Mental regulation of human behavior and activity.

Characteristic motivational sphere human activities.

Types and development of human activity.

Activity structure.

Topic number 5. Psychological characteristic activities

1. The concept of ʼʼactivityʼʼ. Specificity of human activity.

1. Activity - it is a specific type of human activity aimed at cognition and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including itself and the conditions of its existence. Activity - it is a set of human actions aimed at satisfying his needs and interests.

The most important function of the psyche is the regulation, management of the behavior and activities of a living being. The psyche is known and manifested in activity. A person acts in life, first of all, as an actor, creator and creator, regardless of what type of work he is engaged in. The activity reveals the richness of the spiritual and mental world of the individual: the depth of the mind and experiences, the power of imagination and will, abilities and character traits.

Activity is a social category, it has a public character.
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Animals can only live, which manifests itself as a biological adaptation of the body to the requirements environment. A person is characterized by a conscious separation of himself from nature. He sets himself goals, aware motives, encouraging him to be active.

The problem of activity is organically connected with the problem of personality development. Personality is formed, and manifested, and improved in activity. This is where the formation of consciousness takes place. At the same time, activity is a process of human interaction with the outside world, but the process is not passive, but active and consciously regulated.

Human activities are extremely diverse. This is work aimed at creating material values, and the organization of joint efforts and activities of many social groups, and education and training ( pedagogical activity), and research activities. Human activity is multifaceted. In the process of it, a person not only performs actions and movements, but also spends a lot of energy, performs a large amount of operations, thinks in a variety of ways, expends numerous efforts, showing will and experiencing his actions and their results.

Human activity, finally, is not always unambiguous. It can both pursue socially significant goals, and be aimed at those of them, the achievement of which is not approved by other people.

home distinguishing feature of the human psyche is the presence of consciousness, and conscious reflection is such a reflection of objective reality, in which its objective stable properties are distinguished, regardless of the subject's relationship to it (A. N. Leontiev).

Russian psychologists A. N. Leontiev, L. S. Vygotsky, P. Ya. Galperin and others made a great contribution to the study of the laws of human activity.
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Οʜᴎ developed an activity approach in psychology, within which certain principles of activity.

1. The principle of the unity of consciousness and activity (consciousness should not be closed in itself and manifests itself only in activity).

2. The principle of activity (activity is an active purposeful process of transforming reality; at the same time, part of a person’s activity is supra-situational in nature - that is, it is not due to direct stimuli of the external environment).

3. The principle of objectivity (human actions are objective).

4. The principle of social conditioning (goals of activity are social in nature).

5. The principle of the unity of building external and internal activities (before starting the transformation of the external world, a person first performs these actions in his mind).

6. The principle of development (any human activity develops and develops gradually in the process of ontogenesis and learning processes).

7. The principle of historicism (activity must be adequately explained only in the context of the historical development of society).

Human actions, his activity differ significantly from the actions, behavior of animals.

The main differences between human activity and animal activity are as follows:

1. Human activity is productive, creative, constructive.
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The activity of animals has a consumer basis; as a result, it does not produce or create anything new in comparison with what is given by nature.

2. Human activity is connected with the objects of material and spiritual culture, which are used by him either as tools, or as objects for satisfying needs, or as means of his own development. For animals, human tools and means of satisfying needs do not exist as such.

3. Human activity transforms himself, his abilities, needs, living conditions. The activity of animals practically does not change anything either in themselves or in the external conditions of life.

4. Human activity in its various forms and means of realization is a product of history. The activity of animals acts as a result of their biological evolution.

The objective activity of people from birth is not given to them. It is ʼʼsetʼʼ in the cultural purpose and way of using the surrounding objects. Such activity must be formed and developed in training and education. The same applies to internal, neurophysiological and psychological structures managing the external side of practical activity. The activity of animals is initially set, genotypically determined and unfolds as the natural anatomical and physiological maturation of the organism.

2. Human activity has a complex hierarchical structure. It consists of several levels: the upper level is the level of special activities, then the level of actions, the next is the level of operations, and finally, the lowest is the level of psychophysiological functions. AT structure activities include purpose, motives, means, actions, results, evaluation.

Action - basic unit of activity analysis. Action is a process aimed at achieving a goal. Action includes, as an extremely important component, an act of consciousness in the form of setting a goal, and at the same time, action is at the same time an act of behavior that is realized through external actions in inseparable unity with consciousness. Through actions, a person shows his activity, trying to achieve his goal, taking into account external conditions.

