The history of the creation of the questionnaire
The first trial test was proposed by Eysenck back in 1947. It was named after the clinic where the author was working at that time, and had the abbreviation MMQ for English language. The questionnaire included 40 statements with which the subject had to agree by answering "yes" or disagree by answering "no" respectively.
All items were borrowed from existing test tasks, and the author himself selected them in accordance with clinical studies of neurotic diseases. Research has also been carried out. Those who agreed to take part in the experiment (2000 people) were divided into two groups - some were neurotic, others were healthy. A rigorous analysis of the responses of the subjects, taking into account their diagnoses, made it possible to identify two types of neurotic disorders - hysterical and dysthymic.
Subsequently, Eysenck put forward the theory that the answers to these statements will also give reason to judge other personality parameters, such as extraversion and introversion. He began work on a new kind of questionnaire, and MMQ faded into the background, never finding application in psychologists.
The second questionnaire, called the MPI, was published in 1956. It represented two scales - introversion-extroversion and neuroticism - inside a circle. Points were determined according to the answers: yes, no, don't know. The application of the questionnaire showed a significant discrepancy between the practical results and theoretical expectations of G. Eysenck.
The third personality questionnaire of G. Eysenck - EPI - saw the world in 1963. This time the test consisted of 57 questions, 24 of which determined the tendency to introversion or extroversion, the remaining 24 - to emotional stability. 9 statements are made in order to determine the sincerity of the respondent.
There are two versions of this questionnaire - A and B, which differ only in the sequence of the text. Everything else remains unchanged.
Theoretical basis
G. Eysenck carefully studied the materials of surveys of seven hundred soldiers suffering from neurotic disorders, and concluded that the traits that determine the character of a person can be distinguished using two factors: extraversion (or introversion) and neuroticism.
The Eysenck circle is built on axes. The first defining criterion is bipolar and depends entirely on the psychological components of a person. extreme points axes show the orientation of the individual to the world around him, which is a sign of extraversion, or to internal experiences, which is typical for introverts.
It is believed that sociability, openness, cheerfulness and lightness are the main features of extroverts. Introverts are characterized by closeness, alienation, concentration on their own affairs, calmness.
Factor number two, which makes up the Eysenck circle - neuroticism, aka neuroticism, shows a person in terms of his emotional stability, anxiety, and his own self-esteem. This scale has two ends, one of which means a mature and morally stable person, while the second, on the contrary, means an extreme degree of neuroticism, moral instability, inability to adapt. The vast majority of people are in the middle.
A rare and interesting phenomenon, when a person passing the Eysenck Circle test, finds himself at the intersection of two lines, this fact gives reason to identify him with one specific type of temperament.
Description of scales
- Extraversion-introversion. Working with typical representatives of extraversion temperament, Eysenck notes his sociability, friendliness, desire and need for communication, the presence of a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. He is quick-tempered, as a rule, this person is carefree and frivolous, but it is always easy and fun with him. Activity, determination, possible aggressiveness - all this can be safely attributed to extroverts. Not always reliable, often emotions take precedence over common sense.
- Introverts are the exact opposite of extroverts. These are balanced, reserved, sometimes shy people, prone to introspection. They have few friends who can always rely on him. Thinks about his actions in advance, carefully analyzing them. A little pessimistic, but highly moral. They know how to control their feelings.
- Neuroticism. A scale that determines the emotional stability or instability of an individual. Emotional stability is a sign that indicates the preservation of organized, purposeful actions in both ordinary and stressful situations. Its signs are considered to be a good tendency to adapt, leadership, the absence of significant tension in communication.
- Neuroticism is manifested in excessive irritability, rapid mood swings, inability to adapt, instability to stressful situations. This also includes uncertainty in oneself and others, absent-mindedness, depression, a sense of anxiety, impressionability and emotionality.
How to determine the results
The results are determined according to the coordinate system. The interpretation of the findings is carried out by analyzing the psychological components of the personality, which are reflected in one or another square of the coordinate system. The expressed individual psychological characteristics of the personality and the veracity of the results obtained are taken into account.
The Eysenck circle on temperament can help a person see problems in his emotional state, if any. According to the test, high scores in neuroticism and extravertism are consistent with a medical diagnosis of hysteria, high scores in introversion and neuroticism indicate a state of anxiety and depression.
Typology of personality
Studying materials on physiological activity nervous system, G. Eysenck sees the nature of extraversion or introversion in the innate features of the functioning of the central nervous system, which control the processes of excitement and calmness.
The Eysenck circle with its scales allows you to determine the temperament of the individual. There are four types of character.
sanguine
The person is sociable, cheerful, easily makes new acquaintances. Such people are also called the soul of the company. His feelings are unstable, and preferences often change. He is characterized by expressive gestures and facial expressions. He constantly needs vivid impressions. In rare cases, he plans his day, spontaneity haunts the sanguine throughout his life in almost all areas. According to the main properties of the central nervous system, it has a strong and balanced character.
Choleric
Choleric (an unbalanced, strong type of temperament) is energetic, his actions are characterized by discontinuity. They can be harsh and emotional. Due to excessive enthusiasm for any business, they act too diligently, as a result of which they are quickly exhausted and tired. At its worst, the choleric becomes irritable and unable to control himself.
Phlegmatic person
Phlegmatic (strong, inert) has a low level of activity. He is calm, prudent, able to bring the work he has begun to the end. As a rule, he treats his forces economically and does not waste them on unnecessary activities or on those that he considers so. Negative manifestations: lethargy, apathy, lack of will, weakly expressed emotional indicators. Others may seem boring and callous.
melancholic
Melancholic (weak, unbalanced) - the owner of a slightly inhibited reaction. Usually these are indecisive, closed people, prone to deep feelings. They can easily and steadfastly solve life's problems. On the negative side, a melancholic can be fearful, squeamish, concentrating on minor events and getting upset because of them.
