Topic: Stylistic properties of phraseological units.
Target:
1) the student will learn the stylistic properties of phraseological units and will use them in speech in accordance with the style of speech;
2) the student will have the opportunity to develop research skills and the skill of using interactive tools.
Lesson type: new knowledge lesson
Lesson form: "flipped classroom"
Equipment: computer, video projector, handout, stickers in five colors
During the classes:
1. Greeting
2. Determining the topic of the lesson. (Video clip)
The day before, our hidden camera recorded a dialogue between two of your classmates. Look.
Video (dialogue - the use of phraseological units in the speech of the heroes) Heroes: Anton Pinegin and Andrey Kornet.
Well, what did you hang up your nose?
Yes, the cat cried money ...
Show me. Yes, it's a drop in the ocean! What to do?
I won't put my mind to it!
It was necessary not to play the fool, but having rolled up your sleeves to work in the summer, so you would have been able to buy a prefix, and now you again have to ask your parents ...
No! I give my head for cutting off, and I’ll earn money for the prefix myself!
Wait and see!
There is a printout of this dialogue on the desks.
Analysis:
Can the characters be called friends? Why?
What is characteristic of their dialogue? Underline phraseological units. How many phraseological units were found? (6)
Replace phraseological units with ordinary words, expressions. Read. What can you say? (Dialogue lost, it was more expressive, interesting)
Make a conclusion about the role of phraseological units in our speech.
So what is the topic of our lesson? (Phraseological units) SLIDE 1
3. " Timeline" SLIDE 2
Let's define the topic of our lesson.(on the Timeline screen)
(Stylistic properties of phraseological units)
This is the fourth micro-theme in the big theme "Phraseology".
Let's repeat what we already know.
Each of you has a card of a certain color on your desk with a question on our topic. Ask each other questions. Reception "You to me, I to you" (Knowledge actualization)
(First, students in pairs - cards of different colors - ask questions to each other, then grouped - cards of the same color - choose a speaker who will answer the question)
Questions:
1) What are phraseological units?
2) What is the name of the section of linguistics that studies stable combinations of turns of speech?
3) What is the role of phraseological units in a sentence?
4) How do phraseological units arise?
5) How to distinguish between a free combination of words and a phraseological unit?
There is one more term in the definition of the topic of the lesson “stylistic properties”.Please explain. (The use of phraseological units in speech depends on their stylistic coloring)
In preparation for the lesson, you studied this topic. Raise your hands, who only worked with a textbook? Who is with a printed dictionary? With a dictionary on the Internet? What other sources of information did you use?
- So, let's define the goals of our lesson. (Goal setting)
1) tell, show what we have learned about the stylistic properties of phraseological units
2) learn to use phraseological units in your speech SLIDE 3
4. New. "Flipped Class"
In the "School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" V.P. Zhukov, contains about 2000 most common phraseological units. (1980), while the dictionary is constantly updated. Scientists have tens of thousands of phraseological units. What stylistic properties do they have? We listen, we look, we add, we correct the speaker.
During our lesson, a group of scribers (Rostislav and Daria) works autonomously, they create a scribe on our topic. (The guys have a computer, a digital camera, paper, felt-tip pens)
Listening to the speaker, write out a phraseological unit of this type from the proposed list.
List on a slide, on sheets (printout).
List of phraseological units: to come into force, to be important, to control oneself, to behave, to play a role, to contribute, mutual language, to raise a question, to play silent, the cat cried, you won’t spill water, to all shoulder blades, sharpen your skis, get out of your mind, splurge, poke your nose.
What groups are phraseological units divided into?
A) stylistically neutral phraseological units
b) book phraseological units
c) colloquial phraseological units
d) evaluative phraseological units
Tell us about stylistically neutral phraseological units.
Group 1 students present stylistically neutral phraseological units. Answers are accompanied by drawings illustrating phraseological units.
(This is a layer of commonly used phraseology, which is used both in book and colloquial speech (from time to time, each other, to matter, to keep in mind, to keep a word, New Year). There are few such phraseological units)
Write down only neutral phraseological units from the list.
Tell us about book phraseological units.
Group 2 - book phraseological units
(usually used in official business, scientific speech, often in writing. Some book phraseological units are characterized by greater elation, solemnity. This includes individual turnovers of official business speech: put under cloth; work force; real wages; confrontation. Phraseologisms of scientific terminological type: fulcrum; cast a shadow; chain reaction; force of gravity. Turnovers of a literary and journalistic nature: love for the motherland; sons of the fatherland; peace fighters; civic duty; material well-being; unbreakable friendship; a ray of light; bonds of friendship; cornucopia; world sorrow; air castle; palm tree; on the other side of the barricades; thicken colors; soar in the clouds; beat the alarm.)
Write down book phrases.
Present colloquial phraseological units.
Group 3 - colloquial phraseological units (This is the largest group of phraseological units, used to communicate, express thoughts, feelings, emotions: white crow, you can’t spill it with water, like cheese in butter, neither shaky nor roll, seven spans in the forehead.
Write down colloquial phrases.
Tell me about evaluative phraseological units
Group 4 - evaluative phraseological units. They have a more reduced character than colloquial ones. Emotional and imaginative. They often express irony and disapproval. For example, pea jester, lead by the nose, rage with fat, bezrybe and cancer fish, get out of your mind)
Write down phraseological units of this group
Mutual check independent work. (Slide used)
Students explain the meaning of phraseological units.
5. Reflection:
Phraseological units on the board:
Seven spans in the forehead
Sit in a galosh
Mind Chamber
Take note of
Ignore the ears
With a heavy heart
Sit in a puddle
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Primordial phraseological units and phraseological expressions
The basis of Russian phraseology is primordial turns, i.e. common Slavic (Proto-Slavic), East Slavic (Old Russian) and actually Russian.