The action has a structure similar to the activity: the goal is the motive, the method is the result. There are actions: sensory (actions to perceive an object), motor (motor actions), volitional, mental, mnemonic (memory actions), external object (actions are aimed at changing the state or properties of objects of the external world) and mental (actions performed in the internal plan consciousness). The following components of action are distinguished: sensory (sensory), central (mental) and motor (motor).

Anything action is a complex system consisting of several parts: indicative (managing), executive (working) and control and corrective. The indicative part of the action provides a reflection of the set of objective conditions necessary for the successful implementation of this action. The executive part performs the specified transformations in the action object. The control part monitors the progress of the action, compares the results obtained with the given samples, and, if extremely important, provides correction of both the tentative and executive parts of the action.

operation It is customary to name a specific way of performing an action. The nature of the operations used depends on the conditions in which the action is performed and the experience of the person. Operations are usually little or not realized at all by a person, that is, this is the level of automatic skills.

Speaking about the fact that a person carries out some kind of activity, one should not forget that a person is an organism with a highly organized nervous system, developed sense organs, a complex musculoskeletal system, psychophysiological functions, which are both prerequisites and means of activity. For example, when a person sets himself the goal of memorizing something, he can use different actions and memorization techniques, but this activity relies on the existing mnemonic psychophysiological function: none of the memorization actions would lead to the desired result if the person did not have a mnemonic function. Psychophysiological functions constitute the organic foundation of the processes of activity.

Sensorimotor processes are processes in which the connection between perception and movement is carried out. In these processes, four mental acts are distinguished: 1) the sensory moment of the reaction - the process of perception; 2) the central moment of the reaction - more or less complex processes associated with the processing of the perceived, sometimes the difference, recognition, evaluation and choice; 3) the motor moment of the reaction - the processes that determine the beginning and course of movement; 4) sensory corrections of movement (feedback).

Ideomotor processes connect the idea of ​​movement with the execution of movement. The problem of the image and its role in the regulation of motor acts - central problem psychology of correct human movements.

Emotional-motor processes are processes that connect the performance of movements with emotions, feelings, mental states experienced by a person.

Internalization is the process of transition from external, material action to internal, ideal action.

Exteriorization is the process of transforming an internal mental action into an external action.

3. There are many types of human activities. But among their diversity there are the most important ones that ensure the existence of a person and the formation of him as a person. These main activities include: communication, play, teaching and work.

Communication is perceived as a type of activity aimed at the exchange of information between communicating people. It also pursues the goals of establishing mutual understanding, good personal business relations, providing mutual assistance and teaching and educational influence of people on each other. Communication should be direct and indirect, verbal and non-verbal. In direct communication, people are in direct contact with each other, know and see each other, directly exchange verbal and non-verbal information, without using any aids. In mediated communication, there are no direct contacts between people. Οʜᴎ exchange information either through other people, or through means of recording and reproducing information (books, newspapers, telephone, radio, etc.).

The game- this is a type of activity, the result of which is not the production of any material or ideal product. Games often have the character of entertainment, they are aimed at getting rest. Sometimes games serve as a means of symbolic relaxation of tensions that have arisen under the influence of the actual needs of a person, which he is not able to weaken in any other way. However, games have great importance in people's lives. For children, games are primarily educational. Some forms of gaming activity acquire the character of rituals, training sessions, and sports hobbies.

Doctrine acts as a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. The teaching must be organized and carried out in special educational institutions. It should be unorganized and occur along the way, in other activities as their secondary additional result. In adults, teaching can acquire the character of self-education. Peculiarities learning activities consist in the fact that it directly serves as a means of psychological development of the individual.

occupies a special place in the system of human activity. work. It is through labor that man has built modern society, created objects of material and spiritual culture, transformed the conditions of his life in such a way that he discovered the prospects for further, practically unlimited development. With labor, first of all, the creation and improvement of tools is associated. Οʜᴎ, in turn, were a factor in increasing labor productivity, developing science, industrial production, technical and artistic creativity.

The transformation of the system of human activities essentially coincides with the history of the socio-economic development of society. Integration and differentiation public structures accompanied by the emergence of new types of activities in people. The same thing happened with the growth of the economy, the development of cooperation and the division of labor. People of new generations, being included in the life of their contemporary society, assimilated and developed those types of activities that are characteristic of this society.

In the process of development of activity, its internal transformations take place. First of all, the activity is enriched with new subject content. Its object and, accordingly, the means of satisfying the needs associated with it, are new objects of material and spiritual culture. Secondly, the activity has new means of implementation, which accelerate its course and improve the results. So, for example, mastering a new language expands the possibilities for recording and reproducing information, familiarity with higher mathematics improves the ability for quantitative calculations.

Thirdly, in the process of activity development, individual operations and other components of activity are automated, they turn into skills and abilities. Finally, fourthly, as a result of the development of activity, new types of activity can be separated from it, separated and further independently developed. This mechanism for the development of activity is described by A.N. Leontiev and was called the shift of the motive to the goal. The operation of this mechanism appears to be as follows. Some fragment of activity - action - may initially have a goal perceived by the individual, which in turn acts as a means to achieve another goal that serves to satisfy the need. This action and the corresponding goal are attractive to the individual insofar as they serve the process of satisfying the need, and only for this reason. In the future, the goal of this action may acquire an independent value, become a need or a motive. In this case, they say that in the course of the development of activity, a shift of the motive to the goal occurred and a new activity was born.

AT developmental psychology there is a concept ʼʼleading activityʼʼ- this is the activity of the child within the framework of the social situation of development, the implementation of which determines the emergence and formation of basic psychological neoplasms in him at a given stage of development. Each age has its own leading activity. In infancy - direct-emotional communication, in early childhood- subject-manipulative activity, for preschoolers - a game (plot-role-playing), for younger students - study, for adolescents - communication with peers, in youth - professional self-determination, etc.

4. AT structure Motivational sphere of human activity usually includes needs, motives and goals. Needs are a person's need for something. In turn, motives are called the internal motivating forces of a person, forcing him to engage in one or another activity. The goal of an activity is an image of the result that a person strives for when carrying out it. The term ʼʼmotivationʼʼ is a broader concept than the term ʼʼmotivʼʼ. Most often in the scientific literature, motivation is perceived as a set of causes psychological nature explaining human behavior, its beginning, direction and activity. Motivation should be presented as internal (dispositional) and external (situational), acting simultaneously, in connection with this, any human action is considered as doubly determined.

In turn, a motive, in contrast to motivation, is something that belongs to the subject of behavior itself, is its stable personal property, which induces certain actions from the inside. Motives are conscious or unconscious. It should be noted that the motives themselves are formed from needs person. A need is a state of human need in certain conditions of life and activity or material objects. A need, like any state of a person, is always associated with a person's feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. All living beings have needs, and this distinguishes living nature from inanimate nature. The need activates the body, stimulates its behavior, aimed at finding what is required.

The problem of human behavior motivation has attracted scientists since time immemorial. Numerous theories of motivation began to appear in the works of ancient philosophers, and now there are already several dozen of them (K. Levin, G. Murray, A. Maslow, G. Allport, K. Rogers, etc.).

One of the most famous behavior motivation concepts man belongs to Abraham Maslow. According to this concept, seven classes of needs consistently appear in a person from birth and accompany his growing up: physiological (organic) needs; security needs (to feel secure, to get rid of fear and failure and aggressiveness); needs for belonging and love (belonging to a community, being close to people, being recognized and accepted by them); respect needs (honor, competence, achievement of success, approval, recognition of authority), cognitive needs (to know, be able, understand, explore); aesthetic needs (harmony, symmetry, order, beauty); the need for self-actualization (realization of one's goals of abilities, development of one's own personality).

The main characteristics of human needs - strength, frequency and way of satisfaction. An additional, but very significant characteristic, especially when it comes to personality, is subject content needs, i.e., the totality of those objects of material and spiritual culture, with the help of which this need must be satisfied. The motivating factor is goal.

The motivational sphere of a person, in terms of its development, can be assessed by the following parameters: breadth and flexibility and hierarchization. Under the breadth of the motivational sphere, it is customary to understand the qualitative diversity of motivational factors - dispositions (motives), needs and goals. The more diverse motives, needs and goals a person has, the more developed his motivational sphere is.

The flexibility of the motivational sphere is expressed in the fact that in order to satisfy the motivational impulse, more general(higher level) more diverse lower level motivational stimuli should be used. The hierarchy of motives is due to the fact that some motives and goals are stronger than others and occur more often; others are weaker and updated less frequently. The more differences in the strength and frequency of actualization of motivational formations of a certain level, the higher the hierarchization of the motivational sphere.

It should be noted that the problem of studying motivation has always attracted the attention of researchers. For this reason, there are many diverse concepts and theories on the motives, motivation and orientation of the individual. Let's take a look at some of them in general terms.

5. Activity - this is an active interaction of a person with the environment, in which he achieves a consciously set goal that arose as a result of the appearance of a certain need, motive in him. Motives and goals may not coincide. Why a person acts in a certain way is often not the same as what he acts for. When we are dealing with activity in which there is no conscious goal, then there is no activity in the human sense of the word, but impulsive behavior takes place, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is controlled directly by needs and emotions.

Under behavior in psychology, it is customary to understand the external manifestations of a person's mental activity. The facts of behavior include: 1) individual movements and gestures (for example, bowing, nodding, clasping hands); 2) external manifestations of physiological processes associated with the state, activity, communication of people (for example, posture, facial expressions, looks, reddening of the face, trembling, etc.); 3) actions that have a certain meaning, and, finally, 4) actions that have social significance and are associated with norms of behavior. An act is an action, performing ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ, a person realizes its significance for other people, i.e. social meaning.

Making changes aimed at reducing the discrepancy between the intended (or required) and actually emerging course of action is commonly called regulation.

Distinguish between internal and external conditions implementation of actions and operations. To internal conditions include all the features of a person and his behavior that contribute to or oppose the achievement of a goal. This is the state of a person’s health (physical and neuropsychic), his experience (knowledge, skills, abilities, level of education), stable personal qualities (industriousness or laziness; diligence or self-will; attentiveness or absent-mindedness); temporary mental states(fatigue, interest, boredom); beliefs. To external conditions include all objects and actions of third-party people that contribute to or oppose the achievement of the goal. Subject conditions: objects of action (material objects, information, living beings, including people) and tools of action (material and functional). social conditions (social norms) are the requirements of society for human behavior, as well as features corporate culture; socio-communicative requirements for the socio-psychological climate in the team.

Mental regulation of human behavior and activity. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Mental regulation of human behavior and activities." 2017, 2018.

Under behavior in psychology, it is customary to understand the external manifestations of human mental activity. Behaviors include:

individual movements and gestures (for example, bowing, nodding, clasping hands);

external manifestations of physiological processes associated with the state, activity, communication of people (for example, posture, facial expressions, looks, reddening of the face, trembling, etc.);

actions that have a certain meaning;

actions that have social significance and are associated with norms of behavior.

deed- an action, performing which a person realizes its significance for other people, that is, its social meaning.

Activity is a dynamic system of interaction of the subject with the world. In the process of this interaction, the emergence of a mental image and its embodiment in the object, as well as the realization by the subject of his relations with the surrounding reality, takes place.

Main characteristic activity is its objectivity. By subject is meant not only natural object, but an object of culture in which a certain socially developed way of acting with it is fixed. This method is reproduced whenever an objective activity is carried out. Another characteristic of activity is its social, socio-historical nature. A person cannot independently discover forms of activity with objects. This is done with the help of other people who demonstrate patterns of activity and include a person in a joint activity. The transition from activity divided between people and performed in an external (material) form to individual (internal) activity is the main direction in the formation of psychological neoplasms (knowledge, skills, abilities, motives, attitudes, and so on).

Activities are always indirect. Tools, material objects, signs, symbols and communication with other people act as means. Carrying out any act of activity, we realize in it a certain attitude towards other people, even if they are really and not present at the time of the activity.

Human activity is always purposeful, subject to the goal as a consciously presented planned result, the achievement of which it serves. The goal directs the activity and corrects its course.

Activity is always productive, that is, its result is transformations both in the external world and in the person himself: his knowledge, motives, abilities. Depending on which changes play the main role or have the greatest specific weight, different types activities: labor, cognitive, communicative and others.

Lecture 9. Psychology of small groups and teams

Plan:

The concept of a small group in psychology.

Socio-psychological processes in small groups.

The social phenomenon of power in the team.

Intergroup relations and interactions.

Literature:

Ageev D.S. Intergroup interaction. Socio-psychological problems. M. 2010.

Psychology. Textbook for technical universities / Under the general. ed. V.N. Druzhinin. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006.

Andreeva T.V. Family psychology: Proc. allowance. - St. Petersburg: Speech, 2008.

Seminar №2.

1) The concept of the psyche

Even in ancient times

physical form of reflection consciousness.

2) The structure of the psyche.

1. Mental processes

a) cognitive

b) emotional(emotions and feelings);

in) strong-willed(will).

2. Mental states

3. Mental properties

4. Mental formations

Functions of the psyche.

.

Seminar №2.

1) The concept of the psyche

Even in ancient times it was found that along with the material, objective, external, objective world, there are non-material, internal, subjective phenomena - human feelings, desires, memories, etc. Every person is endowed with a psychic life.

The psyche is a property of highly organized matter to reflect objective reality, create mental images and regulate human activity and behavior.

The psyche is a subjective, signal, socially conditioned reflection of reality in a system of ideal images, on the basis of which an active interaction of a person with the environment is carried out.

Reflection expresses the ability of material objects in the process of interaction to reproduce in their changes the features and traits of the objects affecting them. The form of reflection depends on the form of existence of matter.

In nature, three main forms of reflection can be distinguished. The lowest level of organization of life corresponds to physical form of reflection characteristic for the interaction of objects of inanimate nature. Corresponding to a higher level physiological form of reflection. The next level takes the form of the most complex and developed mental reflection with a specific human psyche the highest level reflections - consciousness.

The human psyche is formed and manifested in its activity. Human activity serves both as the driving force of socio-historical progress and as a means of mental development person. In the process of the formation of the human psyche, his external actions with material objects are transformed into mental actions. Thanks to the ability to act in the mind, a person has learned to model various relationships between objects, to foresee the results of his actions.

The human psyche is a socially conditioned phenomenon, not a natural product of the brain. However, it is implemented by the brain. The psyche cannot be separated from the work of the brain, but it cannot be reduced to neurophysiological processes either.

Work specifics human brain consists in a special way of encoding information coming from outside. The mental reflection of reality by a person is a reflection mediated by a verbal sign, a human concept formed in socio-historical practice.

The psyche is a very complex system consisting of separate subsystems, its elements are hierarchically organized and very changeable.

2) The structure of the psyche.

The whole variety of forms of mental existence is usually combined into the following groups:

1. Mental processes - these are elementary mental phenomena that provide the primary reflection and awareness of the impact of the surrounding reality by a person (last from a fraction of a second to tens of minutes or more). As a rule, they have a clear beginning, a definite course and a pronounced end.

Mental processes are divided into:

a) cognitive(sensation, perception, attention, representation, imagination, memory, thinking, speech);

b) emotional(emotions and feelings);

in) strong-willed(will).

2. Mental states are longer compared to mental processes (they can last for several hours, days or even weeks) and more complex in structure and education.

They are expressed in a certain level, performance and quality of the functioning of the human psyche, characteristic of him at a certain point in time. These include states of activity or passivity, cheerfulness or depression, efficiency or fatigue, irritability, absent-mindedness, good or bad mood.

3. Mental properties - the most stable and constantly manifesting personality traits that provide a certain qualitative and quantitative level of behavior and activity that is typical for a given person. These include orientation (what does a person want?), temperament and character (how does a person manifest?), abilities (what can a person do?).

4. Mental formations - this is what becomes the result of the work of the human psyche, its development and self-development; These are mental phenomena that are formed in the process of acquiring a person's life and professional experience. These include acquired knowledge, skills and abilities, habits, attitudes, attitudes, beliefs, etc.

5. Socio-psychological phenomena - these are psychological phenomena caused by interaction, communication, mutual influence of people on each other and their belonging to certain social communities (classes, ethnic groups, small and large groups, religious denominations, etc.).

Mental regulation of behavior and activity.

Under behavior in psychology, it is customary to understand the external manifestations of human mental activity. Behaviors include:

• individual movements and gestures (for example, bowing, nodding, clasping hands);
• external manifestations of physiological processes associated with the state, activity, communication of people (for example, posture, facial expressions, looks, reddening of the face, trembling, etc.);
• actions that have a certain meaning;
• actions that have social significance and are associated with norms of behavior.

deed- an action, performing which a person realizes its significance for other people, that is, its social meaning.

Activity is a dynamic system of interaction of the subject with the world. In the process of this interaction, the emergence of a mental image and its embodiment in the object, as well as the realization by the subject of his relations with the surrounding reality, takes place.

The main characteristic of activity is its objectivity. By object is meant not just a natural object, but a cultural object in which a certain socially developed way of acting with it is fixed. This method is reproduced whenever an objective activity is carried out. Another characteristic of activity is its social, socio-historical nature. A person cannot independently discover forms of activity with objects. This is done with the help of other people who demonstrate patterns of activity and include a person in a joint activity. The transition from activity divided between people and performed in an external (material) form to individual (internal) activity is the main direction in the formation of psychological neoplasms (knowledge, skills, abilities, motives, attitudes, and so on).

Activities are always indirect. Tools, material objects, signs, symbols and communication with other people act as means. Carrying out any act of activity, we realize in it a certain attitude towards other people, even if they are really and not present at the time of the activity.

Human activity is always purposeful, subject to the goal as a consciously presented planned result, the achievement of which it serves. The goal directs the activity and corrects its course.

Activity is always productive, that is, its result is transformations both in the external world and in the person himself: his knowledge, motives, abilities. Depending on what changes play the main role or have the largest share, different types of activity are distinguished: labor, cognitive, communicative and others.

Functions of the psyche.

The psyche performs certain functions: reflections of the influences of the surrounding reality; regulation of behavior and activities of people; awareness of their place in the world around them.

1. Reflection of the influences of the surrounding reality . The mental reflection of reality has its own characteristics:

This is not a dead, mirror, one-act reflection, but a process that is constantly developing and improving, creating and overcoming its contradictions;

An external influence is always refracted through the previously established features of the psyche and specific states of a person (therefore, the same external influence can be reflected in different ways). different people and even one person)

This is a correct, true reflection of reality (the emerging images of the material world are snapshots, casts, copies of existing objects, phenomena, events).

2. Regulation of behavior and activity. The psyche, human consciousness, on the one hand, reflect the effects of the external environment, adapt to it, and on the other hand, regulate this process, making up the internal content of activity and behavior.

3. Man's awareness of his place in the world around him. This function of the psyche, on the one hand, ensures the correct adaptation and orientation of a person in the objective world, guaranteeing him an understanding of this world and an adequate attitude towards it. On the other hand, with the help of the psyche, a person realizes himself as a person endowed with certain individual and socio-psychological characteristics, as a representative of a particular society, social group, different from other people and being with them in a peculiar way. interpersonal relationships. Correct awareness of a person's personal characteristics helps to adapt to other people, to build communication and interaction with them correctly, to achieve common goals of joint activities, to maintain harmony in society as a whole.

The psyche arose at a certain stage in the development of matter - the stage of the appearance of animal organisms and is a reflective-regulatory mechanism of their adaptive behavior. As evolutionary development animals developed and their psyche. The human psyche, consciousness is the highest stage in the development of the psyche; its occurrence is due to the labor activity of a person in conditions of collective communication.

social behavior

Human behavior, in contrast to the behavior of animals, is goal-setting, arbitrary.

Definition 1

From the point of view of sociology, behavior is the behavioral processes of a person associated with the satisfaction of physical and social needs. These needs arise as a reaction to the surrounding social environment.

The group or individual is the subject social behavior. Socialization, i.e. The assimilation of social norms primarily determines human behavior.

If all people have innate instincts that are practically similar, then the qualities acquired in the process of socialization will be different for each person. In addition, social norms and the role structure of society strictly regulate the social behavior of the individual.

The social norm of behavior is fully consistent with the status expectations that enable society to predict the actions of the individual. A person himself can coordinate his behavior with those models that are accepted in society.

Definition 2

Social behavior is the form and way in which an individual manifests his preferences and attitudes in social action or interaction.

Self-interest also has a great influence on social behavior. For example, it is common for a person to discuss only those issues that arouse subjective increased interest; in discussing other issues, the activity of the individual decreases sharply.

People in life are guided by moral and ethical principles, when a person cannot go against his moral values ​​and pays for it with his life.

Of course, we must also remember that social behavior depends on awareness of a particular situation, how much an individual owns this information, knows the "rules of the game" and can use them.

Behavior can also be based on such a goal as manipulating society, an example of this is election promises contemporary politicians. In order to achieve their life goals, a person can apply natural behavior and ritual behavior.

Natural behavior is aimed at achieving individual goals and corresponds to these goals. Such behavior is natural character and social norms are not regulated.

Ritual or "ceremonial" behavior is individually unnatural, but thanks to it, society exists and reproduces. Ritual, which is an integral part of social life, is characterized by many forms - from etiquette to ceremony.

For man to survive as a species, to preserve and support public relations a form of social behavior stands out - cooperative behavior, the essence of which is mutual assistance to each other and parental behavior in relation to their children.

External factors regulating behavior

Every individual is in complex system social production, moral, legal, religious and other relations. In order for these relations to be carried out, there are various types of regulators.

External regulators are characteristic of all social phenomena with the definition of "social and public".

These include:

• public relations;
• public production;
• public interests;
• public opinion;
• social movements;
• social tension;
• social needs, etc.

The regulators of individual behavior in the field of spiritual life are morality, ethics, mentality, ideal, values, ideology, religion, etc.

In the political sphere - this is power, bureaucracy, social movements, and in legal relations - law, law.

There are also universal human regulators, which are language, sign, symbol, rituals, customs, standards, social attitudes, family and life, etc.

Socio-psychological phenomena are a narrower scope of external regulators. They are large and small social groups, such group phenomena as the socio-psychological climate, group opinion, conflict, group cohesion, etc.

The universal form that regulates behavior is social norms, they are a rule, a pattern of behavior adopted in a given community. According to their parameters, social norms differ, for example, legal norms are formulated and approved government agencies and supported by the state.

Historically, the norms of morality and morality are formed, i.e. ethical norms, they regulate the behavior of people in accordance with the principles of good and evil, the ideals of justice. Moral standards are the unwritten rules of human behavior. To ethical standards religious norms are very close, both in their psychological content and method of origin, and in the mechanism of influence.

Their distinctive feature is their confessional affiliation, i.e. narrower community of people.

The norms of social behavior of people include rituals - these are conventional norms, i.e. visible action of a person, calling to pay attention to any facts or phenomena and to express a certain emotional attitude.

The following principles are mandatory for conventional norms:

• generally accepted convention of action;
• social significance of the fact;
• special purpose of the ritual.

Organizations use a wide variety of norms that regulate, authorize, evaluate, coerce and induce people to perform certain actions in the system of relationships. These norms include samples, rules, imperatives of behavior, standards, models, templates, etc.

Internal regulators of human behavior

The object of social regulation is the person himself. Being the subject of social behavior, he also acts as the subject of regulation of this behavior. Human behavior and activity determine mental phenomena as a result of the determination of external influences.

These qualities of mental phenomena are combined in the functions of the mental - reflection, relationship, regulation. Cognitive processes act as internal regulators.

Through cognitive processes, a person receives, stores, reproduces, transforms the information necessary for organizing behavior. Both in joint activities and in communication, a powerful regulator is both oral and written speech person.

If language acts as an external regulator of behavior, then inner speech is one of the psychological regulators of personal behavior. The internal regulator of behavior is mental states - anxiety, alienation, obsessive states, affective states, depression, relaxation, etc.

Psychological qualities exist in two forms - these are personality traits, for example, identity, self-awareness, reflection, self-determination, etc. and socio-psychological qualities of a person, such as achievement motivation, social need, life position, love, hate, fear, shame, responsibility, etc.

The motivational-need and volitional spheres of the personality belong to the actual regulatory block of mental phenomena. The trigger mechanism for regulating behavior is motivation, motivation, motive, and human needs are the main source of motivation.

Volitional processes - decision-making, the struggle of motives, aspiration, desire, etc. - this is the final stage of social regulation of behavior.

The subjectivity of a person, in its original basis, is associated with the ability of an individual to turn his own life activity into an object of practical transformation. The essential properties of this process is the ability of a person to control his actions, to transform reality in practice, to plan methods of action, to implement planned programs, to control the course and evaluate the results of his actions.

The practical attitude of a person to reality includes three components:

1) a subject endowed with activity and directing it to objects or other subjects;

2) the object to which the activity of the subjects is directed;

3) activity, expressed in one way or another of the action of the subject with the object.

The role of the subjects of activity can be: a) a specific individual, b) a social group, c) society as a whole. Depending on this, allocate individual activity, collective, or group, activity and socio-historical activity, or practice. Psychology deals primarily with the first two forms of activity.

The formation of the subject of activity is the process of assimilation by the individual of its main structural constituents: meaning, purpose, tasks, ways of transforming the objective world by a person.

A holistic activity has the following components: needs - motives - goals - conditions for achieving the goal (the unity of goals and conditions constitutes the task) and correlated with them: activity - actions - operations.

The first layer of activity (needs, motives, goals, conditions)constitutes its content. This is the internal plan for its implementation, its image, that on the basis of which it is built. The second layer of activity (individual activity, actions, operations) constitute its structural elements. It is the realization of activity, activity itself in the flesh. In their unity, both of these layers of activity constitute its psychological content.

The activity has third layer: mutual transitions and transformations of its individual structural elements (motive - into the goal and, accordingly, activities - into action; goals - into the condition for its implementation, etc.). This is the dynamics of activity, its transformation.

The content of integral activity is correlated with the concepts of need and motive, with the process of determining their subject content. Therefore, the analysis of a specific human activity can be carried out only when the needs and motives of this activity are determined with a sufficiently clear formulation of their subject content. And, conversely, if we are talking about the need and the motives that specify it when determining their subject content, then these psychological formations should correspond to one or another activity aimed at satisfying them.

The source of human activity, his activities are diverse needs. Need - this is the state of a person, expressing his dependence on material and spiritual objects and conditions of existence that are outside the individual. In psychology, human needs are considered as the experience of need for what is necessary to maintain the life of his organism and the development of his personality.

The need (need) experienced by a person prompts him to perform an activity, to search for the object of its satisfaction. The object of a need is its real motive. Motive - this is a form of manifestation of a need, an incentive to a certain activity, the subject for which this activity is carried out. A motive is an incentive to act, which results in a given need. A motive is an objectified need. Or - which is the same thing - the object of need is a motive. On the basis of the same need, motives for various activities. The same activity can be caused by different motives, meet different needs.

This or that motive prompts a person to set a task, to identify the goal, which, being presented under certain conditions, requires the performance of an action aimed at creating or obtaining an object that meets the requirements of the motive and satisfies the need. Target is a perceived or conceivable result of an activity.

Activity as a whole is a unit of human life, activity that meets a specific need, motive. Activity is always correlated with a certain motive.

The action appears as component activities. It corresponds to a perceived goal. Any activity is carried out in the form of actions or a chain of actions. This means that when we observe any external or internal process of human activity, then in relation to its motive this activity is activity, and in relation to the goal - either a separate action, or a set, a chain of actions. Activity and action are not strictly connected. The same activity can be implemented by different actions, and the same action can be included in different kinds activities.

Action, having a specific goal, it is carried out in different ways, depending on the conditions in which this action is performed. The ways in which an action is carried out are called operations.Operations - these are transformed actions, actions that have become ways of implementing other, more complex actions.

For example, when a child learns to write letters, then writing a letter is for him an action directed by a conscious goal - to write a letter correctly. But, having mastered this action, the child uses the writing of letters as a way to write words (a more complex action) and, consequently, the writing of letters turns from an action into an operation.

Skills and abilities are characteristics of a person's performance of various actions. According to the first one, Skills and skills are considered as steps, levels of mastery of a person by certain actions performed on the basis of knowledge. Skill at the same time, it is considered as the first step in mastering any action, a skill - as the second step, which means already a good, completely successful, error-free performance of this action. Skill means that the individual has mastered the relevant knowledge and can apply it, controlling his every step in accordance with this knowledge.

Skill means that the application of this knowledge has become automated. “A skill,” S. L. Rubinshtein pointed out, “appears as a consciously automated action and then functions as an automated way of performing an action. The fact that this action has become a habit means, in fact, that the individual, as a result of the exercise, has acquired the ability to carry out this operation, not making it his conscious goal."

The most important function of the psyche is the regulation, management of the behavior and activities of a living being. A great contribution to the study of the patterns of human activity was made by domestic psychologists: A. N. Leontiev, L. S. Vygotsky. Human actions, his activity are significantly different from the actions, behavior of animals.

The main distinguishing feature of the human psyche is the presence of consciousness, and conscious reflection is such a reflection of objective reality, in which its objective stable properties are distinguished, regardless of the subject's relationship to it (A. N. Leontiev). Labor and language were the leading factors of emergence.

Any joint labor of people presupposes a division of labor, when different members of the collective activity perform different operations; some operations immediately lead to biologically useful result, other operations of such a result