The use of professionalisms, as well as the word "professionalism" in everyday speech
Research Chernyshova Irina, Novikova Dasha and Kostrova ZosyaPurpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.
How to work:
one). Survey using a questionnaire
2). Observations
3). Analysis of the results
four). Comparing the received data and bringing them together
Work plan:
one). Introduction - theoretical part
2). Chart Results
3).Result analysis
4).Conclusion
What are professionalisms? Professionalisms - words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning.: a typo in the speech of newspapermen - a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists - a saucepan, etc. The terms are the legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their unofficial substitutes only in the speech of persons related by profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is a synonym for the concept of "term". According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of everyday vocabulary words to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, the form of a detail and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are opposed to the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargon and words of colloquial vocabulary in terms of reduced, rough expression, and also in that they, like jargons and colloquial speech, are not an independent language subsystem with their own grammatical features, but some small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalism, they relatively easily pass into common speech, as well as into colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: overlay - "error" (from the actor's speech), janitor - "windshield wiper" (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language fiction as a visual medium.
And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.
At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.
To the diagram: 40% of the respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% guess, more than 30% of the respondents answered that they know. Some respondents assured that the word "professionalism" does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept that is close in meaning). Slightly more than half claimed that they often use professionalisms in everyday life, the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but a few people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.
Here are the examples we got:
Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are fake (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of a compass).
From the above examples, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word "professionalism" well. Some teachers of the Russian language assured that the word "professionalism" in this sense does not exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term "professionalism" itself refers to professional vocabulary.
After conducting a survey, we came to the unanimous opinion that we absolutely do not need the term "professionalism" in everyday life. We perfectly understand each other without him. For example, when we explained what these same professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass helped a lot. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession to better understand each other. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (as, for example, a major mood means “good mood”)
>>Russian language: Professionalisms and terms. Lesson in the development of speech. Listening based on an adapted monologue text
Professionalisms and terms. Lesson in the development of speech. Listening based on an adapted monologue text
Professionalisms and terms
Theory A
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Groups of words by use: commonly used, stylistically colored words, dialectisms, professional words and word-terms, vernacular words, jargon
The most thematically stylistic layer of the vocabulary of the language is made up of commonly used words, used freely, without any restrictions. These words are associated with concepts common to most native speakers, at the same time they are the usual names of objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality that are understandable to the general public: homeland, freedom, goodness, earth, milk, no, one, air, son, so, me.
They are characterized by the stability of the main meanings, that is, most words are retained in modern language the same meanings that are recorded in the oldest written monuments (run, water, mother, first, three). At the same time, this composition can change, replenished with new concepts that become well-known (nuclear, bank, ecology, computer, dream, president, robot), or due to a change in the stylistic marking of the word, its lexical and syntactic compatibility. Common vocabulary mainly refers to stylistically neutral, interstyle, but not identical to it, has in its composition a certain part of freely used emotionally expressive words: mother, crazy, despite.
Common (or nationwide) vocabulary includes both proper Ukrainian vocabulary and well-known borrowed ones.
Dialect (gr. dialektos "adverb") dialect, a local variety of a language.
Words (stable phrases) that are not part of the lexical system of the literary language, but are elements of the vocabulary of a certain dialect, are called dialectisms. These are the local names of the concepts of the national language: leather (short fur coat), potato (potato), zhaliva (nettle), squirrel (squirrel), rooster (rooster) names of objects and concepts that do not extend beyond a certain dialect: puddles (type of belt), pants (kind of trousers) words that differ in meaning from the words of the common language: mountain (attic), pies (dumplings).
Dialectisms enrich the Russian language, especially synonyms. They are used in works of art to reflect the life and speech of people of a certain area. “When Ivan was seven years old, he already looked at the world differently. He knew a lot. He knew that the world was dominated by evil spirits, aridnik ( evil spirit) governs everything; that the forest is full of goblin who grazed their margin: deer, hares and Serena; a cheerful chugaistyr wanders around there, who now asks the one he meets to dance and tear apart the yavkas; the voice of an ax living in the forest. Above, in the waterless distant weeks, the nyavkas breed their endless tanks, and the devil is hiding on the rocks ”(M. Kotsyubinsky).
Professional vocabulary
Professionalisms (lat. professio "occupation, specialty")- words and phrases characteristic of the language of people of certain professions. These are mainly the names of production tools, the names of labor processes, special professional expressions. Since professionalisms are used to designate special concepts only in the sphere of a particular profession, craft, trade, they do not always correspond to the norms of the literary language. Professionalisms act as informal synonyms for deadlines. From professionalism, one can single out scientific and technical, vocational, colloquial-slang.
1. Words and phrases inherent in the language of sailors: cook - cook; galley - kitchen; kubrick - crew rest room tank - bow of the ship, go to sea - swim.
2. Professionalism of employees in the banking, financial, trade and similar areas: remove the cash register, sum it up, estimate the balance.
3. Names of aerobatics figures for pilots: corkscrew, barrel, loop, pike, etc.
4. Professionalism of personal computer users: mother - motherboard; clave - keyboard; reset information - rewrite; screw - hard drive.
5. Professionalism of musicians: plywood - phonogram; remix - an old melody in a new treatment to promote (song, name) - to advertise.
6. Some professionalisms are characterized by a shift in emphasis from a traditionally normalized position to a different composition: atoms, compasses, Murmansk, report similar.
Basically, professionalisms are used in the oral informal speech of people of a certain profession. In written speech, professionalisms are used in publications intended for specialists (booklets, instructions, tips).
Professionalisms are also used by writers in order to create a professional color, to reproduce the life of a certain professional environment in their works.
Dates are taken by scientists, military, athletes, figures. art in its professional activity. These are words that name certain concepts:
— Sciences: (sound, ecology, simplification, psychoanalysis);
– Techniques: (detector, processor, speaker)
- Arts: (arioso, intermezzo, roles).
Words that are used only in oral everyday speech are called vernacular. In works of art, they are used to provide a derogatory, rude characterization to the depicted.
