Temperament. Theories of temperament. Type of higher nervous system and temperament. Psychological characteristics of temperament and features of personality activity. Types and properties of the nervous system, as the physiological basis of temperament Type of temperament and special

Temperament- the biological foundation on which the personality is formed. It reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mostly innate. Some people are quick-tempered, others are calm, others are balanced, others are inert, which means they have different temperaments. For the first time, an attempt to describe the types of temperaments was made by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates in the 7th century BC. BC. He associated differences in behavior with the predominance of various fluids in the body of a particular person: blood (sangiuz), lymph (mucus - phlegm) and bile (yellow - chole, black - melaine), which, however, was not subsequently confirmed by science .

Temperament(from Lat. temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts, proportionality) - a mental property of a person, predetermined by strength, balance, mobility of nervous processes, which, in turn, affects the dynamics of the flow of all mental phenomena characteristic of a person. There are four main types of temperament: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic. This is a classic division of people into types of temperament, but there are other classifications.

Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov connected temperament with manifestation in mental lifetype of nervous system and, in particular, the relations of such properties of processes excitation and inhibition how strength (weakness), balance (unbalance) and mobility (inertia).

Excitation– functional activity of nerve cells of the centers of the cerebral cortex, which ensures the formation and activation of conditioned reflex connections, on the basis of which the psyche functions.

Braking- the process of attenuation of cortical connections, cessation of activity of nerve cells and centers of the cerebral cortex.

Strength manifested in the performance of the nervous system, the ability to withstand exposure to strong stimuli.

Equilibrium processes of excitation and inhibition manifests itself when comparing their strength. Peculiarities of the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition: balanced - balanced, not balanced - not balanced.

Mobility nervous processes are manifested in shift speed one process to another. Indicator of the level of adaptability personality - ability the psyche is rebuilt in accordance with the influence of external stimuli.

Based on this, under temperament should be understood as a personality property that determines the dynamic features of the psyche, such as pace, speed, intensity.

A different combination of strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition characterizes specific types of higher nervous activity, each of which has its own characteristics of the course of mental processes.

Depending on the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition, I.P. Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity, which correspond to four types of temperament:

The type of higher nervous activity is not identical to temperament. The first concept is physiological, the second is psychological. The type of higher nervous activity that is inherited by a person is the physiological basis of temperament. In the process of life, under the influence of the social environment, this type undergoes changes, turning into a phenotype.

The main properties of temperament: sensitivity (sensitivity), reactivity, activity, rigidity, plasticity, emotional excitability, extraversion-introversion.

Sensitivity (sensitivity) - this is a characterological feature of a person, consisting in increased sensitivity. Sensitive people are characterized by timidity, shyness, increased anxiety, fear of the new, sometimes inferiority complexes, an underestimated level of claims, etc.

Reactivity – the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength.

Activity – the degree of energy of a person when exposed to external

peace and overcoming obstacles on the way to the goal.

The ratio of reactivity and activity is determined by what human activity depends to a greater extent: from random external or internal circumstances (from moods, desires, random events) or from goals, intentions, aspirations, beliefs of a person.

Rate of reactions manifests itself in the speed of various mental reactions and processes: the speed of movements, the pace of speech, resourcefulness, the speed of memorization, the speed of the mind.

Plastic – how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences.

Rigidity – property opposite to plasticity. It manifests itself in how inert and inert a person's behavior, his habits, judgments are. The difficulty of switching the psyche to reflect new conditions, resistance to change, a kind of impenetrability; the inability of the individual to change the program of action planned by him in the changed conditions.

extraversion - introversion : on what the reactions and activities of a person mainly depend - on external impressions that arise at the moment (extrovert) or on images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introvert).

extraversion- the predominant orientation of the personality outward, on the surrounding people, external phenomena, events.

introversion- the predominant focus of the individual on his own inner world, his own "I", personal sensations, experiences, feelings, thoughts. This term was introduced by K. Jung.

Emotional excitability – how weak an impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and at what speed it occurs.

On this basis, a psychological characteristic of various types of temperament and their manifestations is made:

choleric- high reactivity and activity, increased emotional excitability, plasticity, rigidity, reduced sensitivity, extraversion, accelerated reaction rate;

sanguine- balance of reactivity and activity, increased emotional excitability, plasticity, rigidity, decreased sensitivity

activity, extraversion, accelerated rate of reactions;

phlegmatic person- low reactivity and high activity, reduced emotional excitability, weak plasticity, rigidity, reduced sensitivity, introversion, slow reaction rate;

melancholic- low reactivity and activity, increased emotional excitability, low plasticity, rigidity, increased sensitivity, introversion, suppressed reactions.

AT real life there are practically no pronounced “pure” types of temperament, mixed types are more common. So, for example, a person can be 20% choleric and 80% sanguine.

The four main types of temperament considered cannot exhaust the whole variety of individual forms. Between them are intermediate forms and transitional types. In addition, it must be remembered that the features of the manifestations of the psyche depend not only on the type inherent in a given person, but also on motives, on the prevailing circumstances and influences, on the states of the individual and the organism.

Each type of temperament has its own advantages and disadvantages and

temperaments cannot be divided into good and bad. Just for each temperament, you should find a niche assigned to it by nature.

