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The concept of the properties of the nervous system was introduced into physiology by IP Pavlov. Following him, B.M. Teplov under the properties of the nervous system understood its natural, innate features that affect the formation of individual forms of behavior (in animals) and some individual differences in abilities and character (in humans).
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If we are talking about the features of the nervous system, then we must talk not just about its properties, but about the degree of their severity, the features of the course of nervous processes, which in different people can be (and are) unequal and therefore affect the characteristics of behavior and activity to varying degrees. .
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Temperament is a stable set of individual psychophysiological characteristics of a person associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful, aspects of activity. Temperament is the basis for the formation and development of character. From a physiological point of view, it is due to the type of higher nervous activity of a person and manifests itself in the nature of a person's behavior, in the degree of his vital activity.
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The difference in temperament of people is manifested in their activities. To achieve success in it, it is important that a person master his temperament, be able to adapt it to the conditions and requirements of activity, relying on its strong properties and compensating for its weak ones.
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People with pronounced features of a certain temperament are not so common, most often people have a mixed temperament in various combinations. But the predominance of traits of any type of temperament makes it possible to attribute a person's temperament to one or another type. One of the most common classifications of temperament types in Russian literature: Choleric Sanguine Melancholic Phlegmatic
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Choleric - fast, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with a sharply changing mood with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric has a great capacity for work, however, being carried away, he carelessly wastes his strength and is quickly depleted.
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Phlegmatic - unhurried, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.
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A sanguine person is a lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes of impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. Usually a sanguine person has expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work when he is interested. If the work is not interesting, he treats it indifferently, he becomes bored.
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Melancholic - prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. He often cannot restrain his experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, emotionally vulnerable.
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Choleric workers compare favorably with other types of temperament in that they are the least susceptible to stress. Even if they have a tense situation at work, they very quickly recover their strength and are eager to fight again. Most often, choleric people are excellent leaders, so they can easily and effectively manage any processes - they make the best, albeit strict, bosses. Those professions that require vigorous energy and increased concentration of attention are suitable for choleric people: - television reporter, - commodity specialist, - diplomat, - journalist, - entrepreneur, - pilot, - surgeon, - dispatcher, - coach, - driver, - manager, - director, - builder, - cook, - geologist, - investigator, - electrician.
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The main feature of phlegmatic people, which makes them the most powerful, is slowness. In stressful situations that have arisen at work, only phlegmatic people are able to calmly analyze the current situation and make the right decision. They sway for a long time, looking for several options for solving an issue or problem, but the assigned task will be completed perfectly. However, more or better than what is required of them, they will not do. Phlegmatic people are most productive in monotonous and monotonous work, exact sciences: - mechanic, - agricultural worker, - electrician, - engineer, - general practitioner, - agronomist, - driver, - economist, - botanist, - physicist, - astronomer, - mathematician.
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Sanguine is born to hold leadership positions. It is from them that the most pleasant and sincere bosses are obtained. This is always a very prudent person who knows how to persuade and win over. The only thing that can cause stupor in sanguine people is some technical points in which they are not at all strong. For sanguine people, we can recommend bright, lively professions that require communication with other people, opening up new horizons and displaying creative abilities: - manager, - doctor, - teacher, - psychologist, - organizer, - educator, - salesman, - process engineer.
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Melancholic people like to work alone. These people are very emotional and sensitive, and therefore easily catch the subtleties in the behavior of the people around them. They are perfectly capable of feeling art, music, literature. They are observant. Melancholic people become depressed at the slightest setback, they are very anxious and often unreasonably sad and sad. Melancholic people need to choose professions that will provide them with a calm and safe environment that does not require them to frequently change activities or quickly react: - artist, - fashion designer, - designer, - composer, - writer, - geologist, - veterinarian, - agronomist, - livestock specialist , - accountant, - turner, - locksmith, - radio mechanic.
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Volokitina Margarita
Temperament is a constant and stable individually unique natural personality traits that determine the dynamics of mental activity, regardless of its content.
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Natural properties of the nervous system. The presentation was prepared by a student of class 11 "B" Volokitina Margarita
Temperament is a constant and stable individually unique natural personality traits that determine the dynamics of mental activity, regardless of its content. Temperament is manifested not only in behavior. Four known temperaments: phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric and melancholic. They are firmly rooted in literature and everyday life and exist to this day.
Phlegmatic person.
Phlegmatic - unhurried, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.
characteristics of the phlegmatic. Calm and cool. Consistent and thorough in business. Cautious and thoughtful. Works quietly, slowly, rarely rests. Silent, does not like to talk in vain. Has a calm, even speech, without sharply expressed emotions, facial expressions. Restrained and patient. Brings the job to the end. Doesn't waste energy. Strictly adheres to the developed routine of life, the system at work.
Easily restrains desires. Less receptive to approval and encouragement. Gentle, shows a condescending attitude to barbs in his address. He is constant in his relationships and interests, knows how to wait, get along with others. Slowly gets to work and switches from one thing to another. Rowan is in a relationship with everyone. Likes neatness and order in everything. Difficulty adjusting to new surroundings. Inert, inactive, lethargic. Has endurance.
Melancholic.
Melancholic - prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. He often cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, emotionally vulnerable.
characteristics of a melancholic. Shy and shy. Lost in new surroundings. Difficulty making contact with strangers. Easily tolerates loneliness. He does not believe in himself, loses heart in adversity. Feels overwhelmed and confused by failures. Tends to withdraw into himself. Gets tired quickly. Possesses weak quiet speech. Involuntarily adapts to the nature of the interlocutor.
Impressive to tearfulness, anxiety. Extremely receptive to approval and encouragement. Makes high demands on himself and others. Prone to suspicion, suspiciousness. Painfully sensitive and easily hurt. Overly touchy. Secretive and not sociable, does not share his thoughts with anyone. Inactive at work. Resignedly subdued. Seeks to evoke sympathy and help from others.
Choleric - fast, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with a sharply changing mood with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric has a great capacity for work, however, being carried away, he carelessly wastes his strength and is quickly depleted.
characteristics of choleric. Restless, fussy. Unrestrained, quick-tempered. Impatient, reactive. Sharp and straightforward in relationships with people. Decisive and proactive. Energetic. Resourceful in dispute. Works in jerks. Prone to risk. Vindictive and touchy.
Possesses passionate, with inconsistent intonations speech. Unbalanced and prone to vehemence. Aggressive. We are intolerant of shortcomings. Has an expressive expression. Able to act quickly and solve life problems. Relentlessly striving for something new. It has sharp, jerky movements. Unsteady in achieving the goal. Prone to sudden mood swings.
Sanguine.
A sanguine person is a lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes of impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. Usually a sanguine person has expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.
characteristics of a sanguine person. Cheerful and cheerful. Businesslike. Often doesn't get things done. I tend to overestimate myself and my abilities. Able to quickly grasp new things. Unsteady in interests and inclinations. Easily survives failures and troubles. Easily adapts to different circumstances. Takes on a new job with enthusiasm. Cools down quickly if the case ceases to interest.
Quickly joins a new job and quickly switches from one job to another. He is burdened by monotony, everyday work. Sociable and responsive, does not feel constrained in communicating with new people. Works fast, enthusiastically, smoothly. Needs breaks less often than others. Hardy and workable. Has a loud, fast, distinct speech, accompanied by lively gestures. Maintains composure in unexpected difficult situations. Always has a cheerful mood. Falls asleep and wakes up quickly. Often not collected, shows haste in decisions.
From the temperament of a person depend: the rate of occurrence of mental processes (for example, the speed of perception, the speed of thinking, the duration of concentration, etc.); plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, the ease of their change and switching; pace and rhythm of activity; the intensity of mental processes (for example, the strength of emotions, activity of the will); the focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).
Temperament is divided into two different types of personality: An extrovert is a person whose mental warehouse is directed to the world around him and activities in it. Extroverts include choleric and sanguine people. An introvert is a person whose mental warehouse is focused on his inner world, he is turned to himself. Introverts include phlegmatic and melancholic people.
Type of temperament and prominent historical figures. Sanguine Choleric Phlegmatic Melancholic Napoleon Bonaparte Peter I M. Yu. Lermontov A.I. Herzen A.V. Suvorov A.S. Pushkin Pavel I I.P. Pavlov M.I. Kutuzov I.A. Krylov N.V. Gogol P.I. Tchaikovsky
The concept of the properties of the nervous system was introduced into physiology by IP Pavlov. Following him, B.M. Teplov under the properties of the nervous system understood its natural, innate features that affect the formation of individual forms of behavior (in animals) and some individual differences in abilities and character (in humans). Nervous system properties are physiological properties often referred to as neurodynamic properties.
If one adheres to strictly physiological terminology, such an understanding of properties is not accurate. In physiology, there is the concept of "properties of nerve centers", which include unilateral conduction of excitation, slow (compared to the nerve) conduction of excitation, the ability to summarize excitation, assimilate and transform the rhythm of incoming impulses, the presence of trace processes, irradiation and concentration of excitation, background and triggered activity. These properties are inherent in the nerve centers of each person and therefore cannot by themselves cause differences in the abilities and character of people.
Therefore, if we are talking about the features of the nervous system, then we must talk not just about its properties, but about the degree of their severity, the features of the course of nervous processes, which in different people can be (and are) unequal and therefore affect the behavior to varying degrees. and activities. But the degree of manifestation of the properties of the nervous system is associated with another concept - "typological features of the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system." Consequently, speaking about the properties of the nervous system and their influence on psychophysiological - psychological phenomena, the authors still have in mind typological features.
The substitution of one concept (properties of the nervous system) for another (typological features of the manifestation of properties) introduces a certain confusion into the understanding of the essence of the phenomena being studied, especially among non-specialists in the field of psychophysiology. For example, if a strong nervous system (i.e., a typological feature) is not found in a person, they write about the absence of the property of strength in him. Or in other cases they point to the property of the strength of the nervous system (which is considered generally accepted, but does not yet show what degree of manifestation of this property in a person: whether it is strength or weakness) and to the “weakness property of the nervous system”, which already refers to the degree of manifestation properties of strength, and therefore such a phrase is incorrect (since there is no property of weakness).
But even the clarification of the concepts used does not lead away from clarifying the question: what properties does differential psychophysiology study? For example, V. S. Merlin wrote that the so-called property of the nervous system is only an interpretation of the general cause on which the group of interrelated individual characteristics of "conditioned reflex activity" depends.
Thus, if for I. P. Pavlov and B. M. Teplov the properties of the nervous system are a reality, then for V. S. Merlin (1973) it is only a subjective product of our thinking, in other words, a convention.
This idea arose from V. S. Merlin not by chance. Most of the methods that are used to identify the typological features of the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system (excluding electroencephalographic ones) make it possible to judge the properties only indirectly, according to various indicators fixed by the experimenter, which reflect not the nervous properties and nervous processes themselves, but their influence on actions, human reactions. Thus, the methods allow one to establish only the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system expressed to varying degrees. Hence, the methods of studying the latter are methods of considering the “black box”, which is the central nervous system.
The impossibility of directly measuring this or that property or nervous process leaves only one way: interpretation of the data obtained, their interpretation on the basis of the current level of our knowledge of physiological processes, patterns, and nervous structures.
Consider at least the most "simple", but fundamental question for the physiology of the nervous system - about the presence of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition.
At one time, I. P. Pavlov considered conditioned reflexes as a reflection of only one process: either excitation (positive conditioned reflexes) or inhibition (negative conditioned reflexes) - differentiating, delayed, fading, etc. But, as rightly noted V. S. Merlin “in different parts and elements of the nervous system, various processes can occur at the same time - excitation in some areas, and inhibition in others. To characterize the properties of the nervous system, it is important not what happens in its individual sections and elements, but what characterizes the functional state of the nervous system as a whole" (1973). What is true here is that the indicators recorded when subjects perform test tasks for diagnosing typological features reflect the entire mosaic of complex and contradictory processes in the central nervous system, and not a separate process of excitation or inhibition. At best, we can judge the predominance of one of these processes in the regulation, i.e. we fix the relationship between them.
However, even with such an understanding, the difficulties of interpreting the data obtained do not end there. Ever since the time of N. E. Vvedensky (the beginning of the 20th century), there has been a point of view that there is no inhibition process as such and that it is replaced by an excitation process that takes on the character of a stagnant one in a certain part of the nervous system. This focus (persistent, not spreading, unlike the usual excitation process) transforms the frequency response of the wave excitation passing through this area, reducing the frequency of the impulse. And since the strength of stimulation is encoded through the frequency of emerging excitation impulses, the intensity of the signal coming to the effector decreases, and the reaction is weakened either in intensity or in speed.
In the end, the case may end with a complete blockade of the waves of excitation by this stationary focus of excitation. Inhibition of function occurs, reflecting pessimal inhibition in the central nervous system.
These ideas of N. E. Vvedensky found confirmation in the study of K. S. Abuladze (Abuladze K. S. Latent excitation. L .: Nauka, 1971. P. 98).
With a decrease or disappearance of the conditioned reflex, cortical inhibition does not occur anywhere, but a decrease in the positive reflex occurs from the action of the emerging latent (stagnant, according to N. E. Vvedensky) excitation, which concentrates excitation from positive stimulation (i.e. trigger) and this partially or completely deprives the working organ of excitation.
P. K. Anokhin (1968), believed that in the central nervous system there is only one process - excitation, which includes both excitatory and inhibitory systems. In connection with the foregoing, it is probably incorrect to talk about the balance between excitation and inhibition, and it would be necessary to talk about the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory reactions. Until now, however, they use the established Pavlovian terminology, and not because they do not understand the complexity of the issue: this terminology is convenient in practical terms (if only for the sake of reducing the time for presenting thoughts). In addition, the rejection of it will become possible when the ionic terminology can really reflect the noun-mosp. the phenomena being studied (otherwise there is a danger of replacing one hypothetical terminology with another - similar).
Currently, such properties of the nervous system as the assimilation of the rhythm of impulses coming to the tissues (lability), the presence of trace processes (mobility - inertia), and background activity are being studied. Attempts were made to study other features of the work of the nervous system, called the "property of dynamism" and "property of concentration of excitation", but later these attempts stopped, obviously because there was no conviction in the actual existence of such features.
TOPIC: (Temperament. Feelings and emotions. Stress)
1. GOAL : show students the connection of temperament and nervous system with the profession. To reveal the influence of feelings, emotions and stress on the general condition of a person.
Tasks:
2. Educational - show students the connection of temperament and nervous system with the profession. The influence of feelings, emotions and stress on the general condition of a person.
3. Developing - the ability to determine the type of temperament.
4. Nurturing - truthfulness in assessing the type of temperament. The ability to control one's own feelings and emotions.
Equipment: 1. Textbook S.N. Chistyakova “Terms of profile selection
learning and trajectories of further education”.
2. Additional handout.
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LESSON PLAN
TOPIC: The value of the natural properties of the nervous system in the profession.(Temperament. Feelings and emotions. Stress)
- GOAL : show students the connection of temperament and nervous system with the profession. To reveal the influence of feelings, emotions and stress on the general condition of a person.
Tasks:
- Educational -show students the connection of temperament and nervous system with the profession. The influence of feelings, emotions and stress on the general condition of a person.
- Developing - the ability to determine the type of temperament.
- Nurturing -truthfulness in assessing the type of temperament. The ability to control one's own feelings and emotions.
Equipment: 1. Textbook S.N. Chistyakova “Terms of profile selection
learning and trajectories of further education”.
2. Additional handout.
During the classes:
Temperament and profession.
In the everyday joys and sorrows of life, one must be a sanguine person, in important life events - a melancholic person, with regard to drives that deeply affect our interests - a choleric person, and, finally, in the execution of decisions - a phlegmatic person.
W. Wundt
In the fifth century BC, the great scientist Hippocrates lived in Greece, in whose family there were 17 generations of doctors. Experience and observation helped him to describe the now well-known types of people: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic. Hippocrates compared four temperaments with four elements: fire, earth, water, air. The harmony of the four elements creates life on earth, the harmony of the four principles in a person allows him to live a full life. “The Greek genius Hippocrates caught the capital features in the mass of countless variants of human behavior,” wrote the great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who developed the ideas of Hippocrates.
Task number 1. Temperament and properties of the nervous system.
Temperament is a biological quality, innate, not acquired. Temperament determines and ensures the speed, strength and balance of our reactions. It manifests itself in thinking, speech, manner of communication. But temperament does not affect interests, success, intelligence, business qualities. Ivan Pavlov singled out the same types of nervous system in dogs.
Unlike dogs, we can be aware of our qualities and work with them.
Task number 1. Definition of temperament.
13. I am easily offended.
24. I may be late.
30. Sometimes I talk about things I don't understand.
31. I often have nightmares.
32. It is easy for me to communicate with a stranger.
33. Sometimes it seems to me that I am somehow worse than others.
34. I think that I am a self-confident person.
35. Criticism hurts me.
36. I have some bad habits.
37. I can spice up a boring company.
38. I am worried about my health.
39. I like to play pranks on others.
40. I find it difficult to say “no” when asked about something.
Every negative answer to questions№ 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 is valued at one point. The lower the score, the higher the reliability of the test results. If you scored more than three points, you may have subconsciously tended to give "good", "correct" answers.
Count the number of your positive answers to questions№1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 32, 34, 37,39 .
Write the amount on the line extraversion (sociability).
0-5 points . If you scored less than 6 points, you are an introvert. An introvert (from the Latin “intro”, which means “inside”) is focused on his inner world, he lives with his feelings, thoughts, experiences, rethinking events and phenomena through his inner experience and not experiencing a special need to communicate with other people. Your inner world is probably so rich and interesting that your company is enough for you. Among those whom you deprive of the opportunity to communicate with you, there are certainly wonderful people. If you have the ability, you will succeed in science, art, crafts that require precision, accuracy and concentration.
Your need for communication is less pronounced than others. Therefore, the professions of a seller, doctor, teacher, lawyer, journalist, manager will tire you. Pay attention to activities that are not associated with broad human contacts - programming, design, creativity, work with texts, with animals and plants.
6-11 points . For people of your type in psychology, there is a special term - ambivert (from the Latin "ambi" - dual). This is a universal personality type, the golden mean. You are selective in communication. You enjoy being with people, but you care about who surrounds you. You feel good in the company, but you can easily refuse it. Loneliness doesn't scare you. Not only professions related to communication are suitable for you, but also those requiring the ability to work alone.
12-17 points . If you scored more than 12 points, you are an extrovert. An extrovert (from the Latin “extra”, which means “above”, “outside”, “outside”) is a person who is oriented outward, to external objects and circumstances, to the opinions of other people, to external, status attributes. This orientation is manifested in his decisions and attitude to life. A person of this type can be so passionate about his work, career, that he does not pay attention to the state of health.
You like being the center of attention. For the sake of company, you can neglect other things. Activities that require perseverance and patience are given to you by an effort of will. Probably, professions that require intensive communication with customers, clients, patients, students, students, passengers would suit you. If you not only love, but also know how to communicate, then professions associated with frequent meetings, negotiations, and consultations will suit you. Professions that require patience and perseverance (working with a computer, research work, calculations and calculations) will be given to you at the cost of great effort and nervous tension.
Count the number of your positive answers to questions№ 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40 .
Write the amount on the line stability.
0-5 points . You are difficult to unbalance. You are cold-blooded and imperturbable. The experiences of many people are incomprehensible to you. You are more likely to help with deeds than verbally express your sympathy. Professions that require self-control and the ability to take risks seem to be created for you. Unless it's a superman (or superwoman) mask.
You are able to withstand great emotional stress. Pay attention to the professions of a surgeon, a military man, a law enforcement officer, a tester of equipment, a rescuer.
6-11 points . emotional stability. You successfully combine the stability and sensitivity of the nervous system. You are easier than many to cope with life's difficulties and at the same time you are able to understand and feel the emotional state of another person, to support him. If at the same time you have a need to communicate with other people, pay attention to such areas of activity as service, training, education, medicine, management.
12-17 points . You probably take to heart not only your problems, but also the problems of your friends and acquaintances. Your willingness to help another person is likely to please other people. There are many professions where this quality is professionally important. For example, all professions in the social sphere. People of art also have a special susceptibility, sensitivity and vulnerability.
Nature has endowed you with a finer nervous system than other people. If you remember this, then the world around you will be perceived much calmer. Your responsiveness certainly attracts people who need your sympathy. But first of all, you must gain strength and confidence yourself.
We have defined two parameters − extraversion and stability . Mark on the horizontal axis the amount of points on the scale"Extraversion" (sociability), and along the vertical - the sum of points on a scale"Stability".
If you have marked both points on the coordinate axes, you can easily determine your temperament. The farther you are from the center, the more pronounced are the features of one of the four temperaments. If your point is on one of the two axes, then you manage to combine the features of two temperaments. If you hit the bull's-eye, that is, the center, you can be congratulated: you combine the features of all four temperaments. Let's hope it's the best.
The four squares in the figure are the four temperaments.
Any group of people works more efficiently if it includes representatives of all temperaments. Melancholy they are the first to feel in which direction to start the search. Cholerics perform the functions of fearless scouts. Sanguine are a source of positive emotions and constantly generate unexpected ideas. Phlegmatic analyze the information and offer an informed decision.
Pure temperaments are rare. In every person there is something from the choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. The question of who is better to be does not make sense, as does the question of what season is best. Each has its pros and cons. It is necessary to know them and act, choosing an effective model of behavior depending on the situation, not being led by natural qualities, but developing them.
Features of temperament must be taken into account when choosing a profession, but temperament should not be confused with character. Kindness and cruelty, diligence and laziness, accuracy and carelessness - all these are character traits that are not inherent in nature, but are formed throughout life. A person with any temperament can be smart or stupid, honest or deceitful, talented or mediocre. The success of a person does not depend on his temperament, but on the abilities, knowledge, skills and orientation of the personality.
Task number 3. Questions for understanding the topic of the lesson.
1. Coolness and equanimity are most needed
a) law enforcement officer, b) a teacher, c) a locksmith, d) a cook.
2. An introvert is best suited for a job.
a) a lawyer, b) a journalist, c) a hairdresser, d) corrector.
3. Managing people is the hardest thing to do.
a) sanguine b) choleric c) phlegmatic d) melancholic.
4. Extroverts do better
a) scientific activity, b) specific practical work, c)customer service, d) calculations and calculations.
a) therapist b) surgeon , c) an ophthalmologist, d) a radiologist.
Psychological workshop. Definition "formulas" of temperament. (Additional material.)
In most cases, people combine the features of all four types of temperament, one of which is more pronounced, while others are weaker. Therefore, we can no longer talk about temperament, but about a "temperamental structure", which includes all types. To determine it, you need to express your agreement (high scores) or disagreement (low scores) with the following statements (rating system from 0 to 10). If it is difficult to decide on an assessment (that is, if, depending on the circumstances, it happens both ways), give yourself average scores - 4, 5, 6, 7.
It is important to evaluate yourself as objectively as possible!
- Before any important event for me, I start to get nervous.
- I work unevenly, in jerks.
- I quickly switch from one thing to another.
- If needed, I can safely wait.
- I need sympathy and support, especially in case of failures and difficulties.
- With people equal I am unrestrained and quick-tempered.
- It's easy for me to make a choice.
- I do not have to restrain my emotions, it comes naturally.
Add the number of points for the questions, the numbers of which are indicated in the formulas:
M = 1 + 5 =
X=2+6=
C \u003d 3 + 7 \u003d
Ф = 4 + 8 =
The corresponding symbols - M, C, X, F - write down in descending order of their values.
Write symbols with the same meaning one below the other. You have received the so-called priority formula, for example, M X C F. Its owner is primarily characterized by melancholic features (M), so it can be conditionally called a melancholic. The signs of choleric (X), sanguine (C) and phlegmatic (F) are less pronounced.
(The technique is given in the interpretation of E. Zharikov, E. Krushelnitsky. For you and about you, M, 1991, pp. 23-27.)
IV. Fixing the material. Solving psychological problems.
"Define Temperament"
A. - Remember the famous literary heroes, characters of fairy tales, cartoons, etc. Using the "Eysenck circle" try to determine their temperament.
Students can be given the following options:
- imperturbable slow-witted Sobakevich (phlegmatic);
- unpredictable love of life Nozdrev (sanguine);
- impulsive jealous Othello (choleric);
- impressionable romantic Hamlet (melancholic)
or historical figures:
Krylov, Kutuzov - phlegmatic;
Napoleon, Beaumarchais - sanguine;
Suvorov, Mendeleev, Pushkin, Peter I - choleric;
Newton, Gogol, Tchaikovsky are melancholic.
B. - Try to perform a psychological exercise in which your temperament can manifest itself.
Students are encouraged to demonstrate a natural reaction in the following situations (answers should be spontaneous so that students do not really spend time thinking, but react quickly, as they would actually do):
The teacher says that your clothes do not match the appearance of the student. You tell the teacher...
Your friend keeps talking to you and you want to leave. You speak...
People sitting behind you in a movie theater disturb you by talking loudly. You contact them...
(The task is performed by everyone.)
This exercise can be discussed using the questions:
What properties of temperament manifested themselves in each participant's responses?
Compare observational data with test results.
Do they match? If not, why not? Perhaps, in this exercise, such personality traits as good breeding, general culture, habits, etc., manifested themselves?
Summing up the lesson.
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Determining the type of temperament.
Grade 9___
Surname ___________________________ First name ______________________
Answer "yes" or "no" to the questions about your feelings and reactions in various situations by putting "+" or "-" next to the question number on the form.
1. I often feel the need for new experiences.
2. I find it difficult to give up my plans.
3. I usually act and speak quickly, without thinking for a long time.
4. Sometimes I feel unhappy for no reason.
5. On a bet, I can do an unusual thing.
6. Sometimes I break my promises.
7. My mood often changes.
8. I like gambling.
9. I have palpitations.
10. I often worry because I said or did something wrong.
11. I like work that requires speed.
12. I had to speak badly about my acquaintances.
13. I am easily offended.
14. It is better to have many friends than few friends.
15. At times I am overwhelmed with energy, and sometimes everything falls out of my hands.
16. I enjoy being in company rather than being alone.
17. I experience failure for a long time.
18. I have thoughts that I would like to hide from others.
19. I can give vent to my feelings and have fun in the company of the soul.
20. My nerves are often stretched to the limit.
21. I think that I am considered a cheerful person.
22. I often regret words spoken or not said in time.
23. I respond to rudeness with rudeness.
24. I may be late.
25. Usually I find it easy and pleasant in a noisy company.
26. Sometimes different thoughts prevent me from falling asleep.
27. It's easier for me to ask others about something than to read it myself.
28. I often feel guilty.
29. I like being the center of attention.Upper right square. choleric temperament
People of this temperament are fast, mobile, excitable. Cholerics have expressive facial expressions, lively speech, and sudden movements. His feelings usually quickly arise and are clearly manifested. Choleric gets down to business with an increase, works with enthusiasm, overcoming difficulties. When the energy supply is depleted, the mood drops sharply. In dealing with people, a choleric person can be harsh, provoking conflict situations. Since the need for communication among choleric people is increased, they often choose professions related to communication - the service sector, law, politics, administration. And these are exactly the types of activities that require a person to be able to communicate effectively.
- Choleric was Alexander Suvorov. By nature, he had poor health, and as a child he terrified his parents by pouring cold water on the street in late autumn. He managed to temper not only the body, but also the spirit. Having become a great commander, he was in no way inferior to his soldiers, sharing with them all the hardships of camp life and surprising with his energy and determination.
Bottom left square. Phlegmatic temperament
The complete opposite of Suvorov was the phlegmatic Kutuzov. Probably, his temperament influenced the choice of strategy in the war with Napoleon. Phlegmatic people are peaceful, but as long as their interests are not affected. Phlegmatism did not prevent the commander Kutuzov from defeating Napoleon.
Phlegmatic people are slow and balanced. They usually finish what they start. Their feelings are deep, but hidden from prying eyes. Phlegmatic is difficult to piss off. It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop restraint, composure, calmness. But a phlegmatic person should develop the qualities he lacks - greater mobility, activity, not to allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertia, which can very easily form under certain conditions. Phlegmatic people have a tendency to systematic work, the ability to concentrate on the task at hand, thoughtfulness - the necessary professional qualities of a scientist, researcher.
Bottom right square. Sanguine temperament
The sanguine person quickly converges with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly masters the new environment, loves communication. The sanguine person quickly develops feelings of joy, grief, affection and hostility, but these feelings are shallow. The mood of a sanguine person changes quickly, but, as a rule, a good mood prevails. Sanguine temperament does not impose any restrictions on the choice of profession.
- The famous general, Napoleon, was a sanguine man. This type of temperament is considered the strongest. However, he did not save Napoleon from the defeat that the phlegmatic Kutuzov inflicted on him.
Top left square. Melancholic temperament
Feelings and emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament are distinguished by depth, great strength and duration. Melancholic people have a hard time enduring resentment, grief, although outwardly this may be weakly manifested. They avoid unfamiliar and new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new, unusual causes a feeling of hidden protest in melancholic people. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work very productively. Melancholics are characterized by depth and constancy, acute susceptibility to external influences.
Why are there no famous generals among melancholics?
High sensitivity, combined with the need for solitude, gives birth not to commanders, but to creators. Most poets, artists, musicians are melancholic. Their works are a memory of their feelings and experiences. By the power of their talent, they make others experience their happiness and their suffering. However, there are no rules without exceptions. Choleric temperament did not prevent Pushkin from becoming a great poet.
- The famous French writer A. Dumas was a sanguine person. Remember his Three Musketeers? Athos, Porthos, Aramis and d'Artagnan represent the four temperaments. They complement each other, like the four elements or the four seasons, and therefore are invincible.
The duality of individual abilities Such individual characteristics as interests, inclinations are characterized by inconstancy, fluctuations, variability. It is practically impossible to change such features as traits associated with individual manifestations of the basic properties of the nervous system, but it is also impossible not to pay attention to them, because their influence is felt in activity, in behavior, in relationships with others.
The most studied properties of the NS are: strength-weakness (that is, the degree of endurance, performance of the nervous system, its resistance to various kinds of interference) mobility-inertia (that is, the speed of change and the speed of the processes of excitation and inhibition).
A person with a weak NS: most often calmly quiet, cautious, obedient. cannot participate in noisy, mobile activities for a long time, which is associated with his small reserve of strength, increased fatigue. often prone to accuracy, characterized by increased impressionability. In an unusual environment, with increased attention to him, he gets lost, does not find the right words, does not answer questions, does not fulfill the simplest requests. has increased sensitivity (it is particularly vulnerable, reacts painfully to criticism, dissatisfaction with others), often lacks self-confidence, they are characterized by fear of failure and fear of looking stupid, as a result of which it is much more difficult for them to move towards success.
Advantages of a weak NS: it has a much higher sensitivity compared to a strong NS; focused on high accuracy, thoroughness in the performance of activities, on stricter control over the quality of performance; are much better, more productive and less costly to cope with the monotonous monotonous work.
Professions that require special precision can be recommended, for example: Jeweler Cutter Dental technician Programmer Musician Artist People with weak NS have an advantage in mastering professions in which the main thing is relationships with other people, communication (that is, the type "person - person").
A person with a strong NS: most often cheerful, self-confident, not experiencing stress in teaching, striking with the ease with which he masters material of considerable volume. full of energy, tireless, constantly ready for action. He is almost never tired, lethargic, relaxed. getting involved in the work, he almost does not experience difficulties; he does not care about additional loads, the transition to an unfamiliar new activity. is distinguished by the ability to use time efficiently, the ability to accomplish more than others in the same period of time, thanks to its endurance, the absence of stops and failures in work. has the ability to adequately respond to superstrong stimuli, even those of a frightening nature.
Advantages of a strong NS: persons with a strong NS in a non-standard, difficult situation (accidents, explosions, fires, natural disasters) are able to correctly assess the situation, maintain self-control, self-control, and find the best solution to normalize the state of emergency. in a difficult environment, it is easier for people with a strong NS to maintain self-control, they are able to make the right decision in conditions of lack of time, not to get confused
Professions that can lead to difficult situations can be recommended: Test pilots Cosmonauts Air traffic controllers Surgeons In a number of professions, people with a strong NS will be best able to ensure the trouble-free operation of the entire human-machine system.
However, it should be remembered: A radical restructuring of plans for the future is not always required: you can always choose another specialty in the same professional field. Even in the profession of a pilot there are jobs that do not impose too strict requirements on a person - this is an agricultural pilot, a helicopter pilot. In the profession of a doctor, people with a weak nervous system are contraindicated in such specializations as a resuscitator and surgeon. But they can be recommended specialties of a therapist, sanitary doctor, pharmacist, dentist.
The sanguine type of temperament is characterized by energy and great efficiency: he is suitable for work in which there is a lot of variety, which constantly sets new tasks for him, he is ready to act all the time and organize something, therefore leadership positions are suitable for him. Working, he can easily concentrate and so it is easy to switch from one job to another, but is not able to delve into the details and does not tolerate monotony.
The choleric person is characterized by irascibility and impetuosity: he performs work with great internal stress, very energetically, completely surrendering to his activity, distributes his huge energy unevenly, therefore cyclic activity is suitable for him, periodically requiring a large, but periodic expenditure of energy, associated with stress and danger, alternating with more relaxed work.
The phlegmatic is calm and balanced: he is a stubborn and diligent worker, but only in the area to which he is accustomed. work that is diverse is not suitable, but monotonous activities (for example, work on a conveyor) do not present difficulties for him. works slowly, but can achieve good results due to his firmness, perseverance and thoughtful organization of his work.
The melancholic is characterized by a low threshold of sensation and increased sensitivity to external stimuli, low efficiency, does not want to make commitments, is afraid that he will not be able to fulfill them. prefers to work alone. Due to his high sensitivity, he easily captures and understands the subtleties in the behavior of people, the world around him, as well as in art, literature, music. A melancholic is suitable for work that requires attention, the ability to delve into and work out the smallest details. He is contraindicated in activities that require significant stress, significant stress, associated with surprises and complications.
