mentality- a stable set of mental, intellectual, emotional and cultural characteristics inherent in a certain ethnic group, nation, nationality.

The mentality plays one of the key roles in shaping the worldview, worldview of a person.

mentality- unconsciously and automatically adopted attitudes, collective ideas, values ​​contained in the mind, motives and behavior patterns, stereotypes of reactions, common to the era and the social group as a whole and underlying rationally constructed and reflected forms of social consciousness.

The mentality is included in the structure of the individual psyche of a person in the process of his familiarization with a given culture and social environment. The process starts at early childhood from mastering the national language, adapting household and social conditions life.

The mentality reflects a peculiar way of thinking that has developed among people throughout history as part of the social phenomenon of sociocultural reality.

Mental attitudes are usually perceived by a person as something unquestionable and natural, and he does not realize why he thinks and acts this way and not otherwise.

Another, much more fundamental constant, which determines the thinking, character and worldview of a person, is his innate vector set, which does not depend on belonging to one or another ethno-cultural environment.

Formation of mentality

The mentality is formed over generations, and it is advisable to consider its device as consisting of a stable structure - the "core" and a more changeable "periphery".

The core is formed under the influence of the geo-environment, landscape and climate.

The more variable structures of the periphery include language, traditions, religions, upbringing, and way of life.

Geopolitical factors can also have a great influence on the formation of the mental prerequisites of the people.

In an effort to survive and come to a balanced state with environment naturally, there is a selection of certain vector properties and abilities that are most in demand for the survival and adaptation of people in given environmental conditions.

All the features, abilities and talents of a person are laid down and, in the course of development, manifest themselves in accordance with his vector set. Accordingly, mentalities are made up of the values ​​of those vectors that largely determine the survival of this social group in the landscape.

Types of mentality

In total, there are four types of mentalities formed in certain natural conditions. Their examples are the skin mentality in countries Western Europe and USA, anal mentality in Arab countries, muscle mentality in countries South-East Asia and a unique dual urethral-muscular mentality in Russia and the countries of the former USSR. Features of the place of development and the territorial distribution of mentalities are closely related to natural factors. The skin mentality is formed in territories with favorable climatic and geographical conditions for survival. Anal - in the mountains, muscular - in the forests, urethral - in the steppes.

The formation of mentality should be considered in a historical perspective.

The habitat of an ethnos at the present time is often very different from the territories on which this ethnos was formed and its mental characteristics. The habitats of the ethnic group change historically. Thus, the Russian ethnos, which inhabited the territories of the western and southern parts of the East European Plain, is characterized by almost continuous expansion.

Skin mentality

A striking example of the skin mentality are the countries of Western Europe. The climate of these territories is mild and favorable for agriculture, which contributes to high yields. The European landscape is rich in a variety of surface forms, the territories are limited by winding coastlines. The landscape persistently imposes on the people inhabiting these territories a sense of boundary, limit, precise certainty, distinctness and the every minute, ubiquitous presence of man with impressive signs of his hard and long work.

The favorable climate and high yield stimulate the invention of new technologies for harvesting. Surplus crops form in a person the instinct of a private owner, and also need protection from plunder. The skin mentality tends to settle relationships with the help of general laws which are based on the postulate “mine is mine, yours is yours”. Equal law for all acts as a protector and guarantor of the safety of private property, and its implementation is controlled by the relevant bodies for the protection of public order. Income tax is charged as payment for protection.

Today, the national character of a European tends to live according to rules and laws that provide clear legal and personal freedoms. The value is to live in abundance, prosperity and comfort. Skin mentality is striving to build a consumer society. The undeniable significance of the unique human life and the highest value of the interests of the individual person are included in the structure of the skin mentality.

anal mentality

The mountain environment is specific in that the people living in it were actually deprived of the opportunity to change the landscape around them. As a result, the peoples inhabiting these territories were naturally at a lower stage of technological development and were more dependent on the natural environment. Often mountains are a serious obstacle to the penetration of other peoples through them and innovations along with them. Therefore, the bearers of the mountain mentality are inherently conservative in relation to any kind of socio-cultural innovations.

The local population is, as a rule, a small, scattered group of peoples. There are very few habitable territories in the mountains, which forced the proud mountaineers to be in constant readiness to repulse the invaders. For the same reason, mountaineers tend to feel a strong attachment to their land and "their" people. The conditions of isolation and isolation in which the mountain peoples were formed were the reason for their hostility to everything alien and intolerance, both to undesirable neighbors and to their culture.

The process of self-identification among the highlanders occurs "by blood": the highlanders give exclusively great importance family ties, with great respect for parents and elders.

