- language units, tropes and figures of speech, as well as stylistic devices, speech strategies and tactics used in expressing style(cm.).
Traditionally S. with. name only such linguistic units that have extra-contextual stylistic connotations(cm.). This is due to the fact that in the linguistic style of the first half of the XX century. the understanding of style as a certain set of uniformly colored language units dominated, i.e. as part of the linguistic structure. With this interpretation of S. s. their most important source is synonymy (along with the means of verbal imagery). Wed variety of stylistic connotations in synonymic rows, for example: drunk, tipsy, spree, oblique, drunk, under steam, under a fly, writes a monogram with his feet, makes a pretzel with his feet, does not move his tongue, does not knit a bast, father-mother cannot say etc.
S. s. are presented at all levels of the language structure, the most richly - at the lexical level. At present, they do not form stable, relatively closed stylistic systems, but are only rows (layers) of words, forms and constructions.
In the usual style (see works T.G. Distiller) the main object of study is the statement (the act of speech communication). S. s. - these are language units that acquire or modify stylistic connotations in the statement when implementing some expressive task, setting on a certain stylistic effect. The way to update the task is stylistic device(see), formed with S.'s participation of page.
The concept of S. with is otherwise interpreted. in func. style, which is connected with the interpretation of funkts. style as a peculiar character of speech of one or another social variety of it, created - under the influence of a complex of basic extralinguistic factors - by specific selection, repetition, combination, placement, transformation of multi-level language units. The expression of style involves not only and not so much connotatively colored language means, but the so-called neutral ones. The latter, however, in many cases actualize specific functional meanings due to a single communicative task of one or another sphere of communication, as a result of which a certain macro-coloring of style arises.
In the style of the text, which is one of the directions of the func. stylistics, a broader understanding of style is accepted as a way of carrying out textual activity (an integral way of constructing a speech work). Accordingly, the concept of S. with becomes the broadest. So, according to this concept, not only linguistic, but also thematic and tectonic means are involved in the expression of style - stylistic devices, strategies and tactics for constructing a text (text type).
Thus, with a change in the interpretation of style and approaches to its study, the content of the concept of "S. with." also changes.
Lit.: Vinogradov V.V. Results of the discussion of questions of style. - VYa. - 1955. - No. 1; His own: . Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. - M., 1963; Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the style of the Russian language. - M., 1965; Gauzenblas K. To clarify the concept of "style" and to the question of the scope of stylistic research. - VYa. - 1967. - No. 5; Stylistic research. - M., 1972; Kozhina M.N. On the correlation of stylistic coloring, stylistic means and style // Studies in stylistics. - Perm, 1974. Issue. four; Her: Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1993; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of stylistic use of language units. - M., 1980; Odintsov V.V. Text style. - M., 1980; Skovorodnikov A.P. Expressive syntactic constructions of modern Russian literary language. – Tomsk, 1981; Petrishcheva E.F. Stylistically colored vocabulary of the Russian language. - M., 1984.
V.A. Salimovsky
Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
See what "Stylistic means" is in other dictionaries:
- - stylistic possibilities of syntax means, their role in generating stylistically marked statements; the ability of syntactic units to act as expressive stylistic means, i.e. associated with the achievement ... ...
- - 1) a section of linguistic stylistics, focused on the description of the stylistic resources of modern. Russian lit. language at the lexical level of the language structure (see the works of L.V. Shcherba, G.O. Vinokur, A.N. Gvozdev, A.M. Efimov, D.I. Rozental, D.N. ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
- (grammatical stylistics) is 1) means of morphology and word formation, giving the speaker the opportunity to make the most appropriate choice and use of morphological and word-forming synonyms and variants in accordance with the goals and ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
stylistic devices- A subjective linguistic factor of text formation, reflecting a special way of text organization chosen by the author to most adequately reflect his vision of the world and the described situation. Stylistic devices that enhance ... ...
stylistic devices- A subjective linguistic factor of text formation, reflecting a special way of text organization chosen by the author to most adequately reflect his vision of the world and the described situation. Stylistic techniques reinforcing ... ...
Of all functional styles of the Russian language, the most noticeable changes in the last decade and a half have been recorded in the media, which is natural and logical given the global political and social transformations that have taken place in Russia since 1985 ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
- - a concept that is defined differently in the specialized literature due to the ambiguous interpretation of the category of expressiveness (see: Expressiveness of speech). In the works of some researchers V. s. are identified with stylistic figures (see, for example ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
regulatory means- 1) linguistic: rhythmic-sound, lexical, morphological, derivational, syntactic, stylistic; 2) extralinguistic: compositional, logical, graphic By the nature of the following in the text, they are differentiated: 1) ... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
regulatory means- 1) linguistic: rhythmic-sound, lexical, morphological, derivational, syntactic, stylistic; 2) extralinguistic: compositional, logical, graphic. By the nature of the following in the text are differentiated: ... ... Methods of research and text analysis. Dictionary-reference
stylistic figures- speech turns that, for artistic purposes, violate the usual composition of words in syntactic constructions. The choice and use of certain figures by the writer leaves an imprint of individuality on his author's style. Teaching about figures ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
Books
- Big explanatory dictionary of correct Russian speech, Skvortsov Lev Ivanovich. Full dictionary normative-stylistic type is created in Russian lexicography for the first time. The dictionary includes orthoepic, lexical, phraseological, grammatical and ...
Identification of the specifics of the literary translation of stylistic means from English into Russian
graduate work
1.2 STYLISTIC MEANS OF ARTISTIC SPEECH
translation artistic text stylistic
In the work fiction the functions of the word are not limited to the transmission of certain information. Often the word is used for an aesthetic impact on the reader, which becomes possible thanks to artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger its impact on the reader Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. "Business Rhetoric". Publishing center "March", 2002.
Often, in their works, writers refer not only to the vocabulary of the literary language, but also to obsolete dialect words, as well as to vernacular.
It should be noted that the emotionality of artistic narration is very different from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. In a literary text, it performs an aesthetic function. This style involves a careful and reasonable selection of language means. hallmark literary text is the use of special figures of speech that add brightness and imagery to the narrative.
Artistic and expressive means are very diverse and numerous. These include tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegories, metaphors, metonymies, synecdoches, and the like. Also for funds artistic expressiveness include stylistic figures: epithets, hyperbolas, litotes, anaphoras, epiphora, gradations, parallelisms, rhetorical questions, omissions, and the like.
The artistic style is characterized by the use of a large number of tropes (turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense). Ibid
The path is based on the transfer of signs of one object, phenomenon to another. The transfer of signs in the paths is due to various reasons, according to which the paths are divided into simple ones - epithets, comparisons; and complex - metaphors, allegories, ironies, hyperbole and others.
An epithet (from other Greek - “attached”) is a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”). Nikitina S. E., Vasilyeva N. V. Experimental systemic explanatory dictionary of stylistic terms. M., 1996.
The epithet is also defined as a figurative or poetic definition, thereby emphasizing its opposite. logical definition subject, whose task is also to concretize the idea of the subject.
Comparison (Latin “comparatio”) is a verbal expression in which the representation of the depicted object is specified by comparing it with another object, such that it contains the features necessary for concretizing the representation in a more concentrated manifestation. For example, “Like the core to the leg, the globe is chained to the foot” (M. Voloshin), in which a sign of shape and heaviness the globe figuratively revealed in a "concentrated" form. Comparison has a trinomial structure: what is compared, or the “object” of comparison (lat. comparandum), what is compared with, the “image” (lat. comparatum), then, on the basis of which they are compared with each other, a sign, according to to which the comparison takes place (lat. tertіum comparatіonіs).
A group of complex tropes is formed by metaphor, metonymy, as well as irony and sarcasm with their components.
A metaphor (from the Greek “transfer”) is a word whose meaning is transferred to the name of another object associated with the object that this word usually points to by similarities. This is a figurative expression in which the signs of one object or action are transferred to others.
Personification (personification, prosopopoeia) takes place when there is a comparison of certain objects with a little man or living beings and their properties.
Allegory or allegory (Greek allegoria,) - a way of two-level artistic image, which is based on the concealment of real persons, phenomena and objects under specific artistic images with the corresponding associations with the characteristic features of the hidden. For example: “The word says - it will give a ruble” (folklore).
An oxymoron or oxymoron is a kind of metaphor that consists in combining words of opposite meaning, similar to a negative comparison. Ibid
In general, different forms of grammatical expression of metaphor are possible. Most often, it is expressed by a verb and its forms or by an adjective (a metaphorical epithet), as a result of which, in particular, a metaphor expressed by a noun is perceived better. Losev A.F. The problem of artistic style. Kyiv. 1994
Metonymy is the second large group of complex tropes, which includes figurative expressions in which an object or phenomenon is described by replacing the name of another object or phenomenon associated with the first external or internal connection. For example, such an expression as "the whole theater applauded" contains the metonymy expressed by the word "theater". This word is used here not in a direct, but in a figurative sense, since, speaking in this way, we do not mean that the theater applauded, but the audience who were in it. At the same time, the concepts of "theatre" and "spectators" are in close relationship, acting as close by their very nature, real, and not conditional, as is the case in the metaphor. Metonymy is often identified with metaphor, or considered as a variation of it. However, they must still be distinguished. In this case, the metonymy of place, time, space and belonging can be used.
Synecdoche, paraphrase, hyperbole, and litotes act as varieties of metonymy itself.
Synecdoche - one of the most common types of metonymy - a figurative expression based on a quantitative comparison of objects, phenomena; on the replacement of a part of the whole, one object - their totality.
Paraphrase (Greek “description, retelling”) is a figurative expression in which the name of an object or phenomenon is replaced by a description of its features. For example: instead of A. Pushkin, you can say - the author of the poem "Eugene Onegin."
Hyperbole (Greek "exaggeration") is a figurative expression that represents an artistic exaggeration of the size, strength, meaning of an object, phenomenon. Many examples of hyperbole catchphrases: “have not seen each other for a hundred years”, “fast as lightning”, etc.
Unlike hyperbole, litotes, on the contrary, provide for an artistic reduction in signs, for example. Hyperbole and litotes are always based on an element of a certain absurdity, a sharp opposition to common sense.
Irony as a trope is a figurative expression in which a word or group of words takes on the opposite meaning of the main one. And sarcasm is an evil, bitter irony.
Ironic or sarcastic intonation reveals itself in the context, more or less close proximity to other statements of the author, the general tone of which makes it possible to catch in each individual case an ironic intonation that is not directly revealed. Sometimes antiphrasis (opposition), for example, "this Croesus" (regarding the poor). Less often there are expressions that have the form of so-called asteism, i.e. approval in the form of condemnation. Nikitina S. E., Vasilyeva N. V. Experimental systemic explanatory dictionary of stylistic terms. M., 1996.
Figurativeness and expressiveness of artistic narration, along with paths, are also provided by various stylistic figures. These means are turns of speech and syntactic constructions used to enhance the expressiveness of an utterance.
So, such a technique as inversion (lat. “rearrangement”, “turning over”) is the arrangement of the members of the sentence in a special order that violates the traditional (direct) word order in the sentence in order to strengthen and emphasize the expressiveness of speech.
Parceling occurs when a sentence is divided, in which the content of the statement is realized not in one, but in two or more intonation-semantic speech units following one after the other.
Unionlessness is a stylistic figure representing the unionless connection of homogeneous members simple sentence or parts complex sentence, while a multi-union is the opposite, a deliberate increase in the number of unions in a sentence, usually to link homogeneous members.
Syntactic parallelism as a stylistic figure is characterized by the same construction of neighboring sentences or segments of speech.
It is also worth noting such stylistic figures as alliteration and assonance. Their function is to repeat consonants and vowels respectively.
Historical pastiche in Arthur Golden's novel "Memoirs of a Geisha"
In his novel, the author often uses stylistic means such as metaphor, metonymy, similes, hyperbole and litotes: - metaphor (personification): It stood near a cliff where the wind off the ocean was always blowing. The ocean nearby always breathed with a whistle. His own face any longer...
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Use by Russian writers foreign words reflects their attitude to the problem of lexical borrowings. 18th century satirists an evil parody of the jargon of secular society, saturated with French (often distorted) words. So, at D.I ...
figurative artistic means the language of Frederic Begbeder's novels "99 francs" and "Love lives three years"
fiction novel style begbeder The study of artistic style can be carried out by establishing individual authorial deviations from the universal laws and principles of structuring a literary text and ...
Features of the use of adjectives in the texts of modern media, in the materials of the regional press
A rich tradition of stylistic assimilation of adjectives-epithets in various descriptions has developed in Russian fiction...
Stylistics of fictional languages in J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings"
But Tolkien's archaization has as its task not only a stylistic opposition to modern literature. He also opposes the cultures themselves: archaic and modern - in their relation to the word, to the name ...
Stylistic coloring of words and their translation in the work of Fitzgerald F.S. "The Great Gatsby"
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phraseologism word psychological artistic The stylistic properties of words and phraseological units that characterize the psychological state of a person are most clearly and fully manifested in fiction. N.S...
Stylistic figures as a means of richness of speech
Obsolete words and neologisms in various speech styles
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The functional and stylistic role of description in the novel by Fr.S. Fitzgerald "The Great Gatsby"
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Functional features of the use of Old Slavonicisms in modern oral and writing
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Linguistic embodiment of the image of Paris in the novel by V. Hugo "Notre Dame Cathedral"
VI. Expressive stylistic means and artistic means
Moreover, in the author's style, taking out is also given to some extralinguistic factors, for example, the situation in which this work was created. At the same time, the text is compared with everything previously created and with what else will be created in the literature.
The text is evaluated in accordance with existing norms and traditions.
Stylistics of decoding (perception).
Examines texts from the reader's point of view.
Considers the text as a source of reader experience and studies the tools that the author uses in the process of creating the text.
In the style of decoding, we focus on the results of creation. It is in connection with this that we need a response, since the author tried to influence the reader. This response, this Feedback, shows whether the reader understood the author's message.
The problem is, in fact, that each generation of readers perceives a different range of information from the same author. It follows from this that it is impossible to get the same impression from the work every time. It turns out that if the reader and the writer belong to the same era, then the feedback is obvious. If they belong to different eras, then the reader's creative activity increases.
Also in the style of decoding, attention is paid to finer details within the text. The reader tries to penetrate the essence of the author's thought, to concentrate on final product creativity, take into account the context, pay attention to important, meaningful details and form your own opinion.
the author the book the reader
information
The reader system includes:
1. Distance, distance (spatial criterion) Did the author and reader live in the same country or in different ones?;
2. Time parameter.
Hosted on ref.rf
Do the author and the reader live in the same time? Different eras, different ideas;
Shannon was the founder of the information translation system.
(information) (encoded) (decoded) (destination)
source incode decode address
Reading- (according to Shanon) the transmission of thoughts, ideas and feelings of the author to the reader through distance and time.
Expressive means and means of artistic expression are special language tools that allow you to achieve the desired effect.
Expressive means- phonetic and morphological, word-building and lexical, phraseological and syntactic units that exist in the language as a system for the logical and emotional reinforcement of the statement.
Expressive means are recorded in dictionaries as intensifiers (or amplifiers).
Each remedy has a neutral synonym:
Off we go to move quickly
He shall marry her. I will force him to marry her.
Isnt she cute! She is cute, isn't she?
The most powerful expressive means of any language are phonetic means, since the human voice is able to convey the most subtle nuances. In the number of phonetic expressive means, we can include raising the tone, stress, pauses, melodiousness, because all this can enhance the impact of the statement or give special significance to any part of it.
At the same time, all expressive means are excluded from linguistics; they are paralinguistics.
Morphological expressive means- ϶ᴛᴏ such means that, along with their usual grammatical function, also perform an excretory function. For example, the historical present ( Yesterday was an awful day. We go to the …, and see … ).
Word-building expressive means enhance semantic and grammatical properties, which makes the statement more expressive.
Lexical expressive means. There are 5 types:
1. Interjections (words that have only an emotional component);
2. Epithets (words that have both referential and emotional meaning);
3. Words belonging to different stylistic layers(e.g. slang, vulgar words: I'm knackered = I'm tired);
4. Words belonging to a high poetic or archaic layer;
5. Words that still retain two types of meaning - denotative (related to the subject) and connotative. love, hate, jealousy
Lexical types also include: set expressions, proverbs, sayings.
Features of this kind of lexical units: in everyday life they are neutral, but in writing they make speech more emotional; in a work of art, they do not go unnoticed.
VI. Expressive stylistic means and artistic means - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "VI. Expressive stylistic means and artistic means" 2017, 2018.
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1. Orazio Vecchi. Madrigal comedy "Amphiparnassus". Scene of Pantaloon, Pedroline and Hortensia 2. Orazio Vecchi. Madrigal comedy "Amphiparnassus". Scene of Isabella and Lucio 3. Emilio Cavalieri. "The Idea of Soul and Body". Prologue. Choir "Oh Signor" 4. Emilio Cavalieri.... .
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test questions and assignments on the topic "Baroque Sculpture in Germany" 1. Give a general description of the development of Baroque sculpture in Germany in the 17th - 18th centuries. What factors played the main role in this? 2. Determine the thematic boundaries of sculptural works, ... .
Stylistic devices and expressive means
Stylistic devices and expressive means
In linguistics, the following terms are often used: expressive means of language, expressive means of language, stylistic means, stylistic devices. These terms are often used synonymously, but sometimes they have different meanings.
It is not easy to draw a clear line between the expressive (expressive) means of the language and the stylistic devices of the language, although there are still differences between them.
Under expressive means of language we will understand such morphological, syntactic and derivational forms of language that serve to emotionally or logically reinforce speech. These forms of language have been worked out by social practice, understood from the point of view of their functional purpose and recorded in grammars and dictionaries. Their use is gradually normalizing. Rules for the use of such expressive means of the language are developed.
What is meant by stylistic device? Before answering this question, let's try to define the characteristic features of this concept. Stylistic device is distinguished and thus opposed to the expressive means by the conscious literary processing of the linguistic fact. This conscious literary processing of the facts of language, including those that we have called the expressive means of language, has its own history. Even A. A. Potebnya wrote: “Starting from the ancient Greeks and Romans and with a few exceptions up to our time, the definition of a verbal figure in general (without distinction between a path and a figure) (that is, what is included in the concept of stylistic devices ) does not do without opposing simple speech, used in one's own, natural, original meaning, and speech decorated, figurative. one
The conscious processing of the facts of a language was often understood as a deviation from the generally accepted norms of linguistic communication. So A. Ben writes: "The figure of speech is the deviation from the usual way of expressing, in order to enhance the impression." 2
In this regard, it is interesting to cite the following statement by Vandries: “Artistic style is always a reaction against common language; to a certain extent, it is slang, literary slang, which can have various varieties ... "
A similar thought is expressed by Sainsbury: "The true secret of style lies in the violation or neglect of the rules by which phrases, sentences and paragraphs are built." (Our translation. I. G)
It goes without saying that the essence of a stylistic device cannot lie in a deviation from commonly used norms, since in this case the stylistic means would actually be opposed to the linguistic norm. In fact, stylistic devices use the norm of the language, but in the process of using it they take the most characteristic features of this norm, they condense it, generalize and typify it. Therefore, a stylistic device is a generalized,
1 Potebnya A. A. From notes on the theory of literature. Kharkov, 1905, p. 201.
2 Ben A. Stylistics and theory of oral and written speech M., 1886, p. 8
typed reproduction of neutral and expressive facts of the language in various literary styles speech. Let's explain this with examples.
There is a stylistic device known as maxims. The essence of this technique is to reproduce the characteristic, typical features folk proverb, in particular its structural and semantic characteristics. Statement - maxim has a rhythm, rhyme, sometimes alliteration; maxim - figurative and epigrammatic, i.e., in a concise form expresses any generalized thought.
Thus, the maxim and the proverb are correlated with each other as general and individual. This individual is based on the general, takes the most characteristic that is characteristic of this general, and on this basis a certain stylistic device is created.
A stylistic device, being a generalization, typification, and condensation of means objectively existing in a language, is not a naturalistic reproduction of these means, but qualitatively transforms them. So, for example, improperly direct speech (see below) as a stylistic device is a generalization and typification characteristic features inner speech. However, this technique qualitatively transforms inner speech. This latter, as is well known, has no communicative function; improperly direct (depicted) speech has this function.
It is necessary to distinguish between the use of the facts of the language (both neutral and expressive) for stylistic purposes and the already crystallized stylistic device. Not all stylistic use language means creates a stylistic device. So, for example, in the above examples from Norris's novel, the author repeats the words I and you in order to create the desired effect. But this repetition, possible in the mouths of the heroes of the novel, only reproduces them. emotional condition.
In other words, in emotionally excited speech, the repetition of words, expressing a certain mental state of the speaker, is not designed for any effect. The repetition of words in the author's speech is not a consequence of such mental state speaker and aims at a certain stylistic effect. It is a stylistic means of emotional
Stylistics deals with some special concepts, which have nothing to do with the purely linguistic interpretation of linguistic categories.
Expressive means are phonetic means, grammatical forms, morphological forms, word-formation means, lexical, phraseological and syntactic forms that function in the language for the emotional intensification of the utterance.
Expressive means are used to enhance the expressiveness of the utterance, they are not related to figurative meanings the words.
Expressive means = repetitions, parallelisms, antitheses, phonetic devices, use of archaisms, neologisms, etc.
A stylistic device is a purposeful use linguistic phenomena including expressive means.
Expressive means have a greater degree of predictability than stylistic devices.
Stylistics is concerned with expressive means and stylistic devices, their nature, functions, classification and possible interpretation.
Classification of expressive means (Urve Lehtsaalu):
lexical group ( poetic words, archaisms, dialectisms, neologisms)
phonetic group (rhythm, euphony (euphony)
grammatical group (inversion, elliptical sentences, repetition, exclamation)
epithet- definition at the word, expressing the author's perception:
silvery laugh
a thrilling tale
a sharp smile
An epithet always has an emotional connotation. He characterizes the object in a certain artistic way, reveals its features.
a wooden table (wooden table) - only a description, expressed in an indication of the material from which the table is made;
a penetrating look (penetrating look) - an epithet.
Comparison- a means of likening one object to another on some basis in order to establish similarities or differences between them.
The boy seems to be clever as his mother. The boy seems to be as smart as his mother.
irony- a stylistic device where the content of the statement carries a meaning different from the direct meaning of this statement. the main objective irony is to evoke a humorous attitude of the reader to the facts and phenomena described.
She turned with the sweet smile of an alligator. She turned with a sweet alligator smile.
But irony is not always funny, it can be cruel and offensive.
How clever you are! You're so clever! (The reverse meaning is implied - stupid.)
Hyperbole (hyperbole)- an exaggeration aimed at enhancing the meaning and emotionality of the statement.
I have told you it a thousand times. I told you this a thousand times.
Litota/Understatement (litotes/
understatement)
- understatement of the size or value of an object. Litota is the opposite of hyperbole.
a cat-sized horse
Her face isn't a bad one. She has a good face (instead of "good" or "beautiful").
Periphrasis / Paraphrase / Periphrasis (periphrasis)- an indirect expression of one concept with the help of another, its mention by not direct naming, but description.
The big man upstairs hears your prayers. The big man upstairs hears your prayers (the "big man" means God).
Euphemism- a neutral expressive means used to replace uncultured and rude words in speech with softer ones.
toilet → lavatory/loo
Oxymoron (oxymoron)- creating a contradiction by combining words that have opposite meanings. The suffering was sweet! Suffering was sweet!
Zeugma (zeugma)- omission of repeated words in the same type of syntactic constructions to achieve a humorous effect.
She lost her bag and mind. She lost her bag and her sanity.
Metaphor- transfer of the name and properties of one object to another according to the principle of their similarity.
floods of tears
a storm of indignation
a shadow of a smile
pancake/ball → the sun
Metonymy- renaming; replacing one word with another.
Note: Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor. Metonymy is based on contiguity, on the association of objects. Metaphor is based on similarity.
Examples of metonymy:
The hall applauded. The hall welcomed (the "hall" does not mean the room, but the audience in the hall).
The bucket has spilled. The bucket splashed (not the bucket itself, but the water in it).
Synecdoche (synecdoche)- a special case of metonymy; naming the whole through its part and vice versa.
The buyer chooses the quality products. The buyer chooses quality goods (by "buyer" is meant all buyers in general).
Antonomasia (antonomasia)- a kind of metonymy. Instead of a proper name, a descriptive expression is put.
The Iron Lady
Casanova Casanova
Mr. All-Know Mr. omniscient
Inversion- a complete or partial change in the direct order of words in a sentence. Inversion imposes logical tension and creates emotional coloring.
Rude am I in my speech. I am rude in my speech.
Repetition- expressive means used by the speaker in the state emotional stress, stress. It is expressed in the repetition of semantic words.
Stop! Don't tell me! I don't want to hear this! I don't want to hear what you've come for. Stop it! Do not tell me! I don't want to hear this! I don't want to hear what you came back for.
Anadiplosis (anadiplosis)- usage last words previous proposal as initial words next.
I was climbing the tower and the stairs were trembling. And the stairs were trembling under my feet. I climbed the tower, and the steps trembled. And the steps trembled under my feet.
Epiphora (epiphora)- the use of the same word or group of words at the end of each of several sentences.
Strength is given to me by fate. Luck is given to me by fate. And failures are given by fate. Everything in this world is given by fate. Forces are given to me by fate. Luck is given to me by fate. And failure is given to me by fate. Everything in the world is determined by fate.
Anaphora / Monogamy (anaphora)- repetition of sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each speech passage.
What is the hammer? What is the chain? Whose was the hammer, whose chains,
In what furnace was your brain? To hold your dreams?
What is the anvil? What dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp? Got mortal fear?
("The Tiger" by William Blake ; Translation by Balmont)
Polysyndeton / Polyunion (polysyndeton)- an intentional increase in the number of unions in a sentence, usually between homogeneous members. This stylistic device emphasizes the significance of each word and enhances the expressiveness of speech.
I will either go to the party or study up or watch TV or sleep. I will either go to a party or study for an exam or watch TV or go to bed.
Antithesis/Contraposition (antithesis/contraposition)- comparison of images and concepts that are opposite in meaning or opposite emotions, feelings and experiences of the hero or author.
Youth is lovely, age is lonely, youth is fiery, age is frosty. Youth is beautiful, old age is lonely, youth is fiery, old age is frosty.
Important: Antithesis and antithesis - two different concepts, but in English they are denoted by the same word antithesis [æn "t???s?s]. A thesis is a judgment put forward by a person, which he proves in any reasoning, and antithesis is a judgment opposite to the thesis.
Ellipsis- deliberate omission of words that do not affect the meaning of the statement.
Some people go to priests; others to poetry; I to my friends. Some people go to priests, others to poetry, I go to friends.
Aposiopesis (aposiopesis])- a sudden stop in speech, making it unfinished; breaking one sentence and starting a new one.
I if only could I ... But now is not the time to tell it. If only I could, I... But now is not the time to talk about this (instead of an ellipsis, a dash can be used in English. For more information about punctuation, see the material "Punctuation Marks").
Rhetorical question(rhetoric/rhetorical questions)- a question that does not require an answer, since it is already known in advance. A rhetorical question is used to enhance the meaning of the statement, to give it greater significance.
Have you just said something? Did you say something? (Like a question asked by a person who did not hear the words of another. This question it is asked not in order to find out whether a person said something at all or not, since this is already known, but in order to find out what exactly he said.
Pun/Wordplay (pun)- jokes and riddles containing a play on words.
What is the difference between a schoolmaster and an engine-driver?
(One trains the mind and the other minds the train.)
What is the difference between a teacher and a machinist?
(One leads our minds, the other knows how to drive a train).
Interjection- a word that serves to express feelings, sensations, mental states, etc., but does not name them.
Oh! Oh! Ah! O! Oh! Ouch! Oh!
Aha! (Aha!)
Pooh! Ugh! Phew! ugh!
gosh! Hell! Oh shit!
Hush! Quiet! Shh! Hush!
Fine! Good!
Yah! Yah?
Gracious Me! Gracious! Fathers!
Christ! Jesus! Jesus Christ! good gracious! Goodness Gracious! good heavens! Oh my god!
Cliche/Stamp (cliche)- an expression that has become banal and hackneyed.
Live and learn. Live and learn.
Proverbsandsayings(proverbs and sayings).
A shut mouth catches no flies. In a closed mouth, a fly will not fly.
Idiom / set phrase (idiom / set phrase)- a phrase, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the words included in it taken separately. Due to the fact that the idiom cannot be translated literally (meaning is lost), translation and understanding difficulties often arise. On the other hand, such phraseological units give the language a bright emotional coloring.
No matter
cloud up frown
Stylistic devices and expressive means Stylistic devices and expressive means
Epithet (epithet [?ep?θet])- definition at the word, expressing the author's perception:
silvery laugh
a thrilling tale
a sharp smile
An epithet always has an emotional connotation. He characterizes the object in a certain artistic way, reveals its features.
a wooden table (wooden table) - only a description, expressed in an indication of the material from which the table is made;
a penetrating look (penetrating look) - an epithet.
Comparison (simile [?s?m?li])
- a means of likening one object to another on some basis in order to establish similarities or differences between them.
The boy seems to be clever as his mother. The boy seems to be as smart as his mother.
Irony (irony [?a?r?ni])
- a stylistic device where the content of the statement carries a meaning different from the direct meaning of this statement. The main purpose of irony is to evoke a humorous attitude of the reader to the described facts and phenomena.
She turned with the sweet smile of an alligator. She turned with a sweet alligator smile.
But irony is not always funny, it can be cruel and offensive.
How clever you are! You're so clever! (The reverse meaning is implied - stupid.)
Hyperbole (hyperbole)
- an exaggeration aimed at enhancing the meaning and emotionality of the statement.
I have told you it a thousand times. I told you this a thousand times.
Litota / Understatement (litotes [?la?t??ti?z] / understatement [??nd?(r)?ste?tm?nt])
- understatement of the size or value of an object. Litota is the opposite of hyperbole.
a cat-sized horse
Her face isn't a bad one. She has a good face (instead of "good" or "beautiful").
Periphrase / Paraphrase / Periphrase (periphrasis)
- an indirect expression of one concept with the help of another, its mention by not direct naming, but description.
The big man upstairs hears your prayers. The big man upstairs hears your prayers (the "big man" means God).
Euphemism (euphemism [?ju?f??m?z?m])
- a neutral expressive means used to replace uncultured and rude words in speech with softer ones.
toilet → lavatory/loo
Oxymoron (oxymoron [??ksi?m??r?n]) - creating a contradiction by combining words that have opposite meanings. The suffering was sweet! Suffering was sweet!
Zeugma (zeugma [?zju??m?])
- omission of repeated words in the same type of syntactic constructions to achieve a humorous effect.
She lost her bag and mind. She lost her bag and her sanity.
Metaphor (metaphor [?met?f??(r)])
- transfer of the name and properties of one object to another according to the principle of their similarity.
floods of tears
a storm of indignation
a shadow of a smile
pancake/ball → the sun
Metonymy (metonymy)
- renaming; replacing one word with another.
Note: Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor. Metonymy is based on contiguity, on the association of objects. Metaphor is based on similarity.
Examples of metonymy:
The hall applauded. The hall welcomed (the "hall" does not mean the room, but the audience in the hall).
The bucket has spilled. The bucket splashed (not the bucket itself, but the water in it).
Synecdoche (synecdoche)
- a special case of metonymy; naming the whole through its part and vice versa.
The buyer chooses the quality products. The buyer chooses quality goods (by "buyer" is meant all buyers in general).
Antonomasia (antonomasia [?ant?n??me?z??])
- a kind of metonymy. Instead of a proper name, a descriptive expression is put.
The Iron Lady
Casanova Casanova
Mr. All-Know Mr. omniscient
Inversion (inversion [?n?v??(r)?(?)n])
- a complete or partial change in the direct order of words in a sentence. Inversion imposes logical tension and creates emotional coloring.
Rude am I in my speech. I am rude in my speech.
Repetition [?rep??t??(?)n])
- expressive means used by the speaker in a state of emotional tension, stress. It is expressed in the repetition of semantic words.
Stop! Don't tell me! I don't want to hear this! I don't want to hear what you've come for. Stop it! Do not tell me! I don't want to hear this! I don't want to hear what you came back for.
Anadiplosis (anadiplosis [?æn?d??pl??s?s])
- using the last words of the previous sentence as the beginning words of the next one.
I was climbing the tower and the stairs were trembling. And the stairs were trembling under my feet. I climbed the tower, and the steps trembled. And the steps trembled under my feet.
Epiphora (epiphora [??p?f(?)r?])
- the use of the same word or group of words at the end of each of several sentences.
Strength is given to me by fate. Luck is given to me by fate. And failures are given by fate. Everything in this world is given by fate. Forces are given to me by fate. Luck is given to me by fate. And failure is given to me by fate. Everything in the world is determined by fate.
Anaphora / Monogamy (anaphora [??naf(?)r?])
- repetition of sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each speech passage.
What is the hammer? What is the chain? Whose was the hammer, whose chains,
In what furnace was your brain? To hold your dreams?
What is the anvil? What dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp? Got mortal fear?
("The Tiger" by William Blake ; Translation by Balmont)
Polysyndeton / Polyunion (polysyndeton [?p?li:?s?nd?t?n])
- an intentional increase in the number of unions in a sentence, usually between homogeneous members. This stylistic device emphasizes the significance of each word and enhances the expressiveness of speech.
I will either go to the party or study up or watch TV or sleep. I will either go to a party or study for an exam or watch TV or go to bed.
Antithesis / Contraposition (antithesis [æn?t?θ?s?s] / contraposition)
- comparison of images and concepts that are opposite in meaning or opposite emotions, feelings and experiences of the hero or author.
Youth is lovely, age is lonely, youth is fiery, age is frosty. Youth is beautiful, old age is lonely, youth is fiery, old age is frosty.
Important: Antithesis and antithesis are two different concepts, but in English they are denoted by the same word antithesis [æn "t???s?s]. A thesis is a judgment put forward by a person, which he proves in some reasoning, and antithesis - a proposition opposite to the thesis.
Ellipsis
- deliberate omission of words that do not affect the meaning of the statement.
Some people go to priests; others to poetry; I to my friends. Some people go to priests, others to poetry, I go to friends.
Rhetorical question
- a question that does not require an answer, since it is already known in advance. A rhetorical question is used to enhance the meaning of the statement, to give it greater significance.
Have you just said something? Did you say something? (Like a question asked by a person who did not hear the words of another. This question is not asked to find out whether the person said something at all or not, since this is already known, but in order to find out exactly what he said.
Pun/Wordplay (pun)
- jokes and riddles containing a play on words.
What is the difference between a schoolmaster and an engine-driver?
(One trains the mind and the other minds the train.)
What is the difference between a teacher and a machinist?
(One leads our minds, the other knows how to drive a train).
Interjection (interjection [??nt?(r)?d?ek?(?)n])
- a word that serves to express feelings, sensations, mental states, etc., but does not name them.
Oh! Oh! Ah! O! Oh! Ouch! Oh!
Aha! (Aha!)
Pooh! Ugh! Phew! ugh!
gosh! Hell! Oh shit!
Hush! Quiet! Shh! Hush!
Fine! Good!
Yah! Yah?
Gracious Me! Gracious! Fathers!
Christ! Jesus! Jesus Christ! good gracious! Goodness Gracious! good heavens! Oh my god!
Cliche/Stamp (cliche [?kli??e?])
- an expression that has become banal and hackneyed.
Live and learn. Live and learn.
Proverbs and sayings [?pr?v??(r)bz ænd?se???z])
.
A shut mouth catches no flies. In a closed mouth, a fly will not fly.
Idiom / Set phrase (idiom [??di?m] / set phrase )
- a phrase, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the words included in it taken separately. Due to the fact that the idiom cannot be translated literally (meaning is lost), translation and understanding difficulties often arise. On the other hand, such phraseological units give the language a bright emotional coloring.
No matter
cloud up frown