The vernacular words also include Russianisms (Rusisms) - words borrowed from the Russian language, located outside Ukrainian language and not fixed by its dictionaries: next (instead of next).
Outside the common language are jargon (from the French. Bird language) - words or expressions used by a small group of people. When communicating, these people add specific emotionally charged words to their speech: cool, hang out, cool.
Objectives: to make clear about professional words ah and terms, teach them to find them in the text; understand the feasibility of their use; improve language skills and abilities. Equipment: textbook, educational texts. lesson type: combined.
During the classes
I. organizational stage
II. Updating of basic knowledge
What features distinguish vocabulary from other levels of the language system?
What words are commonly used?
What words are dialectal?
What are jargons?
2. independent work creative nature
Compose and write down sentences using commonly used and dialect words: kochet, song - rooster; utirka, handbrake - a towel; chicken - hut; fence, fence, fence - hedge.
III. Motivation for learning activities
Teacher. Life goes on. Therefore, the number of special words in Russian cannot always remain constant. In the age of the fast scientific and technological progress there is a huge number of new concepts associated with the achievements of science, technology, production. Naturally, these concepts should receive their designations. Linguists and specialists from various fields note the active process of creating new terms.
IV. learning new material
1. Teacher's explanation
A term is a word or, which is the name of a special concept from any sphere of production, science or art. There are highly specialized terms used only by specialists in a particular field (refraction, oscillogram, laryngophone) and generally accepted terms that are included in and generally understood (cybernetics, automation, complex, etc.). Big number terms - formations from Russian and foreign roots (dye, bleach, antibodies, phototelegram).
Terminology is a system of terms of a certain branch of science (for example, linguistics, physics, mathematics). AT broad sense terminology, or terminological, is the whole set of terms of any language. The development of terminological vocabulary in Russian, as well as in Ukrainian, is characterized by tendencies, on the one hand, towards the internationalization of terminological funds (analysis, synthesis, microelement), and on the other hand, towards reflecting in them the specifics of national linguistic word usage: angle (ukr. kut ), solution (Ukrainian rozchin), positive (Ukrainian positive).
Professionalisms are special words used in the speech of persons related by profession. The difference between terms and professionalism is that the terms are official, legalized in a given science, industries or Agriculture names of concepts, and professionalisms are semi-official words common among people of a certain profession, but not a strict, scientific designation of a concept. So, for example, professionalisms in the publishing and printing field are words such as paragraph, layout, proofreading, layout, etc.
Many refer to colloquial and even colloquial or slang vocabulary, for example: a blunder (in the speech of newspapermen), a hanging line, a flashlight, a hat (in the speech of publishing workers), mining (in the speech of miners), boatswain, scrubbing, shoveling (in the speech of sailors) etc.
2. Acquaintance with the theoretical material of the textbook
V. generalization, systematization
and control of knowledge and skills of students
1. Practical work with language material
Exercise 1
Definition of the role of professional words in the text. Find in the text special words that are most often used in the speech of chemists. What role do they play in it? Write off, put the missing commas. What spellings did you work on?
In the northern fields, the trust r..shil start b. xseinization of extractions.. sulfate. For this, a dry lake was chosen.
It was necessary to go to the lake .. to go from z..liva to ..nal then to break through a small mountain a tunnel one hundred and thirty meters long and then in the fall to ..start Karabugaz water through this ..nal into the lake to a three-meter level .. heed. This water was supposed to give a sediment of fifty centimeters over an area of square kilometer. Hot winds and ss. Every day they had to turn the top layer on the lakes into a sulphate film three centimeters thick.
Sulfate in lakes .. its surface is flat, like a table, and therefore it can be collected by machines (K. Paustovsky).
Task 2
Determine which area of science, technology and art is characterized by this or that terminology.
Cosmodrome, launch vehicle, space vision, cosmology, space navigation, docking; cosmetologist, hemorrhage, cosmetology, antiseptics, aorta, hygiene, hypertrophy; antipode, moratorium, monopoly; itinerant, easel, still life, brushstroke, landscape; person under investigation, assessor, plaintiff, sanction, conviction; carditis, tonsillitis, osteochondrosis, pharyngoscope, fluorography, pantocrine, phthisiatrician, urology.
2. work with the exercises of the textbook (at the choice of the teacher)
VI. reflection. Summing up the lesson
What is the difference between spoken words and written words?
What words are called professional?
What are terms?
What is the difference between professionalism and terms?
2. Final word of the teacher
Terms as a kind of book vocabulary are used in scientific and technical literature, as well as in reports and lectures on special topics.
In fiction, they are used to depict the scene of action, the environment where events unfold, for the speech characterization of characters. But terminological vocabulary should not be abused, since this reduces the artistry of the work and leads to ambiguity.
VII. Homework
1. Learn the theoretical material of the textbook.
2. From the periodical press, select articles that talk about professions, find professional words and terms in them.
Home > Lessonprofessional words. Words, the use of which is characteristic of people of certain professions, having the scope of their use in any branch of science or technology, constitute professional vocabulary. She is born in oral speech and stands out for its expressiveness and expressiveness due to its metaphorical nature. The lexical meanings of professionalisms are distinguished by the well-known randomness of sound coincidence with commonly used words. So, for example, the commonly used word branch means "a small lateral process of a tree or shrub" (direct meaning). And in the language of the Tula samovar craft - "the artistically designed upper part of the samovar tap." The Tula region, the land of crafts, is the birthplace of a huge number of professionalisms. Let's analyze some of them. Examples of professionalism that appeared in Tula as a result of the samovar craft. Branch - the upper part of the samovar crane, artistically designed. A crusher is a worker who makes lids for a samovar on a spinning machine. Dushnichek - a detail on the lid of a samovar for passing steam during boiling. Cap - a cap for closing a samovar jug. Kobylina - a device for forging the wall of the samovar body. A jug is an inner tube in a samovar into which coals are placed. A tinker is a worker who covers the inner walls of a samovar with tin. Samovar jar - having a cylindrical shape. Samovar vase - in the form of vases of various styles. Duley samovar - made in a pear-shaped form. A samovar with a glass - shaped like a glass. The wall is the main part of the samovar, where water is poured for boiling. Pull - trim the samovar. Neck - the lower part of the samovar with holes. Cones-grip - devices for removing the lid from the samovar. In some cases, professionalisms can be used as official terms (a term is a word or phrase, the name of a certain concept of some special field of science, art technique), that is, they become commonly used, and their expressiveness is somewhat erased. So it happened with the words that serve the weapon craft. Drum - a device for automatically feeding bullets in a revolver in the form of a rotating cylinder. Muzzle - the outlet of the barrel bore of a firearm, as well as the barrel itself. Lock - a design for connecting the moving parts of a weapon. The trigger is part of the firing mechanism in handguns. Bed (bed) - an elongated part of a handgun, on which the barrel is fixed. Shop - a device that holds the clip. Front sight - a small protrusion on the front of the barrel of a small arms used for aiming. Clip - a device for cartridges in a magazine box of a firearm. Butt - part of a rifle, machine gun, machine gun, which serves to rest on the shoulder of the shooter. Sight (sight) - a device for aiming a firearm at a target. The barrel is the main part in the form of a pipe through which a bullet or projectile passes, receiving the direction of flight. It is characteristic that some of the listed terms have a direct lexical meaning (for example, trigger, clip); portable (drum, magazine, front sight); are homonyms (bed, doulo), which indicates the mobility of the Russian language and some coding of professional words. Although professional vocabulary has limited scope usage, between it and the popular vocabulary there is a constant connection that enriches the Russian literary language. Professionalisms are also often used in fiction for a more accurate description of production processes, for recreating the situation, for the speech characteristics of the characters, which makes the work realistic. Consider jargon in the Tula dialect. Social jargon is the speech of people who make up separate social interest groups (for example, pupils, students, motorists, fans, etc.), which is not an integral system. The grammar in jargons is the same as in the national language. Their specificity lies in the vocabulary: many words in jargons have a special, different meaning. Consider some examples from student jargon. Glue flippers - die. To slip away - to leave unnoticed. Do not catch up - do not understand. Light up - have fun. Move away - relax. Panicle is a girl. The roof went - went crazy. Raccoons are dollars. Bablo - money. Fuflo is nonsense. Tula students come up with new lexical meanings for already familiar words in order to be incomprehensible representatives of another social troupe. Or new words with new meanings appear, many of which come from the language of the criminal world. Studies have shown that slang words are spread among the entire population of Tula due to their specific originality, unusualness. In addition, in newspapers, on radio and television, the "pure" literary language is gradually disappearing and the younger generation does not have the correct language. speech example. If we turn to the history of the development of the language of Tula in the 19th century, we can single out an interesting phenomenon: the business language of small traders, which also had a kind of secrecy. It was passed down from generation to generation and gradually became not only business, commercial, but also colloquial. Examples business language small merchants of Tula XIX - early XX centuries. Gray is a horse. Tripe - a cow. Bormotukha is a sheep. Bormot is a lamb. Balzik is a dog. Balavas - meat. Albuznik - oats. Terman tea. Akrel - bread. These words refer to the items of sale, with the help of which merchants, in the presence of buyers, agreed on more favorable terms of the transaction. Trifilka - a penny. Vereshnik - dime. Lameshnik - fifty dollars. Khrushchevik, kalo - ruble. Kalymit - to earn money, literally "to chase the ruble." One is Kaldin. Two - bakry. Three - strema. It is interesting to note that some words meaning monetary units have a sound and semantic similarity with the words Turkish. The secret language helped Tula merchants to bring down purchase prices at fairs, to support each other in buying and selling. But this language did not take root in modern society, since significant socio-economic changes took place in the country (Great October socialist revolution), especially since dialectal features were erased under the influence of a general increase in the cultural level of the population. This is an inevitable, albeit lengthy, historical process. Some lexical elements that penetrated in the past from social jargons into the national vocabulary are preserved in it even now, having somewhat changed. For example, in modern language, the word double-dealer means "a dishonest person", and in the beggarly jargon of the Tula tramps it meant someone who collected alms with both hands. However, in general, jargons have a limited scope of use: either they are used in "their" social environment, or in works of art in order to stylize the situation and characterize the character's speech. vernacular- another variety of the national Russian language. This is the speech of the urban poorly educated population, who do not know or do not want to know the norms of the literary language. The vernacular has developed as a result of mixing multi-dialect speech in the conditions of the city, where people from rural areas have long moved in search of work. In the speech of the townspeople of Tula, one can hear the following vernacular, which must be disposed of: theirs; glasses; at twenty minutes; rubel; life; children; rush; want; drunkard; hollow; she has a whole day and many others. Nicknames are an interesting factor in human communication, as well as a variety of colloquial vocabulary. A name is assigned to a person at birth. A surname is an inherited family name that passes from generation to generation. But where do nicknames come from? What pushes people to give each other non-standard names? Nicknames represent a huge layer of informative vocabulary, they reflect the history, ethnography, geography of the people, their way of life and customs. With the help of new names, a person is immediately isolated from the general mass, highlighting in him feature, thanks to which he becomes instantly recognizable. Consider examples of nicknames found in Tula and the Tula region of the 19th century. By external signs: elm (tall), snub, kornok (low; according to the dictionary of V.I.Dal, root - squat), etc. By character trait: aboyda (poor), golanka (cheat; according to Dahl, golan - to cheat), kerka (hoarse; according to Dahl, kerkat - make a hoarse sound), etc. By occupation: harp (noisy, according to Dahl, to harp - to make noise, to do something with a knock), etc. It is also interesting that, having appeared in the language of the people; first in Tula, and then in Russia, the surnames that arose on the basis of Tula crafts were entrenched. Unfortunately, there are not many of them, but they reflect the way of life, culture and history of our city. These are officially registered surnames: Tulyakov, Pryanikov, Dulnev, Samovarov, Shtykov, Kurkov, Trunks. In this paper, we examined examples of the varieties of the language of the city of Tula, in which reflected the socio-cultural characteristics of the area. We saw that the Tula vocabulary sensitively responds to changes in external, extralinguistic reality (in the material and cultural life of the city, in the social order, in relations between people), replenishing the literary language, which absorbs all the best, all the most expressive means, inherent in popular speech. The modern Russian literary language, which represents an established communication system, continues to draw means of expression- words, phrases, syntactic constructions - from dialects, vernacular, professional words and jargons, including Tula dialects. In this process, the norm plays the role of a filter: it lets everything valuable that is in live speech into literary use, and delays everything accidental and temporary. Every Russian person should communicate in the Russian literary language. 4. CULTURE OF SPEECH. PHONETIC AND GRAMMATIC FEATURES OF THE TULA TALK. The culture of speech is, first of all, mastery of the norms of oral and written literary language (rules of pronunciation, stress, word usage, grammar and style), as well as the ability to use the expressive means of the language in various conditions communication in accordance with the goals and content of speech. Literary language is the main form of the existence of a language, which, in its cultural and social status opposed to territorial dialects. The Russian literary language, and in particular, pronunciation, has evolved over a long period of time. Before the formation of a national language in the 17th century, dialect varieties were common in different territories, which were spoken by the entire population of feudal lands, regardless of social affiliation. Dialect - variety given language used as a means of communication by persons connected by a close territorial community. The Russian language has the following division into dialects: northern dialect; the southern dialect, which includes the Tula dialect group; Central Russian dialects. The linguistic features of the Tula region, formed under the influence historical development, are included in literary speech as deviations from the norm and refer to the southern Russian dialects, which are common south of Moscow, in the territories of Kaluga, Tula, Oryol, Tambov, Voronezh and some other regions. The dialects reflect the ancient state of the Russian language. Their study is extremely important: it helps to establish the features by which the Old Russian language differed from the modern one, to trace the various stages and stages of the development of the Russian language.
PHONETIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE TULA REGION. vowel sounds.
1. The presence of five phonemes - [a, o, y, e, and], the absence of a phoneme in speech [s]. 2. Akanye - indistinguishability [o] and [a] in unstressed syllables: vada, vdovoz (these unstressed syllables are also pronounced in the literary language). 3. Moderate yak in the pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants: river - ryaka, fox - lyasa. CONSONANTS. 1. The pronunciation [g] is not explosive (as in the literary language), but fricative, or fricative [y]: legs - noui, mountains - wory. 2. Instead of a hard [k] in a position after C], denoting the letter and, and after [h] - soft [k 1]: seagull - chaikyu, daughter - daughter. 3. It is possible to alternate [v] with a similar sound [ow]: cow - karow "ka. 4. There is an insertion (prosthesis) of the sound [v] before the initial [o] and [y]: autumn - vosin, duck - vutka. 5 Long hissing phonemes are preserved: pike - shshchuka, I go - ezhzhu, better - Lucci. seven, pop - pigeon, gatof (ready) - gatof (cook). m] instead of [v] before [n]: for a long time - long 9. Using the sound combination [hv] instead of [f]: sarafan - sarakhvan, jacket - kokhta 10. Pronouncing a voiced hissing consonant instead of a deaf one: rain - rain.
PHONETIC FEATURES OF THE TULA TALK SHOWN ON THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIAN FOLK SONGS.
Round dance (excerpt). Zainka hung, karahot (round dance) little one! Karahot, spread out, wide open up, zainka belinkyay. GREAT (excerpt). The sun is clear W and the forest rolled up. Laheyushka from Dwara said, Mother with Ats her right.
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE TULA REGION.
1. Nouns of the 1st declension in the genitive case have the endings -e or -i in combination with the preposition y: u wife, u mami. 2. Nouns of the middle gender show a tendency to converge with feminine and in the forms of agreement (my ring, a large herd passed), and in the forms of inflection (left without a dress, put on this dress). 3. Neuter nouns in the nominative plural have an unstressed ending -i (-s): windows, spots. 4. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd l. and reflexive pronouns have a single stem in the genitive, dative, accusative and prepositional cases (men-, teb-, seb-) and a single ending -e: mine, taba, sibe. 5. At the end of verbs of the 1st conjugation and in heterogeneous verbs in the 3rd person, [t] may be absent: he goes - go, walks - walk (or walking), becomes - standing, will be - waking up, disappears - lost. 6. Unstressed ending 3rd person verbs plural not -ut (-yut), -at (-yat), but -ut (-yut): they walk - walk, see - see, become - become. 7. In verbs with a base on the back-lingual solid consonant [k], the process of alternation does not occur: bake-peket (bakes), shore - saves (protects). 8. The suffix (or ending) of the infinitive has, as a rule, a non-syllable form: revenge - revenge, weave - weave. 9. Postfix of reflexive verbs predominantly-si: afraid - afraid, afraid - afraid, afraid - afraid. 10. There are adverbial forms with the suffix -mshi: not spamshi. 11. There is a replacement of the prefix in-to the prefix-: took-knotted.
EXAMPLES OF MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TULA TALK RECORDED FROM THE WORDS OF RESIDENTS
TULA.
1. We lived in no way haroshiv nor saw an acre of plakhov. They coughed with hooks, beat them with rolls on the rivers, dressed up with diryushkas, dyryshvans raped them on holidays, white-haired people wear a scarf, and red ones are very nasty, life has changed, and pennies and they receive nets of vakhvabrika. 2. We went to vicherki. They danced, played, guessed, they guessed holy water, fortune-telling glasses, they put vinchalny rings, you looked at whoever came out. Ouch! Exited! Afanka! Tiper let's go to the bast shoes to throw the roof, where to paw, lie down with your nose, and the ribs will see us and our fairy bast shoes will be taken. They took the norm, but what impudence they grabbed from the Cavo, who asked for a lope. This paper presents the features of the dialect of Tula and the region, but each student should strive to improve his speech, focusing on the Russian literary language. can be of invaluable help pronouncing dictionary(orthoepy - the science of pronunciation norms), whose task is to give the correct, recommended ways of pronunciation and shaping, indicate the options allowed by the norm (including stylistically marked ones) and prohibit the most common mistakes that abound in the speech of the inhabitants of the Tula region.
5. YAZYKTUL PRESS.
SPEECH STYLES. PUBLIC STYLE,
The language of the press is a kind of journalistic style, which is primarily inherent in the media and is realized in the form of a journalistic article, essay, speech, pamphlet, feuilleton, and so on. The purpose of this style is to influence listeners and readers through newspapers and magazines to form public opinion on a particular issue. The combination of two functions of the language - informational and propaganda - distinguishes the journalistic style from scientific and official-business, which determines the main linguo-stylistic property of texts: the combination of expressive, stylistically colored means and neutral means. The propaganda orientation of the journalistic style finds expression in the use of expressive evaluative vocabulary and phraseology; in orientation to modern meanings and the novelty of metaphors, figurative comparisons; in the simplicity and accessibility of the syntax. The information function is embodied in such style features as emphasized documentary accuracy of what is reported; officiality, expressed in the use of scientific, official business and socio-political terminology. The genres of journalistic style are characterized by conciseness, reliability, novelty of information. The topics discussed should be relevant and interesting to the majority of readers. But this style should always focus on the Russian literary language, which is constantly undergoing various linguistic modifications associated with socio-political processes that lead to a change in the country's way of life. An attempt to analyze the language of modern Tula newspapers made it possible to find out that it is also undergoing changes. AT last years there was a significant increase in the amount of evaluative vocabulary (even vulgar and obscene) in the speech of the townspeople, and hence in the press. This is due to an increase in verbal aggressiveness, which is dictated by the increased freedom of behavior in society, freedom of speech. Previously forbidden turns are perceived by modern Tula journalists as normative. There is also a jargonization of the language of the newspapers of our city. Slang vocabulary generally expands the scope of functioning, go colloquial. The desire for originality leads to the frequent use of emotionally expressive phrases, for example: chop a chip, crush a smile, freebie, hawal Mouzon, and so on, although these slang expressions belong to the category of reduced vocabulary. Slang interspersed in the speech of the press is an unjustified desire of a journalist to stand out, instantly attract attention to an article, earn a “cheap” reputation as a person who keeps up with the times. Examples of jargon usage in newspaper "Sloboda". “I stuck that the cupcake stood up on the skateboard and does not catch up with what the market is about ...” (“Sloboda” No. 2, 2000). “It seems to have worked out,” I thought, dropping my bitten fins to the floor ... ”(Sloboda No. 2, 2000). “I knew how to use a hairdryer since childhood ...” (“Sloboda” No. 43, 2001). “A friend claims that the best wives are made from moths ...” (“Sloboda” No. 43, 2001). The layer of interstyle vocabulary in the language of the Tula press is also intensively expanding due to the inclusion of book and colloquial turns of speech in it. There is also active borrowing from other languages, for example: corridors of power, hotline, the White House, shock therapy, piracy, the big seven, etc. A similar phenomenon is associated with the desire to give the material unusual, novelty. Journalistic speech has become less standard in form and content, speech errors have appeared. This indicates either a decrease in the level of philological training of journalists, or a deliberate disregard for the relevant rules. Thus, the culture of speech is reduced not only by journalists, but also by readers. This is especially evident in the so-called "yellow press". The language of the press has always been the standard of Russian speech. The literary norm "guarded" the integrity and intelligibility of the language. It is all the more insulting to state that the Tula mass media impose reduced and jargon vocabulary, depriving readers of the opportunity to enjoy the beauty of the inexhaustibly rich, surprisingly picturesque Russian language, which has always been a source of pride for our people.
6. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE LANGUAGE OF ART WORKS OF LOCAL AUTHORS.
FEATURES OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE LYRICAL TEXT.
1. Tell briefly about the author, the history of the creation of the work, if there is relevant information. 2. Determine the theme of the lyrical text, convey feelings and thoughts lyrical hero, attitude to life, people. 3. Describe the artistic and linguistic originality (use of epithets, comparisons, metaphors, stylistic figures, etc.) 4. Comment on the features of the construction of the poem, its composition in connection with the ideological and figurative content. 5. Determine the rhythmic organization, the sound design of the work, the features of rhymes. 6. To reveal the unity, the interaction of different components of the lyrical text, its idea. 7. Express the feelings caused by reading the poem. VLADIMIR SAPRONOV Spring came both up and down: either with the first bud, or with an early rook. Above each ledge, the air was pierced by a golden and sharp beam! Through the birches shivered in the alley. Under the melted manure, it was drawn from the fields. Icicles broke. Intermittently gurgled, As if a bottle had fallen into the throat, a stream. And the firs hummed like masts in the wind. Near the hut it shone, having melted, slightly. Willows crumpled. Light and deathly, as in fish scales, the snow trembled. And in this frantic thirst for movement, in the fading brilliance of the last snows, the longing for flowering grew like a groan and shook everything to the very foundations! The poem “Spring came both above and below ...” was written by Vladimir Sapronov, who was born in the village of Akimo-Ilyinka, Uzlovsky District, Tula Region. This work, according to the literary critic V. Kozhin, is a poetic confession of love for the native land, for the highest values of being. The theme of the poem is the arrival of spring: “Spring came and on horseback I and down..." An ordinary phenomenon of nature that repeats every year, but again and again enchants everyone who is able to see the beautiful, empathize, be surprised at the first bud, early rooks, the golden ray of the sun, everything that “shakes to the very foundations”. Nature in the work of Vladimir Sapronov lives, it is magnificent at the moment of awakening. Let the "through birches shiver in the alley", the snow "tremble lightly and deathly", fir trees hum, "like masts from the wind." But all these are signs of the renewal of life, "a violent thirst for movement", "longing for flowering", amazing to the very foundations. The poem is saturated with colors, sounds, smells of spring. We feel the air pierced by the sun; we hear the sound of a broken icicle and the intermittent gurgling of a stream, we see ruffled willows, the fading shine of the last snows. Ahead - grace! The poet achieves such unusual figurativeness with the help of artistic means of language. There are many epithets in the work (“early rooks”, “gold-bearing and sharp beam”, “through birch trees”), comparisons (“the stream gurgled intermittently, like a bottle hit in the throat”, “the fir trees hummed like masts from the wind”, the snow trembled , “like in fish scales”, the longing for flowering grew like a groan), personifications (“spring was coming, the birches were shivering, the willows were ruffled, the snow was trembling). The metaphorical images are beautiful: “spring came both up and down: either with the first bud, or with an early rook”, “and in this frantic thirst for movement, in the fading brilliance of the last snows, the longing for flowering grew like a groan and shook everything to the very foundations!” An interesting combination of words that are contrasting in meaning - snow trembled light and deathly making them contextual synonyms (a stylistic figure is an oxymoron). With the help of synecdoche (synecdoche is the transfer of the meaning of one word to another based on the replacement of quantitative relations, here it is a part instead of the whole) - “first bud”, “early rook” - the author shows the levels of the onset of spring “both up and down”. Using a paraphrase (a descriptive turn of speech) and avoiding repetition, the poet calls spring "yearning for flowering." Along with the commonly used vocabulary, V. Sapronov uses a capacious dialect word "slega" - a thick pole, a beam. The sound writing in the poem also affects the creation of the image. Thanks to the injection of vowels (reception - assonance), the reader hears, for example, in the third stanza, a drawn-out howl of the wind in the crowns of trees, and the repeated use of consonant sounds p, l in the second stanza, he makes him feel the chill of the birches. The melody of the verse changes: the first and last stanzas are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation to show the power of influence given state nature on the environment, including the lyrical hero. The author uses inversions (reverse word order), polyunion, thereby conveying the excited state of a person who understands the significance of what is happening. And the impersonal sentences in the second stanza speak of the inevitability of what is happening. Although the lyrical text mainly consists of sentences that are simple in structure, the beautiful is always simple. The poem is divided into four eight-line stanzas, in each of which the poet singles out especially significant, in his opinion, words in separate lines. This method is called "transfer in verse", when the sentence, according to the author's intention, does not fit into the poetic line and occupies the following, which gives expressiveness to the speech. The “idle verse” technique helps to focus on the main thing - an unrhymed line among rhymed ones. The reader himself has to restore the structure of the poem in order to see the cross rhyme. The poetic size is amphibrach (a technically complex size with an emphasis on 2.5, 8.11, etc. syllables). The impact of V. Sapronov's poem is enormous. Spring is the anthem of a new life, when a person's attitude becomes aggravated, they want to create, love, perform feats, be reborn spiritually. The rich inner world of the poet makes this lyrical work bright, unique, where every word carries a semantic and emotional load. FEATURES OF THE ANALYSIS OF AN EPIC WORK. 1. Tell briefly about the author, the history of the creation of the work, if there is relevant information. 2. Determine the place of the passage in the work, the connection with the composition of the work, its ideological and figurative content. 3. Reveal the theme, idea, signs of the genre, literary style, type of speech, author's features. 4. Comment on artistic details, figurative and expressive means. 5. Express the feelings caused by reading the passage. "LEGENDS ABOUT THE MASTER POKE". EXTRACT. Let them say that they give gifts for silence, but without a tongue, the bell becomes mute. Why does the world need it then? However, excessive blathering leads to clattering. And we, the Kuznetsk-Slobodsky people, are an economical people, we try to keep every pasted word in our cheeks. So forgive me if my parable is shorter than a bird's nose and does not turn out as well and smartly as that of Rogozhin's Sloboda residents, who learn science every day at the market and eat printed prinyaks. We are illiterate people, from ancient times we are content with unwritten gingerbread, we go to the market only on holidays. And we live simply: we ourselves ride mares, wives on cows, children on calves, servants on dogs, cats on baskets. But we try to think like a carpenter with an ax and a hack with a pen. Every morning we wake up with a thought-dream, how to shoe a mosquito on the fly and become a skill higher than Poke. And he turned out to be such a grip: whatever he does, it’s as if he writes on damask steel, and you won’t erase his name. Not to mention the fact that he knew how to thresh rye on the butt of an ax and not drop a single grain. Once he brought to our workshop a small cube made of the strongest steel. The cube was like a cube, well, about one cubic centimeter in size. But all its sides were so polished - you can look at them. Draw a straight line of a sunbeam over its squares with a ruler - and you will not see a gap. He gave this cube to us. We turned it over, turned it over in our hands, what could we say? It was made as the Tula God himself could do, according to the solar ruler. - You didn't notice anything in this cube? - Poke asked us. We just shrugged. And he pressed one of its corners, and the cube broke up into another hundred cubes. He again handed over all this cereal to us. No matter how hard we tried to put them back together, we couldn't. And Poke shook the little cubes between his palms, and they stuck together again. We all looked at this cube, like geese at the glow, and were afraid to bark from surprise. It seems to be not a great thing, but it's a waste. And we always think that if you need to do something big, you need a large area. But no, it turns out that more and more can be done on the smallest area. And we also forget that, in addition to the idea, every creative person needs that courage, which, it seems, none of us have had yet. This, probably, is the secret of mastery, and, probably, that is why we still cannot shoe a mosquito on the fly. Ivan Fedorovich Pankin (1921 -1998) - prose writer. Born in the village of Pylkovo, Lopatinsky District Penza region. AT early childhood became an orphan, homeless, worked in a circus, was a cabin boy in the navy. During the Great Patriotic War fought for the country. He began to write, was admitted to the Literary Institute. A.M. Gorky. Since 1961, Pankin lived in Tula, having found in it small motherland. Here he received a calling, became an honorary citizen of the city, an honored worker of culture. With his work, he managed to glorify the Tula gunsmith, to see him through the eyes of a contemporary. "Legends of Master Poke" is a collection of miniatures, united by the image of the main character - Poke, each of which is perceived as a separate work, although some stories are "smaller than a palm" in volume. As a narrator, the author chose a fictitious character - the daring Tula master Iva, Ivan Fedorovich. "Legends..." are written in folklore traditions. They contain many sparkling jokes, proverbs, sayings, reflecting folk wisdom, recreating the colloquial language of gunsmiths. Poke - the literary hero of the legends of Ivan Pankin, the spokesman for the ideas of the writer - is close to us, and now lives in every Tula craftsman, who continues and multiplies the traditions and glory of his great predecessors. According to the writer V. Astafiev, I. Pankin created the image of a weapon miracle worker, which both Tula residents and all readers perceive as genuine, really existing. Analyzed passage - parable - short story, “shorter than a bird's nose”, containing teaching in an allegorical, allegorical form. It begins with a beginning (a stable formula) - required attribute folklore work, which contains the idea of the value of silence (“gifts are given for silence”) and buzzword("excessive blathering leads to rattling"). The author comes up with sayings, proverbs and jokes that help to understand the essence of the Russian people, its age-old wisdom: laconicism (“And we, the Kuznetsk-Sloboda people, are an economical people, we try to keep every pastured word behind our cheeks”); mind (“But we try to think like a carpenter with an ax and a hack with a pen”); industriousness (“Every morning we wake up with a thought-dream, how to shoe a mosquito on the fly ...”); skill (Poke “... what he won’t do - as if he’ll write on damask steel, and you won’t erase his name ... he knew how to thresh rye on the butt of an ax and not drop a single grain”). The image of gunsmiths is built on the basis of antithesis (opposition): these are illiterate people, from ancient times they are content with unwritten gingerbread (not with text, but with the image of animals, symbols), go to the market only on holidays (no extra money) they live simply, but they can work miracles. Jokes on ourselves (“we ourselves ride mares, wives ride cows, children ride calves, servants ride dogs, cats ride baskets”) help to maintain dignity even in poverty, because there is no artisan, no big farm, no servants. In this parable, the features of the genre are observed - narration along a curve (parabola). The author starts the conversation from afar, with elements outside the plot, at the end of the work returns to main goal a story that is distinguished by brightness, tension, expressiveness. Thus, the unity of content and form is observed, the topicality and modernity of the discussed problems are emphasized. The volume of the story is small, all parts of the composition (construction of the work) are compressed, with the exception of the beginning, which conveys the flavor of folk life, where truth, honesty, decency, diligence of the common people are opposed to emptiness, falsehood the mighty of the world this. The plot (the initial moment in the development of events) is enclosed in a small paragraph, which says that Poke brought to the workshop a small cube made of solid steel, but smooth and polished so that you can look into it: “It was made like this, as the Tula god himself could do - according to the solar ruler. The action develops rapidly. The artisans did not notice anything in this cube. Poke, on the other hand, was able to take it apart “for grits” - a hundred cubes and put it back together. This is the theme of the piece. The climax (the highest tension of the action) and the denouement (the final moment in the development of the action) are blurred, closely intertwined with each other: “We all looked at this cube, like geese at the glow, and were afraid to bark in surprise. It seems to be not a great thing, but it’s a waste. ” The ending (the final moment of the folklore work) is edifying, it expresses the idea of the parable in allegorical form (“In the smallest area you can do more more”) and reveals the secret of mastery (“Every creative person needs courage”). The miniature ends with a conclusion in the spirit of folklore: “... therefore, we still cannot shoe a mosquito on the fly,” which should not be lifted literally. This is a euphemism (an allegory that masks a too frank or rude expression), with the help of which the inability of some people to openly express their thoughts, to act in accordance with the laws of conscience and honor, is denounced. Ivan Pankin is a master of artistic detail. The language of his work is aphoristic. (Aphorisms - winged words, sayings expressing with the utmost accuracy, brevity any deep, significant thought in an original form.) The writer pursues the goal of ridiculing human vices, shortcomings of social, including modern life. In this he is helped by all kinds of comic: humor, irony, satire, sarcasm, grotesque. The story is full artistic means language. Epithets, including permanent (“printed gingerbread”). Hyperbolas (a cube the size of a cubic centimeter has broken up into another hundred cubes; the ability to poke rye on an ax butt; servants ride dogs). Comparisons in the folk spirit (“We all looked at this cube, like geese at the glow, and were afraid to bang out of surprise”, “A parable is shorter than a bird’s nose”). Artistic images (solar ruler, Tula god). The author uses folk, colloquial vocabulary. For example, grip is a lively, full of youthful person; blathering, rattling, pasted word, scribbler. The folklore ways of word formation are interesting: the short adjective "motovata" with the meaning "difficult to manufacture" from the noun "mot" - a wasteful person; the form possessive adjective in the genitive case - "shorter than a bird's nose." The syntax of the parable is varied. These are both indefinitely personal proposals, and rhetorical questions, and applications (thought-dream, baby cubes), and incomplete sentences, and syntactic repetitions. The intonation when reading is smooth, measured; gives completeness to the images, so you want to think about every word, comprehend the meaning of what was said, not to miss the main thing. Reading "Legends of Master Poke", you get real pleasure from the author's language, get carried away by the plot, admire the behavior of the protagonist, think about the problems of society and man. 7. DIALECT LEXIKA THE EDGES. AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE TULA REGION Vocabulary - a set of words of a given language, or vocabulary. The word is the main meaningful unit of the language, the main function is to name things, actions, properties. Dialect vocabulary - words, the use of which is characteristic of people living in a certain area. Dialect words are used mainly in the oral form of speech, they differ from the popular vocabulary not only in a narrower scope, but also in a number of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features. There are territorial and social dialects. The social ones include professionalism, jargon (see the article "The language of the city of Tula and its varieties"). Consider the territorial dialect - the dialect of the Tula region. Phonetic dialectisms - words that reflect phonetic features of this dialect. In the Tula Territory, for example, they pronounce damno instead of long, sarakhvan instead of a sundress, birch instead of birch, know what instead of “God knows what”, catch fish instead of catch (see the article “Culture of speech. The concept of the norm in connection with the phonetic and grammatical features of the Central Russian dialect "). Grammatical (morphological) dialectisms - words that have grammatical characteristics other than in the literary language or differ from the common vocabulary morphological structure. For example, in the Tula region they say: mami, the herd went, walk (see the article “Culture of speech. The concept of the norm in connection with the phonetic and grammatical features of the Central Russian dialect”). / rafiches / these dialectisms are words pronounced with a different accent than is customary. Examples: glasses, call, twenty minutes to. word-building dialectisms - words, the way of formation of which differs from the commonly used vocabulary. Examples: theirs instead of them, a ruble instead of a ruble, life instead of life, a whole day instead of a whole day, hastily instead of hastily. Numerous lexical dialectisms of the Tula region. Among them are ethnographisms- the names of objects, concepts characteristic of everyday life, the economy of a given area, which have no parallels in the literary language. Scarlet thread - a thread from hemp, flax, going to clothes. Peplum - women's jacket with long sleeves at the waist. Believe - canvas up to 20 meters long. Vesnika is the wool of a sheep sheared in spring and summer. Windidurki - ritual wedding pastries. Vyazika - pottery clay. Duduka is a fictional creature for scaring children. Kazyuk - a brick dried in the sun. Kulaga is a lean beet dish. Washings are unprocessed raw materials for spinning. Simple weavers are a special kind of bast shoes. Matchmakers - a ceremony of matchmaking. Seryak - a type of women's clothing made of wool. Chuni - shoes woven from hemp ropes like bast shoes. In Tula dialects, a large number proper lexical dialects. These words are synonyms corresponding to literary words. Agalis - teenagers Akaka - acacia Shoe covers - boots \, Glyadeshki - the bride's bride Zhurovaya - modestly Snack - have a snack at the commemoration Kanyatnik - "horse" sorrel Trump holiday - patronal feast Kochetki - sorrel To forgive - baptize Kuban - egg pod Crowing - walk until dawn Lozinka - willow Spoon - ravine Model - soften Beddings - sacks Rogatyulka - a simple spinning wheel Rogach - grip Ryazhanka - fermented milk product Sucker - foal Starnovate - comb hemp with a comb Sypuha - oven soot Chapelnik - grip Chervachki - fireflies Shchuyat - scold. interesting semantic dialects of the Tula region. These are words that have other than in literary norm, lexical meaning. Wreaths - a type of ritual cookie Win - call the owners from the house during the holiday Savage - wild apple tree Drinking - a party at the bride and groom Stones grow - a scattering of boulders Chicken coop - a festive pie with buckwheat porridge Wave - steal Mill - churn Measure - a basket for sowing Discussed - "Jinxed" Ceiling - attic Songs are spilled - songs are sung Play a song - sing a song Street - youth festivities Part - boiled beef in pieces Dialectisms are often used as expressive means in works of fiction - for the speech characterization of characters, to convey local color, for more accurate, from the point of view of the author, naming things and concepts. | Phraseological the composition of the language is the most specific part of the vocabulary. Phraseologism is a non-free combination of words that is reproduced in speech as something unified from the point of view of semantic content and lexical and grammatical composition. Phraseological units serve in the language for naming various phenomena of reality and have a number of features: integrity (the inability to derive the meaning of a phraseological unit from the meaning of its components), reproducibility (the invariance of the form in which the phraseological unit is used in speech), the dismemberment of the structure (consists of two or more words with own stress and grammatical formality), etc. The components of a phraseological unit are one member of the sentence. The phraseological composition reflects the cultural and historical experience of the people and the peculiarities of the historical laws of the development of the language, therefore, by origin, these units are diverse: native Russian, borrowed, related to the profession, etc. They are characterized by great figurativeness, expressiveness, they are used both in oral and written speech, although they are characteristic primarily of everyday speech. Consequently, the most extensive group of phraseological units has a colloquial stylistic coloring. The phraseological units of the Tula region are very interesting. Let's consider some of them. It was under the king-Caesar- a very long time ago (caesar - the ancient Russian transfer of the Roman name and imperial title of Caesar) - a native Russian phraseological unit. Enough to breed babylons- to speak out of business (Babylons - patterns on woven products in the form of a wave) - arose in connection with weaving. Vihar evo knowing- no one knows (unclear semantics). Gorodushki to fence- hooligans, messing around, inventing (gorodushki - a kind of ritual hooliganism on Peter's Day in the Tula region) - a primordially Russian phraseological unit. Business triplets- unprofitable business, i.e. cases for three rubles is a purely Tula expression. Started to walk on the borushki- repeat words or deeds - has a historical explanation; the direct meaning is to harvest from already harvested fields. Edit burnt shafts - to deceive, to trick - a historical explanation: in Russia, shafts were burned, supposedly traces of a fire, and false burners went to the villages to beg. Don't know what(God knows what) - bad, nonsense Can't hit with a gun- a lot of people The article presents only a few examples of lexical dialects and phraseological units of the Tula region, but they are part of the mighty Russian language, originated and developed according to its laws, were the result of the life of the inhabitants native land. REFERENCES. 1. E.F. Buddha “On some folk dialects in the Tula and Kaluga provinces”, 1898. 2. S.K. Pozharitskaya, textbook "Russian dialectology". 3. Russian language. Textbook for students ped. institutions. At 2 o'clock, M, "Enlightenment", 1989. 4. Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary, M, "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1990. 5. Selection of the Tula newspaper "Sloboda". 6. V.I. Dal. Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. 7. G. Troitsky "The Dying Language". "New Life", 12/18/1971