To common Slavic include, for example: take (take) for a living; (give) birch porridge; keep locked up; set a bath; give (ask) trepak; like Christ (God) in the bosom; neither fish nor fowl; nod off; hang your nose; one as a finger and etc.
To East Slavic turns include: without a king in my head(and antonymous with a king in my head); deaf grouse; bearish corner; no stake, no yard; under King Peas; dog cold; sharpen the laces and etc.
Proper Russian is the majority of phraseological units, for example: sticking out his tongue; put to shame; run out of patience; lip no fool; keep your mouth shut; live happily ever after; for a sweet soul; green Street; the wickedness of the day; speak teeth; and does not lead an eyebrow; and cheap and cheerful; go ahead; from a bag to a matting; spawn; Kazan orphan; as if looking into the water; Kolomna verst; the mosquito will not undermine the nose; oblique fathom; tasty; break spears; small spool but precious; small fry; the hat on the thief is on fire; written on the forehead; climb the wall; smoke the sky; nothing is visible; peel like sticky; smeared with one world; real truth; put under cloth; breed bodyagu; burn down; sleeveless; grated roll; quiet glanders; pull the strap; through the stump deck; nodding acquaintance and many others. others
Actually Russian phraseology was replenished due to professionalism: back up; play the first violin; let off steam; pull the gimp; clumsy work; blank shot etc.; jargon-argotic turns: exit the game; business - tobacco; bit map; peak position; rub glasses and etc.; dialect expressions: from a bag to a matting; not salty slurping; get into a bind; not washing so skating etc.
A lot of actually Russian phraseological expressions are rooted in fiction, for example: and Vaska listens and eats; tease the geese; Demyanov's ear; like a squirrel in a wheel; monkey labor; disservice; there is no beast stronger than a cat and many others. others (from the fables of I.A. Krylov); huge distance; crazy ideas; fresh tradition, but hard to believe; and the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us and others (from the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov); affairs of bygone days; crafty courtier; without further ado; not by days, but by hours; window to Europe; wanderlust and others (from the works of A.S. Pushkin); from a beautiful far away; lightness in thoughts unusual; dead Souls; mouse stallion(from the works of N.V. Gogol); extra people; Fathers and Sons(I.S. Turgenev); no matter what happened; horse surname; to the grandfather's village; man in a case and others (from the works of A.P. Chekhov); pathetic words; ordinary story(I.A. Goncharov); from the very midst of the people; lead abominations(A.M. Gorky); textbook gloss(V.V. Mayakovsky) and many others.
Phraseologisms and phraseological phrases borrowed from other languages
Word combinations by origin can also be borrowed from other languages.
First of all, there are turns borrowed from the language of the Church Book, i.e. Russified Old Church Slavonic. For example: massacre of the innocents; stumbling block; Babel; manna from heaven; fiend of hell; byword; to contribute; for the dream to come; Foundation stone; fig leaf; in the sweat of your face; smeared with one world and etc.
A large group of phrases are the so-called phraseological tracing papers and semi-tracing papers, i.e. expressions that are a literal (or almost literal) translation of foreign phraseological units, proverbs, sayings. For example: bird's-eye(French); ice is broken(French); local flavor(French); occurs(French); funny mine with a bad game(French); swallow the pill(French); so that's where the dog is buried(German); blue stocking(English); time is money(English); What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull(lat.); hand washing hand(lat.), etc.
A special group consists of aphorisms from ancient literature, quotations from the literature of different peoples, as well as sayings attributed to prominent foreign scientists, public figures: Augean stables; the pillars of Hercules (pillars); tantalum flour; everything has a limit; golden mean (Horace); O holy simplicity!(Jan Hus); And yet she turns!(Galileo); To be or not to be?(Shakespeare); tower of Ivory (Saint Beve); storm in a teacup(Montesquieu); The moor has done his job, the moor can retire(Schiller); Princess on the Pea(Andersen) and others.
Sometimes foreign idioms used in Russian without translation. Often they coexist with phraseological calques, which, due to their distribution, are used more often. For example: Apres nous le deluge(French; words attributed to Louis XV) - there is also a tracing paper: After us, at least a flood; color locale(French) - there is also a tracing paper: local color; finita la comedia(Italian) - there is also a tracing paper: the comedy is over; festina lente (Latin expression attributed to Julius Caesar) - there is also a tracing paper: hurry up slowly; modus vivendi(lat.) - there is also a tracing paper: Lifestyle; non multa, sed multum(lat.) - there is also a tracing paper: a little, little and etc.
Many Russian phraseological units and phraseological expressions have entered other languages of the peoples of Russia and other languages of the world. So, in many European (both Slavic and non-Slavic) and other languages, turns have entered: Hero of our time; Holiday House; house of culture; green Street; collective farm; who will win; who does not work shall not eat; peace camp; disservice; Fathers and Sons and others. Russian turnovers are translated, tracing and are included in the active dictionary of the peoples of the world.
Phraseology of the modern Russian language from the point of view of functional and stylistic
Stylistic classification of phraseological units and phraseological units. Their expressive and stylistic properties
The functional-style classification of phraseological units has great importance, as it helps to outline possible areas of their use. Understanding their expressive-stylistic meaning serves the same purpose.
A relatively small group of phraseological units can be distinguished as interstyle, i.e. used in any of the functional styles (see § 15). These include, for example: hit off target(and antonym hit the target); sound the alarm; take (take) the word; take (take) the side of someone, someone; pick up; year after year; go up; keep in mind; at first sight; push the boundaries; keep a promise; erase the edges; stand in the way; lose sight of; delve into (oneself) oneself; give way; on two fronts; give a move to something; full swing; center of gravity; at every step etc. From a stylistic point of view, such phraseological units can be called neutral, stylistically uncolored.
Against the background of the considered phraseological units, two main functional and stylistic varieties of turns are distinguished: colloquial and bookish, each of which is additionally characterized by expressive and stylistic coloring.
Colloquial phraseological units and phraseological phrases
AT colloquial style the largest number of phraseological units are colloquial and everyday turns and phraseologized turns. They are characterized by greater figurativeness, often have a somewhat stylistically reduced coloration (joking, playfully affectionate, as well as ironic, familiar). For example: absolute zero; not a touch in the eyes; on the master's leg; take (take) by the sides; for greater importance, bring down the shaft; drive into the coffin; rub glasses; garden head; bend your back; give a goad; to make mountains out of molehills; be careful; touch the inner core; cover your tracks; smoke the sky; twist your nose; chickens to laugh; fly upside down; Down and Out trouble started; in all shoulder blades (to run away); mother's massacre; from young and early; sewn with white threads; to the last thread; stick one's nose; fall on the heart; sing from someone else's voice; pour oil on the flame; cut into a walnut; spread the mind; stand one's ground; warm place; hit enough; catch one's mind etc.
They are adjoined by functional-stylistic and proper stylistic properties, many phraseological expressions, especially of the proverbial-saying type: hunger is not an aunt; after the rain on Thursday; seven Fridays in a week; seven do not wait for one etc.
Colloquial phraseological units are increasingly used in some styles of book speech, for example, in journalism, in the language fiction, as one of the means of speech characterization of characters.
From phraseology colloquial-everyday one should distinguish turns that stand outside literary language. These include phrases of a roughly colloquial nature and swear words: pose as a quitter; crush the sides; dissolve saliva; give on the neck; scratch with tongue; hell no; hell and etc.
The use of this group of phrases, even in colloquial speech, should be very limited. Phraseologisms of this type can be used in the language of fiction only for a specific stylistic purpose: either to convey the oral speech of characters, or to show negative aspects life, or in order to give speech an ironic connotation.
Book phraseological units and phraseological expressions
The sphere of use of phraseological turns of book speech is much narrower than neutral, interstyle phraseological units. This includes individual turns of official business speech: put under cloth; work force; real wages; confrontation; credentials; be in charge and etc.; phraseological units of scientific terminological type: fulcrum; cast a shadow; chain reaction; force of gravity and etc.; turns of a literary and journalistic nature: love to motherland; sons of the fatherland; peace fighters; civic duty; material well-being; unbreakable friendship; a ray of light; bonds of friendship; cornucopia; world sorrow; air castle; palm tree; on the other side of the barricades; thicken colors; soar in the clouds; beat the alarm etc.
From a stylistic point of view, book phraseology also includes many quotations from the works of Russian and foreign writers, expressions from ancient literature, from church books, etc. (see § 28 and 29).
According to their expressive and emotional essence, some book phraseological units and phraseological expressions of all styles are characterized by greater elation, solemnity, and pathos. However, included in a context that is not typical for their meaning, they can become a means of humor or irony. Wed: - Energy, - said the builder, - is the basis of the foundations, alpha and omega folk life (Paust.) - Alpha and omega of the kitchen - cook Pelageya fussed around the stove(Ch.).
The development of Russian vocabulary and phraseology in the modern era
The emergence of new words and phrases. Changing their values. Loss of obsolete words and phrases
The lexical and phraseological system is directly related to human activities in society and the development of the latter. Vocabulary and phraseology (especially the first) of all levels of the language are considered the most penetrating. The vocabulary most quickly reflects all the changes that have taken place and are taking place at different stages of the development of the Soviet, and then the Russian state.
In the development of Russian vocabulary and phraseology, the following main areas can be distinguished:
1) the emergence of new words and phrases;
2) changing the meanings of already existing lexical and phraseological units;
3) falling out of the active use of words and phrases;
4) return to life of old words.
The emergence of new words- the most productive process, it reflects all the historical stages of the development of society. So, during the formation of the new statehood, new names appeared (both full and abbreviations). For example, if since 1917 the highest body of state power was All-Russian Congress of Soviets, then from 1922 to 1936 - Congress of Soviets of the USSR.
After the collapse of the USSR and the introduction of presidential rule, a The State Duma; concepts parliament, parliamentarians ousted the former The Supreme Council and people's deputies. Social and political transformations in the country were taken out of active vocabulary words reflecting the activities of the communist party ( party organization, party organizer, party activist, party control, Leninist etc.), as well as former youth organizations ( Komsomol, Komsomol construction; pioneer, pioneer and etc.).
Many words and phrases were associated with the creation, development and vigorous activity during the war years. Soviet army, fleet: from the original Red Army soldier, Red Navy soldier, paint(red commander) until subsequent soldier of the Soviet Army(since 1943), sailor of the Soviet fleet(since 1946), as well as modern soldiers and officers Russian army . The names of other military branches were also reflected, for example Air Force USSR(or USSR Air Force), etc. During the war years, previously known words were used more actively medical battalion, medical instructor, comfrey, fireman, soundman, signalman, armor-piercer and etc.; professional-colloquial names of specific subjects: armor-piercing, igniter(charge), watchdog(ship), lighter, termite, "thirty-four"(tank), "katyusha"(jet mortar of a special system), etc.
The names associated with the development of agriculture have become widespread: from the original, quickly obsolete kombed, tax in kind, surplus appropriation, agricultural commune etc. to collective farm, collective farmer, collective farmer, state farm, state farm worker, workday, MTS(then PTC), agro-industrial complex, agronomy, agricultural school, agronomist, agro point0 and etc.; automatic drinker, bead stacker, nutrient granules, sprinkler, electric drinker, electric milker and finally farmer, farming and etc.
Achievements are found in the dictionary every day scientific and technological progress in science, industry, agriculture. Dozens of new professions and their names are emerging, increasingly used to refer to parallel women's professions (mainly in colloquial speech): avtokarschik - avtokarschitsa, programmer - programmer, tabulator - tabulator and etc.
The dictionary is replenished with complex names with the original means of word formation, for example: active, fast, high, large, light, small, low, sharp, super, wide etc.
A large number of words appear with the use of foreign language elements such as: air-, sharp-, bio-, video-, hyper-, dis-, zoo-, iso-, inter-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, moto-, radio-, tele-, thermo- , photo-, ultra-, extra-, electro- and many others. others
Included in the literary language are a variety of scientific terms. Only in the last 10-15 years new sciences have appeared, their names are rapidly becoming active in their use, for example: atlantology - atlantologist, biogeocenology, bionics, volcanology - volcanologist, hydromelioration - hydromeliorator, dolphinology - dolphinologist, cardiac surgery - cardiac surgeon, microelectronics, nephrology - nephrologist, speleology - speleologist and many others. etc. A large number of similar words is associated with the expansion of knowledge in the field of space, computer technology, the Internet.
An intermediate group between lexicalized ones (like weather balloon, radar) and non-lexicalized formations are words like alpha particles, alpha decay, pi meson, press scissors and etc.
The vocabulary of the national language has been replenished with dissected neoplasms (mainly terminological), for example: photosensitive layer, rain showers, hollow lamp, pulsating current, tagged atoms, walking excavator etc. When creating such a term, a metaphorical rethinking of words (i.e., various kinds of transfers) is sometimes used, cf .: collective farm field - magnetic field, generation of winners - generation of neutrons, child letters - child atoms and etc.
Words that were in the deep storerooms of the language return to active life:
1) administrative vocabulary, educational vocabulary ( governor, department; gymnasium, lyceum);
2) confessional vocabulary ( grace, faith, angel, sin, commandment, liturgy; repentance, charity, mercy);
3) vocabulary of new economic conditions ( entrepreneur, stock exchange, trading, auction, private property, middle class) and etc.
The actualization of old words is often accompanied by the restoration of their evaluative meanings of positivity (cf., for example, the interpretation of the word "entrepreneur" in the dictionaries of the Soviet era as a designation alien to Soviet reality).
The dictionary includes words that reflect the development of culture, sports, many aspects of our life, for example: book lovers, folk theatres; aerobics, rally, biathlon, karting, surfing; microdistrict, high-rise building etc.
New phraseological units and phraseological phrases are included in the vocabulary; for example: active life position, the struggle for peace, the great initiative, go into orbit, star run, star brothers (heavenly brothers), peace initiatives; gain height; less is better(according to the title of the article by V.I. Lenin); Better to die standing than to live on your knees(D. Ibarruri); People, be vigilant!(Yu. Fuchik); rest only in our dreams(A. Blok); ticket to life instigators of war; born to crawl - can't fly(M. Gorky); milestones on a long journey(M. Svetlov); tracing paper from English. save our souls, cold war ; tracing paper from Ukrainian family feeling(P. Tychina) and many others. others
No less productive is the path of semantic and stylistic renewal already known to the language words. His words have passed asset, combat, militancy, warriors; personally, dynasty, squad, noble, chosen one, unfading, fan, remains, hereditary, satellite and many others. etc. Changed the meaning in the direction of expansion of words such as: perestroika, shift, collapse, model, ecology and etc.
On the other hand, many words from the active vocabulary moved to the passive or stylistically turned out to be among the negative-evaluative ones, for example: master, mistress, nobleman, footman, servant. Some words of the 20s have also entered the passive layers of the dictionary by now: military specialist, kombed, educational program, NEP, NEPman etc.
Thus, the lexical and phraseological composition of the Russian language is in a state of continuous movement. It reflects all the changes taking place in the social, political, economic, scientific, industrial, technical, cultural and everyday life of the country.
Basic dictionaries of the Russian language
Dictionary types
The department of linguistics dealing with the compilation of dictionaries and their study is called lexicography(Greek lexikos - dictionary and grapho - I write).
There are two types of dictionaries: encyclopedic(for example, Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. Literary Encyclopedia, Children's encyclopedia, philosophical dictionary, etc.) and philological (linguistic). In the first, concepts, phenomena are explained, information about various events is reported, in the second, words are explained, their meanings are interpreted. Encyclopedic can be linguistic dictionaries, for example: "Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary" ed. V.N. Yartseva was published in 1990, and in 1997 published under the editorship of. Yu.N. Karaulov dictionary "Russian language: Encyclopedia".
Linguistic dictionaries, in turn, are divided into two types: dictionaries multilingual(most often bilingual, which we use when studying foreign language, in translation, etc.) and monolingual in which words are explained by means of words of the same language.
Finally, among the monolingual dictionaries stand out:
1) dictionaries including all words given language(the so-called dictionaries thesaurus (gr.) - treasury, repository);
2) dictionaries of the modern literary language (the most common type explanatory dictionary, see below);
3) dictionaries of individual dialects or their groups (regional dictionaries, for example, the Don dictionary);
4) dictionaries of the language of a particular writer;
5) dictionaries of the language of a separate work;
6) historical dictionaries, including words of a certain period in the history of the language;
7) etymological dictionaries explaining the origin of individual words;
8) dictionaries of synonyms;
9) phraseological dictionaries;
10) dictionaries of irregularities, including words in the use, pronunciation or spelling of which deviations from the literary norm are often observed;
11) dictionaries of foreign words;
12) spelling dictionaries;
13) orthoepic dictionaries (dictionaries of literary pronunciation and stress);
14) word-building dictionaries;
15) reverse dictionaries;
16) frequency dictionaries;
17) dictionaries of abbreviations;
18) jargon dictionaries, etc.
The first Russian dictionaries, which appeared at the end of the 13th century, were small lists of incomprehensible words (with their interpretation) found in the monuments of ancient Russian writing. In the XVI century. such dictionaries began to be compiled alphabetically, as a result of which they received the name "alphabets".
The first printed dictionary, containing already 1061 words, appeared in 1596 as an appendix to the grammar of the famous philologist of that time, the priest Lavrenty Zizania. Mostly bookish Slavic words and a small number of foreign words were subjected to interpretation.
The next printed dictionary was compiled in 1627 by the Ukrainian philologist Pamva Berynda. As the title of the book (“The Slavonic Russian Lexicon”) shows, the author set himself the goal of explaining the Old Slavonic book words. Both by the number of words (6982), and by the accuracy of their explanations on the material of living colloquial vocabulary, and by the critical attitude towards sources, this dictionary stood out for its high philological level.
Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries were a preparatory step for creating a dictionary of the modern Russian language (modern for a certain era). In 1704, Fyodor Polikarpov-Orlov’s “Trilingual Lexicon” was published in Moscow with an interpretation of Russian words in Greek and Latin. In the same Petrine era, the first dictionary of foreign terms "Lexicon of New Vocabularies in Alphabet" was compiled, containing 503 words.
In the XVIII century. interest arises in the questions of the origin and formation of individual words, etymological notes of Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Tatishchev and other writers and scientists appear. At the end of the century, a number of dictionaries of the Church Slavonic language were published (the “Church Dictionary” and “Supplement” to it contained an explanation of more than 20 thousand words).
Based on the previous lexicographic work, it became possible to start work on the creation of a normative dictionary of the Russian language. It could be based, in particular, on the handwritten materials of Lomonosov and other researchers.
AT stylistic Phraseological units are very different from words. The bulk of the words are stylistically neutral, which cannot be said about phraseological units, the main meaning of which is the expression of the speaker's assessment and attitude. There cannot be a text consisting of phraseological units alone.
From the point of view of origin and tradition of use, phraseological units can be divided into three groups:
Expressions from colloquial and everyday speech:
lose one's head, speak one's teeth, no be no me, etc. .
Expressions from professional areas of use, from slang:
green street - railway workers, without a hitch, without a hitch - carpenters, etc. .
Expressions from book and literary speech:
a) terms and phrases from scientific use:
center of gravity, gravity, bring to the white knee, chain reaction, etc.
b) expressions from fiction and journalism:
edren - a loaf (Sholokhov "Virgin Soil Upturned"), "happy hours are not observed" (Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"), "a living corpse" (L. Tolstoy), "the case smells of kerosene" (M. Koltsov), "with feeling , really, with the arrangement ", etc.
Neutral expressions: lead your own line, bend a stick, point of view, nothing in the world, keep your word, etc.
Colloquial and everyday turns and phraseologized turns make up the largest number in the colloquial style. The sphere of use of such phraseological units is everyday communication, oral form dialogue: put your teeth on the shelf, go too far, eat when!, when - never, in the bud, at full throttle, etc. a bottle, crawl on four vede, does not knit a bast, cast a shadow on the wattle fence, do not slurp with bast shoes, neither skin nor mug, like a ram on a new gate, booby of the king of heaven, bumps out of the blue, dissolve nurses, hell with two, scratch your tongue , hit on the neck, damn it, etc. One of the distinguishing properties of colloquial vernacular phraseological units is that they are mainly formed as a result of a metaphorical rethinking of free phrases of the same lexical composition: throw a fishing rod, plug in a belt, lie on one side, etc. e. Many colloquial and colloquial phrases contain an amplifying meaning, due to which the emotionally expressive shades of phraseological units are manifested with the greatest force. The amplifying meaning is especially pronounced in adverbial phrases such as (to run) to all shoulder blades, (similar) like two drops of water, (to scold) to all crusts and is easily detected when explaining the meaning of the corresponding phraseological units. Let's take an example. The adverbial phraseological unit (shout) at full throat is interpreted through the combination (shout) “very loudly”. The use of this group of turns in colloquial speech should be limited. Phraseologisms of this type can be used in fiction either to convey the semantic component of the characters' oral speech, or to show the negative aspects of life, or to give speech an ironic tone.
The sphere of use of phraseological turns of book speech is much narrower than neutral, interstyle phraseological units. This includes individual turns of official - business speech: put under the cloth, labor force, real wages, confrontation, credentials, be responsible, etc. ; phraseological units of a scientific terminological type: fulcrum, cast a shadow, gravity, etc.; turns of a literary and journalistic nature: love for the Motherland, fighters for peace, castle in the air, bonds of friendship, material well-being, on the other side of the barricades, etc. From a stylistic point of view, many quotes from the works of Russian and foreign writers, expressions from ancient literature, from church books, etc. If included in a context unusual for their meaning, they can become a means of humor or irony.
Common phraseological units that perform in different styles, mainly a nominative function, retaining, as a rule, relative neutrality, are called interstyle. These are such turns as keeping a word, at the wrong address, specific weight, from year to year, from minute to minute, from day to day, to go beyond (decency), dead hour and many others, equally used in both colloquial and bookish styles. However, common interstyle phraseological units often coexist in the language with their colloquial (or bookish) variants. Thus, the replacement of the `lead' component in the turnover to lead one's line with the `bend' component turns the interstyle turnover into a colloquial one. Let's take an example. Also, the semantic-stylistic difference between synonymous phraseological units for nothing in the world (colloquial) and for no good (bookish), etc.
21 22 ..Phraseology of the modern Russian language from the point of view of functional and stylistic
30.
Stylistic classification of phraseological units and phraseological units. Their expressive and stylistic properties
The functional and stylistic classification of phraseological units is of great importance, as it helps to outline the possible areas of their use. Understanding their expressive-stylistic meaning serves the same purpose.
A relatively small group of phraseological units can be distinguished as interstyle, i.e. used in any of the functional styles (see § 15). These include, for example: to hit the target (and the antonym to hit the target); sound the alarm; take (take) the word; take (take) the side of someone, someone; pick up; year after year; go up; keep in mind; at first sight; push the boundaries; keep a promise; erase the edges; stand in the way; lose sight of; delve into (oneself) oneself; give way; on two fronts; give a move to something; full swing; center of gravity; at every step, etc. From a stylistic point of view, such phraseological units can be called neutral, stylistically uncolored.
Against the background of the considered phraseological units, two main functional and stylistic varieties of turns are distinguished: colloquial and bookish, each of which is additionally characterized by expressive and stylistic coloring.
31.
Colloquial phraseological units and phraseological phrases
In the colloquial style, the largest number of phraseological units are colloquial everyday turns and phraseologized turns. They are characterized by greater figurativeness, often have a somewhat stylistically reduced coloration (joking, playfully affectionate, as well as ironic, familiar). For example: absolute zero; not a touch in the eyes; on the master's leg; take (take) by the sides; for greater importance, bring down the shaft; drive into the coffin; rub glasses; garden head; bend your back; give a goad; to make mountains out of molehills; be careful; touch the inner core; cover your tracks; smoke the sky; twist your nose; chickens to laugh; fly upside down; Down and Out trouble started; in all shoulder blades (to run away); mother's massacre; from young and early; sewn with white threads; to the last thread; stick one's nose; fall on the heart; sing from someone else's voice; pour oil on the flame; cut into a walnut; spread the mind; stand one's ground; warm place; hit enough; grab onto the mind, etc.
In terms of functional-stylistic and proper stylistic properties, many phraseological expressions adjoin them, especially of the proverbial-saying type: hunger is not an aunt; after the rain on Thursday; seven Fridays in a week; seven do not wait for one, etc.
Colloquial phraseological units are increasingly used in some styles of book speech, for example, in journalism, in the language of fiction, as one of the means of speech characterization of characters.
From colloquial phraseology, phrases that stand outside the literary language should be distinguished. This includes phrases of a roughly colloquial nature and abusive turns: make a loafer; crush the sides; dissolve saliva; give on the neck; scratch with tongue; hell no; hell, etc.
The use of this group of phrases, even in colloquial speech, should be very limited. Phraseologisms of this type can be used in the language of fiction only for a specific stylistic purpose: either to convey the oral speech of characters, or to show the negative aspects of life, or to give speech an ironic tone.
32.
Book phraseological units and phraseological expressions
The sphere of use of phraseological turns of book speech is much narrower than neutral, interstyle phraseological units. This includes individual turns of official business speech: put under the cloth; work force; real wages; confrontation; credentials; be in the answer, etc.; phraseological units of scientific terminological type: fulcrum; cast a shadow; chain reaction; attraction force, etc.; turnovers of a literary and journalistic nature: love for the motherland; sons of the fatherland; peace fighters; civic duty; material well-being; unbreakable friendship; a ray of light; bonds of friendship; cornucopia; world sorrow; air castle; palm tree; on the other side of the barricades; thicken colors; soar in the clouds; sound the alarm, etc.
From a stylistic point of view, book phraseology also includes many quotations from the works of Russian and foreign writers, expressions from ancient literature, from church books, etc. (see § 28 and 29).
According to their expressive and emotional essence, some book phraseological units and phraseological expressions of all styles are characterized by greater elation, solemnity, and pathos. However, included in a context that is not typical for their meaning, they can become a means of humor or irony. Compare: - Energy, - said the builder, - this is the basis of the foundations, the alpha and omega of folk life (Paust.) - The alpha and omega of the kitchen - the cook Pelageya was busy around the stove (Ch.).
The sphere of use of phraseological turns of book speech is much narrower than neutral, interstyle phraseological units. These include:
Separate turns of official business speech: put under cloth; work force; real wages; confrontation; credentials; be in charge etc.;
Phraseological units of scientific terminological type: fulcrum; cast a shadow; chain reaction; force of gravity and etc.;
Turnovers of a literary and journalistic nature: love to motherland; sons of the fatherland; peace fighters; civic duty; material well-being; unbreakable friendship; a ray of light; bonds of friendship; cornucopia; world sorrow; air castle; palm tree; on the other side of the barricades; thicken colors; soar in the clouds etc.
From a stylistic point of view, book phraseology also includes many quotations from the works of Russian and foreign writers, expressions from ancient literature, from church books, etc.
According to their expressive and emotional essence, some book phraseological units and phraseological expressions of all styles are characterized by greater elation, solemnity, and pathos. However, included in a context that is not typical for their meaning, they can become a means of humor or irony. Wed: - Energy,- the builder said- this is the basis of the foundations, the alpha and omega of folk life; Alpha and omega cuisine- cook Pelageya fussed around the stove.
Exercise:
Read the note by Yu.T. Valley "Phraseologisms in our speech" (see Appendix 31). Using the article by Yu.T. Valley and material on the topic: "Style classification of phraseological units and phraseological phrases, their expressive and stylistic properties", answer the question: What is the role of phraseological units in the speech of a modern journalist?
2.1.3 test questions to fix the material
1. What does phraseology study?
2. What is called a phraseological turn, or phraseological unit?
3. What scientific directions exist in the phraseology of the Russian language regarding various speech means? Why?
4. How do phraseological units differ from free phrases?
5. What is the essence of the concept " phraseological meaning»?
6. What is meant by an unambiguous and multi-valued phraseological phrase?
7. What features of synonymy and antonymy of phraseological units can you note?
8. List the types of phraseological units according to the motivation of the meaning and semantic unity.
9. Tell in detail about each type according to the following plan:
Consistency in meaning (semantic indecomposability);
The degree of grammatical fusion of words in a phraseological unit;
The stability of the phraseological units in terms of their semantic cohesion and the possibility of morphological changes in the words that make up the phraseological unit.
10. What style classification of phraseological units exists in Russian? Tell us about the features of using phraseological units in each style.
11. What is the role of phraseological units in speech modern man, especially in terms of professional activity(Show on the example of the activities of a journalist).
2.1.4 Exercises for independent work and further analysis
Note: exercises are performed at the choice of the teacher, can be used in practical classes and are recommended for homework.
Exercise 1
Compare the highlighted word combinations. Determine which of them are free and which are phraseological. Justify your answer.
Curtains fall.
Hands go down.
I I whisper: "Comrades..."
But my comrades
They go home,
Because maybe
Opinions differ
That a miracle can be .
2. Arrows ran down the wall
The hour is like a cockroach.
Give up, why throw plates,
Sound the alarm, break glasses?
Exercise 2
Use these combinations of words in sentences as free combinations and as phraseological units. Specify the features that distinguish free combinations of words from stable ones.
Roll up your sleeves, guess on the coffee grounds, bite your tongue, throw pebbles into someone's garden, overgrow with moss, throw a fishing rod, bring to a common denominator wherever your eyes look, find a common language.
Exercise 3
Using the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. A.I. Molotkov, select phraseological units related to the following thematic groups: 1) a positive characteristic of a person; 2) a negative characteristic of a person; 3) attitude to work; 4) the expression of such human emotions as fear, joy, grief.
Exercise 4
Group these phraseological units into synonymous rows. Where possible, continue these rows in separate words. How do phraseological units differ from words and what do they have in common?
Head on the shoulders, a whipping boy, at full speed, seven spans in the forehead, smeared with one world, grated kalach, at full speed, neither this nor that, mind chamber, shot sparrow, two pair of boots, neither fish nor meat, one field a berry, not a candle to God, not a damn poker, in the blink of an eye, the pot boils, fire and water went through, a scapegoat.
Exercise 5
Find phraseological units connected by antonymic relations. Replace each of the phraseological units with a separate word or free phrase.
Dissolve your tongue, put on a mask, go uphill, with leaps and bounds, the cat cried, bite your tongue, seven spans in your forehead, with a snail's step, boobie of the king of heaven, a wagon and a small cart, at hand, throw off the mask, roll downhill.
Exercise 6
Find phraseological units, determine their meaning. By using " Phraseological dictionary Russian language, ed. A.I. Molotkov, indicate which of the phraseological units are unambiguous, and which may have a different meaning than in the text.
1. I spend my time very monotonously. I don’t do things in the morning, but I pour from empty to empty (P.). 2. Here is the alpha and omega for you, the beginning and end of all affairs that had the goal of satisfying one or another social duty. (Success). 3. Tell me honestly the whole truth, what kind of girl is this and how do you find her? (L.T.). 4. However, one friend after another fell in love to the fullest, cried, suffered, despite the atomic age, and she secretly envied them (Gran.). 5. The expression of his face is sluggish, narrow eyes squinted, he pecked with his nose, as if dozing (Shishk.).
Exercise 7
Find phraseological units. Determine which parts of the sentence they correspond to. Does it depend on the lexical and grammatical properties of the components of phraseological units and on the number of words included in them?
1. He worked tirelessly and ... finally saw that a lot had already been done, that he was almost equal to those whom he once took as a model (Boon.). 2. The guy was hefty, blood and milk, but spoke in a weak and feminine way. (A.N.T.). 3. Avrosimov at first was even afraid that she would become ill, that with his haste he hurt her, although after all it was possible to talk about everything softly, and not to chop off the shoulder . 4. Thunder strike me, I don’t understand why there are so many frostbitten. I really don't understand (German). 5. The musician looks for musical beauties in this work, he finds them rather in excess than in proper proportion; this is a musical Demyanov's ear (Seagull.). 6. Ogarkov was offended that his comrades paid little attention to him. He wanted to prove to them that he was not a bastard and was capable of a real deed (Kaz.). 7. He is yap. It will come up with three boxes, but in fact there was nothing (Bull.).
Exercise 8
Determine the meanings of the given phraseological units and indicate which of them allow the variation of the grammatical form of their constituent components, and which do not.
Their name is legion, circled around their fingers, an apple of discord, headlong, a pawed goose, with all the fibers of the soul, a sleepy kingdom, not a bast, sprinkle ashes on their heads, in all Ivanovo, beat the buckets, to the marrow of the bones, you can’t spill water, as with goose water, attacked the wrong one.
Exercise 9
Find phraseological units and determine their meanings and type (phraseological unions, unity, combinations).
1. Our smart feeder, in silence, the fragile boat ruled 2. I have never written reviews in my whole life, for me this is a Chinese letter. 3. It's enough for you to beat the buckets. 4. I'll make an artist out of you! 5. Cunning, but gets caught in a mess. 6. At baptism ... they will take, undress and in what the mother gave birth and dip. 7. No, wait! There were better than you, but they danced on my pipe. 8. You write like a chicken paw. 9. In the yard - at least roll a ball . 10. Larisin's chosen one turned out to be so-so, neither fish nor meat - you can’t immediately guess what kind of person . 11. For some reason, rumor dubbed Demida a proud and cunning person, one of those that are on his mind . 12. In order to burn the ships of our mutual hopes at once, I plucked up the courage and loudly expressed my thoughts about how much I considered marriage impossible for myself .
Exercise 10
Determine the stylistic coloring of these synonymous phraseological units.
1. Fall asleep with eternal sleep - play in a box - give oak - rest in a bose - go to the forefathers - order to live long - stretch your legs - throw back your hooves.
2. The mouth is full - as if from a cornucopia - chickens do not peck - from three boxes - more than enough - a wagon and a small cart - at least a dime a dozen.
Exercise 11
Determine lexical meaning and stylistic affiliation of the following phraseological units (bookish, neutral, colloquial, colloquial).
Under the open sky, the sea of \u200b\u200blife, give up on someone, rages with fat, what the hell, Achilles' heel, on a grand scale, keep the word, the reins of government, sissy, wipe off the face of the earth, with all my heart, the golden calf, hands do not reach, chop in the shoulder, twist the nose, manna from heaven, climb on the rampage, the blood runs cold in the veins, pout the lips , to hurt a nerve, caliph for an hour, on the topic of the day, did not come out with a snout, lay hands on himself.
Exercise 12
Determine what are the features of the individual-author's use of phraseological units in comparison with existing linguistic phraseological units (the author's meaning is attached to an already existing phraseological unit, the form of phraseological unit, the order of components is changed, it is built on the model of an existing stable combination of words, etc.).
I. - Everyone has his own Achilles' heel, continued Prince Andrei. -- With his great mind to succumb to this pettiness (L.T.). 2. Wonderful night. There is not a cloud in the sky, and the moon shines in all Ivanovo (Ch.). 3. It is known what my fosterling hiding somewhere, my sworn friend, my bosom enemy, to whom I no longer have personal bitterness, but only staunch rejection, would say about this (Cron). 4. Not an Indian summer - a man's spring (Ascension). 5. Not to the muses this pitch-black summer, in the house of death one after another (Ascension). 6. Yes, you, brother, are sick in the smoke! you have a fever . 7. "What is dead?" I asked. He smiled, deciding that I was playing him: “Who doesn’t know, everyone understands: he played in the box” . 8. It was smoky in the office, at least hang up your hat (Belov).
Exercise 13
Point out what is the source of emphasis in the following magazine and newspaper headlines.
1. "The squeak of fashion." 2. "Babylonian arable land". 3. "Scapegoat". 4. "Knight of the sad rite." 5. "Appetite goes down while eating." 6. "The minister himself will break his leg." 7. "Seven years one answer." 8. "Incomprehensible Virgin Land". 9. "Forbidden Fruit of the Road." 10. "All landfills will visit us." 11. "Rock of abundance."
Exercise 14
Indicate to which areas of professional activity these phraseological units originally belonged.
Play first fiddle, run aground, not a hitch, shelve, blank shot, reverse, take in tow, step off stage, shelve, let off steam, stymie, inky soul, bring out fresh water, hit the tone, peck on the hook.
Exercise 15
Using the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. A.I. Molotkov, determine the origin of phraseological units (primordially Russian: they go back to professional speech, oral folk art, jargon, works of literature; borrowed: from biblical texts, from ancient mythology, phraseological tracing papers).
Climb on the rampage, make dirty linen out of the hut, get into binding, promised land, peak position, there is no judgment, stigmatize, from the cornucopia, blue stocking, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, not salty slurping, pull the rigmarole, set the tone, the second advent, tantalum flour, remove chips, sword of Damocles, dead souls, in the sweat of his face, far away, squeeze in a vise, snake podkolodnaya, tighten the screws, a fairy tale about a white bull, a living corpse, a cornerstone, nothing to cover, Achilles' heel, administrative delight, stranglehold, daily bread, Sisyphean labor, dark kingdom, appetite comes with eating.
Exercise 16
What features of children's perception of non-free word combinations are shown by the examples given in the book by K.I. Chukovsky "From two to five"?
1.- My head is cracking terribly today!
Why can't you hear the crackle?
2. Mom! You said that your uncle sits on Aunt Anyuta's neck, and he always sits on a chair.
3. I won’t go to school, there they cut the guys at the exam.
4. About some doctor, the big ones said that chickens don’t peck at his money. When Mitya was brought to this doctor, he, of course, immediately asked: - Where are your chickens?
5. - What is your Irishka lying down with roosters?
She does not lie down with roosters - they peck; she goes to bed alone.
Exercise 17
Make sentences with turnovers at hand, bring to fresh water in which they would act as phraseological units.
Exercise 18
From the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. A.I. Molotkov, write out 10 phraseological units and indicate their type according to the degree of semantic fusion of the components (fusion, unity, combination).
Exercise 19
Read the material by Yu. Dolin "Biblical phraseological units" (see Appendix 32).
Answer the following questions:
Why has Biblical phraseology come to prominence in the last decade?