Conservatism, adherence to traditions, the value of the family, the feeling of consanguinity - these are the values ​​of an exclusively anal vector.

muscle mentality

Muscular mentality develops mainly in the forests. It includes the values ​​of the muscle vector: physical strength, endurance, diligence and the ability to endure the difficulties that determine survival in the harsh conditions of the wilderness of the forest.

For example, in Russia, the basis for survival was the land liberated from the forest. Slash-and-burn agriculture of forest areas required hard work and a large number of workers and was beyond the power of one peasant family. There was practically no surplus crop, so market relations developed extremely slowly (there was nothing to trade). Primitive agriculture in the forests and harsh climatic conditions made it very difficult to run an individual economy, forcing the peasants to gather in communities, and contributed to the formation of collectivist principles.

The community principle of survival is the basic association of a group of people based on the basic needs of the body - to eat, drink, breathe, sleep. Thus, people live in poverty, starving, but in the extreme cohesion necessary for survival.

A muscular person gets satisfaction from long hard physical labor and by nature has no ambitions and special claims beyond providing basic desires (eat, drink, breathe, sleep). In the muscle vector there is no feeling of being a separate unit from everyone, i.e. there is no feeling of separateness of one's "I" to the extent that it exists in other vectors. Instead of "I" there is a feeling of being part of a collective "we".

Urethral mentality

The urethral mentality is formed among the steppe, nomadic peoples. Particularly relevant in this context is geographical area Great Eurasian steppe, located in climate zone temperate latitudes. This is the only continuous strip of grassy deserts and steppes in the world, convenient for nomadic pastoralists.

Tatars, Mongols, Huns, Scythians, Polovtsy can serve as an example of peoples with a urethral mental superstructure.

The steppe is a special landscape, boundless, wide, divided lands. The steppe for a person symbolizes the will and freedom not limited by any prohibitions. However, it is also a dangerous space full of nomadic thugs and thieves. They say about the steppe: to feel the vastness of the steppe, you need to ride on it on a frisky horse.

Mental urethral values ​​are also reflected in their complementary image of an ideal horseman-warrior, fearless, light and fast, courageous, desperately brave in battle. Among the nomadic peoples, the cult of the rider was widespread, which in turn was associated with the cults of the horse, sun, fire and sky. military history equestrian nomadic peoples is notable for the greatest political and military results. These are people of the greatest military prowess, conquerors.

In the New World, a nomadic culture in the exact sense of the word could not be created due to the absence of horses there before the arrival of Europeans. Horses were brought to America in the 16th century, to Australia in the 18th century.

The urethral leader is a bunch of energy, the owner of hot blood and a four-dimensional libido. The urethra is a manifestation of animal altruism in nature. He is a tactician providing expansion living space through the development of new lands and horizons. He is passion and fire.

Every person who goes to live abroad invariably faces a difference in mentalities. Coming to a foreign country, we try to find in it attractive, related features and love them. What if love doesn't work?

In our blog, we have already raised this topic in the article "", where they considered the difference between the East Slavic and West European mentalities. Today we will talk about European countries where people live who are the least like us.

Maltese: relaxed but temperamental

The Maltese for the most part are wealthy people. They know the value of life and surround themselves with expensive items. At the same time, they are distinguished by a truly southern character - impulsive, emotional.

Nikita Blagoveshchev

“By and large, no country in Europe is like Russia, Belarus or Ukraine. You understand this after you have lived abroad for more than a year. Europe differs even in size. For example, the state of Malta is, by our standards, small city, which occupies a small island. Rather, there are separate cities, but there are no borders between them. Actually, the locals here are about the same - open, they like to spend time with their families, on Saturday - a mandatory barbecue with friends. And in that they are very similar to us.”

What do you like:

• sense of humor
• friendliness
• hospitality
• love for quality
• adherence to traditions

What's annoying:

• curiosity
• temperament
• emotionality
• regularity
• gambling

Spaniards spend a lot of time away from home in constant conversation with each other. Communication with friends will be preferred to work. Being late by 10-20 minutes is the norm. At the same time, the Spaniards pay a lot of attention to the family. Unlike us, they do not recognize tea and drink only coffee.

"People on the street may smile at you for no reason"

Egor Shevchenko

– “If the mentality of the country is different from ours, this does not mean at all that you will be uncomfortable and uncomfortable here. For example, when you come to Spain, you understand that the people around you are completely different from Russians, but ... they are so cute that you just want to chat with them! People on the street may smile at you for no reason. At first it is discouraging, and then it becomes very pleasant and easy on the soul. On the other hand, the laziness of the Spaniards is striking, and their unwillingness to do everything on time is frankly annoying.”

