How everything works. How the universe was created

"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." I have never been a fan of the Christian religion, although I respect it like any other faith, because I understood a long time ago: all religions tell the truth, only it is hidden by stratifications of different meanings, supplemented, changed, lost during transmission from one person to another. All religions began with one person who saw and understood something, and then they began to live their own lives, changing to the logic of other people who tried to explain other people's visions with their understanding of the world, adjusting it to existing knowledge. And of course, politics plays its role in any religion, and those people who came to power often change the meaning of what was once said.

So, in the beginning there was a word, more precisely, the program that created our world, which is fully included in the concept of "word". “It was in the beginning with God, everything came into being through Him, and without Him nothing came into being that came into being.”

The "Word" came to us from another universe, a hole opened in the shell of our universe, and a stream of pure energy burst into it, carrying a program for the creation of a new world.

Our scientists at the Hadron Collider really want to see this moment:

“... The existence of the Universe began from a state of vacuum, devoid of matter and radiation. It is assumed that a certain hypothetical field filled the entire space with itself, taking different values ​​in arbitrary spatial regions, until a homogeneous configuration of this field with a size of the order of 10^-33 (to the minus 33rd power) centimeters randomly arose. Immediately after this, this spatial region began to grow very rapidly in size. In one second, our Universe acquired a size of about 1 cm in diameter, at that moment the accumulated kinetic energy was transformed into expanding elementary particles, and the notorious Big Bang occurred.

This is how the creation of the universe is explained. Scientists cannot say that energy appeared at one point at one point, because a hole opened into another universe, then they will have to admit the existence of God, and this is now unfashionable.

Physicists need the Big Bang to explain the run-off of matter in different directions - perhaps because without it they would have to assume that there are many universes, and they somehow transfer energy to each other, and then the picture of the world will become completely incomprehensible. Perhaps that is why a hole from another universe, from which the energy flow appeared, does not suit them.

“...According to the quantum model, elementary particles can spontaneously appear and disappear in vacuum, which is the reason for the emergence of matter and the Universe. Vacuum itself is neutral: it has neither mass, nor charge, nor any other characteristics. But it is likely that the vacuum contains a certain matrix of the possible, in accordance with which matter and radiation are created ... "

That is, scientists recognize the possibility of the existence of a program to create a new universe in a vacuum, they are forced to agree that the universe could not have appeared by chance.

In 1965, researchers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson accidentally discovered a hitherto unknown form of radiation. This radiation is called "cosmic background radiation". It was unlike any other radiation in the universe due to its extraordinary uniformity. It was not localized in any particular place and did not have any particular source. On the contrary, it was distributed equally everywhere. It has been suggested that this radiation is an echo of the Big Bang that arose in the initial moments of the cataclysm. Penzias and Wilson received the Nobel Prize for this discovery.

And the American astrophysicist Hugh Ross went further and suggested that the creator of the Universe is the one who stands above all physical dimensions: “By definition, time is such a dimension that contains causes and effects. No time - no cause and effect. If the beginning of time coincides with the beginning of the Universe, as the theory of cosmic time states, then in the Universe the cause must be an entity operating in some time dimension, completely independent and existing before the time dimension of the cosmos ... This suggests that the Creator is transcendental and operates outside boundaries of the universe. It also shows that the Creator is not the Universe itself, nor is He located within the Universe.”

I can add to this that it once struck me that neither the gods, nor the entities, nor other beings living in the subtle world, know what time is, it simply does not exist for them. This is important for us, because our life is short. We measure everything that happens on it. We have marks for observing time: day, night, seasons, birth, growing up, death, besides, we live in a changing world, and energy entities live in immovable eternity. In the subtle world there is only energy and nothing else, and we are all only energy.

Where did my knowledge of the beginning come from? It came from my attempts to understand the world. Honestly, once I really wanted to see a big bang. I plunged into a trance and began to move into the past, counting billions of years. The lifetime of our universe is known, it is about fourteen billion years, it was calculated by physicists from the speed of expansion from the point of explosion. Now, however, they are not so confident in their calculations, because they suddenly discovered that the universe does not expand linearly, that some other principle is laid down, that it may periodically contract and then expand again, and perhaps even infinite.

I’ll tell you what I saw, and I’ll say right away that I was upset that I didn’t manage to see the big explosion, but I really wanted to watch beautiful fireworks that would open our universe, but alas ...

