Language norms (norms literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is an example of a uniform, universally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

- compliance with the structure of the language;

- mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;

- public approval and recognition.

Language norms are not invented by philologists, they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the whole people. The norms of the language cannot be introduced or canceled by decree, they cannot be reformed by administrative means. The activity of linguists studying the norms of a language is different - they identify, describe and codify linguistic norms, as well as explain and promote them.

To the main sources language norm relate:

works of classical writers;

works contemporary writers, continuing the classical traditions;

media publications;

common modern usage;

linguistic research data.

characteristic features language norms are:

relative stability;

prevalence;

general use;

general obligation;

conformity with the use, custom and possibilities of the language system.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.
A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of a language system, selected and fixed in the process of public communication.
Normalization of speech - this is its correspondence to the literary and linguistic ideal.

The dynamism of language development and the variability of norms.

“The language system, being in constant use, is created and modified by the collective efforts of those who use it ... What is new in speech experience, which does not fit into the framework of the language system, but works, is functionally expedient, leads to a restructuring in it, and each next state of the language system serves as a basis for comparison in the subsequent processing of speech experience. Thus, the language in the process of speech functioning develops, changes, and at each stage of this development, the language system inevitably contains elements that have not completed the process of change. Therefore, various fluctuations, variations are inevitable in any language.
The constant development of the language leads to a change in literary norms. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago may become a deviation from it today. So, for example, before the word acoustic, toy, bakery, everyday, on purpose, decent, creamy, apple, scrambled eggs were pronounced with the sounds [shn]. At the end of the 20th century such pronunciation as the only (strictly obligatory) norm was preserved only in the words on purpose, scrambled eggs. In words bakery, good along with the traditional pronunciation [shn], the new pronunciation [ch] was recognized as acceptable. In words everyday, apple the new pronunciation is recommended as the main variant, while the old one is accepted as possible option. In the word creamy pronunciation [shn] is recognized, although acceptable, but obsolete, and in words diner, toy the new pronunciation [ch] became the only possible normative option.

This example clearly shows that in the history of the literary language the following are possible:

- preservation of the old norm;

- competition between two options, in which dictionaries recommend the traditional option;

- competition of options, in which dictionaries recommend a new option;

- Approval of the new version as the only normative one.

In the history of the language, not only orthoepic, but also all other norms change.
An example of a change in the lexical norm is the words student and enrollee. At the beginning of the 20th century word student denoted a student doing a thesis, and the word graduate was a colloquial (stylistic) version of the word diploma. AT literary norm 50-60s there was a distinction in the use of these words: the word graduate began to be called the student during the preparation and defense of the thesis (it lost the stylistic coloring of the colloquial word), and the word student began to be used to name the winners of competitions, reviews, competitions awarded with a diploma of the winner.
Word enrollee was used as a designation for those who graduated high school, and those who entered the university, since both of these concepts in many cases refer to the same person. In the middle of the 20th century the word was assigned to those graduating from high school graduate, and the word enrollee has fallen into disuse in this sense.
Changes in the language and grammatical norms. AT literature XIX in. and colloquial speech words used at that time dahlia, hall, piano- those were the words female. In modern Russian, the norm is the use of these words as words male — dahlia, hall, piano.
An example of a change in stylistic norms is the entry into the literary language of dialect and vernacular words, for example, bully, whiner, background, pandemonium, hype.
Each new generation relies on already existing texts, stable turns of speech, ways of thinking. From the language of these texts, it selects the most suitable words and turns of speech, takes from what was worked out by previous generations what is relevant for itself, introducing its own in order to express new ideas, ideas, a new vision of the world. Naturally, new generations refuse what seems archaic, not consonant with the new manner of formulating thoughts, conveying their feelings, attitude to people and events. Sometimes they return to archaic forms, giving them new content, new perspectives of understanding.
In each historical era the norm is a complex phenomenon and exists in rather difficult conditions.

Norm types.

In the literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

1) norms of written and oral forms speech;

2) norms;

3) norms.

To the norms common to oral and writing, relate:

- lexical norms;

- grammatical norms;

- stylistic rules.

The special rules of writing are:

- norms;

- norms.