What do you like:

• openness
• benevolence
• cordiality
• desire to help strangers
• friendliness

What's annoying:

• slowness
• idleness
• lack of punctuality
• excessive sociability
• noisy, excessive gestures

Austrians: opposite but attractive

Many call the Austrians our opposite. Indeed, they are restrained, modestly express emotions, self-critical, strive for stability in everything. With all the love for luxury, the Austrians do not advertise their wealth, millionaires dress like ordinary people. Meanwhile, compared to the Germans, the Austrians are much more relaxed. The Germans even believe that the Austrians are prone to sloppiness and disorder.

“I deliberately “instilled” in myself the features of the Austrian mentality”

Sergei Courage

“Many will disagree with me, but I personally think that the Russian mentality lacks very important features: punctuality, discipline, the ability to plan life and gradually implement plans. So I moved to Austria precisely in order to communicate with people who have these traits. To some extent, I consciously "inculcated" in myself the features of the Austrian mentality. Therefore, our total dissimilarity with the Austrians in my case played a positive role.

What do you like:

• ability to control oneself
• ability to implement plans
• performance
• discipline
• enterprise

What's annoying:

• self-confidence
• ambition
• skepticism
• being sarcastic towards foreigners
• excessive love of order

Swiss: soft but stubborn

You cannot give unambiguous definitions to the inhabitants of Switzerland - the nature of their mentality is twofold, which makes them even more unlike us. On the one hand, the Swiss are soft-spoken, homebodies, lovers of coziness and comfort, calm and reserved.

On the other hand, one can hardly find in Europe more purposeful and persistent people who know their worth very well. Note that even when Europe was completely engulfed in World War II, Switzerland remained neutral. The Swiss refused to join the European Union. They are extremely independent...

“The whole life of a Swiss is a set of rules”

Mykola Koval

“The main difference between the Swiss mentality and ours, which was nurtured by the Soviet system, is in the inherent value of the individual. Here, a person is accustomed to independently achieve everything, build a career. With us, a person must always be part of a system, a “family,” otherwise he will not achieve anything. In Switzerland, there are extremely many self-made people. And the Swiss are very fond of order. It feels like take away the regulations from them, and life literally stops. Because the whole life of a Swiss is a set of rules.”

What do you like:

• purposefulness
• love for order
• independence
• endurance
• softness and calmness

What's annoying:

• fixation on one's own "I"
• clear regulation of life
• emotional restraint
• perseverance in the desire to "bend one's own line"
• inability to improvise

Swedes: impregnable, but reckless

The Swedes are a typical northern people, accustomed to a long and cold winter, which involuntarily makes them a kind of "recluse". However, although half of the inhabitants of Russia also have a long winter, the Swedes are absolutely not like us. They are accustomed to radical solutions and you hardly hear “maybe” from them. And once again about tea and coffee... Tea in Sweden is not drunk, but coffee is consumed in huge quantities.

“At work they are serious, but on holidays they “light up” to insanity”

Timofey Orlov

Holder living in Sweden

– “Here, many are fixated on gender equality, in particular, it is not customary for women to let them go ahead, to help them. In turn, the female representatives are quite self-confident and independent. Male Swedes always look down on you, as it were.

They are very conservative. For example, in the company where I work, Swedes occupy leadership positions, and it is almost impossible to convince them of anything. A decision once made is no longer discussed. In general, I like it here.

What do you like:

• industriousness
• the ability to have fun
• business acumen
• love for family values
• attentiveness

What's annoying:

• stubborn conservatism
• slight detachment
• lack of emotion
• restraint
• self-confidence

As we can see, in the opinion of our interlocutors, the dissimilarity of other peoples to us does not yet mean rejection of their life. Many of our clients find in someone else's mentality those features that they themselves lack. Therefore, make out and boldly go to meet such dissimilar, but very charming people.

“Mentality” is a set of habits and social attitudes. You weren't born with it at all. Even within the same country, the mentality is different depending on the locality. Compare capital and regions.

Russians abroad

Russian children, moving abroad, even living in a family of 2 parents born in Russia, become 100% local in their views and principles of life. Children are plastic and do not cling to dogmas, but simply live in accordance with the new social environment.

Believe me, you yourself will be glad not to run in heels and not spend a lot of money on outfits and salons, but to travel the world and enjoy life and new sensations instead of constantly trying to impress others. This part of the Russian female "mentality" disappears completely from our ladies over the years abroad.

Similarly, you will learn to smile most of the time, apologize if someone steps on your foot (your foot was in the wrong place), and not go to visits without invitation. Learn to appreciate your feelings and feelings instead of the eternal desire to please others and fit yourself to the general standards.

That is, adapt to the new mentality under the motto “Enjoy!”