Interpretation of results
So you passed the test. The temperament circle of Eysenck (EPI) shows quite clearly. Count the scores that matched the key. Each such answer is worth one point.
Find out your temperament by taking the Eysenck Circle test. How to calculate the result, you will learn from the interpretation of the data below.
Extraversion:
- more than 19 - a typical extrovert;
- more than 15 - extrovert;
- 12 - median value;
- below 9 - introvert;
- below 5 is a typical introvert.
Neuroticism:
- above 19 - extremely high level neuroticism;
- above 14 - high level of neuroticism;
- 9 - 13 - median value;
- below 7 - reduced level of neuroticism.
- above 4 - the insincerity of the responder, indicating the need for approval;
- below 4 is normal.
Eysenck circle - classic test to determine temperament. He gained his fame thanks to the most accurate results. This is the fruit of the long and painstaking work of G. Eysenck, comparing many facts and analyzing all kinds of studies, especially in the field of the central nervous system.
There is a fourth type of questionnaire, which was developed without the direct participation of G. Eysenck, but Sibyl Eysenck took part in its development. A third factor was added to this test - psychotism, which reveals the individual's propensity for antisocial actions and the inadequacy of emotional manifestations.
This factor is not bipolar, its overestimated indicators indicate problems in social adaptation and public life. Although this category is questioned by many researchers. So it is not necessary to take it into account at all.
Taking a little time, you can determine your type of temperament in the Eysenck circle and find out your strengths and weaknesses.
Answer options for questions: "yes", "no". The first answer that comes to your mind is correct. Your answers - "yes" - plus, "no" - minus - fix on a piece of paper.
- 1) Do you often crave new experiences in order to experience strong sensations?
- 2) Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand you, encourage you, express sympathy?
- 3) Do you consider yourself a careless person?
- 4) Is it really hard for you to say "no"?
- 5) Do you think about your affairs slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
- 6) Do you always keep your promises, even if it is not profitable for you?
- 7) Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
- 8) Do you usually act and speak quickly, and do you spend a lot of time thinking?
- 9) Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?
- 10) Is it true that you are able to decide on everything on a bet?
- 11) Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet a person of the opposite sex who you like?
- 12) Do you ever lose your temper when you get angry?
- 13) Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?
- 14) Do you often worry about the thought that you should not do or say something?
- 15) Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
- 16) Are you easily offended?
- 17) Do you like to be in the company often?
- 18) Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would like to hide from other people?
- 19) Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything burns in your hands, and sometimes you feel very lethargic?
- 20) Do you prefer to have smaller friends, but especially those close to you?
- 21) Do you often dream?
- 22) When someone shouts at you, do you respond in kind?
- 23) Do you often feel guilty?
- 24) Are all your habits good and desirable?
- 25) Are you able to give free rein to your own feelings and have fun with might and main in a noisy company?
- 26) Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?
- 27) Do they consider you a lively and cheerful person?
- 28) After a job is done, do you often go back to it mentally and think that you could do better?
- 29) Are you usually silent and reserved when you are around people?
- 30) Do you sometimes gossip?
- 31) Does it happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts come into your head?
- 32) Is it true that it is more pleasant and easier for you to read about what interests you in a book, although you can quickly and easily learn about it from friends?
- 33) Do you have a strong heartbeat?
- 34) Do you like work that requires constant attention?
- 35) Does it ever make you "shudder"?
- 36) Is it true that you always say only good things about people you know, even when you are sure that they will not know about it?
- 37) Is it true that you are not pleased to be in a company where they constantly make fun of each other?
- 38) Are you irritable?
- 39) Do you like work that requires quick action?
- 40) Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts of various troubles and "horrors" that could happen, although everything ended well?
- 41) Do you walk slowly and leisurely?
- 42) Have you ever been late for a date, work or school?
- 43) Do you often have nightmares?
- 44) Is it true that you are such a talker that you never miss an opportunity to talk with a stranger?
- 45) Do you have any pains?
- 46) Would you be upset if you could not see your friends for a long time?
- 47) Can you call yourself a nervous person?
- 48) Are there any among your acquaintances that you clearly do not like?
- 49) Can you say that you are a confident person?
- 50) Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
- 51) Is it hard to really enjoy a party?
- 52) Are you worried about the feeling that you are somehow worse than others?
- 53) Would you be able to spice up a boring company?
- 54) Do you ever talk about things you don't understand at all?
- 55) Do you worry about your health?
- 56) Do you like to play a trick on others?
- 57) Do you suffer from insomnia?
DOUGH PROCESSING
If the "key" answer matches your answer, you add one point to yourself. If it doesn't match, zero points.
1. Scale of reliability.
Answer "yes" to questions: 6, 24, 36.
Answer "no" to questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
Count the amount. If the result is 5 or more points, it means that you answered not as you really are, but as you would like or as accepted in society. In other words, your answers are not reliable.
2. Scale of extraversion.
Answer "yes" to questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 37, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56.
Answer "no" to questions: 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 41, 51.
Count the amount.
3. Scale of emotional stability.
Answer "yes" to questions: 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.
Having received the sums for the values of the “Scale of Extraversion” and “Scale of Emotional Resilience”, mark them, respectively, on the horizontal axis “Introversion-Extroversion” and the vertical axis “Emotional Resilience”. The intersection point will show your type of temperament.
Draw the coordinate axes: the horizontal axis is the "extroversion scale", the vertical axis is the "emotional stability scale". Each scale from 1 to 24 intersect at point 12. Mark your performance on the axes. Find the point of intersection. A point can lie on the axis if one of the scales is equal to 12.
