoted to captain-lieutenant, after which he was soon transferred to the civil service. An enviable career awaited him - he became governor, state treasurer, minister. But he is best known as a poet. A number of Derzhavin's odes can rightfully be called military. Such are the poet's odes "On the Capture of Ishmael", "On the Crossing of the Alpine Mountains" and others dedicated to A. Suvorov, who was not only the hero of his work.

The 19th century was even more richly and vividly represented by the work of officers. Start Patriotic War 1812 brought into the ranks of the army not only those who already wore an officer's uniform, but also a great many gifted people who sought to meet the enemy with weapons in their hands.

The young I. Lazhechnikov and A. Griboyedov simply fled to the army, rushed to partisan detachment A. Pogorelsky, playwrights M. Zagoskin and N. Khmelnitsky changed the pen to a saber. Decided in different regiments famous writers V. Zhukovsky, P. Vyazemsky, K. Batyushkov, Sergey and Fedor Glinka.

The most characteristic in this regard can be called the work of the hero of many wars and the famous poet Denis Davydov (1734-1839).

It is no coincidence that almost all Russian poets of the first third of the 19th century enthusiastically sang this man. Dyvydov went down in history as a "poet hussar", "singer-hero". The hero of his poems is the dashing shirt of a hussar-reveler and wits. Behind this lively and mischievous world is the chanting of freedom, lofty and noble feelings.

After the victory in the war of 1812, the advanced Russian officers came out as strong supporters of reforms in Russia. Most major poets among the officers were K.F. Ryleev, A.I. Odoevsky, F.N. Glinka, who left to the descendants "Essays on the battle of Borodino" and "Letters from a Russian officer".

Officers A.S. did immeasurably much during this period for the development of domestic literature. Griboyedov, M.Yu. Lermontov, E.A. Baratynsky, I.A. Krylov, K.N. Batyushkov, V.I. Dahl and dozens of other great poets and prose writers. Today, every cultured person knows what the Dahl Dictionary is, but much fewer people are aware of what ....

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