Applies to spoken language only:

- pronunciation standards;

- stress norms;

- intonation rules.

The norms common to oral and written speech relate to the linguistic content and construction of texts. Lexical norms, or norms of word usage, are norms that determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.
Lexical norms reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books.
Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.

Their violation leads to lexical errors. different type(examples of errors from essays of applicants):

— incorrect choice words from a number of units, including confusion, inaccurate choice, wrong choice of unit
(bone type of thinking, analyze the life of writers, the Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in those years in the internal and foreign policy) ;

- violation of the norms of lexical compatibility (a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, rooted foundations, went through all stages of human development);

- a contradiction between the speaker's intention and emotional-evaluative words (Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and followed it, leaving indelible traces; He made an unbearable contribution to the development of Russia);

- use
(Lomonosov entered the institute, Raskolnikov studied at the university);

- mixing
(Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);

- incorrect use of phraseological units ( Youth bubbled up from him; Gotta take it out to fresh water.

Grammar norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic.
Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or context-inappropriate inflectional form (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. In these phrases, a morphological error was made - the gender of nouns was incorrectly formed.
Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation of oral speech. The pronunciation norms of the Russian language are determined primarily by the following phonetic factors:

Stunning voiced consonants at the end of words : du[n], bread[n].

Reduction of unstressed vowels (changes in sound quality)

Assimilation is the likening of consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness at the junction of morphemes: only voiced consonants are pronounced before voiced consonants, only deaf ones are pronounced before deaf ones: furnish - about [p] set, run away - [h] run, fry - and [f] fry.

Loss of some sounds in consonant combinations: stn, zdn, stl, lnts: holiday - pra[zn]ik, the sun - so[nc]e.

Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, because. their violation creates an unpleasant impression on the listeners about the speech and the speaker himself, distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are fixed in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and stress dictionaries.

Pronouncing dictionary.
The orthoepic dictionary fixes the norms of pronunciation and stress.

This dictionary mainly includes words:

- the pronunciation of which cannot be unequivocally established on the basis of their written appearance;

- having a mobile stress in grammatical forms;

- forming some grammatical forms in non-standard ways;

- words that experience stress fluctuations in the entire system of forms or in separate forms.

The dictionary introduces a scale of normativity: some options are considered equal, in other cases one of the options is recognized as the main one, and the other is acceptable. The dictionary also contains notes indicating the pronunciation of the word in poetic and professional speech.

The following main phenomena are reflected in pronunciation notes:

- softening of consonants, i.e. soft pronunciation of consonants influenced by subsequent soft consonants, for example: review, -and;

- changes that occur in consonant clusters, such as pronunciation stn like [sn] (local);

- the possible pronunciation of one consonant sound (hard or soft) in place of two identical letters, for example: apparatus, -a [ P]; Effect, -a [f b];

- hard pronunciation of consonants followed by a vowel uh in place of spelling combinations with e in words of foreign origin, for example hotel, -I [ te];

- the absence of reduction in words of foreign origin, i.e. pronunciation of unstressed vowels in place of letters oh, uh, uh, which does not follow the rules of reading, for example: bonton, -a [ bo]; nocturne, -a [optional but];

- features in the pronunciation of consonants associated with the syllable division in words with side stress, for example head of laboratory [zaf/l], non-cl. m, f.

Word formation in English language. Devlin D. Types of phonoscopic examinations conducted during the preliminary investigation and in court

A language norm is a historically conditioned set of commonly used language means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a particular historical period. The norm is one of the essential properties of the language, ensuring its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variance of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is called upon, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other hand, to satisfy actual and the changing needs of society. A special case of a language norm is a literary norm.

The main sources of the language norm are:

Works of classical writers;

Works by contemporary writers who continue the classical traditions;

Media publications;

Common modern usage;

Linguistic research data.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

Relative stability;

Prevalence;

general usage;

obligatory;

Correspondence to the usage, custom and possibilities of the language system.

In the literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;

2) norms of written speech;

3) norms of oral speech.

1) The norms common to oral and written speech include:

*lexical norms;

*grammatical norms;

* stylistic norms.

2) Special norms of written speech are:

* spelling standards;

* norms of punctuation.