The properties of the nervous system practically do not change during a person's life. But since temperament is faceted social conditions properties of the nervous system, then training and education can correct (within certain limits) its external manifestations. So, for example, a hot-tempered choleric person can learn to restrain himself, get used to self-discipline, adherence to the daily routine, etc. Therefore, if a person is properly trained and educated, develop positive traits and weaken negative ones, his temperament will undergo changes, since he is not something once and for all given, frozen and immobile.

It is advisable to take into account the peculiarities of temperaments when selecting and placing people in positions, when choosing a specialty. Different specialties impose their own requirements on the business capabilities of a person. And the effectiveness of its activities largely depends on the psychological characteristics of temperament.

Features of temperaments should also be taken into account when organizing the educational process, since the perception of educational material depends on the dynamic characteristics of the psyche. The impressionability, intelligence, readiness, activity in learning of some and the inertia, slowness, low productivity of others largely depend on temperament. And this, in turn, affects learning outcomes. Therefore, for a deep understanding educational material it is advisable to build classes in such a way that students with choleric temperament are engaged in active academic work, and phlegmatic people managed to grasp all the material; to force sanguine people to be attentive to the presentation; to attract the thoughts and attention of students with melancholic features to the content of the lesson. For this, students with a choleric temperament can be given additional work to prepare and conduct classes; phlegmatic people repeat some thoughts, the provisions of the material presented; sanguine - periodically ask questions to stimulate attention; students with traits of a melancholic temperament should not only be stimulated, but also supported by their interest, confidence in the ability to successfully master the educational material.

Temperaments should also be taken into account educational work: a sanguine person should periodically arouse a sense of responsibility for the work begun, check the quality of the tasks performed, i.e. control should be substantive, not superficial. People with a choleric temperament should be presented with a high, systematic, even, fair exactingness, without presenting rudeness, lack of restraint, harshness in handling; give a critical assessment of negative traits and indicate ways to eliminate and overcome them. Phlegmatic requires systematic control, sometimes - increased demands; he needs to develop speed of reaction, involve in the affairs of the team, giving instructions and monitoring their implementation. In relation to the melancholic, harshness, irascibility, omissions, uncertainty, undeserved reproaches are especially unacceptable, since this is a particularly subtle, most vulnerable temperament; attention, sensitivity, pedagogical tact are required.

Accounting for the characteristics of temperaments is also necessary in the process of managing people, since the characteristics of people's temperaments significantly affect the success of their actions, and even the very nature of actions. And if the manager, when giving people a task, takes into account the peculiarities of their temperaments, then he will achieve greater success by using people more rationally.

The most prosperous married couples with stable, maximally compatible relationships are distinguished by opposite temperaments.

In friendly relations, there are more often people of the same temperament, except for choleric people.

The most universal partners are phlegmatic, they are satisfied with any temperament, except for their own, pairs of phlegmatic are, as a rule, dysfunctional.

Along with the characterized types of temperament, Pavlov I.P. singled out 3 more "purely human types" of higher nervous activity: mental, artistic and average.

Thinking:(the activity of the second signal system of the brain of the left hemisphere predominates) are reasonable, prone to a detailed analysis of phenomena, to abstract logical thinking. Moderate in their feelings, restrained, usually interested in mathematics, philosophy, prone to scientific activities.

Artistic Type:(the activity of the first signal system of the brain of the right hemisphere predominates), thinking is figurative, emotional, a lively perception of reality, they strive for a wide range of communication, typical lyricists, people of the thinking type are considered as “crackers”. Interested in theater, art, theatre, poetry, music.

Medium type:(80%) "golden mean" - a reasonable combination of rational and emotional, one over the other may slightly prevail. According to I.P. Pavlov, the predominance of the type of higher nervous activity depends on upbringing in childhood (up to 12-16 years).

2. Character and its psychological essence. Typology and accentuation. Character (from the Greek "charakter" - printing, chasing ) - a set of stable mental traits of a person that affects all aspects of her behavior, determines her stable attitude to the world around her, other people, activities, herself and expresses the individual identity of the personality, manifested in the style of activity and communication.

Character is a core mental property of a person that leaves an imprint on all aspects of a person's life.

concept character differs significantly in diverse theoretical studies. In modern foreign psychology, the following main areas of characterology are distinguished: constitutional-biological, psychoanalytic, ideological, psychoethical.

In domestic psychology, in the study of character, there are such areas as idealistic, biologizing, materialistic. It should also be noted the socio-evaluative connotation in determining the character and the significant stability of psychological characteristics.

Character is formed on the basis of temperament under the influence of living conditions. It contains traits of temperament already in a transformed form.

The special significance of the first years of a person's life (Z. Freud, A. Adler, K. Horney, B. G. Ananiev) for the formation of character is noted.

According to B.G. Ananiev, character is an expression and a condition for the integrity of the personality, and its main properties should include: orientation, habits, communicative properties, emotional and dynamic manifestations, formed on the basis of temperament.

According to A. G. Kovalev and V. N. Myasishchev, basic character traits- this is balance - imbalance, sensitivity - aggressiveness, breadth - narrowness, depth - superficiality, wealth - poverty, strength - weakness.