Having gone to live abroad, you yourself will be happy to leave your heels on the shelf in the closet and wear comfortable clothes and shoes.

They constantly try to hammer us into thinking that supposedly Western people have “a different mentality.”

It comes to the point that some of our people quite sincerely believe that Western girls love their careers more than their families, they don’t want children, they only dream of working more.

Well, seriously, think for yourself: what kind of people you know want to work instead of having fun? And in the West there are also very few of them, especially among the female.

• The basis of the Western mentality is concentrated in the word "enjoy" (enjoy).

Western people strive to enjoy life by all means. It is in order to enjoy life more that they work, because this way you can earn more money and be able to buy more pleasant goods (food, housing, travel).

• The second principle of the Western mentality: do not interfere with enjoying others.

That is why Western people are attentive and friendly to each other and try to make sure that their own enjoyment does not interfere with others. If it is legal and not prohibited by law, do what you want, no one will say a word to you. Your right.

• The third cornerstone of the Western mentality: observance of laws and regulations.

This point is always noticed by our emigrants and those living in Western countries: everything is done in order, according to the rules. Compliance with the rules ensures peace and order. If prostitution is legal in the country (as, for example, in Australia), then no one will say a word to you if you choose such a career.

Here, in principle, and all the basics of the mentality of foreigners! Something difficult? Not at all.

The basis of the Western mentality is to enjoy and let others enjoy it.

Tolerance

A recent addition to the Western mentality is a tolerant (“tolerant”) attitude towards people who look, think or live differently, without judgment or persecution. In general, this is a continuation of the same principle “do not interfere with the enjoyment of others”.

If before the condemnation of those who live differently was welcomed, now it is considered not only bad taste and bad education, but also a criminal offense, if you sounded it (discrimination).

Therefore, the attitude towards immigrants in Western countries today is completely different than 30-40 years ago.

Which means that Russians abroad are not persecuted or condemned at all, but they are treated in the same way as Greeks, Italians or Chinese - that is, they look at your personal value as a person, and not at all how you dress or where you were born .

Each nation is unique and unrepeatable. And isn't this one of the reasons why we love to travel so much? We like to get new experience ourselves, to see everything with our own eyes, and not just read on the Internet or a magazine. And each country has its own mentality and national character. Quite often we hear these two phrases, but few people know how they differ in essence. Let's figure it out together.

General concept of mentality

In a general sense, mentality is a combination of various features (mental, emotional, cultural, as well as value orientations and attitudes) that characterize a particular group, nation, people or nationality. This term appears in history, but at the moment other sciences also use it, for example, such as psychology and sociology.

The totality of views, assessments, values, norms of behavior and morality, mentality, religious affiliation, etc. - all this is the characteristics of a particular group of people. Mentality is a collective trait, not an individual one.

concept

National mentality is a certain style of life and culture inherent in a particular ethnic group of people, as well as a national system of values, views and worldview of the nation, common character traits.

Stability, immutability, constancy, conservatism - these are the characteristic features of the mentality of the nation. It is difficult to influence it with the help of ideological, administrative, legal or managerial measures.

Levels

The national mentality is a two-level phenomenon. The first level is genetic. For example, in the course of numerous studies, it was found that the genetic feature of a Russian person is a priority in the thinking of the right hemisphere. Such thinking is characterized by creativity, sensuality. No wonder the Russian language is considered one of the richest and most beautiful languages.

The second level of the national mentality is the acquired (or individual) mentality. The process of learning, upbringing, self-realization of the individual, the choice of one's own role, assimilation, etc. - this is all the formation of the second level. It is important to consider individual psychological features person. He can accept the national characteristics of his ethnic group, or, on the contrary, develop a critical attitude towards them.

Mentality and national character - identical concepts?

Quite often, these two phenomena are equated with each other. But this is wrong, since there are certain differences between them. First of all, the mentality is associated with mental abilities, forces and potential, as well as worldview. There is no place for emotions here.

The national character, in turn, includes a certain color of feelings and emotions, the way of life of a particular ethnic group, features of the perception of the world, motives for actions and moral norms. The difference between national mentality and national character may not seem obvious at first, but it exists.

Let's see in practice

There is no such person who would not have a stereotyped opinion about any nation. The Germans are cheerful and kind, the British are modest and stiff, the Americans are open and patriotic.