3) Only for oral speech are applicable:

* pronunciation standards;

* norms of stress;

* intonation norms.

orthoepic norms.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation. Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, because. their violation creates an unpleasant impression on the listeners about the speech and the speaker himself, distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are fixed in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and stress dictionaries. Intonation norms are described in "Russian Grammar" and textbooks of the Russian language.

Morphological norms.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or context-inappropriate inflectional form (the analyzed image, the reigning order, the victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. In these phrases, a morphological error was made - the gender of nouns was incorrectly formed.

syntactic rules.

Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of the main syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include the rules of word agreement and syntactic control, correlating parts of a sentence with each other using grammatical forms of words in order for the sentence to be a competent and meaningful statement. There is a violation of syntactic norms in the following examples: when reading it, a question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Having married his brother, none of the children were born alive.

Speech etiquette. Specifics of Russian speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas of polite communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience awkwardness and difficulties in communication.

Strict observance of speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression of the organization with customers and partners, maintains its positive reputation.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. AT Russian society of particular value are such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, benevolence, restraint.

The importance of these qualities is reflected in numerous Russian proverbs and sayings that characterize the ethical standards of communication. Some proverbs indicate the need to carefully listen to the interlocutor: A smart one does not speak, an ignorant one does not let him speak. Tongue - one, ear - two, say once, listen twice. Other proverbs point to typical mistakes in building a conversation: Answers when not asked. The grandfather talks about the chicken, and the grandmother talks about the duck. You listen, and we will be silent. A deaf person listens to a dumb person speak. Many proverbs warn of the danger of an empty, idle or offensive word: All the troubles of a person are from his tongue. Cows are caught by the horns, people by the tongue. The word is an arrow, if you shoot it, you won't return it. What has not been said can be said, what has been said cannot be returned. It is better to understate than to retell. It grinds from morning to evening, but there is nothing to listen to.

* Tact is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

*Cautiousness consists in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

*Tolerance consists in being calm about possible differences of opinion, avoiding harsh criticism of the interlocutor's views. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

*Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

functional styles. Scientific style.

Functional styles of speech - styles used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

To avoid confusion with language styles, functional styles are sometimes called language genres, functional varieties of language. Each functional style has its own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. There are five main varieties of functional speech styles that differ in the conditions and goals of communication in some area. social activities: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.

Formal business style.

Official business style - a functional style of speech, the environment of speech communication in the field of official relations: in the field of legal relations and management. This area covers international relations, jurisprudence, economics, the military industry, advertising, communication in official institutions, and government activities.

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. Scope of application formal business style- law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style is more common in writing speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Peculiarities:

1) conciseness;

2) standard arrangement of material;

3) wide use of terminology;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, complex conjunctions, as well as various set phrases;

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) tendency to use complex sentences reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

Journalistic style.

Journalistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

Publicistic style serves to influence people through the media (newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, appraisal, appeal. It widely uses, in addition to neutral, high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally colored words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: it becomes necessary to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and the vocabulary related to these topics acquires a journalistic coloring. Among such topics, politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminalistics, and military topics should be singled out.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary, which has a strong emotional connotation.

This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

Functions of journalistic style:

* Informational - the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible

* Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions

Speech task:

* influence the mass consciousness

*call to action

*report information

Vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary, characteristic of the journalistic style, can be used in other styles: in official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist's impressions of these events.

Language norms (norms of the literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is an example of a uniform, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

compliance with the structure of the language;

mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;

public approval and recognition.

Language norms are not invented by philologists, they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the whole people. The norms of the language cannot be introduced or canceled by decree, they cannot be reformed by administrative means. The activity of linguists studying language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them.

The main sources of the language norm are:

works of classical writers;

works by contemporary writers who continue the classical traditions;

media publications;

common modern usage;

linguistic research data.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

relative stability;

prevalence;

general use;

general obligation;

conformity with the use, custom and possibilities of the language system.

A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of a language system, selected and fixed in the process of public communication.

The normalization of speech is its correspondence to the literary and linguistic ideal.