The result you got is your dominant temperament type. On the extraversion scale, you can see the type of personality orientation: extrovert or introvert.
Four types of melancholic
Pure, pronounced melancholic: introversion (intr.) - from 1 to 9, emotional. stability (em. set) - 16 to 24 points.
Melancholic phlegmatic: intr. - 1 to 9, um. mouth - 12 to 16 points.
Mild melancholic: intr. - 9 to 12, uh. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Melacholic choleric: intr. - 9 to 12, uh. mouth - 16 to 24 b.
Four types of phlegmatic
Pure, pronounced phlegmatic: introversion (intr.) - from 1 to 9, emotional. stability (em. set) - 1 to 9 points.
Phlegmatic sanguine: intr. - 9 to 12, uh. mouth - 1 to 9 points.
Phlegmatic weakly expressed: intr. - 9 to 12, uh. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Phlegmatic melancholic: intr. - 1 to 9, um. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Four types of choleric people
Pure, pronounced choleric: introversion (intr.) - from 16 to 24, emotional. stability (em. set) - 16 to 24 points.
Choleric melancholy: intr. - 12 to 16, uh. mouth - 16 to 24 points.
Choleric mild: intr. - 12 to 16, uh. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Choleric sanguine: intr. - 16 to 24, um. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Four types of sanguine people
Pure, pronounced sanguine: introversion (intr.) - from 16 to 24, emotional. stability (em. set) - 1 to 9 points.
Sanguine choleric: intr. - 16 to 24, um. mouth - 9 to 12 points.
Mild sanguine: intr. - 12 to 16, uh. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Sanguine phlegmatic: intr. - 12 to 16, uh. mouth - 1 to 9 b.
General concepts of temperament
Each person has his own characteristics of mental activity.
Temperament is a characteristic of a person, namely:
Temperament determines and ensures the speed, strength and balance of our reactions. It manifests itself in thinking, speech, manner of communication.
At the same time, temperament does not affect interests, success, intelligence, business qualities - here we are able to independently develop our inclinations, turn them into abilities or forget about them.
The ability to make a choice and take responsibility for it are indicators of a developed personality, and not manifestations of the characteristics of temperament. Knowing your own type of temperament greatly simplifies the process of knowing yourself, accepting your manifestations and, as a result, choosing your own lifestyle.
Temperament human being is a biological quality, innate, not acquired. Only 25% of 100% temperament can be corrected. And this correction is our adjustment to the requirements of society (the world around us, society ...). For what? For a more efficient and successful existence.
Pure temperaments are rare. In every person there is something from the choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. The question of who is better to be does not make sense, as does the question of what season is best. Each has its pros and cons. You need to know them and act, choosing an effective model of behavior depending on the situation. That is, not to be led by natural qualities, but to develop them.
Features of temperament must be taken into account when choosing a profession, but temperament should not be confused with character.
all these are character traits that are not laid down by nature, but are formed throughout life.
can be a person with any temperament. The success of a person does not depend on his temperament, but on the abilities, knowledge, skills and orientation of the personality.
The main components of temperament
An analysis of the internal structure of temperament leads to the allocation of three main, leading components. Each of these components has a complex multidimensional structure and different forms of psychological manifestations.
The sphere of general mental activity of a person.
- the desire of the individual for self-expression, effective development and transformation of external reality;
- intellectual and characterological features, a complex of relationships and motives
Motility.
- In the motor (motor) component, the leading role is played by qualities associated with the function of the motor (and special speech-motor apparatus). Among the dynamic qualities of the motor component -
- rapidity,
- strength,
- sharpness,
- rhythm,
- amplitude and
- a number of other signs of muscle movement.
Emotionality.
- This is a large complex of properties and qualities that characterize the features of the emergence, flow and cessation of various feelings, affects and moods.
- Impressionability- a person's susceptibility, his sensitivity to emotional influences, his ability to find ground for an emotional reaction where such ground does not exist for others.
- Impulsiveness- the speed with which emotion becomes the motivating force of actions and actions without their preliminary reflection and conscious decision to carry them out.
- emotional lability- the speed at which the given emotional condition or there is a change from one experience to another.
This component is the most difficult. It has a branched own structure:
From the history of teachings about the types of temperament
Hippocrates (5th century BC) spoke about temperaments for the first time. He argued that people differ in the ratio of the 4 main "juices" of life that make up its composition:
Claudius Galen (2nd century BC) continued. He developed the first typology of temperaments (treatise "De temperamentum") According to his teaching, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body. They were allocated temperaments, which in our time are widely known:
I.P. Pavlov put forward a hypothesis that some fundamental properties of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - underlie the differences in behavior. These properties include:
reflects the performance of the nerve cell. It manifests itself in functional endurance, i.e. in the ability to withstand prolonged or short-term, but strong excitation, without passing into the opposite state of inhibition
is understood as the functional performance of the nervous system during the implementation of inhibition. Manifested in the ability to form various inhibitory conditioned reactions, such as extinction and differentiation
balance of excitation and inhibition processes. The ratio of the strength of both processes decides whether a given individual is balanced or unbalanced when the strength of one process exceeds the strength of the other
manifested in the speed of transition of one nervous process to another. The mobility of nervous processes is manifested in the ability to change behavior in accordance with changing living conditions. The measure of this property of the nervous system is the speed of transition from one action to another, from a passive state to an active state, and vice versa. The nervous system becomes more inert the more time or effort it takes to move from one process to another.
I.P. Pavlov, distinguished between the force of excitation and the force of inhibition, considering them to be two independent properties of the nervous system.