The Russian national mentality also has its own specific features:

1. Thanks to the period of the USSR for the public and collectivity of the Russian people. The general often prevails over the personal. Everyone has come across the fact that the grandmother near the entrance considers it important to tell how you are dressed and what she thinks of you, although no one asked her about it. But, on the other hand, caring for others is expressed in pleasant little things, for example, you will always be warned that there is a traffic police patrol further down the road.
2. Feelings prevail over reason. Russian people often help a friend without thinking about their own benefit, but simply act from the heart. Greed and selfishness in a general sense are not inherent
3. personal negativity. A large number of Russian people notice more shortcomings in themselves than virtues. Our people do not always react calmly if someone accidentally steps on their feet (we are talking about cases when the perpetrator apologized). On the street, people rarely smile at each other and just don’t talk like that.
4. Smiling is not considered a sign of politeness. If a Westerner smiles at you, it does not always mean that he likes you. You can be as nasty as possible to him, but he will smile, as it is polite. Russian people smile sincerely and only to those who are truly pleasant to them. A polite smile, on the contrary, causes rejection.
5. Disputes are our everything. Russian people are very fond of arguing on a variety of issues, from cars and canned food to politics and philosophy. At the same time, this form of communication finds its place not because, but as a result of lively and very emotional communication.
6. Russian people believe too strongly in goodness. Also common among people is the idea that the state is the main thing. It can give, or it can take. And from this follows the following national features.
7. The principle of "live and not stick out." Democracy is a young phenomenon for Russia, so many people are not yet used to the fact that they can really change something in the state in which they live.
8. Tolerance for theft and deceit. Often, due to the kindness of a Russian person, small local violations are forgiven, but it is precisely because of such forgiveness that large offenses appear that are already scandalous throughout the country.
9. Freebie and love for her. There is no need to say much here. Our Russian people love what they get simply and for free.
10. Dual attitudes towards health. A Russian person often does not take care of himself, does not go to the hospital until he is absolutely impatient, but he can help the disabled and care for the sick. It's easy to go to work unhealthy. Pity also occupies a large place in the Russian mentality - we feel sorry for dogs, cats, children, old people. But at the same time, we do not feel sorry for middle-aged people who can also find themselves in difficult life situations.

How are things abroad?

The national mentality is insanely interesting. Learning about other nations and their special features, one involuntarily wonders how it is possible to live like this, because some moments can be completely contrary to your own convictions.

The British, for example, have their own national mentality. Examples: They are very heavy on their feet and have a great respect for privacy. It is even elevated into a kind of cult. The British know how to control themselves, coldly polite and proud. Joy happens or grief, equanimity will be reflected on the face. The British do not like ostentation, they prefer comfort and order. However, they are very friendly and always ready to help. Another British trait is the ability to allocate one's own resource to work, family, friends and oneself. What is the national mentality of the British in addition to the above? Vanity is something that cannot be taken away from them. This is how it has historically developed, and nothing can be done about it. They believe that the best is in the UK.

Several groups of factors influence the formation of the national mentality. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Natural and geographical factors of influence

The dependence of national characteristics on natural and geographical conditions is called geographical determinism. natural environment affects the mentality of the people through the influence on (steppe or forests, cold or hot climate), as well as through images of native nature, imprinted in the mentality (for example, the love of freedom of the Mongolian peoples was influenced by the lack of physical boundaries of their territory).

Also, three factors such as geographical position, vastness of the territory, climate. The first factor of the Russian is the breadth of the soul, the second is hospitality and some melancholy, the third (namely, long winters) is contemplation and daydreaming.

Religious influences

The national mentality is largely the influence of religion. In sociology, Islam, Western and Eastern Christianity and Judaism are considered to have influenced the formation of four major mentalities. For example, for Jews in our time, the Jewish mentality is important with special, dogmatically determined and fixed for thousands of years of national tradition, the attitudes of faith, thinking and will. Social and political representations, values, identity, system of relations and characteristic type behavior largely determine the worldview of the Jewish nation. There is an opinion that religion was adapted to the mentality. And he did not develop on its basis. Since in our society, in view of its great variety there is no clear answer to this question, then it will remain the subject of a long future debate.

Socio-historical factors of influence

Socio-historical factors in the formation of mentality are numerous and varied. Therefore, consider the most frequently mentioned among them. For example, a mixture of different peoples, as a result of which hybrid mentalities appear. To be frank, all currently existing mentalities in society are hybrid, so it is simply impossible to find a genetically pure people. For example, researchers talk about the influence of the Tatar-Mongols on the formation of some Russian traits. For example, after the Tatar invasion, the Russian people developed a tendency to robbery and rebellion, disrespect for private property. But, on the other hand, such positive traits like fortitude, the ability to endure the complex hardships of life. In general, there are three main mechanisms for the influence of interaction between peoples on their mentalities:

• pooling of gene pools;
• borrowing cultural practices;
• the formation of national character traits necessary to counteract foreign invasions and adapt to their results.