In the structure of character, two sides are distinguished: content and form. Content constitutes the life orientation of the individual, i.e. its material and spiritual needs, interests, ideals and social attitudes. In the forms of character various ways of manifestation of relations, temperament, fixed emotional-volitional features of behavior are expressed.

Character is closely related to temperament. Temperament is the dynamic side of character, but unlike temperament, character is more conditioned by social factors. Therefore, character has a strong influence on the manifestation of temperament. On the one hand, people with any temperament are truthful, deceitful, evil, kind, rude, benevolent, tactful, and on the other hand, with a certain type of temperament, some social qualities are formed easier and faster, while others are slower and more difficult, require high costs. So, for example, it is easier for a choleric person to form sociability, but discipline is more difficult than phlegmatic. However, this cannot justify negative character traits.

Character traits- these are acquired, formed personality traits, laid down in childhood. They are formed on the basis of temperament in the process of human life, under the influence of both external (social) and internal (psychological) factors.

Character determines: the line of human behavior, the individual characteristics of the psyche, the characteristics of his actions. Thus, the character emphasizes the individuality of the individual. It most fully reflects her strong-willed qualities.

In the character, temperament traits are contained in a transformed form. They are either understandable and accepted, or not accepted by a person as the basis of his activity.

Under the trait understand those or other personality traits that are systematically manifested in various types of his activities and by which one can judge his possible actions under certain conditions.

Main character traits: general, in relation to oneself, in relation to other people, in relation to activity; intellectual, volitional, emotional.

Thus, character is a kind of expression of mental cognitive, emotional-volitional processes, orientation, temperament, human abilities. The orientation of the individual, her beliefs, interests, needs, motives of activity determine the content of the character, its integrity or inconsistency, stability, etc. Character, in turn, determines which motives of activity will become the main, leading ones. Abilities define intellectual character traits. Temperament is its dynamic side. At the same time, character has a strong influence on the manifestation of temperament, on its change and expression in activity.

There is a close relationship between the character and habits of a person, which are automatically performed actions that have become his need. Separate actions and deeds, when repeated repeatedly, become habits, the role of which in the life and activity of a person is exceptionally great. Habits form character, and it manifests itself in them.

So, character is not an innate property of personality. It is formed and develops in the process of active human activity under the influence of the social environment and education. To form a positive character in a person means to ensure that he is convinced, principled, active, hardworking, sociable, collectivist, conscientious about the performance of his functional duties, has a strong, stable and integral character.

The character of a person is shown, first of all, in his activity, in speech and in appearance. In a person's activity one can see his attitude to the world around him, to work, to his comrades, leaders, to himself; it is possible to determine the presence of positive and negative character traits, its strength, stability and integrity.

In speech, sociability, the spiritual culture of a person, attentiveness to the interlocutor or, conversely, self-confidence, a desire to "show off", obsession, narcissism are manifested. If a person is fit, cheerful, cheerful, friendly, has a neat appearance, then this indicates his internal composure, organization, purposefulness, good breeding, goodwill towards other people. Untidiness, sloppiness, swagger, coldness characterize a person from the negative side. These are the main character traits.

The combination of certain qualities and properties inherent in the character, allows you to produce the appropriate classification or typology. For this, appropriate grounds are distinguished, for example: a person’s attitude to the surrounding reality, himself, activity, etc. However, at present there is no exact classification and typology, therefore, when characterizing a person, they usually indicate his most prominent features. Proceeding from this, some are called people kind, sociable; others - people of a strong, strong-willed character; third - responsible and disciplined, etc.

The similarity and difference in the characters of people is largely due to the fact that the character of each person is always a product of society. Various typical features are reflected in the individual character: professional, age, national, etc. At the same time, each typical character has its own individual features.

In real life, in real characters real people- many shades and transitions. This makes the character of each person unique, on the one hand, and on the other hand, it emphasizes the individuality of each person.

Excessive expression of individual character traits and their combinations,

extreme variants of the norm are considered by researchers as character accentuations. The deviation of accentuations from the average norm gives rise to certain problems and difficulties.

Accentuation of character - an exaggerated development of individual character traits to the detriment of others, leads to a deterioration in the process of interaction with other people.

Accentuated personality- this is, as a rule, a person with characterological deviations from the norm, expressed in the excessive strengthening of individual character traits. They tend to have a special socially positive or socially negative development. Personalities with character accentuations are characterized by the so-called "places of least resistance", a special vulnerability in relation to some factors that are psycho-traumatic for these individuals. Distinguish between explicit and hidden (latent) character accentuations.

The German psychologist K. Leonhard believes that in 20-50% of people some character traits are so sharpened (accentuated) that they have a decisive influence on their behavior, and this, under certain circumstances, leads not only to conflict forms of relationships, but also to nervous breakdowns. He distinguishes twelve types of character accentuations, based on an assessment of the style of communication of a person with others.

Hyperthymic type characterized by extreme contact, the predominance of high spirits, increased talkativeness, the severity of gestures, facial expressions, pantomime. They are energetic, proactive, active. However, they are characterized by frivolity, some irritability, insufficiently serious attitude to their official and family duties.