The 4 types of the nervous system identified by I.P. Pavlov according to their main characteristics correspond to 4 classical types of temperament:
Description of types of temperament.
Types of temperament according to I.P. Pavlov
I.P. Pavlov understood the type of the nervous system as innate, relatively weakly subject to changes under the influence of the environment and upbringing. According to Ivan Petrovich, the properties of the nervous system form physiological basis temperament, which is a mental manifestation of a type of nervous system.
Two things should be noted:
A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks (for example, in work associated with large and unexpected loads).
A weak nervous system copes more successfully with others (for example, in conditions of monotonous work). A weak nervous system is a highly sensitive nervous system, and this is its advantage over a strong one.
Hans Eysenck studied the works of C. Jung, R. Woodworth, I.P. Pavlov, E. Kretschmer and other well-known psychologists, psychiatrists and physiologists. He proposed three basic dimensions of personality:
- neuroticism
- extra/introversion
- psychotism
characterizes emotional stability/instability (stability/instability).
High rates of neuroticism are expressed in nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods, strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them.
Low performance according to neuroticism, it is expressed in the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in normal and stressful situations. It is characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety.
extrovert- a person turned outward, sociable, optimistic, with a wide circle of acquaintances, impulsive, acting on the spur of the moment. He, like air, needs contacts. He prefers to act, move forward, rather than reason.
Introvert- a person turned inward prefers to communicate only with close people, and distances himself from others. He is closed, not sociable, shy, reserved, keeps his feelings under control, prone to introspection. An introvert likes to think about his actions.
Extroverts are much more pain tolerant than introverts; they pause more during work to chat and drink coffee than introverts; excitement increases the effectiveness of their actions and actions, while it only interferes with introverts.
Introverts tend to prefer theoretical and scientific activities (eg, engineering and chemistry), while extroverts tend to prefer jobs that involve people (eg, sales, social services).
Introverts are more likely to be admitted to the practice of masturbation than extroverts; on the other hand, extroverts have sexual intercourse at an earlier age, more often and with a large number partners than introverts.
Introverts are more academically successful than extroverts. Also, students who leave college for psychiatric reasons tend to be more introverted; while those students who leave for academic reasons are more likely to be extroverts.
Introverts feel more alert in the mornings, while extroverts feel more alert in the evenings. Moreover, introverts work better in the morning and extroverts in the afternoon. In crisis situations, extroverts prefer to seek help and support from people, in communication with relatives and friends, in companies. Introverts, on the other hand, climb into their closet and hide from people.
an indicator of a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inadequacy of emotional reactions, high conflict, self-centeredness.
People with a high degree manifestations of psychotism are self-centered, impulsive, indifferent to others, tend to oppose social foundations. They are often restless, it is difficult to contact people and do not meet with their understanding, they deliberately cause trouble to others.
The combination of high and low levels of introversion and extraversion with high or low levels of stability and neuroticism resulted in the four categories of people described by Eysenck. A high level of neuroticism (emotional instability / instability) is characteristic of melancholic and choleric people. Low level - sanguine and phlegmatic. But introversion is characteristic of melancholic and phlegmatic people, while extraversion is characteristic of choleric and sanguine people.
Description of types of temperament.
Types of temperament according to G. Eysenck
Characteristics of temperament types according to G. Eysenck
G. Eysenck gave characteristics of "pure" types of temperament (that is, in the extreme angular positions of the quadrant). And we have already understood that such types are extremely rare. Adjust accordingly when you receive test results. Moreover, the closer one type of temperament is to another, the more characteristics overlap.
For example, if you got the result: neuroticism 13, extraversion 17 - then you are a sanguine Choleric. Then you have the characteristics of both choleric and sanguine, but not as pronounced as in pure Choleric, Sanguine. Under different conditions, different situations you can exhibit both characteristics.
Remember that the literature often gives characteristics of "pure" types of temperaments.
Pure types of temperament
Phlegmatic person
Unhurried, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. Possesses logical judgments. He has a strong, balanced, workable nervous system, a stubborn, persistent worker, he brings things to the end. Most often calm, restrained and constant in feelings, the mood is even, rarely loses his temper.
Capable of deep, stable and permanent feelings. Phlegmatic peace-loving, attentive, caring. Moderately talkative, does not like to chat about trifles. Save energy, don't waste it. Facial expressions, speech, gestures and actions are slow and calm, restrained, emotionally inexpressive. Solid, reliable, distinguished by the depth and constancy of thoughts.
But the phlegmatic person hardly switches from one job to another, “swings” for a long time, does not adapt well to a new environment, is passive (low level of activity), it is difficult to develop new habits and behaviors, but they become persistent. He is characterized by lethargy, laziness, indifference to others, lack of will. Tends to do familiar work in familiar, familiar surroundings.
Choleric
Fast, passionate, impetuous, open, with quick mood swings. Choleric is active, mobile, optimistic, impulsive, but at the same time easily excitable and restless. A choleric person also has a strong nervous system, but he is unbalanced, quick-tempered, irritable, impatient, touchy, vulnerable.
He may have emotional breakdowns. Due to conflict, it does not get along well with other people. Choleric easily switches from one business / topic of conversation to another business / topic, he is characterized by sudden mood swings. He is highly excitable, he has pronounced emotional experiences, he is not able to control his emotions.
The movements and speech of the choleric are fast, intermittent, abrupt, impetuous, impulsive. He is prone to exhaustion, because when he is enthusiastic about his work, he acts with all his might. In the interests of society, he is initiative, principled, active, energetic.
In the absence of spiritual and personal growth, he is affective, irritable, quick-tempered, aggressive, unrestrained, conflict.
sanguine
A lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. Sanguine is cheerful, friendly, talkative, flexible, responsive.
He has a strong, balanced nervous system, high efficiency, while he is active and mobile, easily survives failures. He easily communicates with people, quickly converges with people, easily switches, easily and quickly reacts to what is happening around. At the same time, he strives for novelty, a change of impressions, is restless, and does not regulate his impulses enough. He has a rich, mobile facial expression, fast, expressive speech.
A sanguine person cannot do things that require concentration, attention, perseverance, patience. He has a quick change of feelings, but the feelings are shallow, prone to inconstancy, superficiality.
melancholic
A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. The melancholic is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable, touchy, but at the same time sensitive and sensitive, easily gets along with different people, non-conflict.
He has a weak nervous system, increased fatigue, low mental activity, slowness. He is highly emotional, but tends to experience problems within himself, which leads to self-destruction. His feelings are deep, constant, stable, but at the same time weakly expressed. It is difficult for him to focus on something for a long time.
The melancholic is hard and acutely experiencing failures (often hands down), he is timid, shy, anxious, indecisive, unstable to stress, his speech is quiet, slow. He is closed, uncommunicative, quiet, pessimistic, his mood changes easily, but at the same time he is melancholic and reasonable.
In a healthy environment, it is efficient, can perform monotonous work that requires attention, perseverance, patience, and concentration. The person is deep and meaningful. But under adverse circumstances, it becomes anxious, withdrawn, fearful, vulnerable.
In contact with
Classmates
The Eysenck test for temperament allows you to determine the type of temperament, taking into account the introversion and extraversion of the personality, as well as emotional stability.
Self-esteem diagnostics according to G. Eysenck is, perhaps, a classic method for determining temperament and one of the most significant in modern psychology.
By passing the Eysenck temperament test, you will be able to better know your own Self. You will understand what your character is like and will be able to take a more correct position in life.
Knowing the temperament of your loved ones and friends will help you get along comfortably in the family and in the work team. For example, in some schools, applicants must pass a temperament test. In accordance with these tests, classes will be formed in the future.
Many employers when applying for a job also offer to pass temperament test to choose one of the applicants who will successfully fit into the team.
G. Eysenck's personal questionnaire. (EPI temperament test. Eysenck self-assessment diagnostics. Method for determining temperament):
Instruction.
You are invited to answer 57 questions. The questions are aimed at revealing your usual way of behaving. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first "natural" answer that comes to mind. If you agree with the statement, put a sign next to its number + (yes) if not - sign - (No).
Eysenck TEST
- Do you like the revival and bustle around you?
- Do you often have that uneasy feeling that you want something and you don't know what?
- Are you one of those people who do not go into their pocket for words?
- Do you feel sometimes happy and sometimes sad for no reason?
- Do you usually keep a low profile at parties or in company?
- Did you always do as a child what you were ordered to do immediately and resignedly?
- Do you sometimes have a bad mood?
- When you are drawn into a quarrel, do you prefer to remain silent, hoping that everything will work out?
- Are you easily swayed by mood swings?
- Do you like being among people?
- How often do you lose sleep because of your worries?
- Do you get stubborn sometimes?
- Could you call yourself dishonest?
- Do good thoughts often come to you too late?
- Do you prefer to work alone?
- Do you often feel lethargic and tired for no real reason?
- Are you by nature a living person?
- Do you sometimes laugh at dirty jokes?
- Do you often get so fed up with something that you feel "fed up"?
- Do you feel uncomfortable in any clothes other than casual?
- Do your thoughts often get distracted when you are trying to focus on something?
- Can you quickly put your thoughts into words?
- Are you often lost in your own thoughts?
- Are you completely free from any prejudice?
- Do you like April Fools' jokes?
- How often do you think about your work?
- Are you a big fan of delicious food?
- Do you need a friendly person to speak up when you are annoyed?
- Do you find it very unpleasant to borrow or sell anything when you need money?
- Do you brag sometimes?
- Are you very sensitive to certain things?
- Would you rather be alone at home than go to a boring party?
- Do you sometimes get so restless that you can't sit still for long periods of time?
- Do you tend to plan your affairs carefully and earlier than you should?
- Do you have dizziness?
- Do you always reply to emails immediately after reading them?
- Do you do better when you think about it on your own rather than discussing it with others?
- Do you ever get short of breath even if you haven't done any hard work?
- Can you say that you are a person who does not care that everything is exactly the way it should be?
- Are your nerves bothering you?
- Do you prefer to make plans rather than act?
- Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you need to do today?
- Do you get nervous in places like elevators, subways, tunnels?
- Are you usually the first to take the initiative when meeting someone?
- Do you have severe headaches?
- Do you usually think that everything will work itself out and return to normal?
- Do you find it difficult to sleep at night?
- Have you ever lied in your life?
- Do you sometimes say the first thing that comes to mind?
- How long do you worry after the embarrassment that happened?
- Are you usually introverted to everyone except close friends?
- How often do you get in trouble?
- Do you love telling stories to your friends?
- Do you prefer to win rather than lose?
- Do you often feel uncomfortable in the company of people above you in position?
- When circumstances are against you, do you usually think, however, what else is worth doing?
- Do you often suck in the stomach before an important matter?
Results processing
Extraversion - Introversion:
If you answered "yes" (+) to questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56 ;
If you answered "No" (-) to questions: 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51.
Neuroticism (emotional stability - emotional instability):
If you answered "yes" (+) to questions: 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57.
"Scale of Lies":
If you answered "yes" (+) to questions: 6, 24, 36;
If you answered "No" (-) to questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
Matching answers are worth 1 point.
Interpretation of results G. Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire
When analyzing the results, the following guidelines should be followed.
Extraversion - Introversion:
—
over 19- bright extrovert
- more than 15- extrovert
- more than 12- prone to extraversion
— 12
- mean,
- less than 12- prone to introversion
- less than 9- introvert,
- less than 5- a deep introvert.
Neuroticism:
- more than 19- very high level of neuroticism,
- more than 13- high level of neuroticism,
— 9 — 13
- mean,
- less than 9— low level of neuroticism.
Lie:
- more than 4- insincerity in the answers, which also testifies to some demonstrative behavior and orientation of the subject to social approval, - - less than 4- the norm.
Description of scales
Extraversion - introversion
Characterizing typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, the need for contacts. He acts on the spur of the moment, impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions do not have strict control, prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.
Typical introvert- This is a calm, shy, introjective person, prone to introspection. Restrained and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and considers his actions in advance, does not trust sudden urges, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. Controls his feelings, he is not easily pissed off. Possesses pessimism, highly appreciates moral norms.
neuroticism
Characterizes emotional stability or instability(emotional stability or instability).
Neuroticism, according to some reports, is associated with indicators of the lability of the nervous system. Emotional stability- a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in normal and stressful situations. It is characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership, sociability.
Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, anxiety, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations.
Neuroticism corresponds emotionality, impulsiveness; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, a tendency to irritability.
The neurotic personality is characterized by inadequately strong reactions to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale in adverse stressful situations may develop neurosis.
Eysenck circle.
Explanation for the drawing "Eysenck circle":
Sanguine = stable + extroverted
Phlegmatic = stable + introverted
Melancholic = unstable + introverted
Choleric = unstable + extroverted
The presentation of the results on the scales of extraversion and neuroticism is carried out using a coordinate system.
The interpretation of the obtained results is carried out on the basis of psychological characteristics personalities corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of severity of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained.
Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types, according to Pavlov, are very close to the extroverted and introverted personality types.
The nature of introversion and extroversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. Thus, using survey data on the scales of extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, it is possible to derive indicators of personality temperament according to Pavlov's classification who described four classic types: sanguine(according to the main properties of the central nervous system, it is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile),
choleric(strong, unbalanced, mobile),
phlegmatic person(strong, balanced, inert),
melancholic(weak, unbalanced, inert).
"Pure" sanguine(high extraversion and low neuroticism) quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, sociable. Feelings easily arise and change, emotional experiences, as a rule, are shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive.
He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, regulates his impulses insufficiently, does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, and work system.
In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out a task that requires an equal expenditure of effort, a long and methodical effort, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience.
In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
Choleric(high extraversion and high neuroticism) is characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by business, he is inclined to act with all his might, to be exhausted more than he should.
Having public interests, temperament manifests in initiative, energy, adherence to principles. In the absence of spiritual life, the choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, intemperance, irascibility, inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.
Phlegmatic person(high introversion and high neuroticism) is characterized by a relatively low level of activity of behavior, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. It has slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods.
Persistent and stubborn "worker of life", he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to affects, having calculated his strength, brings the matter to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, does not like to talk in vain. Saves energy, does not waste it.
Depending on the conditions, in some cases, a phlegmatic person can be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thought, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to fulfill just habitual actions.
melancholic(high introversion and high neuroticism). His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, there is a depth and stability of feelings with their weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic (hands down).
He is characterized by restraint and muffled motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecision. Under normal conditions, a melancholic is a deep, meaningful person, can be a good worker, successfully cope with life's tasks.
At adverse conditions can turn into a closed, timid, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of such life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.
Eysenck questionnaire for determining temperament
Instruction. You are asked several questions. Answer only “Yes” or “No” to each question. Don't think long about the answers, be sincere.
Questionnaire text
1. Do you often feel cravings for new experiences, for being distracted, for experiencing strong sensations?
2. Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand, encourage, sympathize with you?
3. Do you consider yourself a carefree person?
4. Is it very difficult for you to give up your intentions?
5. Do you think things over slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
6. Do you always keep your promises, even if it is not profitable for you?
7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
8. Do you usually act and speak quickly?
9. Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?
10. Is it true that you are able to decide on everything for an “argument”?
11. Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet someone of the opposite sex that you like?
12. Do you ever lose your temper when you get angry?
13. Does it often happen that you act thoughtlessly, under the influence of the moment?
14. Do you often worry about the thought that you should not have done or said something?
15. Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
16. Are you easily offended?
17. Do you like to be in the company often?
18. Do you have thoughts that you would not like to share with others?
19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything is on fire in your hands, and sometimes you feel tired?
20. Do you try to limit your circle of acquaintances to a small number of your closest friends?
21. Do you dream a lot?
22. When someone yells at you, do you respond in kind?
23. Do you consider all your habits to be good?
24. Do you often feel like you are to blame for something?
25. Are you sometimes able to give vent to your feelings and carefree fun in a fun company?
26. Is it possible to say that your nerves are often stretched to the limit?
27. Are you reputed to be a lively and cheerful person?
28. After a job is done, do you often think back to it and think about what you could have done better?
29. Do you feel restless when you are in a big company?
30. Do you ever spread rumors?
31. Does it happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts come into your head?
32. If you want to know something, do you prefer to find it in a book or ask people?
33. Do you have a strong heartbeat?
34. Do you like work that requires concentration?
35. Do you have bouts of trembling?
36. Do you always tell the truth?
37. Do you find it unpleasant to be in a company where they make fun of each other?
38. Are you irritable?
39. Do you like work that requires speed?
40. Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts of various troubles and horrors that could happen, although everything ended well?
41. Is it true that you are slow in your movements and somewhat slow?
42. Are you ever late for work or meeting someone?
43. Do you often have nightmares?
44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you do not miss any opportunity to talk with a new person?
45. Do you suffer from any pain?
46. Would you be upset if you could not see your friends for a long time?
47. Are you a nervous person?
48. Are there those among your acquaintances that you clearly do not like?
49. Are you a confident person?
50. Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
51. Do you find it difficult to really enjoy events that involve a lot of people?
52. Are you bothered by the feeling that you are somehow worse than others?
53. Would you be able to spice up a boring company?
54. Do you sometimes talk about things that you do not understand at all?
55. Do you worry about your health?
56. Do you like to play pranks on others?
57. Do you suffer from insomnia?
Results processing
extraversion- is the sum of the answers "Yes" in questions 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56 and the answers "No" in questions 5, 15, 20 , 29, 32, 37, 41, 51.
If the total score is 0-10, then you are an introvert, closed within yourself. If 11 - 14, then you are an ambivert, communicate when you need it. If 15-24, then you are an extrovert, sociable, turned to the outside world.
neuroticism- the number of “Yes” answers is found in questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50 , 52, 55, 57.
If the number of "Yes" answers is 0-10, then − emotional stability. If 11-16, then - emotional impressionability. If 17-22, then there are separate signs of a loosening of the nervous system. If 23-24, then - neuroticism, bordering on pathology, a breakdown, neurosis is possible.
Lie- is the sum of the scores of the answers "Yes" in questions 6, 24, 36 and the answers "No" in questions 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
If a score of 0-3 is the norm for human lies, the answers can be trusted. If 4-5, then it is doubtful. If 6-9, then the answers are unreliable.
If the answers can be trusted, then a graph is built based on the data received.
Sanguine extrovert: stable personality, social, directed to the outside world, sociable, sometimes talkative, carefree, cheerful, loves leadership, many friends, cheerful.
Choleric extrovert: unstable personality, touchy, excited, unrestrained, aggressive, impulsive, optimistic, active, but performance and mood are unstable, cyclical. In a situation of stress - a tendency to hysterical-psychopathic reactions.
Phlegmatic introvert: stable personality, slow, calm, passive, imperturbable, cautious, thoughtful, peaceful, restrained, reliable, calm in relationships, able to withstand long-term adversity without disruption of health and mood.
Melancholic introvert: unstable personality, anxious, pessimistic, very restrained outwardly, but sensitive and emotional inside, intellectual, prone to reflection. In a situation of stress - a tendency to internal anxiety, depression, disruption or deterioration in performance (rabbit stress).
Scales: extraversion, introversion, neuroticism; temperament types - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic
Purpose of the test
The questionnaire is designed to diagnose extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, it also includes nine questions that make up the "lie scale". Answers matching the key are worth one point.
G. Eizenk developed two versions of this questionnaire (A and B), which allows, for example, to conduct a second study after certain experimental procedures, eliminating the possibility of remembering previously given answers.
Instructions for the test
“You are invited to answer 57 questions. The questions are aimed at revealing your usual way of behaving. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first "natural" answer that comes to mind. Answer quickly and accurately. Remember that there are no "good" or "bad" answers. If you agree with the statement, put a + (yes) sign next to its number, if not, a - (no) sign.
Test
The text of the questionnaire (option A)
1. Do you often feel cravings for new experiences, for being distracted, for experiencing strong sensations?
2. Do you often feel like you need friends who can understand, encourage, or sympathize with you?
3. Do you consider yourself a carefree person?
4. Is it very difficult for you to give up your intentions?
5. Do you think things over slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
6. Do you always keep your promises, even if it is not profitable for you?
7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
8. Do you usually act and speak quickly, do you spend a lot of time thinking?
9. Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?
10. Is it true that you can decide on everything on a bet?
11. Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet someone of the opposite sex that you like?
12. Do you ever lose your temper when you get angry?
13. Does it often happen that you act thoughtlessly, under the influence of the moment?
14. Do you often think that you shouldn't have done or said something?
15. Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
16. Are you easily offended?
17. Do you like to be in the company often?
18. Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would not like to share with other people?
19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything burns in your hands, and sometimes you feel very lethargic?
20. Do you try to limit your circle of acquaintances to a small number of your closest friends?
21. Do you dream a lot?
22. When someone yells at you, do you respond in kind?
23. Do you often feel guilty?
24. Do you often feel like you are to blame for something?
25. Are you sometimes able to give free rein to your feelings and carefree fun with cheerful company?
26. Is it possible to say that your nerves are often stretched to the limit?
27. Do you have a reputation for being a lively and cheerful person?
28. After a job is done, how often do you mentally return to it and think about what you could do better?
29. Do you feel restless when you are in a big company?
30. Do you ever spread rumors?
31. Does it happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts come into your head?
32. What do you prefer if you want to know something: to find it in a book (the answer is “Yes”) or to ask friends (the answer is “No”)?
33. Do you have strong heartbeats?
34. Do you like work that requires concentration?
35. Do you have bouts of trembling?
36. Do you always tell the truth?
37. Do you find it unpleasant to be in a company where everyone makes fun of each other?
38. Are you irritable?
39. Do you like work that requires fast action?
40. Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts of various troubles and “horrors” that could happen, although everything ended well?
41. Is it true that you are slow in your movements and somewhat slow?
42. Have you ever been late for work or for a meeting with someone?
43. Do you often have nightmares?
44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you do not miss any opportunity to talk with a new person?
45. Do you suffer from any pain?
46. Would you be upset if you could not see your friends for a long time?
47. Can you call yourself a nervous person?
48. Are there any among your acquaintances that you clearly do not like?
49. Would you say that you are a confident person?
50. Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
51. Do you find it difficult to really enjoy events that involve a lot of people?
52. Are you bothered by the feeling that you are somehow worse than others?
53. Would you be able to spice up a boring company?
54. Do you sometimes talk about things that you do not understand at all?
55. Do you worry about your health?
56. Do you like to play pranks on others?
57. Do you suffer from insomnia?
The text of the questionnaire (option B)
This version of the questionnaire differs from the previous one only in the text of the methodology. Instruction, key, data processing are duplicated and therefore are not given here.