Language as a manifestation of the nation

Language and national mentality are not in vain connected with each other. The content of the surrounding world is expressed through the quantitative meaning of words in the language, and the thinking of the people is expressed through the grammatical structure. The emotionality of speech, the predominance of nouns or verbs, the frequent use of expression enhancers - all this developed historically. different languages has a different composition grammatical categories, which passed the historical long selection. Grammatical - static and little subject to changes in its structure. It has been created over centuries and millennia, and simply cannot but reflect the national mentality.

Conclusion

The national mentality is inherent in every ethnic group. Distinctive features, characters of people, traditions and customs, language - all this creates the uniqueness and self-expression of each people. In the course of the worldwide processes of globalization and integration, cultural exchange is increasingly taking place. And it is very important not to lose ethnic value and self-identification in its course. Because the main wealth of our world is its numerous peoples. And the wealth of the people is the experience of their ancestors, accumulated traditions, customs and history.

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The mentality of peoples and their role in the history of Russia

Vladimir I. Andreev

Saint Petersburg, Russia

December 20, 2010

Understanding that he touches on the painful topic of interethnic relations, the author tried to analyze the issues under consideration as correctly and objectively as possible. But, as they say, facts are stubborn things, and when a lot of them accumulate, quantity naturally turns into quality. In the same way, separate facts, but collected in a single system, form conclusions, which become almost impossible to refute. For almost two decades, we have seen how nothing in terms of numbers, but an aggressive and insidious minority - the newly-minted "revolutionaries", having seized power in the country, continue to plunder Russia. First, they robbed the common people, depriving them of all their savings, and then they began to destroy the country itself. Thievishly for-x-ing the common wealth created over decades by all the people, and the natural resources reclaimed by our ancestors from the harsh nature, they began to divide them among themselves and sell them to the "West" in bulk and in retail. So, on the funds from the sale of property stolen from the people abroad, the super-rich appeared - billionaire oligarchs, mostly all of the "passionate" foreigners. They began the destruction of the country according to a clear plan, developed, apparently, in advance and not "in the kitchens of dissidents." They feel the "hand" and style of a serious organization. Starting with the economic defeat of the country, then they moved on to the ideological destruction of the morality and morality of the people, by promoting the "Western", "free" way of life in all types of media, which turned out to be depraved and immoral - a typical "feast during the plague." This was confirmed by the current “economic” crisis, although this is not a crisis of the economy, but of the capitalist system. Now it has become clear even to the supporters and apologists of "perestroika" that "they" "dumped" us, as it is customary to say in the current "democratic" jargon. Therefore, it is time for us to think and understand: How and why did it happen that we, Russians and other indigenous peoples of Russia, became outcasts and beggars in our country. And the newly appeared “masters of life”, all these immoral foreigners, having robbed the common people “to the skin”, began to call themselves “masters”, and us with contemptuous and humiliating nicknames “scoops”. Should we continue to put up with such lawlessness? So let's try to figure out what is the reason for this incident? When we lived under Socialism, albeit not richly, but calmly and confidently for our future, for the most part, we rarely thought about where the funds come from for public goods, for social benefits that we had, for defense and development. We just knew that it had to be so and were sure that it would always be so, because the system worked - the Socialist state. Over the decades of Soviet power, the people have become accustomed to the fact that all issues of our life are resolved according to the plans that the government develops and implements. And power is power. She must exercise both her will and her strength. In the "West", as we knew, "power" belongs to "capital", and therefore it protects its interests. In our country, there were no capitalists, and therefore, everyone believed that our government reflects the interests of the people. Such an understanding of power in the USSR provided us with peace of mind, faith in its justice and, ultimately, in the reasonableness of decisions made by the government. This manifested the character or "mentality" of the Russian people as a state-forming nation that ensured the stability of a multinational state. Ordinary citizens, doing their usual work, have little interest in how our power is built, and who represents it. Therefore, the elections were perceived not as a real choice, but rather as a kind of state or civil obligation to “vote”. At the same time, it was always assumed that everything would continue in the same way as it was before. Is it good or bad? The question is far from unambiguous, as our homegrown “democrats” present it, arguing that the people were thereby deprived of freedom and democratic rights. Of course, what was built in the USSR was far from the concept of ideal Socialism in accordance with the theoretical concept of the meaning of this concept. And in the philosophical sense, apparently, there were many deviations from the theory. But, in real, practical Socialism, which was built in the USSR, no one went hungry, everyone had a roof over their heads, no one suffered from unemployment, people were more friendly to each other, and interpersonal relationships were incomparably higher than in any other country of the "market economy" and "Western democracy". There was no complete equality or “equalization”, as the traitors of Socialism contemptuously say about