There will be a chain of two infix calls, the first is the extension function on the object itself, the second is the _ButIfPrefix instance function. Usage example:

Val c = (a % b.size()) butIf ( it< 0 } then { it + b.size() }

Third attempt: currying

Fun T.butIf0(condition: (T) -> Boolean): ((T) -> T) -> T ( return [email protected](thenFunction -> [email protected] if (condition(this)) thenFunction(this) else this ) )
Usage:

Val c = (a % b.size()).butIf ( it< 0 } ({ it + b.size() })
Compared to the first attempt, the location of the brackets in the call has changed. :)
Given inline, we can expect this option to work in the same way as the first one.
You can check this by looking at the bytecode: IntelliJ IDEA has a utility that shows the bytecode that Kotlin code will compile to on the fly, and you can even see how the bytecode will differ with and without @inline.

Performance

We will test on the following example:

Val range = -20000000..20000000 val list = ArrayList () //warm-up for (i in range) ( list add i % 2 ) list.clear() val timeBefore = System.currentTimeMillis() for (i in range) ( val z = (i % 2) butIf ( it< 0 } then { it + 2 } //и аналоги list add z } println("${System.currentTimeMillis() - timeBefore} ms")
Let's add to the comparison the following code, which will be the benchmark of performance:

Val d = it % 2 val z = if (d< 0) d + 2 else d ...
Based on the results of a fifty-fold launch, followed by averaging the time, the following table was obtained:

As you can see, the performance of the simpler first and third options is quite close to the standard; in some cases, code readability can be "buyed" for such an increase in operating time. The variant with a more beautiful syntax is more complicated and works, respectively, longer, but if you want constructions that are very similar to DSL, then it is quite applicable.

Total

^ Russian national language and its varieties

vernacular- words, expressions, grammatical forms and constructions common in non-literary colloquial speech, characteristic of poorly educated native speakers and clearly deviating from existing literary language norms. The carrier of vernacular is the uneducated and semi-educated urban population, sometimes high-ranking officials use words from colloquial speech in order to find a common language with the target audience. The term "vernacular" was introduced by Dmitry Ushakov in the sense of "the speech of an uneducated and semi-educated urban population who does not own literary norms." Jargon- sociolect; differs from the common language in specific vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of phrases and the special use of word-formation means, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system. It develops in an environment of more or less closed groups: schoolchildren, students, military personnel, various professional groups. These Zh. should not be confused with professional languages, which are characterized by a highly developed and fairly accurate terminology of a particular craft, branch of technology, as well as from the "thieves' jargon", the language of the declassed, criminal elements of society. Dialect(Greek - "adverb" from Greek - "speak, express") - a kind of language that is used as a means of communication between people who are not understood by the majority of the public. A dialect is a complete system of speech communication (oral or signed, but not necessarily written) with its own vocabulary and grammar.

^ concept language norm. Variants of norms and their associated difficulties. Types of norms

A historically conditioned set of commonly used language means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a particular historical period. The norm is one of the essential properties of the language, ensuring its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variance of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is called upon, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other hand, to satisfy actual and the changing needs of society. Kinds:

• 
  lexical- ensure the correct choice of words;
• 
  accentological- provide for the correct placement of stress;
• 
  orthoepic- describe correct pronunciation words;
• 
  spelling- fix the uniformity of speech transmission in writing;
• 
  morphological- rules of inflection and word formation described in grammars;
• 
  syntactic- regulate the correct construction of grammatical structures.