Dynamism of language development and variability of norms

“The language system, being in constant use, is created and modified by the collective efforts of those who use it ... What is new in speech experience, which does not fit into the framework of the language system, but works, is functionally expedient, leads to a restructuring in it, and each next state of the language system serves as a basis for comparison in the subsequent processing of speech experience. Thus, the language in the process of speech functioning develops, changes, and at each stage of this development, the language system inevitably contains elements that have not completed the process of change. Therefore, various fluctuations, variations are inevitable in any language. ”The constant development of the language leads to a change in literary norms. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago may become a deviation from it today. So, for example, earlier the words diner, toy, bakery, everyday, on purpose, decently, creamy, apple, scrambled eggs were pronounced with sounds [shn]. At the end of the 20th century such pronunciation as the only (strictly obligatory) norm was preserved only in the words on purpose, scrambled eggs. In the words bakery, decently along with the traditional pronunciation [shn], a new pronunciation [ch] is recognized as acceptable. In the words everyday, apple, the new pronunciation is recommended as the main variant, and the old one is allowed as a possible variant. In the word creamy, the pronunciation [shn] is recognized as an acceptable, but outdated option, and in the words diner, toy, the new pronunciation [ch] has become the only possible normative option.

This example clearly shows that in the history of the literary language the following are possible:

maintaining the old norm;

competition between two options, in which dictionaries recommend the traditional option;

variant competition, in which dictionaries recommend a new variant;

approval of the new version as the only normative one.

In the history of the language, not only orthoepic, but also all other norms change.

An example of a change in the lexical norm is the words diploma and entrant. At the beginning of the 20th century the word diplomat meant a student doing a thesis, and the word diplomat was a colloquial (stylistic) version of the word diplomat. In the literary norm of the 50-60s. there was a distinction in the use of these words: the word graduate began to be called a student during the preparation and defense of the thesis (it lost the stylistic coloring of the colloquial word), and the word graduate began to be used to name the winners of competitions, reviews, competitions marked with a diploma of the winner.

The word entrant was used as a designation for those who graduated from high school and those who entered the university, since both these concepts in many cases refer to the same person. In the middle of the 20th century the word graduate was assigned to those graduating from high school, and the word entrant in this sense fell out of use.

Changes in the language and grammatical norms. In the literature of the XIX century. and colloquial speech of that time, the words dahlia, hall, piano were used - these were feminine words. In modern Russian, the norm is the use of these words as masculine words - dahlia, hall, piano.

An example of a change in stylistic norms is the entry into the literary language of dialect and vernacular words, for example, bully, whiner, background, whistle, hype.

Each new generation relies on already existing texts, stable turns of speech, ways of thinking. From the language of these texts, it selects the most suitable words and turns of speech, takes from what was worked out by previous generations what is relevant for itself, introducing its own in order to express new ideas, ideas, a new vision of the world. Naturally, new generations refuse what seems archaic, not consonant with the new manner of formulating thoughts, conveying their feelings, attitude to people and events. Sometimes they return to archaic forms, giving them new content, new perspectives of understanding.

In every historical era, the norm is a complex phenomenon and exists in rather difficult conditions.

Norm types.

In the literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;
2) norms of written speech;
3) norms of oral speech.

The norms common to oral and written speech include:

lexical norms;

grammatical norms;

stylistic norms.

The special rules of writing are:

spelling standards;

punctuation rules.

Applies to spoken language only:

pronunciation standards;

stress norms;

intonation rules.

Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books.

Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.

Their violation leads to lexical errors of various types (examples of errors from the essays of applicants):

the wrong choice of a word from a number of units, including the mixing of paronyms, the inaccurate choice of a synonym, the wrong choice of a unit of the semantic field (the bone type of thinking, to analyze the life of writers, the Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);

violation of the norms of lexical compatibility (a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, inveterate foundations, has gone through all stages of human development);

the contradiction between the speaker's intention and the emotional-evaluative connotations of the word (Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and followed it, leaving indelible traces; He made an unbearable contribution to the development of Russia);

the use of anachronisms (Lomonosov entered the institute, Raskolnikov studied at the university);

a mixture of linguistic and cultural realities (Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);

incorrect use of phraseological turns (Youth beat out of him with a key; We must bring him to fresh water).

Grammatical norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation of oral speech. The pronunciation norms of the Russian language are determined primarily by the following phonetic factors:

Stunning of voiced consonants at the end of words: du [n], bread [n].