Disty type characterized by low contact, taciturnity, pessimistic mood. They lead a secluded lifestyle, homebodies, tend to obey rather than dominate. At the same time, they are characterized by seriousness, conscientiousness and a heightened sense of justice. Their unattractive features are slowness, passivity and individualism.

Cycloid type- typical: frequent mood swings; in the upbeat they are sociable, in the depressed they are closed; due to mood swings, he works in jerks, so he cannot be entrusted with responsible long-term tasks.

excitable type- characteristically: low contact, gloom, boredom; they are conscientious in a calm state and are prone to abuse, conflicts, poorly control their behavior when emotionally aroused.

stuck type- characteristically: moderate sociability, a tendency to moralize, tediousness; they are touchy, suspicious, conflicted, have an increased sensitivity to social injustice; characteristic is the desire to achieve high performance in any business, the requirements for oneself are increased.

Pedantic type- characteristic: excessive formalism, grumbling and

boredom; attract to themselves with an even mood, seriousness, reliability, conscientiousness and accuracy; however, it is difficult to switch from one activity to another and get lost in uncertain situations.

alarm type- characteristically: low contact, self-doubt, timidity, indecision, prolonged experience of failure; rarely come into conflict; they are friendly, self-critical and executive.

emotive type- characteristic: the desire to communicate in a narrow circle, where they are well understood; they are touchy, often depressed and tearful; attract with kindness, compassion, diligence, the ability to sincerely rejoice at other people's successes.

Demonstrative type- characteristic: contact, desire for leadership, dominance, power, praise; they are self-confident, proud, easily adapt to others, prone to intrigue, boasting, hypocrisy, selfish; attract with artistry, courtesy, eccentricity of thinking, the ability to captivate and lead.

exalted type- characteristic: high contact, talkativeness, amorousness, possible conflict; they are altruists, attentive to friends and relatives, have bright and sincere feelings, often artistic taste; does not attract alarmism, susceptibility to despair, momentary moods in them.

extrovert type- characteristic: openness to any information, willingness to listen and help anyone; have a high degree of sociability, compliant, executive, but difficult to organize; does not attract in them frivolity, thoughtlessness of actions, a tendency to spread rumors, gossip.

introverted type- characteristic: low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, a tendency to philosophize; focused on their inner world, on their own assessment; prone to loneliness, not allowed into their personal lives; overly stubborn in defending their unrealistic views.

However, more often there are not pure types of character (personality) accentuations, but intermediate, mixed ones. They are more often manifested in adolescence and youth (50-80%). Over the years, they can significantly smooth out, approach the norm. But in old age, they again become aggravated. Their severity can be from mild forms (almost not noticeable) to psychopathy (a serious mental illness that requires isolation). To identify accentuations, special techniques and tests are used.

Character is not innate, it is formed under the influence of living conditions and purposeful influence. The foundation of character is laid in the first seven or eight years of a child's life. A sensitive period for the formation of character is considered to be the age from 2-3 to 9-10 years, when there is a process of active communication and which is characterized by openness to influence and the world around.

Initially, such traits as kindness, responsiveness, sociability, as well as their opposite qualities are laid in the character of a person.

- selfishness, callousness, indifference to other people.

During the school period, the character traits inherent in the family either become fixed and remain throughout the subsequent life, or begin to break down, which is accompanied by internal and external conflicts.

In adolescence, there is an intensive development of character traits that determine the attitude of a teenager to society, people and himself.

In labor activity, such character traits as diligence, accuracy, conscientiousness, responsibility, perseverance, formed earlier, even in preschool childhood, are manifested.

The main ways of character formation: work, team influence, personal example, self-education, individual approach.

3. The concept of ability. Classification of abilities. The category of "ability" has long been the object of scientific and psychological research, but there is no unambiguous, unified interpretation of this psychological category yet. In various scientific publications, one can find definitions of the concept of abilities that are largely different from each other.

One of the leading experts in the study of abilities is B.M. Teplov. In his opinion, capabilities- mental properties of a personality that allow you to successfully master specific types of activities and improve in them .

Abilities define:

1) individual psychological characteristics of the personality, which are manifested

lie in the originality and originality of the techniques used in the activity;

2) individual psychological characteristics that determine the success of human activity - the success of learning;

3) the ability to transfer the totality of knowledge, skills and abilities to a new situation, while the new situation is similar to the previous one not by the sequence of methods of action, but by the requirements for human properties.

The modern approach to considering the problem of abilities was formed in the struggle between two main areas:

abilities - special qualities that fatally determine human activity (innate personality traits);

abilities - a set of knowledge, skills, abilities, i.e. experience acquired by a person in the course of his life activity.

Abilities should be considered as lifetime formations that are in constant development.

The development of abilities occurs in the process of socialization of the individual, under the influence of social circumstances in broad sense the words. Strong, virtuoso, flexible, thin fingers are equally necessary for a highly qualified neurosurgeon, a pianist, and a pickpocket (“plucker”). But who the child will become, the owner of such fingers, will largely be predetermined precisely by social circumstances.

An ability that does not receive its improvement, that does not develop, that a person ceases to use in practice, is lost over time. Only through constant exercises associated with the systematic engagement of complex activities, the corresponding abilities are maintained and developed.

Successful performance of any activity depends, as a rule, not on any one ability, and can be ensured in various ways. The deficiency of some abilities can be compensated for by the stronger development of others.

The foundation for the development of abilities are innate anatomical and physiological inclinations. They determine: firstly, different ways of forming abilities; secondly, the speed of development of abilities; thirdly, the level of achievements in a particular type of activity.

The inclinations create the prerequisites for the development of abilities. They are very diverse and ambiguous (features of mental cognitive and emotional-volitional processes, mental properties and states, formations).

Abilities are determined by inclinations, but are not predetermined by them. Orders in and of themselves do nothing. They contribute to the formation of abilities in the process of human life. According to the absolute majority of psychologists, a person does not fully realize his inclinations in the course of his life.

Skills need to be updated. Actualization of abilities

is carried out with the help of appropriate psychological mechanisms: motivational, operational, functional.

Motivational mechanism- abilities will not be realized without motive and without desire.

Operating mechanism- a set of operations (methods) with the help of which abilities are realized, since the concept of "ability" comes from the word - way.

Functional mechanism (procedural)- the quality of mental processes with the help of which the functioning of the operational mechanism of abilities is carried out.

Each ability has its own specifics and at the same time overall structure. The ability structure is a leading property and an auxiliary property. One and the same person may develop different abilities for different types of activity, but one of them, as a rule, will be more significant than others, on the one hand; on the other hand, different people have the same abilities, but they differ in their level of development.

To measure the level of development of abilities, various techniques: Eysenck, Kettel, Spearman, Binet, etc. At the same time, it should be emphasized that more objective results are obtained by methods for identifying the dynamics of success in the process of activity. The success of an activity is largely determined not by a single ability, but by a combination of a number of abilities. The combination of abilities is purely individual.

Each person has inclinations (an appropriate set), but not everyone, and not all inclinations develop into abilities. Sociocultural factors play a decisive role in the development of abilities.

When considering the problem of classification of abilities, it is necessary to proceed from their diversity and versatility.

There are two levels of ability:

Reproductive, which provides a high ability to assimilate knowledge, master the appropriate level of skills and abilities;

· creative, providing the creation of a new, original level of knowledge and skills.

Ability types:

Natural(congenital, natural) - basically they are conditioned

Lena biologically. Many of these abilities at the level of inclinations in humans and highly organized animals are common (perception, memory, thinking, elementary communication, etc.), but at the level of the psychological mechanism of the formation of abilities they are completely different.

Specific human abilities (ASS) include the abilities that ensure the life of a person in a social environment;

they are based on the use of speech, logic, thinking, etc.

The main conditions for the development of this type of ability (PSS) are: the presence of a social environment, the lack of natural inclinations to perform social functions, the need to perform complex social functions, the presence of an intellectual environment from the moment of birth, the absence of rigid, programmed behavior structures from the moment of birth.

This group of abilities develops only in the presence of a social environment.

General(mental, motor, memory, speech, etc.) - provide the relative ease and productivity of mastering knowledge and the implementation of various activities.

Special (professional) abilities- a system of personality traits that help achieve high results in a particular type of activity. For special abilities, the development of inclinations of a special kind is necessary. These include: literary, artistic, engineering, design, linguistic, musical, sports, etc. At the same time, it should be emphasized that general and special abilities are closely interconnected. The development of special abilities is impossible without the improvement of general ones.

Theoretical and practical abilities predetermine a person's inclination to abstract-theoretical reflections, or to specific practical actions. These abilities, unlike others, are very rarely combined with each other, this occurs, as a rule, only among gifted people.

Educational and Creative skills - determine both the success of human learning and ensure the creation of new objects of material and spiritual culture. They ensure the realization of individual human needs in various fields of activity.

Ability to communicate and interact– the most socially conditioned needs that ensure the interaction of a person with the social environment through verbal and non-verbal forms of communication, persuasion, suggestion, example, etc.

Subject-cognitive and subject-active abilities– provide adaptation of a person to the surrounding reality, its development and transformation, the correct perception of the actions of others, help to build their behavior in accordance with the current situation. Special abilities are the ability to perceive people and correctly evaluate them.

The special success of a person in one or more areas of activity

ness distinguishes him from other people. There are the following types of success: giftedness, talent, genius.

giftedness- especially successful activity a person in some area of activity and distinguishing him from others performing similar actions. Giftedness often manifests itself in the presence of a set of versatile abilities that determine the success of a person's activity in several areas of activity.

Talent– the highest degree of talent. The characteristic of talent is

in the fact that a person creates something new, extraordinary, not like what has already been. It is characterized high level creativity.

Genius- the highest degree of talent. Genius creates masterpieces that remain in the centuries of human culture. A genius creates an era in his field of activity, something that will not lose its uniqueness over time.

Along with abilities, there are also incapacities.

failure to- certain features of the human psyche, predetermining his failure in some areas of activity. It causes underachievement syndrome. Failure Syndrome– regular ratios psychological characteristics with professional failure.

The main factors that cause failure syndrome: emotional instability, inattention, absent-mindedness, imbalance, increased excitability, slowness of sensory processes, temperament, etc.

The solution of this problem is facilitated by the compilation of professiograms, the core of which is psychograms (psychological qualities that ensure the most effective functioning of the individual within the framework of this profession).

The development of abilities implies, first of all, not constraining the games of children, involving them in creative, complex games, the versatility and variety of activities, the creative nature of the activity, the optimal level of difficulties, appropriate motivation, and a positive emotional mood.

Modern Humanitarian Academy

Barnaul branch

Course work

in General Psychology

"Features of the relationship between the properties of the nervous system and types of temperament"

Is done by a student:

Sadykova A.N.

Group: ZP-609-U-51

Barnaul 2008

Introduction

1.2 Physiological and psychological basis of temperament types

2. Analysis of the relationship between the properties of the nervous system and types of human temperament

2.1 The main properties of personality temperament

2.2 Influence of the nervous system on human temperament

Conclusion

Glossary

List of sources used

Appendix A "Classification of types of higher nervous activity"

Appendix B "Summary of temperament types"

Introduction

The mental characteristics of the human personality are characterized by various properties that manifest themselves when social activities person. One of these mental properties of a person is the temperament of a person.

When they talk about temperament, they mean many mental differences between people - differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace, energy of actions and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity.

Nevertheless, temperament remains a largely controversial and unresolved issue today. However, with all the variety of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being. Thus, temperament refers to the biologically determined substructures of personality.

Temperament reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature, therefore, the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person.

The relevance of this topic, first of all, lies in the fact that the qualities of a person, formed in personal experience On the basis of the genetic conditioning of his type of nervous system, a person largely determines the style of his life and activity. Knowing the type of temperament and the ability to determine the type of a particular person or group of people helps to find an approach to a particular person and build better relationships with him and in the team.

The object of this study is the relationship between the properties of the nervous system and types of temperament.

The subject of research in this work is the types of temperaments and properties of the nervous system.

The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the influence of the properties of the nervous system on the types of human temperaments.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of problems, namely

1. To study the psychological, pedagogical and methodological literature on the research problem.

2. Analyze the concept and classification of features of the properties of the nervous system and types of human temperament.

3. Determine the features of the relationship between the properties of the nervous system and the types of human temperament.

Research methods: theoretical - analysis and synthesis of psychological, pedagogical and methodological literature, comparison and generalization, analysis and synthesis.

Twenty-two sources of literature were used in writing the term paper. Basically, this is educational and monographic literature compiled by leading experts in the field of psychology, namely the works of such authors as: V.A. Krutetsky, R.S. Nemov, I.P. Pavlov, A.V. Petrovsky, E.I. Rogov, V.M. Rusalov.

Practical significance This work consists in applying the acquired knowledge and conclusions in further work, professional and labor activities, as well as in writing term papers.

1. Temperament and properties of the nervous system as psychological categories

1.1 General idea of the properties of the nervous system

Each person has a very specific type of nervous system, the manifestation of which, i.e. features of temperament, constitute an important aspect of individual psychological differences.

Some of the combinations of type properties that occur more often than others or are most pronounced, and may, according to I.P. Pavlov, to serve as an explanation of the classification of temperaments, which has been known since ancient times. Namely: sanguine temperament corresponds to a strong balanced fast type of the nervous system, phlegmatic temperament - a strong balanced slow type, choleric temperament - a strong unbalanced type, melancholic temperament - a weak type of nervous system.

Features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of his individual life and upbringing. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to human behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the whole appearance of a person - determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.

As I.P. Pavlov proved, the dynamics of the course of mental activity and the individual characteristics of behavior entirely depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The manifestation and correlation of the properties of the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - is the basis of these differences in nervous activity.

Together with his colleagues, he identified three basic properties of the nervous system, from the combination of which this or that type of temperament is laid.

1) The mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

2) Balance, or Poise.

3) The strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

The strength of nervous processes is expressed in the ability of nerve cells to endure prolonged or short-term, but very concentrated excitation and inhibition. This determines the performance (endurance) of the nervous system.

Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, and their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, such a nervous system has great sensitivity: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate reaction.

Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the types of higher nervous activity. The combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition constitutes the type of the nervous system. (Appendix A)

Weak type. Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. Weak are the processes of inhibition and excitation. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (that is, a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

A strong unbalanced type with a predominance of excitation. His nervous system is characterized, in addition to its great strength, by the predominance of excitation over inhibition. It has great vitality, but lacks self-control; he is short-tempered and unrestrained.

Strong balanced mobile type. His nervous system is distinguished by the great strength of nervous processes, their balance and considerable mobility. The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid change of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nervous connections. Therefore, this person is quick, easily adapting to changing conditions of life. It is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life.

Strong balanced inert type. His nervous system is also characterized by considerable strength and balance of nervous processes along with little mobility. Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.

According to Teplov, the following structure of properties of the nervous system can be outlined:

1) strength (endurance),

2) dynamism (ease of generation of the nervous process),

3) mobility (speed of alteration of signs of stimuli),

4) lability (the rate of occurrence and termination of the nervous process).

Each of these properties can be different in relation to the process of excitation and to the process of inhibition: Therefore, it is necessary to talk about the balance of nervous processes for each of these properties.