^ The concept of culture of speech. The role of speech culture in communication

a concept common in Soviet and Russian linguistics of the 20th century that combines the knowledge of the language norm of oral and written language, as well as "the ability to use expressive language means in different communication conditions." The same phrase denotes a linguistic discipline that is engaged in defining the boundaries of cultural (in the above sense) speech behavior, developing normative manuals, promoting the language norm and expressive language means. The culture of speech, in addition to normative stylistics, includes the regulation of “those speech phenomena and spheres that are not yet included in the canon of literary speech and the system literary norms"- that is, all everyday written and oral communication, including such forms as vernacular, various kinds of jargon, etc. Role.“Man is realized in dialogue” Frankl. In the relationship between people, the culture of speech and its style, the so-called "slang", play an important role. This can best be seen in the communication of people from different walks of life, different age categories, the environment in which they are, as well as the totality of these differences. So, for example, a person who grew up in a small village, who spent his whole life communicating with his own kind in this limited world - let's designate him "world A", regardless of it, a peculiar culture is developed, and more often its complete absence, if we talk about generally accepted moral standards, speech and communication behavior. So two or more individuals from world A, communicating, do not experience the slightest difficulty, since the language, style of speech, the way of constructing sentences, interests, mental abilities, education, moral principles and their development are approximately on the same level. Accordingly, none of the parties experiences inconvenience and the communication process proceeds normally: everyone receives from each other what they started communication for. Both parties remain satisfied, and subsequently just as easily make contact with each other.

^ Functional styles of the modern Russian language: areas of use and characteristics.

functional styles- these are the varieties of the language, determined by the spheres of human activity and having their own norms of selection and combination of language units. scientific style Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc. Formal business style business style used for communication, informing in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Journalistic style Publicistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, and emotionality. This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee. Conversational style The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Differs in great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness. Usual form of implementation conversational style- dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment. Art style Artistic style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech. Emotionality artistic style differs from the emotionality of colloquial and publicistic styles.

^ Lexical norms. The main errors that occur when a violation lexical norms.

Lexical norms regulate the use of words in speech. Lexical norms include:

• 
  word usage norms;
• 
  lexical compatibility norms
• 
  norms of the functional and stylistic belonging of the word (stylistic coloring).

^ Morphological norms. The main errors that occur when morphological norms are violated

Morphological norms are the norms for the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). In morphology (as well as in syntax and pronunciation) there are strong and weak norms. The strong ones are respected by everyone who speaks Russian as a native language. Weak ones are easily influenced from the outside, poorly absorbed and often distorted. A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a form that does not exist or does not correspond to the context. For example: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel.

^ syntactic rules. The main errors that occur when morphological norms are violated

Syntactic norms are the norms for the correct construction of phrases and sentences. Compliance with syntactic norms is the most important condition for the correctness of speech. Syntactic norms include rules for word coordination and syntactic control, correlating parts of a sentence with each other using grammatical forms of words in order for the sentence to be a competent and meaningful statement. Violation of syntax norms leads to syntax errors different type. For example, there is a violation of syntactic norms in the following sentences:

• 
  Reading the book, the question arises about the future of the country.
• 
  The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles.
• 
  Having married his brother, none of the children were born alive.

orthoepic norms. The main mistakes that occur when orthoepic norms are violated

Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos "correct" and epos "speech") - the correct pronunciation. The word "orthoepy" is used in two meanings:

• 
  a system of uniform norms of pronunciation in the literary language;
• 
  a science (section of phonetics) dealing with pronunciation norms, their justification and establishment.

• 
  with emphasis,
• 
  with the pronunciation of e or e after consonants in loanwords,
• 
  with the pronunciation e or e after consonants under stress,
• 
  with the pronunciation of h or sh in combinations of th and ch,
• 
  with the pronunciation of individual words (the use of extra vowels and consonants or, on the contrary, the illegal omission of a vowel or consonant sound in a word),
• 
  with the pronunciation of the sounds [zh] and [zh"] in place of the combinations of zhzh, zhd, zzh.

^ Language and communications: types of communication, rules of communication. How to make communication effective

Kinds: Frontal communication- a type of communication in which transactions go in one direction from the speaker to many listeners, according to the principle "one speaks - the rest are silent." If, for example, during a lecture, a student asks the lecturer a question, then a dialogue may arise between the student and the lecturer, but the type of communication remains frontal, since at the time when one of them speaks, the principle “one speaks - the rest are silent” is preserved . Dialog- a type of communication in which transactions go in both directions between two interlocutors. mediated communication- a type of communication in which transactions go in both directions through information recorded in some form, for example, through text, sound or video recording, drawing or diagram.

