There are 21 consonants and 37 consonants in Russian:

Consonants are hard and soft, voiced and deaf. The softness of the sound is indicated as follows - ["].

Hard and soft consonants

A solid consonant is obtained if the consonant is followed by the vowel A, O, U, Y or E:

lo ku we fe

A soft consonant is obtained if the consonant is followed by a vowel E, E, I, Yu or I:

be le ki nu la

The softness of consonants is also indicated by soft sign- b. The soft sign itself does not denote a sound, it is written after a consonant letter and together with it denotes one soft consonant sound:

lynx[lynx "], the fire[fire"], winter storm[in "th" ug].

Most consonants correspond to two sounds: hard and soft, such consonants are called paired.

Paired consonants for hardness - softness:

But there are consonants that correspond to only one of the sounds: hard or soft, such consonants are called unpaired.

Unpaired hard consonants(always solid): F [g], W [w], C [c].

Unpaired soft consonants(always soft): H [h "], U [u"], Y [y"].

In Russian there is a long voiced soft sound [zh "]. It is found in a small number of words and is obtained only when pronouncing letter combinations zhzh, zhzh, zhd: reins, rattle, rain.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Consonants can be divided into voiceless and voiced.

Deaf consonants are called such sounds, the pronunciation of which does not use a voice, they consist only of noise, for example: sounds [s], [w], [h "].

Voiced consonants are called such sounds, the pronunciation of which uses the voice, that is, they consist of voice and noise, for example: sounds [p], [g], [d].

Some sounds make up a pair: voiced - deaf, such sounds are called paired.

Paired consonants for deafness - voicedness:

Unpaired voiced consonants: Y, L, M, N, R.

Unpaired voiceless consonants: X, C, H, W.

Hissing and whistling consonants

The sounds [zh], [w], [h "], [u"] are called hissing consonants. The sounds [w] and [w] are unpaired hard hissing consonants:

beetle[beetle], jester[jester]

The sounds [h "] and [u"] are unpaired soft hissing consonant sounds:

siskin[h "izh], shield[shield]

Sounds [z], [z "] [s], [s"], [c] are called whistling consonants.

Letter and sound Y

The letter Y (and short) means the sound [y "]: paradise [paradise"]. The letter Y is written:

1. At the beginning of words: iodine, yogurt.
2. In the middle of words, before consonants: like, T-shirt, coffee pot.
3. At the end of the words: paradise, May, yours.

The sound [th "] is more common than the letter Y, since it appears in words where there is no letter Y, but there are vowels I, E, Yu and Y. Let's consider in which cases the sound [y"] occurs in words that do not contain the letter Y:

1. vowels I, E, Yu and Yo are at the beginning of the word: pit [th "ama]
2. the vowels I, E, Yu and Yo are after the vowels: blowing [blow it]
3. the vowels I, E, Yu and Yo stand after a separating hard sign (b): entry [vy "ezd]
4. vowels I, E, Yu and Yo are after the dividing soft sign (b): pouring [l "th" from]
5. the vowel And stands after the separating soft sign (b): hives [st "th" and]

Sound is the smallest unit of language, pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, human hearing perceives all the sounds that it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are unique to his native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.

33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other, form words.

36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [u], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [h "], [c"], [ d "], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [n"], [r"], [ f "], [g"], [x"].

The consonants are divided into:

• soft and hard;

voiced and deaf;

paired and unpaired.

Soft and hard consonants

The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.

At the time of pronunciation soft sound the tongue is pressed against the palate more strongly than when pronouncing a solid consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant from each other. In order to determine in a letter whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.

Consonants are classified as solid in such cases:

• if letters a, o, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
• after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
• if the sound is at the end of the word - [gloom], [friend], [table].

The softness of the sound is written as an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], wicket - [kal'itka], fir - [p'ir].

It should be noted that the sounds [u ’], [d ’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [g].

The consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by "b" and vowels: i, e, u, i, e. For example: gene - [g "en], len - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [v" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].

Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds

According to the voicedness, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [c], [h], [g], [b], [g], [d], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].

Examples: [boron], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].

Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [dream], [noise], [u "uk], [choir], [king"], [ch "an].

Paired voiced and deaf consonants include: [b] - [n], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: true story - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - court, live - sew.

Sounds that do not form a pair: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].

Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [n] - [n"], [m] - [m"], [c] - [c"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f "], [k] - [k"], [h] - [h "], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: true story - white, height - branch, city - cheetah, cottage - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - pen, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.

Table for memorizing consonants

To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.

Table. Consonants: hard and soft

Solid - before the letters A, O, U, S, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I	Hard and soft consonants
	b	ball	b"	battle
	in	howl	in"	eyelid
	G	garage	G"	hero
	d	hole	d"	tar
	h	ash	h"	yawn
	to	godfather	to"	sneakers
	l	vine	l"	foliage
	m	March	m"	month
	n	leg	n"	tenderness
	P	spider	P"	song
	R	growth	R"	rhubarb
	With	salt	With"	hay
	t	cloud	t"	patience
	f	phosphorus	f"	firm
	X	thinness	X"	chemistry
Unpaired	and	giraffe	h	miracle
	sh	screen	sch	hazel
	c	goal	th	felt

Another table will help memorize consonant sounds.

Table. Consonants: voiced and voiceless

Paired	voiced	Deaf
	B	P
	AT	F
	G	To
	D	T
	AND	W
	W	FROM
Unpaired	L, M, N, R, Y	X, C, H, W

Children's poems for better mastering of the material

The letters are exactly 33 in the Russian alphabet,

To find out how many consonants -

Subtract ten vowels

Signs - hard, soft -

It will immediately become clear:

It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.

Soft and hard consonants are very different,

But not dangerous at all.

If we pronounce with noise, then they are deaf.

Consonant sounds proudly say:

They sound different.

Hard and soft

Actually very light.

One simple rule to remember forever:

W, C, F - always solid,

But H, W, Y - only soft,

Like cat paws.

Let's soften the others like this:

If we add a soft sign,

Then we get spruce, moth, salt,

What a clever sign!

And if we add the vowels I, I, E, E, Yu,

We get a soft consonant.

Signs-brothers, soft, hard,

We don't pronounce

But to change the word

Let's ask for their help.

The rider is riding a horse

Kon - use in the game.

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveness" of our mother tongue, is the merit of its constituent words. But before you learn how to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.

When studying a language with a child, you need to clearly make him understand the differences between oral and writing. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is, and what is a letter.

Sounds are what we perceive with our ears. Our brain easily separates what is related to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.

A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But, here for the child lies a very big difficulty. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper, in different words may differ in one direction or the other.

How many letters and sounds in the Russian language and alphabet and their ratio

IMPORTANT: We hear sounds and can make our own speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! There are sounds in all languages. Even in those where there is no writing.

In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced. "b" and "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.

There is also such a "school" word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] pronounced sound [S].

There are still a lot of words in Russian that are not pronounced the way they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.

Alphabet

Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for each people who created their own language, it differs in features characteristic of this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that uses a particular people, there is a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all letters used in writing, standing in strict order.

The alphabet of the Russian language has 33 letters and looks like this:

The alphabet is the base of any language that everyone who learns it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Of course. But, in addition to being able to express your thoughts, you need to learn how to write and read. And this can not be done without knowing the alphabet.

Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, a small primer that the child can take with him on walks or trips.

In our computerized age, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help you learn the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can connect your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be of interest to the child. Then the training will go faster and more efficiently.

INTERESTING: Teachers came up with a very interesting and fun way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we should not forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, collect them from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter that the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.

Vowel sounds and letters

Introducing the alphabet to a child is a very exciting activity. But, this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue the study of its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.

Those letters that are pronounced lingeringly are called vowels.

• There are 10 vowels in Russian "A", "E", "E", "I", "O", "U", "S", "E", "Yu", "I"
• 6 vowels [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s]. Usually vowels in school curriculum should be highlighted in red.

We have already identified the difference between elementary particles language.

Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotated. They mean one or two sounds.

From this table - this difference can be seen again:

INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter "Yo". Today it is mistakenly considered that it was introduced into our alphabet by Karamzin. But, it's not. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783 at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters "IO" to one "Yo".

Stressed and unstressed vowels

• Stressed vowel pronounced with great force and does not change.

For example: sn e g, st ý l, sh a f

• unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.

For example: to O rzina (heard instead of O, sound BUT), m E two d (In the first unstressed vowel instead of E, is heard And), pl E cho (vowel And heard instead E).