So, in a deep trance, I got to the beginning of our universe and prepared to watch the big bang. But, alas, I did not see matter collected at one point, nor a large firework. True, it must be admitted, everything looked like after a big fire, when the fire raged and went away: everything was lifeless: stars, planets, space itself. There is little light energy, but dark energy practically covered the entire universe.

I was looking for a point where the whole universe would gather, but suddenly I saw something that I could not understand for a long time. At the site of the alleged big bang, a hole suddenly appeared, from which a sparkling stream of silvery energy escaped. Later I realized that he was programmed to destroy the old and create a new universe. The stream rushed forward, washing away the stars and planets of the old universe, like a river washes away sandy hills during a flood, and where it passed, stars and planets were born, already created according to a new program.

It was this release of energy, carrying a new universe in itself, that created the effect of that very recession of galaxies, it was he who left behind that same background cosmic radiation, or as it is sometimes called - relic, in which the program for building a new universe and developing life lives and operates. .

The periodic system of Mendeleev started from zero, the first and main element was the ether, the mass of which was equal to zero, it was from it, according to the great scientist, that all matter appeared. It seems that he was right, but those who removed the ether from his system were at least short-sighted, however, to recognize the ether then, it was to recognize God.

The very program of the universe is incredibly complex. If you take a couple of packs of printer paper for five hundred sheets of A4 format, then the program for building all life on our planet contains only one thin sheet, everything else relates to the creation of the universe itself.

For me, what I saw was an unimaginable shock, I wanted to see a big explosion, and not some incomprehensible flow of energy that gushed from another universe, carrying a program for building a new world. But I saw exactly this, even though I returned to this point more than a dozen times. It was strange to understand that it was thanks to the new program that the first material particles appeared, which, sticking together, created atoms of the first substance - hydrogen, and it, gathering into clouds, thickening under the influence of gravity of the main law of the universe, formed stars.

Here is what physicists write about it:

“... All hydrogen in the Universe, and a significant part of helium, were born within the first few minutes after the beginning of the world. The first stars to form were composed almost entirely of hydrogen, the stars got their energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei to form helium, and then fusing helium with heavier elements, then all the other elements are obtained, including carbon, oxygen, silicon, iron, and so on. Further.

When a star ejects its shell like a supernova, most of the material is carried out into outer space. The thermal energy of the explosion contributes to the creation of even more elements. After enough supernovae have occurred, the interstellar matter already contains a significant amount of the stuff produced in the stars - along with the hydrogen and helium that have been here since the beginning…”

The most interesting thing is that the elements are created in such a way that they can be placed according to clear signs in one large table - the one that Mendeleev saw. The elements are obviously created according to the same program, and this is best indicated by the fact that they cannot have a mass greater than a certain value.

And no matter how physicists try to create new superheavy elements in particle accelerators, the newly created elements do not live long, they are hindered by a limitation in the program, under the influence of which they decay into other elements. This limitation is logical and understandable, otherwise, in the end, under the influence of one of the four main forces that control our universe recognized by modern physics, all matter would stick together into one huge lump of matter - similar to the one that seemed to precede the big bang, and life would become impossible.

The irony is that man, based on this limitation in the program that creates life, has created a nuclear weapon that brings death.

Everything in our universe is governed by these forces, known to us as the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the large nuclear force, and the small nuclear force. Large and small nuclear forces act at the level of the atom. The other two, gravitational and electromagnetic forces, control the accumulation of atoms, in other words, "matter".

Michael Denton, a molecular biologist, addresses this issue in his book The Purpose of Nature: “If, for example, the force of gravity were a trillion times stronger, the universe would be much smaller and its life would be much shorter. The average star would have a trillion times less mass, and its life cycle would be equal to one year. On the other hand, if the gravitational force were less strong, neither stars nor galaxies would form. Other indicators and their ratios are just as critical. If the big nuclear force were a little weaker, the only permanent element would be hydrogen, and no other atoms could exist.

If it were stronger than the electromagnetic force, the atomic nucleus, consisting of only two protons, would become a permanent feature of the universe, which would mean the absence of hydrogen; and if stars and galaxies did exist, they would be completely different from what we have now. It is clear that if the various forces and constants did not have exactly the indicators that they have, there would be no stars, no supernovas, no planets, no atoms, no life.

I can add to this that, in my opinion, the gods play with the parameters of these four forces, creating life in other universes, so it differs, even though the program as a whole is the same.

But let's continue ... First, huge stars appeared, they grew and grew until they gained a critical mass, then they exploded, turning into a cloud of transformed matter, material for the first planets on which life was supposed to appear.

Our solar system formed from a cloud that had a lot of carbon, oxygen, silicon, iron, etc. These elements turned out to be enough to collect them together in a rotating nebula, and then form the Sun, Earth and other planets. But our system is not the first; there are many such planetary systems.

As soon as the temperature began to drop, water came to Earth. Where? Scientists believe that from space, from comets, which are essentially fragments of broken planets. Everything is logical and correct, the dead always gives new life. Water created the oceans, heated up, created the conditions for the emergence of life. And after millions of years, the simplest organisms began to stir in the ocean, which, according to the program, began to turn into the first living beings. Over time, their mind began to develop, and with it the soul, which was born after the death of the first living intelligent being. I will add that the mind exists from the lowest to the highest animals, it is incorporated in the program for the development of living beings, this is the norm, not the exception, as our scientists try to present. All living things develop according to one program, and the mind is a common thing. The fact that we do not recognize its existence for other creatures does not mean that it does not exist, it tells more about human stupidity and narcissism.

The mind gives birth to the soul, which is its energy imprint. The first soul went up and immediately went down, incarnating in a new body, moving on to a new round of its development. Thus, a new energy substance began to emerge, in order to turn into the first god of our universe in hundreds of millions of years. He hung over the planet, where life had completed its task, waited until everything on it died as a result of some kind of cataclysm, and then, carrying out the program, moved to the nearest planet on which new life had appeared.

Hanging next to her, the first god began to actively help the emergence of new gods, creating a cycle of souls in which we also spin. Over time, he raised two archangels, who also later turned into gods, and then found their planets with life, then each of them raised two new archangels, and they flew on, looking for planets with life that appeared on them. The soul development program works just like that.

How do I know this? This is easy to verify.

The first god hangs in the void next to a dead planet, near a dead star, and not far from him, at their planets, there are two huge gods, whom he helped to be born. This is how the program works, and its ultimate goal is not living beings on the planets, but the gods - truly intelligent and unrestricted energy beings. And the program is still running, creating new gods on our planet. The age of our universe is about 14 billion years, and the Earth is only three and a half billion. The first life did not appear with us, we are not the first intelligent beings in this universe and certainly not the last. It is clear that the creation of life on our planet has not ended, somewhere further in the universe a new life is being created or has already appeared.

Six billion years before the death of our universe, life will arise on more than one planet, and life will die on more than one. The whole process of creating a substance is started for the sake of it, the whole program works for it. Each atom in the universe appears in order for a new being to appear, capable of developing energetically, if you want - spiritually, because the task of the program is nothing more, nothing less than the creation of new gods. For God is nothing but a huge energy formation, a kind of overgrown soul with a complex internal structure.

And each newly born god goes to the planet with life and there helps to develop two new gods. A god also hangs around our planet, and his goal is also for two developed souls to turn into gods - a kind of chain reaction is obtained. Each soul has a chance to become a god, but only two will be helped, the rest will also be given chances, but later. The selection will take place, the best will become gods, someone else will get an additional chance, the rest will die, because everything has a beginning and everything has an end.

There is an end to our universe. Its very death of the universe, however, is no different from the beginning: a hole opens into another universe, and a stream of energy comes out of it with a new program that blurs everything: planets, stars, gods hanging in empty space, thereby starting a new cycle of life . The end of the old is the beginning of the new universe. In about six billion years, our universe will disappear, dissolved by a new energy flow, giving way to the next. This is the meaning of renewal and variability of the world.

Once it surprised and puzzled me, it turned out some kind of nonsense, the program created gods in order to kill them later. But later I realized that this is not just a new life and a new death, but everything carries its own special semantic load. That in fact the program for the creation of the universe is not only a program for the creation of gods, it is also a selection. Of the billions of souls, everyone has a chance to turn into a god, but only two souls will actually turn into archangels, the rest - those who can, will go to other planets to try again, while others will die along with life on the planet. It is possible that the idea of ​​the Last Judgment emerged from this future spied on by one of the ancient ancestors.

True, God will not judge anyone, those who lived righteous and developed spiritually, that is, increased the energy of the soul, will fly away with the archangels, the rest will die from a lack of energy. Everything is fair, every soul is given a chance, and what she spends her personal business on - the outcome is described in all religions, like the Last Judgment.

But also among the gods, a selection is being made, only the best of them will be able to go to another universe, when the hole opens, and continue their development there, the rest will die ingloriously, because the new stream has the ability to remove from the structure of the gods what is wrong, does not correspond to the program .

Our universe is not the first. It is not known how many there were before, and how many will be after. But the main meaning of its appearance and existence is the creation of gods who can go further.

Energy turns into matter in order to turn into energy again, but already structured, with intelligence, and unlimited possibilities for further development. First to the soul, then to God. This is how everything is arranged, and there is great wisdom in this. However, it's a little disappointing when the selection is carried out by someone, and not by ourselves. So, the main thing is the soul. It's time to figure out how it works. It begins with a protective shell, with an aura ...

0. Jester As if we were persecuted by someone, I could not stay And set off on a journey, apparently my term had expired. But where did I go and why was I in a hurry? The road was too long, and I forgot everything. I walked hundreds of miles, saw and knew a lot, I reached the end and was terribly tired. I wanted to take a break from this path, and to

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Inhomogeneous universe

As we love, like this, without thinking about anything, just look at the dark sky, endlessly dotted with stars and dream. Have you ever thought about something above us, what kind of world it is, how it works, whether it always existed or not, where did the stars, planets come from, why exactly, and not differently, these questions can be listed up to infinity. Throughout its existence, man has tried and is trying to answer these questions, and it will probably take hundreds, and perhaps thousands of years, and still not be able to give a complete answer to them.

Watching the stars for thousands of years, man realized that from evening to evening they always remain the same and do not change their relative position. But nevertheless, this was not always the case, for example, 40 thousand years ago, the stars did not look the same as they do now. The Big Dipper was similar to the Big Mallet, there was no habitual figure of the belted Orion. This is all due to the fact that nothing stands still, but is in constant motion. The Moon revolves around, the Earth, in turn, goes through a circular cycle around, the Sun, and with it the whole, revolve around the center of the Galaxy, which, in turn, moves around the center of the Universe. Who knows, maybe our Universe is also moving relative to another only with larger sizes.

How the Universe Formed

In 1922, the Russian scientist, astronomer Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman put forward a general theory origin our universe, which was subsequently confirmed by the American astronomer Edwin Hubble. This theory has been commonly referred to as The Big Bang Theory" . At the moment origin of the universe, and this is about 12-15 billion years ago, its dimensions were as small as possible, formally it can be assumed that the Universe was contracted to one point and had an infinitely huge density equal to 10 90 kg / cm³. This means that 1 cubic centimeter of the substance of which the Universe consisted at the time of the explosion weighed 10 to the 90th degree of kilograms. After about 10 −35 s. after the onset of the so-called Planck epoch (when the matter was compressed to the maximum possible limit and at the same time had a temperature of approximately 10 32 K), an explosion occurred, as a result of which the process of instantaneous exponential expansion of the Universe began, which is happening at the present moment. As a result of the explosion, from a super-hot cloud of subatomic particles gradually expanding in all directions, atoms, substances, planets, stars, galaxies, and finally life were gradually formed.

Big Bang- this is the release in all directions of a colossal amount of energy with a gradual drop in temperature, and since the universe is constantly expanding, it is correspondingly continuously cooled. The very process of the expansion of the Universe in cosmology and astronomy has received a common name as "Cosmic inflation". Shortly after the temperature dropped to certain values, the first elementary particles appeared in space, such as protons and neutrons. When the temperature of the cosmos dropped to several thousand degrees, the former elementary particles became electrons and began to combine with protons and helium nuclei. It was at this stage that the formation of atoms, mainly hydrogen and helium, began in the Universe.

With every second our Universe increases in volume, this is confirmed by the general theory of the Expansion of the Universe. Moreover, it increases (expands) only because it is not connected by the force of universal gravitation. For example, ours cannot expand due to the forces of gravity that any body that has mass possesses. Since the Sun is heavier than any planet in our system, due to the forces of gravity, it supports them at a certain distance, which can change only when the mass itself changes. If there were no gravitational forces, then our planet, like any other, would move further and further from every minute. And of course, no life could originate anywhere in the universe. That is, gravity, as it were, binds all bodies into a single system, into a single object, and therefore expansion can occur only where there are no celestial bodies - in the space between galaxies. The process itself Universe expansions it would be more correct to call the "retreat" of galaxies. As you know, the distance between galaxies is very large and can reach up to several million, or even hundreds of millions of light years (one light year- this is the distance that a ray of light will travel in one earth year (365 days), numerically it is 9,460,800,000,000 kilometers, or 9.46 trillion kilometers, or 9.46 thousand billion kilometers). And if we take into account the fact of the expansion of the Universe, then this figure is constantly growing.

Calculated structure of the Universe according to Millennium simulation data. marked white

line distance is about 141 million light years. Yellow marked

matter, in purple - observable only indirectly dark matter.

Each yellow dot represents one galaxy.

What will happen next with our universe, will it always increase? In the early 1920s, it was found that the future fate of the universe depends only on the average density of the matter that fills it. If this density is equal to or less than some critical density, then the expansion will continue forever. If the density turns out to be higher than the critical one, then the reverse phase will begin - compression. The universe will shrink to a point and then happen again Big Bang and the process of development will begin anew. It is possible that this cycle (expansion-contraction) has already happened to our Universe and will happen in the future. What is this mysterious critical density of the world equal to? Its value is determined only by the modern value of the Hubble constant and is negligible - about 10 -29 g / cm³ or 10 -5 atomic mass units in each cubic centimeter. With such a density, 1 gram of a substance is contained in a cube with a side of about 40 thousand kilometers.
Mankind has always been surprised and admired by the size of our world, our Universe, but is it really what a person imagined it to be or many times more. Or maybe the Universe is infinite, and if not, then where is its border? Although the volumes of space are colossal, they still have certain limits. According to the observations of Edwin Hubble, the approximate size of the Universe, named after him - the Hubble radius, was established, which is about 13 billion light years (12.3 * 10 22 kilometers). On the most modern spacecraft, to overcome such a distance, a person will need approximately 354 trillion years, or 354 thousand billion years.
Until now, the most important question remains unresolved: what existed before the beginning of the expansion of the Universe? The same Universe as ours, only not expanding, but contracting? Or a world completely unfamiliar to us with completely different properties of space and time. Perhaps it was a world that was subject to completely different laws of nature, unknown to us. These questions are so complex that they go beyond the limits of human understanding.

One of the main questions that do not come out of human consciousness has always been and is the question: “how did the Universe appear?”. Of course, there is no unequivocal answer to this question, and it is unlikely to be received in the near future, however, science is working in this direction and forming a certain theoretical model of the origin of our Universe. First of all, we should consider the main properties of the Universe, which should be described within the framework of the cosmological model:

• The model must take into account the observed distances between objects, as well as the speed and direction of their movement. Such calculations are based on the Hubble law: cz =H0D, where z- redshift of the object, D- distance to this object, c is the speed of light.
• The age of the Universe in the model must exceed the age of the oldest objects in the world.
• The model must take into account the initial abundance of elements.
• The model must take into account the observable .
• The model must take into account the observed relict background.

Let us briefly consider the generally accepted theory of the origin and early evolution of the Universe, which is supported by the majority of scientists. Today, the Big Bang theory refers to the combination of the hot universe model with the Big Bang. And although these concepts first existed independently of each other, as a result of their combination, it was possible to explain the initial chemical composition of the Universe, as well as the presence of cosmic microwave background radiation.

According to this theory, the Universe arose about 13.77 billion years ago from some dense heated object - which is difficult to describe within the framework of modern physics. The problem with the cosmological singularity, among other things, is that when describing it, most physical quantities, such as density and temperature, tend to infinity. At the same time, it is known that at infinite density (the measure of chaos) should tend to zero, which is in no way compatible with infinite temperature.

• • The first 10 -43 seconds after the Big Bang is called the stage of quantum chaos. The nature of the universe at this stage of existence cannot be described within the framework of physics known to us. There is a disintegration of a continuous single space-time into quanta.

• The Planck moment is the moment of the end of quantum chaos, which falls on 10 -43 seconds. At this moment, the parameters of the Universe were equal, like the Planck temperature (about 10 32 K). At the time of the Planck era, all four fundamental interactions (weak, strong, electromagnetic and gravitational) were combined into a single interaction. It is not possible to consider the Planck moment as a certain long period, since modern physics does not work with parameters less than the Planck ones.
• Stage. The next stage in the history of the universe was the inflationary stage. At the first moment of inflation, the gravitational interaction separated from a single supersymmetric field (previously including the fields of fundamental interactions). During this period, the matter has a negative pressure, which causes an exponential increase in the kinetic energy of the Universe. Simply put, during this period, the Universe began to swell very quickly, and towards the end, the energy of physical fields turns into the energy of ordinary particles. At the end of this stage, the temperature of the substance and radiation increases significantly. Along with the end of the inflation stage, a strong interaction also emerges. Also at this moment arises.
• The stage of radiation dominance. The next stage in the development of the Universe, which includes several stages. At this stage, the temperature of the Universe begins to decrease, quarks are formed, then hadrons and leptons. In the era of nucleosynthesis, the formation of initial chemical elements occurs, helium is synthesized. However, radiation still dominates matter.
• The era of the dominance of matter. After 10,000 years, the energy of matter gradually exceeds the energy of radiation and their separation occurs. The substance begins to dominate over the radiation, a relict background appears. Also, the separation of matter with radiation significantly increased the initial inhomogeneities in the distribution of matter, as a result of which galaxies and supergalaxies began to form. Laws of the Universe came to the form in which we observe them today.

The above picture is composed of several fundamental theories and gives a general idea of ​​the formation of the Universe in the early stages of its existence.

Where did the universe come from?

If the Universe originated from a cosmological singularity, then where did the singularity come from? It is not yet possible to give an exact answer to this question. Let's consider some cosmological models that affect the "birth of the Universe".

Cyclic models

These models are based on the assertion that the Universe has always existed and over time its state only changes, moving from expansion to contraction - and vice versa.

• Steinhardt-Turok model. This model is based on string theory (M-theory), as it uses such an object as a "brane". According to this model, the visible Universe is located inside a 3-brane, which periodically, every few trillion years, collides with another 3-brane, which causes a kind of Big Bang. Further, our 3-brane begins to move away from the other and expand. At some point, the share of dark energy takes precedence and the rate of expansion of the 3-brane increases. The colossal expansion scatters matter and radiation to such an extent that the world becomes almost homogeneous and empty. Eventually the 3-branes collide again, causing ours to return to the initial phase of its cycle, re-creating our "Universe".

• The theory of Loris Baum and Paul Frampton also states that the universe is cyclical. According to their theory, after the Big Bang, the latter will expand due to dark energy until it approaches the moment of "disintegration" of space-time itself - the Big Rip. As you know, in a "closed system, entropy does not decrease" (the second law of thermodynamics). It follows from this statement that the Universe cannot return to its original state, since during such a process the entropy must decrease. However, this problem is solved within the framework of this theory. According to the theory of Baum and Frampton, in a moment before the Big Rip, the Universe breaks up into many "rags", each of which has a rather small value of entropy. Experiencing a number of phase transitions, these "patches" of the former Universe give rise to matter and develop similarly to the original Universe. These new worlds do not interact with each other, as they fly apart at a speed greater than the speed of light. Thus, scientists also avoided the cosmological singularity, which begins the birth of the Universe according to most cosmological theories. That is, at the moment of the end of its cycle, the Universe breaks up into many other non-interacting worlds, which will become new universes.
• Conformal cyclic cosmology - cyclic model by Roger Penrose and Vahagn Gurzadyan. According to this model, the Universe is able to move into a new cycle without violating the second law of thermodynamics. This theory is based on the assumption that black holes destroy the absorbed information, which in some way "legitimately" lowers the entropy of the universe. Then each such cycle of existence of the Universe begins with the likeness of the Big Bang and ends with a singularity.

Other Models for the Origin of the Universe

Among other hypotheses explaining the appearance of the visible Universe, the following two are most popular:

• The chaotic theory of inflation is the theory of Andrey Linde. According to this theory, there is some scalar field, which is non-uniform throughout its volume. That is, in different regions of the universe, the scalar field has a different meaning. Then, in areas where the field is weak, nothing happens, while areas with a strong field begin to expand (inflation) due to its energy, thus forming new universes. Such a scenario implies the existence of many worlds that did not arise simultaneously and have their own set of elementary particles, and, consequently, the laws of nature.
• Lee Smolin's theory - suggests that the Big Bang is not the beginning of the existence of the Universe, but is only a phase transition between its two states. Since before the Big Bang the Universe existed in the form of a cosmological singularity, close in nature to the singularity of a black hole, Smolin suggests that the Universe could have arisen from a black hole.

Results

Despite the fact that cyclic and other models answer a number of questions that the Big Bang theory cannot answer, including the problem of the cosmological singularity. Yet, together with the inflationary theory, the Big Bang more fully explains the origin of the Universe, and also converges with many observations.

Today, researchers continue to intensively study possible scenarios for the origin of the Universe, however, to give an irrefutable answer to the question “How did the Universe appear?” — is unlikely to happen in the near future. There are two reasons for this: direct proof of cosmological theories is practically impossible, only indirect; even theoretically there is no way to get accurate information about the world before the Big Bang. For these two reasons, scientists can only put forward hypotheses and build cosmological models that will most accurately describe the nature of the Universe we observe.

Microscopic particles that human vision can only see with a microscope, as well as huge planets and clusters of stars, amaze the imagination of people. Since ancient times, our ancestors have tried to comprehend the principles of the formation of the cosmos, but even in the modern world there is still no exact answer to the question “how the Universe was formed”. Perhaps the human mind is not given to find a solution to such a global problem?

Scientists from different eras from all over the Earth tried to comprehend this secret. The basis of all theoretical explanations are assumptions and calculations. Numerous hypotheses put forward by scientists are designed to create an idea of ​​the Universe and explain the emergence of its large-scale structure, chemical elements and describe the chronology of origin.

String theory

To some extent, it refutes the Big Bang as the initial moment of the emergence of elements of outer space. According to the universe has always existed. The hypothesis describes the interaction and structure of matter, where there is a certain set of particles that are divided into quarks, bosons and leptons. In simple terms, these elements are the basis of the universe, since their size is so small that division into other components has become impossible.

A distinctive feature of the theory of how the universe was formed is the statement about the aforementioned particles, which are ultramicroscopic strings that are constantly vibrating. Individually, they do not have a material form, being the energy that together creates all the physical elements of the cosmos. An example in this situation is fire: looking at it, it seems to be matter, but it is intangible.

Big bang - the first scientific hypothesis

The author of this assumption was the astronomer Edwin Hubble, who in 1929 noticed that galaxies are gradually moving away from each other. The theory claims that the current large universe originated from a particle that had a microscopic size. The future elements of the universe were in a singular state, in which it is impossible to obtain data on pressure, temperature or density. The laws of physics under such conditions do not affect energy and matter.

The cause of the Big Bang is called the instability that arose inside the particle. Peculiar fragments, spreading in space, formed a nebula. After some time, these smallest elements formed the atoms from which the galaxies, stars and planets of the Universe arose as we know them today.

space inflation

This theory of the birth of the universe claims that the modern world was originally placed in an infinitesimal point, which is in a state of singularity, which began to expand at an incredible speed. After a very short period of time, its increase already exceeded the speed of light. This process is called "inflation".

The main task of the hypothesis is to explain not how the Universe was formed, but the reasons for its expansion and the concept of a cosmic singularity. As a result of working on this theory, it became clear that only calculations and results based on theoretical methods are applicable to solve this problem.

creationism

This theory dominated for a long time until the end of the 19th century. According to creationism, the organic world, mankind, the Earth and the greater Universe as a whole were created by God. The hypothesis originated among scientists who did not refute Christianity as an explanation for the history of the universe.

Creationism is the main opponent of evolution. All nature, created by God in six days, which we see every day, was originally like this and remains unchanged to this day. That is, self-development as such did not exist.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the acceleration of the accumulation of knowledge in the field of physics, astronomy, mathematics and biology begins. With the help of new information, scientists are making repeated attempts to explain how the universe was formed, thereby relegating creationism to the background. In the modern world, this theory has taken the form of a philosophical current, consisting of religion as a basis, as well as myths, facts, and even scientific knowledge.

Stephen Hawking's Anthropic Principle

His hypothesis as a whole can be described in a few words: there are no random events. Our Earth today has more than 40 characteristics, without which life on the planet would not exist.

The American astrophysicist H. Ross estimated the probability of random events. As a result, the scientist received the number 10 with a power of -53 (if the last number is less than 40, chance is considered impossible).

The observable universe contains a trillion galaxies, each containing approximately 100 billion stars. Based on this, the number of planets in the Universe is 10 to the twentieth power, which is 33 orders of magnitude less than in the previous calculation. Consequently, in all space there are no such unique places with conditions as on Earth that would allow the spontaneous emergence of life.

Stellar masses ... Our science is confused and yet fascinated by these colossal bodies that behave like atoms, but the construction of which confuses us with its enormous and (only apparently?) unsystematic complexity. Perhaps, over time, some order or periodicity will be revealed in the structure of stars, both in composition and in location. (N.A. Sadovsky)

Let's raise our heads to the starry night. Somewhere there, behind a dark blue veil, it all began. And it all started, as usual, from nothing. But we will start with Big Bang, as the Americans call the Big Bang that occurred in the universe 15 billion years ago. What the Universe was like before that, we cannot even guess.

We have time. Even if the clock breaks on the whole Earth, the Sun will rise and set, counting sunny days, annual rings will still form on trees, etc. Time will not stop. Now imagine that there is no time. Time has not stopped. It just doesn't exist. There is no space either. There is no substance. There is a superclot of matter with a colossal density. All the future matter of the world, everything that will later become stars, planets - everything is compressed into one point with an infinitely high temperature. Thus the universe "began". At the moment of this event, space and time were created.

It is pointless to ask what happened before the Big Bang. It's like asking what is north of the North Pole or south of the South Pole. The question “Where did this happen?” can be answered with only one word: “everywhere”. Indeed, the Universe at that moment was not an isolated point in another space. It was all this point and its dimensions at that moment were very small - close to the size of an electron. Such a point can only be seen with a strong electron microscope. But the mass is disproportionately large: neither 100, nor 1000, nor even 1,000,000 tons - much more. More than the mass of the Earth, the Sun, one hundred thousand billion (100,000,000,000,000) times the mass of our entire Galaxy. And there are not so few in it - 150 billion stars weighing as much as the Sun and heavier!

Then this point "exploded" with great force, and a huge cloud, consisting of elementary particles, began to grow and expand in all directions. Each particle was heavy, lived a short but stormy life. The first stage of the formation of the Universe is called hadronic, and it lasted only a fraction of a second - one ten thousandth of it (0.0001 s)! The expansion rate of the Universe exceeded the speed of light in vacuum and approached 300,000,000 m/s (300,000 km/s). Compare: the initial speed of a bullet fired from a Kalashnikov assault rifle is 715 m / s, which is less than a kilometer per second, the first space velocity is 8 km / s. Approximately with the same speed the spaceship moves in orbit.

In the first moments of its existence, the universe was very hot, much hotter than the interior of the hottest star. At temperatures above 10 billion degrees, and this was the temperature of the Universe, no substance can exist. Yes, it hasn't been there yet. Almost all the energy in the Universe existed in the form of electromagnetic radiation (photons), i.e., the Universe "shone", to be more precise - it was itself a bright and endless light.

Hadrons are the heaviest elementary particles. But now the time has come for lighter particles - leptons. The second stage has begun.

As you know, particles do not stand still, but move, collide, disappear, change. As a result of such “dances”, particles and antiparticles arise. They cannot exist together. Here perishing - who whom. By chance, the number of particles turned out to be slightly larger than the number of antiparticles. The particles "survived" and the whole world is now built from them.

What would happen if the antiparticles won? Scientists answer: nothing special, the world would remain the same, only the structure of atoms would change slightly. In "our" atoms - a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron(s) on the shells. And it would be the other way around. And an electron would be called a positron... Scientists have long since learned to produce antiparticles in the laboratory, but antimatter does not occur on Earth in a free state.

In 10 seconds, the Universe "skipped" the second (lepton) stage with its thermonuclear reactions. The composition of the substance of which the world will consist has already been outlined. Hydrogen atoms appeared and, later, helium nuclei. In one day, the Universe lost its super density. By the end of the first day, its density was 100 times lower than the density of ordinary air.

And that's where the world of high speeds ended. The third era - the era of radiation - lasted a million years. Although this is not much compared to the multibillion-dollar life of the Universe, but if compared with a rapid start that lasts only a few seconds, then yes, a lot. That era is reminiscent of the relic radiation found so far in space. Relic is the radiation of a completely black body at a temperature of 2.7 K. Yes, yes, do not be surprised, a completely black body can also “radiate”. Imagine a hollow ball. Suppose we started to heat it up. What's going on inside? Our ball is empty. "Heat" inside such a cavity is electromagnetic waves rushing between the inner walls. If the body is heated to 6,000 °C, then the waves will be mainly in the visible part of the spectrum. Our ball can be called a "black body", since the radiation does not pass through its walls, and it is "black" for an external observer, although it is heated inside. At different temperatures of a black body, the radiation is also different. At 6,000°C, it is visible green; at about a million Kelvin, it is X-rays. At a temperature close to absolute zero (-273 ° C) - microwaves. What is happening in the universe. Relic radiation in this case is the memory of the third stage in the development of the universe - the era of radiation.

The era of radiation ended with the formation of matter, then another era began in which we live. This is the Age of Matter. Quasars, galaxies, stars, planetary systems are born - everything that we are now observing from the Earth.

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