it, either. But, there were no hungry and homeless (as it is now), not rich, who stole billions, who have dual citizenship, houses and apartments in Russia, and villas in expensive foreign resorts. Under socialism, the majority of the people were engaged in a concrete matter, and not in political chatter. Everyone had to work, and an honest worker who worked well and had a high qualification could live quite well. Of course, there were no frills, but an honest worker had everything necessary for a normal life. "Mercedes" and other "foreign cars" were sparse, but it worked properly public transport, on which you could get where you want, "for a penny." Of course, it was also clearly not enough, although, in principle, the planned system of the economy correctly set priorities for the development of public transport, which for society as a whole was more economical and less harmful in what sense ecology. We just didn't have enough time for normal development. We have been struggling with world capital outside the country for too long and did not notice how the same capital has built a nest in our native country. While the bulk of the working people honestly and conscientiously worked for the good of the state, an insignificant part of society, primarily representatives of the so-called "passionate" people and people from the Southern Territories, due to the peculiarities of their mentality (as will be shown later), was dissatisfied with our stable (from their point of view - conservative) life. They have long been engaged in "left" and "shadow" economics, having accumulated decent funds. But, they could not realize them in the socialist system. Let us recall the examples of A. Koreiko and Ostap Bender in famous novel"Golden calf". The socialist system considered speculation and underground economic activity to be contrary to the interests of the state and punishable. Therefore, all these newly-minted underground "benders" and "koreyks", as well as restless "extremist revolutionaries", rejected socialism. They all dreamed of radical changes in our state system in order to “freely” realize their thieving and fraudulent inclinations. It was a cunning and insidious internal enemy of Socialism. And the mistake of the country's leadership was that they did not appreciate this danger. Although, perhaps, some people then consciously did not want to see this, since the top of power was also stuffed with the same "passionate" and to a large extent had already been reborn. Almost all the children of leading figures of the state settled in the structures of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. Regularly visiting and living abroad for a long time, they gradually not only got used to the “Western” way of life, but also absorbed its “values”. Moving to the highest echelons of power, they already became accomplices of our internal "revolutionaries-democrats". As a result Soviet authority began to rot “from the head”, which was the result of the old mistake of the party leadership - the rejection of criticism and the absence of a political counterweight - the opposition. So one of the reasons for our troubles was that the leaders of the country, voluntarily or involuntarily, themselves contributed to its destruction. But, there was another reason - the influence of external forces. Or rather, our internal enemies- the "fifth column", which implemented the plans of external forces. Being inside Russia, and hiding behind the interests of the people, they began to mislead him with various provocative ideas that all our troubles are due to the lack of freedom and public (according to them, no one's) property. Now, if everyone becomes an owner and starts his own “own business”, then everyone will be fine. Let's remember the fairy tales of Chubais about two "Volga" for one voucher. Now, seeing how the national economy is deliberately ruined, and the young generation of the country, our future, is corrupted, it becomes clear how deeply thought out the program for the development of the state, the construction of Socialism and the new society of the country was. Trying to understand the causes and find the origins of the destructive process, analyzing the events and trends in their development, the author gradually came to the conclusion that the main cause of all our troubles and the current paradoxical situation is the root the difference in vital interests and worldviews or "mentalities" of the indigenous peoples of Russia and "newcomers" - "foreigners". Where did this process of divergence of interests begin and how did it develop? Remembering the terrible consequences of the past war, and knowing about the threats "from across the ocean" to inflict nuclear strike in the USSR, the leaders of the state and the common people understood the situation and, professing the principle “so that there would be no war”, were patient with the difficulties of peaceful life, believing that this was a temporary phenomenon. Therefore, when the program of the so-called "perestroika" was proclaimed, simple people, believing that this is being done in the interests of the people, they also supported these plans. But it turned out that the “perestroika” was not conceived by our leaders, and its implementation was entrusted to cunning and insidious crooks. And, then it turned out that both "perestroika" and its "reforms" were intended for completely different purposes. The "reformers" argued that when every citizen becomes an owner and starts "his own affairs", then both the state and the people will begin to live richly and happily. In this statement, at least, there was a delusion or misunderstanding of the essence of the process. But most likely an outright lie. Experts have long established that no more than 5-7% of people are able to effectively engage in independent entrepreneurship. The bulk of the people, by definition, is incapable of this. Most people prefer to have a normal stable job with a decent salary and the opportunity to free time relax, and not catch the "blue bird of happiness", following where the "dollar exchange rate" and trends on world stock exchanges are going. Therefore, pushing the common people on the path of "entrepreneurship", the "reformers" deliberately misled them, introducing two destructive strategies: - firstly, they violated the normal planned social