IMPORTANT: The stress is not put in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.

Vowels Iotated letters I, Yu, E, Yo make the consonant sound in front of them soft and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], ё → [o], yu → [y], i → [a ].

For example:

• At the beginning of a word: hedgehog [y'ozhik]
• In the middle of a word: shelter [at y'ut]
• At the end of a word: gun [rouge y'o]

Hard and soft vowels directly affect consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in a word "package"), and soft (in the word "cookie").

Consonants and letters

Consonants are called such because of the inclusion of consonants in their composition. There are 36 consonants in Russian:

Soft sounds are marked with an apostrophe.
And 21 consonants:

Consonants and sounds soft and hard: table

Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but "Hand"- solid. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. Soften the sounds of iot vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" and "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:

• "White"
• "Love"
• "Friday"

Also softens the sounds of the letter "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. An important role is played by the presence of a soft sign at the end of the word:

• "Linen" and "laziness"

A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:

• "Skates"

Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table

Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Voiced are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a deaf sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.

Voiced consonants

are formed during the passage of an air stream through the passage of the oral cavity and vibration vocal cords. This results in consonants such as:

When forming voiceless consonants

To make it easy to remember deaf consonants, remember the expression: STEPKA DO YOU WANT A PIECE? - FI!

If you delete all vowels from this expression, only deaf consonants remain.

Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table

By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:

Paired and unpaired voiced and deaf consonants: table

In Russian, it is customary to distinguish pairs of deaf-voiced consonants:

The remaining consonants are unpaired:

Sometimes there is a "forced" deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This is due to the position of the sound in the word. A common example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] and booth [butka].

Sonorant- voiced unpaired consonants. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]

Noisy consonants - there are voiced and deaf:

1. Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [c], [h'], [w], [w'];
2. Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [h], [h '].

Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:

Hissing consonants

Consonants "AND", "SH", "H" and "SCH" are called hissing. These letters bring some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. While studying these letters, the child should know the rules:

• "ZhI" — "SHI" write with "AND"
• "CHA" — "ShA" with a letter "BUT"
• "CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"

Letters "AND" and "H" are voiced, and the other two ( "SH" and "SCH") deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that it is impossible to pronounce from without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce hissing consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment to these sounds.

The letter "and short" denotes the consonant sound th

Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets where the Cyrillic alphabet is used. In the Russian alphabet, this letter occupies the 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and voiced consonant J.

It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil type was introduced (as opposed to the church type), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" missing an important part. At the same time, the sound that was designated by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" in the letter succeeded under Peter I. But, at the same time, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.

Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, to such sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still refers to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.

Which letters have multiple sounds?

Ribbon of letters and sounds for elementary school

Very good help in learning the Russian language in various manuals. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, develop children's reading skills faster, and facilitate phonetic parsing the words.

Even at first glance "Tape of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from the case. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can self-teach their child literacy with this tool.

All our communication takes place through words. You can talk with the interlocutor, or you can write letters. Words are formed into sentences, being the basis for written and oral speech. And often, when compiling a complex sentence, doubt arises about its infallibility.

Definition of a complex sentence

Difficult sentence can be seen as a combination of several simple sentences. Bound by semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonationally, a complex sentence has at least two grammatical bases (subject and predicate).

For example: It rained in the morning, and the roads were covered with shiny puddles. . This proposal has two grammar basics It was raining and the roads were covered.

Types of complex sentences

All types of complex sentences that exist in the Russian language can be represented as a diagram:

The formation of allied complex sentences occurs with the help of a union. They are different for each species.

Compound sentence

In such a sentence, the parts are equal and independent of each other, questions from one to the other are not asked.

Depending on the unions present in the sentence, compound sentences are divided into three groups:

• Connecting. Events occur sequentially or simultaneously. These include unions AND, ALSO, ALSO, YES, NOR ... NOR, NOT ONLY ... BUT AND, YES AND ( It was already quite dark, and it was necessary to part).
• Opposite. Actions are opposed to each other, unions BUT, A, YES, HOWEVER, ZATO, SAME are used ( We waited for them for a very long time, but they never came.).
• Dividing. Events alternate or mutually exclude. The unions EITHER, OR, THAT ... THAT, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT, OR ... OR ( Is the sun shining or is it raining).