Reduction of unstressed vowels (changes in sound quality)

Assimilation is the likening of consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness at the junction of morphemes: only voiced consonants are pronounced before voiced consonants, only deaf ones are pronounced before deaf ones: furnish - o [n] set, run away - [z] run, fry - and [zh] arit.

Loss of some sounds in consonant combinations: stn, zdn, stl, lnts: holiday - pra [zn] ik, sun - co [nc] e.

Stress norms (accentological norms)

Accentology studies the functions of stress. Stress - highlighting one of the syllables in the composition of the word by different by phonetic means(raising the tone, amplifying the voice, volume, duration). A feature of stress is its heterogeneity and mobility. The diversity is manifested in the fact that different words the stress falls on different syllables: invent - invent. The mobility of stress is found in the fact that in one word, when its form changes, the stress can move from one syllable to another: earth (I. p) - earth (V. p)

Pronouncing dictionary.

The orthoepic dictionary fixes the norms of pronunciation and stress.

This dictionary mainly includes words:

the pronunciation of which cannot be unequivocally established on the basis of their written form;

having a mobile stress in grammatical forms;

forming some grammatical forms in non-standard ways;

words experiencing stress fluctuations in the entire system of forms or in separate forms.

The following main phenomena are reflected in pronunciation notes:

consonant softening, i.e. soft pronunciation of consonants influenced by subsequent soft consonants, for example: review, - and;

changes occurring in consonant clusters, such as pronunciation of stn as [sn] (local);

possible pronunciation of one consonant sound (hard or soft) in place of two identical letters, for example: apparatus, - a [n]; effect, - a [f b];

solid pronunciation of consonants followed by the vowel e in place of spelling combinations with e in words of foreign origin, for example hotel, - i [te];

lack of reduction in words of foreign origin, i.e. pronunciation of unstressed vowels in place of the letters o, e, a, which does not comply with the reading rules, for example: bonton, - a [bo]; nocturne, - a [facult. but];

features in the pronunciation of consonants associated with the syllable section in words with collateral stress, for example, head of the laboratory [zaf / l], non-cl. m, f.

linguistic speech stylistic literary

Lecture No. 85 Language norm

The concept of a language norm and different types language norms.

Language norm

The concept of a language norm and various types of language norms are considered.

Lecture plan

85.1. The concept of a language norm

85.2. Types of language norms

85. 1. The concept of a language norm

Every cultured person should be able to correctly pronounce and write words, place punctuation marks, not make mistakes in the formation of word forms, the construction of phrases and sentences.

The concept of language norm is closely connected with the concept of speech correctness.

Language norm - this is the generally accepted use of language means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, syntactic constructions.

The main properties of the language norm:

objectivity - the norm is not invented by scientists, is not prescribed by them;
mandatory for all native speakers;
stability - if the norms were not stable, easily subjected to various influences, the connection between generations would be broken; the stability of norms ensures the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the development of national literature;
historical variability - as the language develops, language norms gradually change under the influence of colloquial speech, various social and professional groups of the population, borrowings, etc.

Changes in the language lead to the emergence of variants of some words. For example, the options are absolutely equal tunnel - tunnel, galoshes - galoshes, curd - curd

However, more often the options receive an unequal assessment: the main option is recognized, which can be used in all styles of speech, has a broader meaning; A minor option is one whose use is limited. For example, in all styles of speech, the option is appropriate contract, while the form agreement has a conversational tone. The form phenomenon can be used in all meanings of the word, and the colloquial version phenomenon used only in the meaning of "a person with unusual abilities."

Many forms with colloquial coloring are outside the literary language: calls, understood, lay down and etc.

The admissibility of the traditional and new pronunciation gives rise to the idea of two types of norms - "older" and "younger": the older one is recommended, more strict; the only possible one in stage and announcer speech; the younger one is permissible, more free, characteristic of everyday speech.

Society consciously cares about the preservation of linguistic norms, which is reflected in the process codification- streamlining of language norms. The most important means of codification are linguistic dictionaries, reference books, study guides, from which we can draw information about the correct use of language units.

In relation to the literary norm, several types of speech are distinguished, for example:

elite speech, which is characterized by compliance with all literary norms, mastery of all functional styles of the Russian language, the transition from one style to another depending on the sphere of communication, compliance with ethical standards communication, respect partner;
literary speech of the middle level, which is owned by most of the intelligentsia;
literary and colloquial speech;
colloquial-familiar type of speech (usually speech at the level of family, relatives);
colloquial speech (speech of uneducated people);
professional speech.

85.2. Types of language norms

The most important quality of good speech - correctness - is based on the observance of various language norms. The types of language norms reflect the hierarchical structure of the language - each language level has its own set of language norms.

Orthoepic norms - it is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words, or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.

Here are some examples of mandatory orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants).

1. The explosive sound [g] at the end of the word is deafened and [k] is pronounced in its place; fricative pronunciation [γ] is allowed in the words: God, Lord, good.

2. Voiced consonants, except for sonorants [p], [l], [m], [n], are stunned at the end of words and before voiceless consonants, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except for sonorants, are voiced: [teeth] - [zup] , [kas'it '] - [kaz'ba].

3. All consonants, except [g], [w], [c], before vowels [i], [e] become soft. However, in some borrowed words, the consonants before [e] remain solid: a piece of chalk[m'el], shadow[t'en'], but pace[tempo].

4. At the junction of morphemes, the consonants [h] and [g], [h] and [w], [s] and [w], [s] and [g], [h] and [h '] are pronounced as long hissing sounds: sew[shsht'], squeeze[buzz'].

5. Combination thu in words what to, nothing pronounced like [pcs].

Equally important for orthoepy is the issue of stress placement. As K.S. Gorbachevich, “the correct placement of stress is a necessary sign of cultural, competent speech. There are many words, the pronunciation of which serves as a litmus test of the level of speech culture. It is often enough to hear from stranger wrong stress in a word (like: youth, shop, invention, newborn, tool, document, percentage, whooping cough, beets, athlete, self-interest, associate professor, portfolio, condolences, translated, transported, make it easier for people, etc.) to make a not too flattering opinion about his education, the degree of general culture, so to speak, the level of intelligence. Therefore, there is no need to prove how important it is to master the correct stress” [K.S. Gorbachevich. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1981].

Issues of pronunciation of words are discussed in detail in orthoepic dictionaries, for example: Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. M., 1995 (and other ed.)

Lexical norms- these are the rules for the use of words in accordance with their meanings and compatibility possibilities.

Can you name an exhibition? opening day? The seagull on the curtain is mascot Art Theater or emblem? Are the words used the same? thanks to- because of, become - stand up, place - place? Can expressions be used? a cavalcade of buses, a memorial monument, a forecast for the future? Answers to these questions can be found in lectures no. 7, № 8, № 10.

Like other types of norms, lexical norms are subject to historical changes. For example, it is interesting to see how the norm of using the word enrollee. In the 1930s and 1940s, both those who graduated from high school and those who entered the university were called applicants, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. AT post-war years the word was assigned to those graduating from high school graduate, a enrollee has fallen into disuse in this sense. Applicants began to be called those who pass entry exams at universities and colleges.

Dictionaries are devoted to the description of the lexical norms of the Russian language: Vakurov V.N., Rakhmanova L.I., Tolstoy I.V., Formanovskaya N.I. Difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1993; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1999; Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 2002, etc.

Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.

Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books.

For example, in the nominative case plural nouns, according to the traditional norms of the literary language, most words correspond to the ending -s , -and : locksmiths, bakers, turners, spotlights. However, in some words there is an ending -a . Forms with ending -a usually have a colloquial or professional coloration. Only in some words the ending -a corresponds to the literary norm, for example: addresses, shores, sides, sides, centuries, bills, director, doctor, tunic, master, passport, cook, cellar, professor, variety, watchman, paramedic, cadet, anchor, sail, cold.

Variant forms, forms corresponding to the literary norm, are described in detail in the book: T.F. Efremova, V.G. Kostomarov. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 2000.

Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

For example, choosing the right form of government is perhaps the most difficult thing in modern speech and writing. How to say: dissertation review or for a dissertation, production control or for production,capable of sacrifice or to the victims,monument to Pushkin or Pushkin, decide fate or fate?

The book will help answer these questions: Rosenthal D.E. Reference book on the Russian language. Management in Russian. M., 2002.

Stylistic norms- these are the rules for choosing language means in accordance with the situation of communication.

Many words of the Russian language have a certain stylistic coloring - bookish, colloquial, colloquial, which determines the peculiarities of their use in speech.

For example, the word dwell has a bookish character, so it should not be used in combination with stylistically reduced words that cause ideas of a reduced nature. Wrong therefore: Went to the barn where pigs lived...

Mixing vocabulary of different stylistic colors can be used for artistic purposes, for example, to create a comic effect: The forest owner likes to feast on polydrupes and angiosperms ... And when the siverko blows, how dashing bad weather makes fun - the general metabolism of Toptygin sharply slows down, the tone of the gastrointestinal tract decreases with a concomitant increase in the lipid layer. Yes, the minus range of Mikhailo Ivanovich is not terrible: at least where the hairline, and the noble epidermis ...(T. Tolstaya).

Of course, one should not forget about spelling rules, which are given the most attention in the school course of the Russian language. These include spelling norms- spelling rules punctuation norms- punctuation rules.

Date: 2010-05-22 10:58:52

LANGUAGE NORM, ITS ROLE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE. NORM TYPES.

The concept of "culture of speech"

Our discipline is called "Russian language and culture of speech". We have been speaking Russian since childhood. What is the culture of speech?

The concept of "culture of speech" is capacious and multifaceted. In general terms, it can be defined as the ability to clearly and clearly express one's thoughts, to speak competently, the ability not only to attract attention with one's speech, but also to influence listeners. Possession of a culture of speech is a peculiar characteristic of professional suitability for people engaged in a wide variety of activities: diplomats, lawyers, politicians, school and university teachers, radio and television workers, managers, journalists, etc.

The culture of speech as a special linguistic discipline has its own scientific definition: it is the quality of speech that provides the maximum effective communication subject to linguistic, communicative and ethical norms. As follows from this definition, the culture of speech includes three components: linguistic, communicative and ethical. Let's consider them.

Language component of speech culture

The linguistic component of the culture of speech provides, first of all, its normativity, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers as an "ideal" or a correct sample. The language norm is the central concept of speech culture, and the language component of speech culture is considered the main one. The question of a norm arises when there are two or more contenders for it, for example: a normative kilo é tr or non-normative keel ó meter, normative great danes ó R and non-normative d ó dialect etc.

The concept of a language norm

Language norm- these are traditionally established rules for the use of speech means, i.e. rules of exemplary and generally recognized pronunciation, use of words, phrases and sentences.

The norm is obligatory and covers all aspects of the language. There are written and oral norms.

Written language norms First of all, these are spelling and punctuation norms. For example, writing H in the word workerNick, and HH in the word birthday boy obeys certain spelling rules. And setting a dash in a sentence Moscow is the capital of Russia explained by the punctuation norms of the modern Russian language.

oral rules subdivided into grammatical, lexical and orthoepic.

Grammar norms - these are the rules for using the forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing a sentence.

The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of the gender of nouns are: railroad rail, French shampoo, big callus, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. However rail, shampoo - is a masculine noun, corn, parcel post, shoe - feminine, so you should say: railway rail, french shampoo and a large callus, a registered parcel post, a patent leather shoe.

Lexical norms These are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, the use of the verb lay down instead of put. Even though the verbs lay down and put have the same meaning put - this is a normative literary word, and lay down- spacious. The following expressions are in error: I put the book back He puts the folder on the table etc. In these sentences, you need to use the verb put: I put the books back, He puts the folder on the table.

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepia (from the Greek. orthos- "correct" and epos- "speech").

Compliance with the norms of pronunciation is essential for the quality of our speech. Spelling errors cat á log, sound ó nit, means á and others always interfere with perceiving the content of speech: the listener's attention is distracted and the statement in its entirety is not perceived

Stress in words should be dealt with in " Orthoepic Dictionary". The pronunciation of a word is also recorded in spelling and explanatory dictionaries. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore social role correct pronunciation is very great, especially at present in our society, where oral speech has become the means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, forums.

The diagram below shows the different types of standards.