^ Speech etiquette and its functions. Etiquette in formal and informal communication situations. Features of Russian speech etiquette

The etiquette formulas themselves do not contain direct messages, but contain indirect ones. The word "hello" in everyday communication means: "I want to maintain a relationship with you," and the absence of this etiquette is read as an unwillingness to maintain a relationship. That is why the norm is to greet employees, customers, partners, visitors, not only at the beginning of the conversation, but also in the absence of the intention to enter into verbal contact. If you entered the office of a colleague or boss, where they are sitting strangers, it is customary to greet all those present. feature Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns - "you" and "you", which can be perceived as forms of the second singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, the official / informal situation. Referring to "you" is not accepted with strangers; in a formal setting; with older people, rank sometimes posts. At the same time, "you" should not be addressed to friends and relatives, classmates or work colleagues. In the official situations (boss - subordinate, employee - client, teacher - student, etc.), the most stringent rules of speech etiquette apply. This area of ​​communication is most clearly regulated by etiquette. Therefore, violations of speech etiquette are most noticeable in it, and it is in this area that violations can have the most serious consequences for the subjects of communication. In the informal situations (acquaintances, friends, relatives, etc.), the norms of speech etiquette are the most free. Often speech communication in this situation is not regulated at all. Close people, friends, relatives, lovers in the absence of outsiders can say everything to each other and in any tone. Their speech communication is determined by the norms of morality, which are included in the sphere of ethics, but not by etiquette norms. But if an outsider is present in an informal situation, then the whole situation is immediately current rules speech etiquette.

^ Official business style and its features

Official business style - a functional style of speech, the environment of speech communication in the field of official relations: in the field of legal relations and management. This area covers international relations, jurisprudence, economics, the military industry, advertising, communication in official institutions, and government activities. Peculiarities: Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

1. 
   conciseness, compactness of presentation, economical use of language tools;
2. 
   the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, money documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;
3. 
   widespread use of terminology, names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in the text;
4. 
   frequent use of verbal nouns, denominative prepositions (on the basis of, in relation to, in accordance with, in the case, by virtue of, for the purposes of, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions;
5. 
   the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;
6. 
   direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;
7. 
   tendency to use complex sentences reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;
8. 
   almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;
9. 
   weak individualization of style.

Oral rules business communication. Telephone conversation

1. 
   Be punctual in everything
2. 
   Don't talk too much
3. 
   Think not only about yourself, but also about others
4. 
   Dress appropriately
5. 
   Speak and write well

^ Preparing and conducting presentations, self-presentations (interviews)

When preparing a speech, remember that this is the most important stage. You should make sure that you have all the necessary information and materials. So, you will need:

1. 
   All information on the topic of the presentation
2. 
   Information about the place and time of the presentation
3. 
   Well-designed visual aids
4. 
   Abstract cards
5. 
   Necessary vocabulary and terminology on the topic of the presentation
6. 
   An assistant in front of whom you will rehearse your performance

^ Preparing and conducting business talks, meetings

A business conversation is a meaningful desire of one person or a group of people through a word to arouse a desire in another person or group of people for action that will change at least one of the sides of a situation or establish new relationships between the participants in the conversation. Training

1. 
   Planning
   • 
     preliminary analysis of the participants and the situation;
   • 
     the initiative to conduct a conversation and determine its objectives;
   • 
     definition of strategy and tactics;
   • 
     a detailed plan for preparing for the interview.
2. 
   Operational training:
   • 
     collection of materials;
   • 
     selection and systematization of materials;
   • 
     thinking and arranging materials;
   • 
     work plan;
   • 
     development of the main part of the conversation;
   • 
     start and end of a conversation.
3. 
   Editing:
   • 
     control (i.e. checking the work done);
   • 
     shaping the conversation.

Written official business speech and its language features

The official business style would be wrong and unfair, it would be inaccurate to call it clerical. This is a whole variety of the Russian literary language. And this style is expedient, having its own means of expression, ways of naming objects and phenomena, and even expressive in its own way. Observing the norms of official business speech, we pay tribute not to clichés and clericalism, but to the objectively established tradition of constructing speech in accordance with the expressed content, situation and purpose of the statement. Two features of the official business style:

1. 
   The content expressed in the official business style, given its great importance, must exclude any ambiguity, any discrepancies.
2. 
   The official business style is characterized by a certain more or less limited range of topics.

^ Types of documents. Language and style of documents for official use. Sample documents for personal use

1. 
   By appointment - organizational documents (Charter, Job description, Position, Staffing, Structure and staffing); administrative documents (Order, Extract from the order, Order, Instruction, Resolution, Decision), information and reference documents (Act, Protocol, Report, Explanatory note, Service note, Letter, Help);
2. 
   By the time of creation - primary and secondary (abstract, abstract, review, etc.);
3. 
   According to the production method - draft, white, electronic, pictorial, handwritten document, typewritten, printed (brochure, book, magazine);
4. 
   By type of content - textual, iconic (graphic), idiographic (schemes, maps, notes), audio, multimedia;
5. 
   According to the method of presentation - electronic, on paper;
6. 
   By place of publication - internal, external;
7. 
   In the direction of sending - incoming, outgoing;
8. 
   By distribution - published, unpublished, unpublished, intermediate;
9. 
   If necessary, technical means - human-readable, machine-readable;
10. 
    By level of secrecy - not secret, secret, with different levels secrecy.

^ Scientific style and its sub-styles: characteristics and areas of use

functional style of speech, literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, inclination towards normalized speech. The style of scientific papers is ultimately determined by their content and the goals of scientific communication: to explain the facts as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns historical development and so on. Substyles:
Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of the style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc.
Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students in order to educate, describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts stated in the text and examples are typical. Mandatory is the description "from general to particular", strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms. Typical for textbooks teaching aids, lectures, etc. Popular science. The audience with this style usually does not have special knowledge in this area. Yu. A. Sorokin points out that a popular science text is written “scientifically, popularly, artistically”, that is, while maintaining the rigor and clarity of presentation characteristic of a scientific text, its feature is the simplified nature of the presentation and the possible use of emotionally expressive means of speech.

^ Linguistic features of the scientific text. Terminology as a system

1. 
   Generalization. Abstraction, abstract presentation. Almost every word acts as a designation general concept or abstract subject. The abstract generalized nature of speech is manifested in the selection of lexical material (nouns prevail over verbs, general scientific terms and words are used, verbs are used in certain temporary and personal forms) and special syntactic constructions (indefinitely personal sentences, passive constructions)
2. 
   Logic of presentation. Between the parts of the statement there is an ordered system of connections, the presentation is consistent and consistent. This is achieved by using special syntactic constructions and typical means of interphrase communication.
3. 
   Presentation accuracy. Achieved by using unambiguous expressions, terms, words with clear lexico-semantic compatibility
4. 
   Proof of presentation. Reasoning argues scientific hypotheses and provisions
5. 
   objectivity of presentation. It manifests itself in the presentation, analysis of different points of view on the problem, in the focus on the subject of the statement and the absence of subjectivity in the transfer of content, in the impersonality of the linguistic expression.
6. 
   Saturation with factual information, which is necessary for evidence and objectivity of presentation The most important task scientific style speech is an explanation of the causes of phenomena, messages of essential features, a description of the properties of an object scientific research, identifying patterns, learning.

1. 
   Lexical units that have a functional and stylistic coloring of a given (i.e. scientific) style. These are special lexical units, syntactic constructions, morphological forms
2. 
   Interstyle units, i.e. language units are stylistically neutral, used equally in all styles
3. 
   Stylistically neutral language units, predominantly functioning in this style. Thus, their quantitative predominance in a given style becomes stylistically significant.

^ Logical structure, construction of scientific text. Ways and methods of creating a scientific text

Composition is the structure, ratio and relative position of the parts of the work. Compositionally, any scientific work, regardless of the field of science and genre, contains two interrelated parts - descriptive (review) and main. The descriptive (review) part reflects the course of scientific research, while the introduction provides a justification for the relevance of scientific research, formulates the subject and the chosen method of research, sets out the history of the issue (if necessary) and the expected result. The main part of the scientific work highlights the methodology and technique of research, the result achieved. All materials that are not essential for understanding the problem are included in the appendix. The scheme for constructing the introductory part of a scientific work (author's abstract, thesis, problematic article, etc.):

1. 
   substantiation of the relevance of scientific research (relevance of the problem);
2. 
   characterization of the theoretical and practical work; history of the research question;
3. 
   highlighting a specific issue (subject of research);
4. 
   putting forward a hypothesis;
5. 
   justification for the use of the chosen theory (method);
6. 
   preliminary formulation of conclusions.

1. 
   a summary of the scientific study;
2. 
   final formulation of conclusions;
3. 
   list of author's works.

^ Primary and secondary scientific texts. Abstracts, abstract: design, structure, language constructions

Primary These are original sources. These include: scientific article, monograph. Scientific article - an essay in which the author sets out the results of a research study. secondary- are created on the basis of primary texts belonging to another author. In the scientific text, the following parts are distinguished: title, introductory part (the purpose of the work is formulated and the choice of the research topic is justified, research methods are described). The main part is divided into chapters in accordance with the objectives of the work.

^ Abstract, abstract, review: design, structure, language constructions

abstract- summary scientific work or several scientific papers.
structure:

1. 
   The introductory part is a bibliographic description.
2. 
   The actual text, consisting of an introduction, main body and conclusion.
3. 
   Conclusions, reference material.

1. 
   Subject of analysis (in a peer-reviewed paper)
2. 
   Relevance of the topic (the work is devoted to the actual topic)
3. 
   The formulation of the main thesis (the question is brought to the fore in the article)
4. 
   Brief summary of the work
5. 
   Overall assessment (thus, the work undeniably opens up possibilities)
6. 
   Advantages, shortcomings (at the same time, the thesis that the noted shortcomings do not reduce the high level of work is questionable)

^ Rhetoric. Genera and types of oratory. dispute in rhetoric

Rhetoric- this is the science of methods of persuasion, various forms of predominantly linguistic influence on the audience. Genera and types of table.

Dispute- public discussion of problems of interest to the participants in the discussion, caused by the desire to thoroughly and deeply understand the issues under discussion. Synonyms - dispute, controversy, discussion, debate, debate. Dispute- collective discussion of moral, political, etc. problems.
Discussion- public discussion of any problems, controversial issues at the meeting. Main feature- lack of a thesis, the presence of a topic for discussion.
controversy- The struggle of fundamentally opposite opinions in order to reject someone else's opinion and defend their point of view.

^ Preparation, creation, delivery of a public speech. Speaker and audience

The preparation of a speech begins with the definition of its topic. Topics should not be abstract, but clear and understandable to listeners, precise and concise. The topic can be chosen by the author himself or it can be determined by a case, a situation. The topic is disclosed if all selected aspects are covered, a sufficient number of necessary facts are given, when the conclusion logically follows from the content of the lecture and everything is clear to the audience. Then they determine the purpose of the speech, because. in one case, the goal is to inform the listener, in the other, to make the listener worry, in the third, to accept the position of the author. The next stage is the selection of material for a specific performance. The speaker should study official documents, reference and popular science literature, summarize observations and reflections.