Complex sentence

The main difference between such proposals is the presence of the main and dependent (subordinate) parts. Simple sentences connect subordinating unions and allied words WHAT, TO, IF, WHEN, WHY, ALTHOUGH, WHAT, BEFORE, etc., which are always placed in the subordinate part. It, in turn, can be located both in front of the main part, and in its middle or at the end ( We will go sunbathing if the weather is good).

Unionless proposal

The combination of simple sentences occurs without the help of unions or allied words, but only with intonation and meaning. Union-free complex sentences are divided into two types: equal - the order of the parts of the sentence is free ( Spring has come, the birds sang songs louder), and unequal - when one of the parts carries the main meaning of the statement, while others reveal it ( I like spring: the sun warms, the snow melts, the first snowdrops appear).

Punctuation in complex sentences

When deciding which punctuation mark to use in complex sentences, one should adhere to the rule that simple sentences are always separated. In most cases, this is a comma. But there are exceptions.

In a compound sentence, a comma is not put if its parts are separated by the unions AND, OR, OR and have a common subordinate clause or a common minor member (The earth was covered with a white blanket of snow and dried frost). Also, a comma is not placed between two interrogative sentences ( What time is it and when will father come?).

A complex sentence does not have a comma in the case when several homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by conjunctions AND, OR (I think that today is a beautiful day and you can go for a walk). Such expressions as WHATEVER IT WAS, WHO IS GOOD FOR WHAT, AS IF NOTHING HAPPENED, etc. are not subordinate clauses and are not separated by a comma.

AT unionless proposal There is always a punctuation mark, the main thing is to figure out which one. A colon is placed when subordinate clause contains a reason, explanation or addition to the main thing. In this case, the colon can be conditionally replaced by the unions WHAT, BECAUSE, WHAT ( I love summer: (=because) you can walk longer). A dash is usually used where there is a contrast, conclusion or result, and also indicates the time of the action. With a quick change of events, a dash is also put ( Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat). In all other cases, a comma is placed in the non-union sentence.

Perhaps the expression complex sentence sounds a little intimidating. But there is nothing really complicated about it. Remembering the signs by which they differ, you can easily compose a beautiful and competent text.

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more stems, where one stem is subordinate to the other. Since the structure of the sentence, the question from the main stem to the dependent (subordinate) can be different, there are several types of complex subordinate: which one? whose? so that, as, as if, as if which, what, what, whose, when, where, where, etc. the pronoun-determinant refers to the pronoun in the main part of the NGN (that, that, those, everyone, everyone, any, all, all , all) and specifies the meaning of the pronoun who exactly? what exactly? which? how, as if, as if, what, to who, what, what, what, whose, which, etc. the explanatory clause requires words with the meaning of thoughts, feelings, speech (verb, adjective, noun) questions of indirect cases (what? about what? of what?) what, as if, as if, as if, as if, in order to, somehow, what, which, what, whose, where, where, from where, how much, how much, why of the mode of action and degree1) reveals the method or the quality of the action, as well as the measure or degree of manifestation of the feature in the main part of the sentence; 2) have indicative words in the main part (so, so much, so, to that, so much, to such an extent ...). as? how? to what extent or degree? what, so that, as if, exactly the place 1) contains an indication of the place or space where what is said in the main part takes place; 2) can spread the main part or reveal the content of adverbs there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere, etc. where? where? where? where, where, from where time1) indicates the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main part; 2) can spread the main part or clarify the circumstance of time in the main part when? how long? since when? How long? when, while, how, while, after, since, barely, only conditions 1) contains an indication of the condition on which the implementation of what is said in the main part depends; 2) the condition can be underlined in the main part by a combination in that case under what condition? if, how, how soon, time, when, whether... Does the reason contain an indication of the reason or justification for what is said in the main part of why? from what? for what reason? because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since, etc. e. goals contains an indication of the purpose or purpose of what is said in the main part of the sentence why? for what purpose? for what? so that, in order to, so that, then so that, so that, if only, only concessions contain an indication of the condition, contrary to which what is said in the main part is done, despite what? contrary to what? although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let, for nothing that comparative compares objects or phenomena in the main part and subordinate how? (what does it look like?) how, just like, as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if the consequence indicates a consequence that follows from the content of the main part of the sentence, what follows from this? what was the consequence? so a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses