We present you the first article in the series "Grammar of English language for beginners". In this series of materials, we decided to state all the rules briefly and in simple words, so that beginners from scratch or those who do not remember the basics of English well can independently understand the grammar, understand it and apply it in practice.

Plural in English

In English, as in Russian, all words are divided into countable and uncountable. This is important to understand when forming the plural of a word. Countable nouns denote those items that can be counted, for example: table (table), book (book), apple (apple). Uncountable nouns are abstract concepts, liquids, products, etc., that is, something that cannot be counted. For example: knowledge (knowledge), water (water), meat (meat), flour (flour). These words do not have a plural or singular.

Countable nouns can be used in singular and plural. A singular noun denotes one object, this is the form of the word that is indicated in the dictionary: apple - apple. The plural noun denotes several objects: apples - apples.

How is formed plural nouns:

Usually the plural of nouns is formed by adding the ending -s to the word: book - books (book - books). However, there are several spelling peculiarities:

• If the word ends in -o, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, then add the ending -es: hero - heroes (hero - heroes), bus - buses (bus - buses).

  Exceptions: photo - photos (photo - photographs), video - videos (video recording - video recordings), radio - radios (radio - several radios), rhino - rhinos (rhinoceros - rhinos), piano - pianos (piano - several pianos), hippo - hippos (behemoth - hippos).

• If the word ends in -f, -fe, then change the ending to -ves: knife - knives (knife - knives), leaf - leaves (leaf - leaves), wife - wives (wife - wives).

  Exceptions: roof - roofs (roof - roofs), giraffe - giraffes (giraffe - giraffes), cliff - cliffs (cliff - cliffs).

• If the word ends in -y, which is preceded by a consonant, then we change -y to -ies: body - bodies (body - bodies).
• If the word ends in -y, which is preceded by a vowel, then add the ending -s: boy - boys (boy - boys).

In English there is exception words, which form the plural not according to the rules. You just need to learn such words by heart, fortunately, there are not very many of them.

Singular	Plural
man - a man	men - men
woman - woman	women - women
child - child	children - children
person - person	people - people
foot - foot	feet - feet
mouse	mice
tooth - tooth	teeth - teeth
sheep - sheep	sheep - sheep

Try our quiz to see how well you've learned the material.

English Plural Noun Test

Articles in English

There are two types of article in English: definite and indefinite. They are not translated into Russian. In the overwhelming majority of cases, one of these articles must be placed before a noun in the singular.

The indefinite article a/an is used only with singular countable nouns: a girl (girl), a pen (pen). If the word begins with a consonant, we write the article a (a girl), and if the word begins with a vowel, we write the article an (an apple).

The indefinite article a/an is used in the following cases:

• We call any, some kind of indefinite object, and we have only one, so we use the article a, which comes from the word one (one):

  It is a book. - This is a book.

• We first mention the subject in a speech:

  I see a shop. - I see (some, one of the many) store.

• We talk about a person’s profession or indicate his belonging to a certain group:

  He is a teacher. - He is a teacher.
  She is a student. - She's a student.

We put the definite article the when we are talking about a specific subject familiar to us. This article can appear before a noun in the singular or plural.

The definite article the is used in the following cases:

• We have already mentioned the subject earlier in our speech:

  I see a shop. The shop is big. - I see a shop. (This) Store is big.

  It is believed that the definite article comes from the word that (that), therefore it is intended to point to some specific object familiar to the interlocutors.

• We are talking about an object that in this context is one of a kind, it cannot be confused with something else:

  Honey, I'm washing the car. - Honey, I'm washing the car. (the family has one car, so we are talking about a specific subject)
  look at the girl in the red dress. - Look at the girl in the red dress. (we point to a specific girl in a specific dress)

• We are talking about a one-of-a-kind object, there is no other like it: the sun, the moon, the world, the President of France, etc.:

  The earth is our home. - Earth is our home.

verb to be

There is always a verb in an English sentence. And if in Russian we can say “I am a doctor”, “Mary is beautiful”, “We are in the hospital”, then in English this is unacceptable: in all these cases, the subject must be followed by the verb to be. Therefore, you can remember a simple rule: if there are no ordinary verbs in the sentence, then the verb to be is needed.

The verb to be has three forms:

• Am is added to the pronoun I when we talk about ourselves:

  I am beautiful. - I am beautiful.

• Is put after the pronouns he, she, it:

  She is beautiful. - She's beautiful.

• Are is used after you, we, they:

  You are beautiful. - You are handsome.

The verb to be in English is most often used in the following cases:

• We inform you by whom is a person (name, profession, etc.):

  I am a doctor. - I am doctor.

• We inform you what a person or object possesses a quality:

  Mary is beautiful. - Mary is beautiful.

• We inform you where there is a person or object:

  We are at the hospital. - We're in the hospital.

Sentences with the verb to be in the present tense are constructed as follows:

affirmative sentences	Negative sentences	Interrogative sentences
The principle of education
I + am	I + am not ('m not)	Am + I
He/She/It + is	He/She/It + is not (isn't)	Is + he/she/it
We/You/They + are	We/You/They + are not (aren't)	Are + we/you/they
Examples
I am a manager. - I'm a manager.	I am not a manager. - I'm not a manager.	Am I a manager? - I'm a manager?
He is awesome. - He's great.	He is not awesome. - He's not great.	Is he awesome? - He's great?
She is a doctor. - She is a doctor.	She isn't a doctor. - She's not a doctor.	Is she a doctor? - She is a doctor?
It (ball) is red. - It (the ball) is red.	It (ball) isn't red. - It (the ball) is not red.	Is it (ball) red? - Is it (the ball) red?
We are the champions. - We are champions.	We aren't the champions. - We are not champions.	Are we the champions? - We are champions?
You are ill. - You are sick.	You are not ill. - You are not sick.	Are you ill? - You are sick?
They are at home. - They are at home.	They aren't at home. - They're not at home.	Are they at home? - They are at home?

We think you are now ready to take the test and test your knowledge.

Test for the use of the verb to be

Present Continuous Tense - present continuous tense

Present Continuous Tense most often shows that the action is happening at the moment.

Every English sentence has a subject and a predicate. In Present Continuous, the predicate consists of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form (am, is, are) and the main verb without the particle to, to which we add the ending -ing (playing, reading).

She is playing tennis now. - She is now plays to tennis.
I am reading a novel at the moment. - I am currently I read novel.

The verb to be in this tense is an auxiliary verb, that is, it is a word that comes before the main verb (playing, reading) and helps to form tense. you will meet auxiliary verbs and in other tenses, this kind of verbs includes to be (am, is, are), do/does, have/has, will.

Pay attention to the following words-indicators of time Present Continuous: now (now), at the moment (at the moment), today (today), tonight (tonight), these days (these days), nowadays (these days), at present (currently), still (still).

Affirmative sentences in Present Continuous tense are formed as follows:

Usually at this time, you just need to add the ending -ing to the main verb: walk - walking (walk), look - looking (look). But some verbs change like this:

• If the verb ends in -e, we remove -e and add -ing: write - writing (write), dance - dancing (dance).

  Exception: see - seeing (see).

• If the verb ends in -ie, we change -ie to -y and add -ing: lie - lying (to lie), die - dying (to die).
• If the verb ends in a stressed syllable with a short vowel that stands between two consonants, the final consonant is doubled when -ing is added: begin - beginning (to begin), swim - swimming (to swim).

In negative sentences in the Present Continuous, you just need to insert the particle not between to be and the main verb.

She isn't cooking at the moment. - She is currently doesn't cook.
You are not listening to me now. - You don't listen me now.

In interrogative sentences in Present Continuous, you need to put the verb to be in the first place, and after it put the subject and the main verb.

Is she cooking at the moment? - She is trains Currently?
Are you listening to me now? - You got me now listening?

And now we offer to pass the test on the use of Present Continuous time.

Test for the use of Present Continuous

We have presented you the first 5 basic topics of the English language. Now your task is to thoroughly understand them and work them out as productively as possible with the help of exercises. In order not to immediately load you with a large amount of grammar, we will release the next article in this series in a few weeks. Subscribe to our newsletter, then you will definitely not miss important information. We wish you success in learning English!

“I don’t want to speak properly. I want to talk like a lady,” these words belong to Eliza Doolittle, the heroine of Bernard Shaw’s famous play Pygmalion.

Eliza may not have wanted to learn to speak literately, but without grammar she would not have been able to speak at all. We are now talking about grammar as a system of words and syntactic constructions inherent in specific language. Grammar in this sense is “our main asset,” emphasized Eliza’s mentor, Professor Henry Higgins.

But this is not the only definition of grammar. The systematic study and description of a language or group of languages ​​is also a grammar, a descriptive grammar. Professor Higgins was mainly concerned with just one aspect of it, phonetics, or the study of the sounds of speech. The speech of the common people Henry Higgins carried into his notebook is a very accurate picture of what a descriptive grammar is.

And yet, for most, “talking like a lady” means speaking correctly, as prescribed, speaking in accordance with language norm. The importance of prescriptive grammar was stated by Bernard Shaw when he wrote in the preface to Pygmalion: “The English do not respect their native language and stubbornly refuse to teach children to speak it.” It is about the need for a prescriptive approach and the remark of Rex Harrison, who played the role of Professor Higgins in the musical “My Fair Lady”: “And there are places where our language has already been reduced to nothing. In America, it has not been used for God knows how many years!

Why do we need to learn English grammar?

Grammar is a tool that can be used to describe any language. Grammar gives names to words (words) and phrases (word groups), which form sentences (sentences). Already in early childhood we learn to make sentences - grammar mother tongue subject to everyone. When studying English at school, university, with a tutor or at home, we are faced with the need to once again walk this path on our own and consciously. And here already we need to have an idea about the types of words and phrases and how they add up to sentences.

Literate people are more likely to succeed in relationships with the opposite sex
According to an online survey of 1,700 people, 43% of users on dating sites consider low literacy as a big disadvantage to attractiveness.
More than a third (35%) say that literacy is sexy. The survey also showed that women are more demanding of partner literacy than men (Michael Sebastian, “43 Percent of Singles Say Bad Grammar Is a Turnoff”).

Parts of speech in English grammar

Depending on the function in the sentence, words are assigned to one or another part of speech (part of speech). There are 8 parts of speech in English. Just by learning their names, you certainly won't become an English grammar professor. But you will have a basic understanding of the English language and will be ready to start reading other articles on our site - and these articles will help you make significant progress in learning English grammar.

Remember: if the sentence consists of one word, only an interjection (interjection) can act as this word.

Other parts of speech - nouns (nouns), pronouns (pronouns), verbs (verbs), adjectives (adjectives), adverbs (adverbs), prepositions (prepositions) and conjunctions (conjunctions) - appear in combinations. To understand which part of speech a word belongs to, we must look not only at the word itself, but also at its meaning, place and role in the sentence.

Consider three suggestions:

1. Jim showed up for work two hours late. (Jim showed up for work two hours late).
   Here, work is what Jim came to work for.
2. He will have to work overtime. (He will have to work overtime).
   And here work is the action that Jim will perform.
3. His work permit expires in March. (His work permit expires in March).
   Finally, here work denotes the sign of the noun permit.

In the first sentence, work is used as a noun, in the second as a verb, and in the third as an adjective.

We hope you are not confused yet? Let's see what functions the 8 parts of speech perform in English.

Part of speech	main function
noun	names an animated object, place or thing	pirate, caribbean, ship (pirate, caribbean, ship)
pronoun	replaces a noun	I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who (I, you. he, she, it, ours, theirs, who)
	expresses an action or state	sing, dance, believe, be (sing, dance, believe, be)
adjective	denotes a noun	hot, lazy, funny (hot, lazy, funny)
	denotes a sign of a verb, adjective or other dialect	softly, lazily, often (gently, lazily, often)
	shows the relationship between a noun (pronoun) and other words in a sentence	up, over, against, for (up, through, against, for)
	connects words, parts complex sentence and	and, but, or, yet (and, but, or, else)
interjection	expresses emotions	ah, whoops, ouch (ah! oh!)

NB! Articles (the, a/an) were once considered a separate part of speech. Now they are more often classified as defining words or determinants (determiners).

What do we build proposals from?

TOP 18 grammar terms with movie examples

Refresh your English grammar with catchy quotes from your favorite movies and show off your knowledge in a job interview or exam! We have compiled a "dossier" on 18 of the most common grammatical terms with rather unusual examples:

1. Valid (active) voice - Active Voice

A form of the verb that denotes an action performed by the subject (that is, the main actor sentence expressed by subject, subject). In other words, we are talking about how someone does something, produces, accomplishes, that is, acts actively.

This construction is opposite to the passive (passive) voice (see below).

“We buy things we don't need, with money we don't have, to impress people we don't like.”	We buy things we don't need with money we don't have to impress people we don't like.
It is important to learn how to build big from small: put words in the correct form and combine them into phrases, arrange parts of a sentence so as to get a meaningful statement. 8556 In contact with Classmates

Is one of the most difficult questions in learning. Any learner of English, naturally, tries to master its grammar, relying on knowledge of the grammar of his language. And often the difficulties are caused by those grammatical structures, which have no analogues in the Russian language. For example, it is difficult for a Russian-speaking student to understand why there are more than a dozen different tenses in English, although in Russian we get along just fine with three.

It is in such cases that the grammar of the English language comes to the rescue in tables where you can clearly trace the common features and differences of different grammatical forms. Teachers note that English grammar in tables and diagrams is much easier to store in memory and subsequently turns out to be easier to apply in practice.

So, let's make a table of the nine basic tenses of the English language. Before going directly to the table, you need to know a few basic rules that apply to any English tense.

• At any time of the English language there is auxiliary in addition to main verb (predicate).
• In a negative sentence of any tense, the particle not is added to auxiliary verb and put before main verb - predicate.
• In any question of any tense of the English language, it is necessary to use auxiliary, which is placed before the subject.

There are three main groups of English tenses:

1. Simple (or Indefinite) - simple,
2. Continuous (or Progressive) - long,
3. Perfect - completed.

Each of these groups has its own
Present - Present,
Past - Past and
Future - Future .

Thus, in our table we get nine times of the English language - three times in three groups. Consider first the three times of the Simple group, then Continuous and, finally, Perfect. In the process of studying the tables, pay attention to the common features of each group of tenses, as well as the form of the main verb in the tenses of each group.

English grammar in tables

Group	Simple
Time	present		Past	Future
How is formed	1 the formvb . (I, you, we, they)	1 the formvb.+ s(es) (he, she, it)	2 form verb.	will + 1 verb form.
Auxiliary verb	do	do es	did	will
affirmative form	They walk in the park every day. They walk in the park every day.	He walk s in the park every day. He walks in the park every day.	They walk ed in the park yesterday. They walked in the park yesterday.	They will walk in the park tomorrow. They will walk in the park tomorrow.
negative form	They do not walk in the parkevery day	He do es not walk _ in the park every day.	They did not walk_ in the park yesterday.	They will not walk in the park tomorrow.
General question	Do they walk in the park every day?	Do es he walk _ in the park every day?	Did they walk_ in the park yesterday?	Will they walk in the park tomorrow?
Special question	Where do they walk every day?	Where do es he walk _ every day?	Where did they walk _ yesterday?	Where will they walk tomorrow?
Description	Denotes actions that occur regularly, usually and are not tied to the moment of speech. Cue words - every (day, year, week), usually, always, often, etc.		Denotes an action that took place sometime in the past and the time for its completion has already passed. hint words - yesterday, last (week, year, month…), ago etc.	Denotes an action that will take place in an indefinite or distant future. hint words - tomorrow, next (year, month…) etc.

Group	Continuous
Time
How is formed	am, is, are +vb . ing	was, were + vb.ing	will + be + vb. ing
Auxiliary verb	am, is, are	were, were	will
affirmative form	They are walk ing in the park now. They are walking in the park now.	They were walk ing in the park when he saw them yesterday. They were walking in the park when he saw them yesterday.	They will be walk ing in the park at this time tomorrow. They will be walking in the park at this time tomorrow.
negative form	They are not walk ing in the park now.	They were not walk ing in the park when he saw them yesterday.	They will not be walk ing in the park at this time tomorrow.
General question	Are they walk ing in the park now?	Were they walk ing in the park when he saw them yesterday?	Will they be walk ing in the park at this time tomorrow?
Special question	Where are they walk ing now?	Where were they walk ing when he saw them yesterday?	Where will they be walk ing at this time tomorrow?
Description	Denotes actions that are happening at the moment of speaking. Cue words - now, at the moment, Look! Listen! etc.	Denotes an action that happened at a certain point in the past. Or an action against the background of which another action took place, which necessarily must be expressed in Past Simple.	Denotes an action that will take place at a specific time or period in the future. Hint words - can be combinations of words for the future tense and a certain moment - at this time tomorrow, at six o'clock next Friday etc.

Group
Time
How is formed	have + 3 the formvb . (I, you, we, they)	ha s + 3 the formvb . (he, she, it)	had + 3 form of the verb.	will + have + 3 form of the verb.
Auxiliary verb	have	ha s	had	will
affirmative form	They have already walk ed in the park. They have already walked in the park.	He ha s already walk ed in the park. He has already walked in the park.	They had already walk ed in the park before he came. They had already walked in the park before he came.	They will have already walk ed in the park by 2 p.m. tomorrow. They will already walk in the park until two in the afternoon tomorrow.
negative form	They have not walk ed in the park yet.	He ha s not walk ed in the park yet.	They had not walk ed in the park before he came.	They will not have walk ed in the park by 2 p.m. tomorrow.
General question	have they walk ed in the park yet?	Has he walk ed in the park yet?	Had they walk ed in the park before he came?	Will they have walk ed in the park by 2 p.m. tomorrow?
Special question	Where have they walk ed ?	Where ha s he walk ed ?	Where had they walk ed before he came?	Where will they have walk ed by 2 p.m. tomorrow?
Description	Denotes an action that has ended and is connected to the present through the result. The place and time of the action is not important. hint words - ever, never, just, already, yet; since		Denotes an action that was completed before some point or other action in the past. hint words - before, by (the time) etc	Denotes an action that will be completed by some point in the future or before some other action in the future.

Thus, from these tables it can be understood that each group has a common feature both in meaning and in the form of the times included in it.

• Simple group times are indeterminate actions not associated with any moment.
• The times of the Continuous group are prolonged action, process. In form, all tenses of this group use the verb be in the present, past or future, and the ending -ing of the main verb.
• Perfect band times are completed activities implying a result. All tenses of this group use have verb in the present, past or future, and the third form of the semantic verb.

Also note that the auxiliary verb will is common to all groups in the future tense.

Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future in the Past Continuous

Long times are not something easy, however, you can delve into their structure if you understand how they are formed and what functionality they perform.

Present to your attention detailed table, which reveals in detail the essence of these complex grammatical phenomena. This is a kind of “memo for dummies”, helping out when you urgently need to remember this grammatical rule.

Group	Continuous
Time	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous	Future in the Past
How is formed	to form have, has + been attached verb with " ing" at the end	modal verb had + been combined with the verb ing" at the end	the form would + be with a verb with " ing" at the end
Auxiliary verb	to be in Present Perfect( have, has + been)	to be in Past Perfect( had + been)	would + be
affirmative form	Eva has been stand-ing on this place for 2 days. The translation of the sentence is as follows: Eve stood here for two days.	Peter had been waiting for this airship for 2 days when it was announced about delay. Translation: Peter had been waiting for this airship for 2 days when they announced its delay.	She said they would be working the whole night. It translates as follows: She said they would work all night.
negative form	Eva has not been standing on this place for 2 days.	Peter had not been waiting for this airship…	She said they would n't be working the whole night.
General question	Has Eva been standing on this place 2 days?	Had he been waiting for this airship for 2 days, when was it announced about delay?	Did she say they would be working the whole night?
Special question	Where has Eva been standing 2 days?	how long had he been waiting for this airship, when was it announced about delay?	What did she say, they really would be working the whole night?
Description	Used to refer to a process. Indicates an action that started in the past. It also continued in the past. The end of the process occurred either immediately before the conversation or at the time of the conversation.	The presence of such a time in the sentence indicates that the action indicated by the Past Perfect Continuous began and continued in the past. Its ending could also take place before some event in the past, or it did not take place before a certain moment in the past.	It is used when talking about some ongoing action in the future. Admission discussed it in the past. helper words in this case are all day, from..till, during. A feature of sentences with Future in the Past is their structure: in the first part, the past simple tense is used, and in the second, the long future.

Tables of tenses of the English language help to easily understand the logic of building various grammatical structures of the English language and are a good help in doing exercises.

You can apply the acquired knowledge in practice and continue learning on our website. Here you will find all the basic rules, practice applying them in unique exercises, get real pleasure from professionally voiced texts of various levels and will be able to choose the training material that is right for you.

English grammar exercises

After you have studied the English grammar tables, try the exercises to consolidate your knowledge.

Complete the sentence with the missing word

Fill in the gaps with the right words

Put the words in the correct order

Summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we usually every camping usually .

Uncle to year Spain last went my ... uncle to year Spain last went my ... uncle to year Spain last went my ... uncle to year Spain last went my ... uncle to year Spain last went my ... uncle to year Spain last went my ... uncle to year Spain last went my .

Friends, every language has its own basic rules for grammar, spelling, syntax, etc. English is no exception. On our website you can find detailed description each section of grammar, reading rules, syntax rules, speech turns of the English language.

In this article, we will not dwell on each section of the language in detail.

Our material today is intended specifically for beginners in learning the language, for those who have taken up English from scratch. We want to present you with the most basic, most important and necessary rules of the English language, which you will encounter everywhere, mastering this language. If you are ready, then 15 basic rules are waiting for you!

You need to know these rules!

So, dear readers, now you will get acquainted with the basic rules of English from different sections of the language. They concern grammar, speech, syntax and much more. All you need to do is read the rules carefully and thoughtfully, pay attention to the examples and, of course, memorize! If you wish, you can copy this information into your English notebook or notepad. Thus, you can always remind yourself what you need in a particular exercise.

Rule #1

After modal verbs particle to not used. We are speaking:

• Imust learn Englishmodalverbs. — I have to learn English modal verbs.
• You should listen to your parents. “You should listen to your parents.
• May I take yournotebooktillSunday? — Can I borrow your laptop until Sunday?

And we never say: must learn; should to listen; may to take etc.

Rule #2

You can not use the definite / indefinite article with the pronoun:

• I love my mother. - II loveminemom.
• Where is your friend now? - Wherenowyourfriend?
• Yesterday I met Tom and his wife. Yesterday I met Tom and his wife.

You can't say: my mother or my mother; your friend or your friend. You can immediately see how absurd it looks, and even more so, it sounds. Direct hearing cuts!

Rule #3

Adverbs of the English language (to the question "how?") are formed according to the scheme: adjective + ending ly:

• perfect - perfect ly- great, great, great
• Quick - quick ly- quickly, nimbly
• Rapid—rapid ly- fast
• Quiet-quiet ly- quiet
• nice - nice ly- nicely
• Easy - easy ly- easily
• beautiful-beautiful ly- Beautiful

• He entered the room quietly. - Hequiethas enteredinroom.
• Tom did his homework perfectly fine! - Volumedidmyhomeexcellent work (incredibly good)!
• Suelooksbeautifully today. Sue looks beautiful today.

Rule #4

Use presentSimple, after unions if,assoonas,before,when,till,until,after,incase in sentences of time and conditions relating to the future:

• When I finish school, I will go to my grandparents in the countryside. - WhenIfinishschool, II will gotominegrandfatherandgrandmotherinvillage.
• After you study your family tree, you will find out where you descend from. - AfterTogo, howyoustudygenealogicaltreeyourfamilies, youfind out, fromwhomyougoing on.
• Your elder brother will certainly help you if you ask- Yourolderbrothernecessarilywill helpyou, ifyouhisask.

Rule #5

The word order in an English sentence is:

Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + circumstance

Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + adverbal modifier

• Isentyoualetterlastweek. I sent you a letter last week.
• I saw Mike in the club. - IsawT-shirtinclub.
• It was sunny yesterday. - YesterdayIt wassunny.

In a Russian sentence, liberties are allowed, and there is no certain word order in it, everything depends on the emotion invested in it. In the English sentence, everything is clear and strict.

Rule #6

Phrasal verbs (verb + preposition) of the English language have their own separate meaning and their own translation. For example:

To look- watch; to look for - search

To put- put, put; to put on- put on

Compare:

• Put the plates on the table, please. - Putplateson thetable, please.
• It is cold outside; put on your coat. - On thestreetcold, put oncoat.

Rule #7

The most general rule for the definite and indefinite articles of the English language: the indefinite article is placed where nothing is known about the subject; The definite article is used when something is known about a subject.

• I see a The girl walking down the street is very beautiful. - Iseegirl. The girl walking down the street is very beautiful.

Rule #8

The ending - ed characteristic of the past tenses of regular verbs only. Irregular verbs have their own form for each past tense. For example:

look-looked BUT! bring-brought-brought

Rule #9

There are 4 types of questions in English:

We go to the theater every Saturday. - Wewe gointheatreeverySaturday.

• General(general): Do we go to the theater every Saturday? —Wewe gointheatreeverySaturday?
• Special(special): Where do we go every Saturday? —Wherewewe goeverySaturday?
• Alternative(alternative): Do we go to the theater every Saturday or every Sunday? —Wewe gointheatreeverySaturdayoreachSunday?
• Disjunctive(separating): We go to the theater every Saturday, don't we? —Wewe gointheatreeverySaturday, notSowhether?

Rule #10

To make an impersonal sentence, you need a pronoun It:

• It is cold today. - Todaycold.
• It is morning. - Morning.
• It is difficult to translate this text. - Thistextdifficulttranslate.

rule № 11

After unions asif,asthough(as if, as if, as if, as if) in the conditional mood, verb tobe in the 3rd person singular takes the form were:

• She speaks so proudlyas if she wasn't guilty. She speaks so proudly, as if it were not her fault.
• Tom looks as thought he was rich. - VolumelooksSoas ifherich.

Rule #12

Conditional incentive sentences in the 1st and 3rd person are formed using the word Let:

• Let I have a look at these pictures. Let me take a look at these photographs.
• Let him sleep, he is tired. - Giveto himsleep, hetired.

Rule #13

Everyone knows what the word many is used with countable nouns, and the word much- with uncountable. But, if suddenly, you find it difficult, doubt, forget the rule or do not understand what noun is in front of you, feel free to use a combination of words alotof. It applies to both kinds of nouns.

• Many birds - a lot of birds
• Much sugar- a lot of sugar

Rule No.14

Lots of English words- polysemic, that is, they can have several meanings. It depends on the context and meaning of the sentence. To better understand the translation, you should refer to the dictionary and clarify the context in which the word is used.

• Toshoot- filming; toshoot- fire
• Country- country; country- village, village

Rule #15

Verb do can replace the main verb in a sentence. For example.

Imagine that you need to start something completely new for you right now. For example, get behind the wheel of a car, bake pies for the first time, bathe a newborn in a bath. What will you start with? Options:

1. I'll take it and do it, what's the problem.
2. I read first on the Internet or in books how this is done.
3. Call a friend experienced in this matter.
4. Help from the hall (I will ask another).
5. Learn from a professional.
6. I won't do it.

The option you choose characterizes you very clearly. If we are talking about English grammar, then depending on which method you prefer above, the following is expected:

1. Bugaga (the teachers and the English laugh, who heard you speak in English).
2. Adding patience and time to this, you yourself will learn all the rules.
3. Add to this the patience of a friend and his time, you will learn all the rules under his guidance.
4. You will not learn anything, but you will listen to how others do it.
5. Adding money to this, you will learn all the rules.
6. You can go skiing, meet friends in a cafe, sleep, eat - in general, life is good.

As you can see, in order to understand English grammar, in theory, you need only three things: a source of rules, time and patience. The first one is offered to you in these articles, but you will have to cope with the other two components on your own.

Thus, we give you a fishing rod, and you will catch the fish yourself. What is the beauty of our fishing rod? It is lightweight, comfortable and easy to use. We will not load you with terrible grammar terms, torment you with long lists, flickering arrows, diagrams on an A4 spread and other tricks that some English teachers scare.

There is nothing particularly difficult in English grammar, unlike many other European languages ​​​​(not to mention Oriental and African). You can simply read these articles like a fiction book. Even if you master the minimum, at the finish line you will find that you own most of the rules that previously seemed unbearable.

As an example, let's do something already in the introductory part. What does speech consist of? From phrases. What is a phrase? From suggestions. What does the offer consist of? Stop! Let's clarify: what does it consist of ENGLISH sentence? Subject and predicate. Usually this is a noun and a verb (just don't say that you don't remember these words anymore): the dog is running, the passerby is screaming, the dog is barking, the owner is yelling. True, a noun can be successfully replaced by a pronoun: she runs, you scream, she barks, I yell.

You have just listened to a roundup lecture on parts of speech. What do you remember? At least the words "noun" and "verb" for you are already associated with grammar, and not cooking or construction work. And more is not needed. Are you ready to continue in the same rhythm?

Follow me (follow me).

Parts of speech:

1. Numerals(The Numeral)
1.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers
2. Pronouns(The Pronoun)
2.1 Personal and possessive pronouns
2.2 Demonstrative and negative pronouns
2.3 Indefinite and reflexive pronouns

5. Adjective(The Adjective)
5.1 Comparisons of adjectives

7. Noun(The noun)
7.1 Noun in English. Noun classification

8. Verb(The verb)
8.1 Verbs in English. General information about verbs
8.2 Regular and irregular English verbs
8.3 Semantic and auxiliary verbs
8.4 Modal and linking verbs