1. Do you like the excitement and bustle around you?
2. Do you often have the uneasy feeling that you want something and you don't know what?
3. Are you one of those people who don't mince words?
4. Do you sometimes feel happy and sometimes sad for no reason?
5. Do you usually keep a low profile at parties or in company?
6. As a child, did you always do immediately and meekly what you were ordered to do?
7. Do you sometimes have a bad mood?
8. When you are drawn into a quarrel, do you prefer to remain silent, hoping that everything will work out?
9. Are you easily swayed by mood swings?
10. Do you like being around people?
11. Have you often lost sleep because of your worries?
12. Do you sometimes get stubborn?
13. Would you call yourself dishonest?
14. Do good thoughts often come to you too late?
15. Do you prefer to work alone?
16. Do you often feel lethargic and tired for no good reason?
17. Are you a living person by nature?
18. Do you sometimes laugh at dirty jokes?
19. Do you often get so fed up with something that you feel "fed up"?
20. Do you feel uncomfortable in any clothes other than casual?
21. Do your thoughts often get distracted when you are trying to focus on something?
22. Can you quickly put your thoughts into words?
23. Are you often immersed in your own thoughts?
24. Are you completely free from any prejudices?
25. Do you like April Fools' jokes?
26. Do you often think about your work?
27. Do you really like to eat delicious food?
28. Do you need a friendly person to speak up when you are irritated?
29. Do you find it very unpleasant to borrow or sell anything when you are in need of money?
30. Do you show off sometimes?
31. Are you very sensitive to certain things?
32. Would you rather be alone at home than go to a boring party?
33. Are you sometimes so restless that you cannot sit still for a long time?
34. Do you tend to plan your affairs carefully and earlier than you should?
35. Do you get dizzy?
36. Do you always answer emails immediately after reading them?
37. Do you do better when you think about it on your own rather than discussing it with others?
38. Do you ever get short of breath even if you haven't done any hard work?
39. Can you say that you are a person who does not care that everything is exactly the way it should be?
40. Do your nerves bother you?
41. Do you prefer to plan more than to act?
42. Do you sometimes put off till tomorrow what you have to do today?
43. Do you get nervous in places like elevators, subways, tunnels?
44. When meeting people, are you usually the first to take the initiative?
45. Do you have severe headaches?
46. Do you usually think that everything will work itself out and return to normal?
47. Do you find it difficult to fall asleep at night?
48. Have you ever lied in your life?
49. Do you sometimes say the first thing that comes to mind?
50. How long do you worry after the embarrassment that happened?
51. Are you usually closed with everyone except close friends?
52. Do you often get in trouble?
53. Do you like to tell stories to your friends?
54. Do you prefer to win more than lose?
55. Do you often feel awkward in the company of people above you in position?
56. When circumstances are against you, do you usually think, however, what else is worth doing?
57. Do you often suck in the stomach before an important task?
Processing and interpretation of test results
Key to the test
Extraversion - introversion:
. "yes" (+): 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56;
. "no" (-): 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51.
neuroticism(emotional stability - emotional instability):
"yes" (+): 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.
"Scale of Lies":
. "yes" (+): 6, 24, 36;
. "no" (-): 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
Handling test results
Answers matching the key are worth 1 point. When analyzing the results, the following guidelines should be followed.
Extraversion:
Over 19 - a bright extrovert,
. more than 15 - extrovert
. 12 - average value,
. less than 9 - introvert,
. less than 5 - a deep introvert.
Neuroticism:
More than 19 - a very high level of neuroticism,
. more than 14 - a high level of neuroticism,
. 9 - 13 - average value,
. less than 7 - low level of neuroticism.
Lie:
More than 4 - insincerity in the answers, which also testifies to some demonstrative behavior and orientation of the subject to social approval,
. less than 4 is normal.
Interpretation of test results
The presentation of the results on the scales of extraversion and neuroticism is carried out using a coordinate system. The interpretation of the obtained results is carried out on the basis of the psychological characteristics of the individual, corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of severity of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained.
Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types, according to Pavlov, are very close to the extraverted and introverted personality types. The nature of introversion and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
Thus, using the survey data on the scales of extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, it is possible to derive personality temperament indicators according to Pavlov’s classification, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the main properties of the central nervous system, it is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong, unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).
"Clean" sanguine quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, sociable. Feelings easily arise and change, emotional experiences, as a rule, are shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, regulates his impulses insufficiently, does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, and work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out a task that requires an equal expenditure of effort, a long and methodical effort, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
Choleric characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by business, he is inclined to act with all his might, to be exhausted more than he should. Having public interests, temperament manifests in initiative, energy, adherence to principles. In the absence of spiritual life, the choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, intemperance, irascibility, inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.
Phlegmatic person characterized by a relatively low level of activity of behavior, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. It has slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. Persistent and stubborn "worker of life", he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to affects, having calculated his strength, brings the matter to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, does not like to talk in vain. Saves energy, does not waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases, a phlegmatic person can be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thought, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to fulfill just habitual actions.
melancholic. His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, there is a depth and stability of feelings with their weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic (hands down). He is characterized by restraint and muffled motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecision. Under normal conditions, a melancholic is a deep, meaningful person, can be a good worker, successfully cope with life's tasks. Under adverse conditions, it can turn into a closed, timid, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of such life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.