The leading specialist in the problems of temperament, Nebylitsin and his colleagues, studied a group of basic properties of the nervous system, the existence of most of which was established with sufficient firmness, including using factor analysis. All these properties characterize, each from its own specific point of view, the dynamics of each of the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition. Speaking of the dynamism of the nervous system, Nebylitsin essentially means two properties - the dynamism of excitation and inhibition, just as, speaking of the strength of the nervous system, we actually mean two properties - the strength of the nervous system in relation to excitation and in relation to inhibition. Since these properties are elementary measurements of two fundamental nervous processes, he calls them primary.

Nebylitsin refers to secondary properties a number of additional characteristics of the nervous system obtained by measuring and comparing primary properties of the same name that characterize two opposite nervous processes - excitation and inhibition.

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Goals:

Give students a definition of the concept of "type of nervous system."
To introduce students to the types of the nervous system and their differences.
Give students a definition of temperament.
Help identify your leading temperament type.
Lead students to the definition of the concept of "character".
To introduce students to the types of personality traits.
Organize research activities students to identify their characteristic traits.
To lead students to the definition of the concept of "self-esteem".
Help students identify their own level of self-esteem.
The nervous system of humans and animals consists of: sensory organs, nerves, brain.
The nervous system of each person has individual properties. There are different types of nervous system.

slide 2

Type of nervous system- this is a set of properties of the nervous system that make up the physiological basis of the individual originality of human activity and animal behavior.
The human brain works as a whole, the cells that form it are interconnected according to their functions into centers. The nerve center is not only a separate section of the cerebral cortex, but also a combination of a number of such sections that are in functional interaction.
Both in a single neuron - a nerve cell, and in a group of them, that is, in nerve centers, two opposite and active processes proceed in a complex interaction - excitation and inhibition. At the same time, the excitation of any one part of the brain causes the inhibition of others.
The processes of excitation and inhibition can be balanced or more or less dominate one over the other, revealing characteristic excitability or, conversely, inhibition. They can in different cases flow with different strengths, with different degrees of ease, pass from one center to another and replace each other in the same centers, in other words, have different degrees of mobility.
The combination of the features of strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition characteristic of a given nervous system determines the type of the nervous system. There are four most pronounced types.

slide 3

Table "Temperament and properties of the nervous system"

Temperament according to Hippocrates	a brief description of	Properties of the nervous system according to Pavlov	Prominent figures
Phlegmatic person	workable unemotional Reliable Calm Serious	Strong Balanced Sedentary	Kutuzov Krylov Newton
sanguine	Active Vigorous Cheerful Frivolous Carefree	Strong Balanced Mobile	Napoleon
Choleric	Very energetic hot-tempered Emotional Assertive Sensitive	Strong Unbalanced Mobile	Peter the Great Pushkin Suvorov
melancholic	Closed Vulnerable Restrained Pensive Sad	Weak Unbalanced Restrained	Lermontov Block Gogol

slide 4

Temperament- this is a personality trait that determines the activity and emotionality of a person's behavior.

Temperament types

A description of the features of different temperaments can help to understand the features of a person’s temperament, if they are clearly expressed, but people with pronounced features of a certain temperament are not so common, most often people have a mixed temperament in various combinations. But the predominance of traits of any type of temperament makes it possible to attribute a person's temperament to one or another type.

melancholic

A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable. These are traits of emotional weakness.

Phlegmatic person

Slow, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

sanguine

A lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, getting very excited from this, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

Choleric

Fast, passionate, impulsive, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric, carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly depletes.

Temperament Properties

Each temperament has both positive and negative properties. Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible to manifest: melancholic, as an impressionable person with deep feelings and emotions; phlegmatic, as a seasoned person, without hasty decisions; sanguine, as a highly responsive person for any work; choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work.
Negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves: in a melancholic - isolation and shyness; phlegmatic - indifference to people, dryness; in a sanguine person - superficiality, dispersion, inconstancy.
A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable, the type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve for a person of one type of temperament, others for another.

slide 5

Checking the assimilation of the characteristics of temperaments:

- What is the basis for distinguishing different types of temperament? (Speed, strength, poise, of our reactions)
- What is temperament? (In thinking, speech, manner of communication)
Is temperament an innate or acquired quality? (Biological, congenital)
What is called temperament? (Temperament is a personality quality that determines the activity and emotionality of a person's behavior.)
What types of nervous system are strong? (phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric)

Temperament is closely related to character. In temperament, personality is revealed from the side of dynamic manifestations, in character - from the side of its content.

slide 6

Character is a set of stable individual properties of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, which determines typical ways of behavior for him.

Slide 7

Character reflects the attitude of a person to the world around him. In the system of relations, four groups of character traits are distinguished:

- the attitude of a person towards other people (sociability, isolation, indifference, sensitivity, etc.);
- the attitude of a person to his work (industriousness, laziness, responsibility, initiative, negligence, etc.);
- the attitude of a person to himself (modesty, vanity, self-criticism);
- the attitude of a person to things (neatness, thrift, etc.)

Slide 8

Character traits largely determine human behavior - ways of acting in typical situations.
Let's try to learn how to identify the most typical character traits, including our own.

Slide 9

Methodology for diagnosing character.

Target: the technique diagnoses the business traits of a person's character.

Instruction: The subjects are invited to choose seven of the 15 character traits below that are the most stable for themselves.

1. Independence. 2. Creative approach to business. 3. Initiative. 4. Diligence. 5. Accuracy. 6. Performance. 7. Discipline. 8. Perseverance. 9. Integrity. 10. Diligence. 11. Efficiency. 12. Persistence. 13. Efficiency. 14. Responsibility. 15. Organization.

Data processing.

The predominance of qualities from the first to the fourth inclusive, indicates a creative complex. The predominance of features from the fifth to the tenth inclusive - about the performing, from the eleventh to the fifteenth - about the organizational complex.

Slide 10

Test "Artist or thinker?"

a) Interlace your fingers. Was the thumb of the left hand (L) or right (R) on top? Record the result.

B) Make a small hole in a sheet of paper and look through it with both eyes at an object. Alternately close one or the other eye. Does the subject move if you close the right or left?

C) Stand in the “Napoleon pose” with your arms crossed over your chest. Which hand is on top?

D) Try to portray "stormy applause." which palm is on top?

PPPP - the owner of this characteristic is conservative, prefers generally accepted forms of behavior.
PPPL - temperament is weak, indecision prevails.
PPLP is a strong, energetic, artistic character. When communicating with such a person, decisiveness and a sense of humor will not interfere.
PPLL - the character is close to the previous type, but softer, more contact, slower getting used to the new environment.
PLPP is an analytical mindset, the main feature is softness, caution. Avoids conflict, tolerant and prudent, prefers distance in relationships.
PLPL is a weak type, subject to various influences, defenseless, but at the same time goes into conflict.
PLLP - artistry, some inconstancy, a penchant for new experiences. In communication, he is bold, knows how to avoid conflicts and switch to a new type of behavior.
PLLL - different independence, inconstancy and analytical mindset.
LPPP - emotional, easily in contact with almost everyone, subject to other people's influence.
LPPL - less persistent, soft and naive. Requires special care.
LPLP is the strongest character type. Persistent, energetic, hard to convince, conservative.
LPLL - a strong character, but unobtrusive. Internal aggressiveness is covered with external softness. Capable of quick interaction, but mutual understanding lags behind.
LLPP - characterized by friendliness, simplicity, some dispersion of interests.
LLPL - innocence, gentleness, gullibility.
LLLP - emotionality combined with determination leads to ill-considered actions. Energetic.
LLLL - has the ability to take a fresh look at things. Pronounced emotionality is combined with individualism, perseverance and some isolation.

Are you aware of your strengths and weaknesses? Do you think you have more positive or negative qualities?

slide 11

The ability to evaluate oneself, one's qualities, strengths and weaknesses is called self-esteem.

slide 12

Experiment "My self-esteem"

1. Carefully read the words that characterize certain character traits.

Neatness cowardice envy perseverance punctuality punctuality indecision indifference responsiveness rudeness responsibility caring sincerity resentment boldness carelessness short temper self-control optional purposefulness shyness sense of humor devotion slowness swagger compassion coldness

2. Fill in the table by placing in the first column the qualities that characterize the ideal person. In the second - qualities that express character traits that an ideal person should not have.

3. From the first and second columns, select and underline those character traits that you think you possess.

Results processing

Number positive traits with which you endowed yourself, divide by the number of words placed in column No. 1. If the result is close to “one”, most likely you are overestimating yourself. If the result is close to "zero" - this is evidence of underestimation and increased self-criticism. With a result close to "0.5", you can conclude that you have a normal self-esteem. Compare similarly negative qualities with column #2. A result close to "0" - overestimated self-esteem, to "1" - underestimated, to "0.5" - normal.

– The knowledge that you have received today and the skills that you have acquired will help you explore yourself and set your personal and professional goals more clearly.

Literature:

Andreev V.I. Dialectics of education and self-education of a creative person. Kazan 1988.
Bityanova N.R. Psychology of personal growth. Moscow. int. ped. acad. 1995.
Zyuzko M.V. Five steps to yourself: a book for students. Moscow. Enlightenment 1992.
Mnatsakanyan L.I. Personality and evaluative abilities of high school students. Moscow. Enlightenment 1991.
Orlov A.B. Self-knowledge and self-education of character. Moscow. Enlightenment 1987.
Psychological personality development programs in adolescence and senior school age. ed. I.V. Dubrovina. Moscow Academy 1995

Modern Humanitarian Academy

Barnaul branch

Course work

in General Psychology

"Features of the relationship between the properties of the nervous system and types of temperament"

Is done by a student:

Sadykova A.N.

Group: ZP-609-U-51

Barnaul 2008

Introduction

Conclusion

Glossary

Appendix A "Classification of types of higher nervous activity"

Appendix B "Summary of temperament types"

Introduction

The mental characteristics of the human personality are characterized by various properties that manifest themselves in the social activity of a person. One of these mental properties of a person is the temperament of a person.

The relevance of this topic, first of all, lies in the fact that the qualities of a person, formed in the personal experience of a person on the basis of the genetic conditionality of his type of nervous system, largely determine the style of his life and activity. Knowing the type of temperament and the ability to determine the type of a particular person or group of people helps to find an approach to a particular person and build better relationships with him and in the team.