production, provoking people to create small private enterprises on the basis of workshops, sections and departments of large state enterprises, which ultimately led to the collapse of the entire industry; - Secondly , directing an ordinary person to create private enterprises, for which he was not prepared either morally or organizationally and economically, they doomed him to a beggarly existence. What do we get as a result? Thousands of Russian "shuttles" traveling the world with carts of imported junk and crowds of "guest workers" - our former "brothers" from the same fraternal republics of the former united country - the USSR. Using the weakness of human nature, the promise of an easy and rich life with "freedom" and market relations, they led the country to collapse. In the Christian commandments and the epistles of the apostles, it is not by chance that it is emphasized that a person is weak in spirit and often sinful. Therefore, in order for human weaknesses not to defeat his “divine destiny”, a person needs moral fetters and spiritual guidance. Complete freedom without restrictions destroys a weak-minded person. This has been known to mankind for thousands of years, and smart rulers, creating their states and empires, wisely and effectively used power, within the limits of their strength and historical possibilities of that time. If this system is violated and everyone is given complete freedom of action, then such a people (although it will no longer be a people, but a crowd) will itself destroy all that good that has been created before. It was this mission of provocateurs and initiators of the collapse of the country that our “liberal democrats” carried out. As long as there was a system of strict “sovereign” control in the country, as in old Russia, and then “party” control in the USSR, society and the state developed normally. But, the newly-minted "educators-democrats", advocating for the "freedom of the individual", reduced to zero the idea of ​​the responsibility of an ordinary person and citizen to society and the state. And what did this lead to in our Russia? In 1917 - to defeat in the war and the subsequent revolution. In the 1990s - to the collapse of the USSR, after which the entire society in today's "democratic" Russia began to turn into an anarchist crowd before our eyes, and "state power" into a jungle. Why, then, in different ways, represent the goals and methods of building society and the state, the indigenous inhabitants of Russia and the newly-minted newcomers - foreigners? As the analysis shows, the main reason is the fundamental differences in the mentalities of these peoples. Most of the indigenous peoples of Russia have always lived and strive to live according to the traditions of their ancestors, when issues were resolved "by the whole world", as in a big family, where everyone felt like a part of the common. Previously, it was a large peasant family, a rural community, then a collective farm and, finally, the state. Guided by the notion that you are not alone, and not on your own, but a member of some community, no one tried to live contrary to the opinion of the majority. This was the essence of our "cathedral" idea of ​​the meaning of life. This is reflected in our folk sayings and parables. But, the "liberal democrats", having come to power, did everything in order to, first of all, destroy the family, and after it Russian state , which was also always built and lived as a large family of different peoples. Our “liberals” wanted everything in Russia to become like “in the West”, where “complete freedom of the individual” and the principle “Every man for himself, one God for all” has long been in effect. But, let's not "in vain" mention God, since each "individual" in the West has a completely different goal. Not charitable at all, but mercenary and greedy, like the animals in the jungle. Such a "society", or rather, a collection of individuals, is a direct path to the destruction of everything that is still commonly called civilization and culture of a reasonable person. This is the path to the complete degradation of mankind. But, do we need such a way? To understand why the peoples of Russia and the "alien aliens" have such diametrically opposed ideas about the purpose and meaning of life, let's look at and compare the mentalities of the two peoples of Russia: Russian and Jewish. Having identified the differences, we will also determine their role in the affairs and results of the events of recent decades. To begin with, let's define what the essence of mentality is: what determines it, how it is formed and what it affects. Mentality - as a worldview of a certain community of people, is a synthesis of the main characteristics of a person: intellect and emotionality in refraction to ideology or national philosophy. Depending on the correlation of these components, especially on the nature of ideology, the mentalities of different peoples have significant differences. Intelligence is a certain characteristic that reflects the ability to formulate problems, their essence, to analyze facts and circumstances, to establish their relationship, to determine and to find principal solutions, that is, the ability for cognitive and creative activity. Emotionality, or otherwise, temperament is the degree of reactivity of individuals to standard situations or "irritants". Ideology, or religion (religion) is a nationwide philosophy reflecting both the relationship of individual members of the community with each other and with representatives of other communities. The formation of the mentality, first of all, is influenced by the conditions and way of life of people, that is, the conditions for the existence of the entire community of a given people. The historical and demographic factors in the life of human communities have been studied in detail for a long time. But there are still some reasons and factors that have not yet been adequately assessed when studying this issue. We are talking about the influence of the climate factor, or rather, the influence of solar radiation on a person. It has long been noticed that the "southern" peoples, and in Russia these are "persons caucasian nationality”, more temperamental and emotional than the indigenous “northern” peoples. Naturally, the mentality-li-tet also depends on the climatic conditions of the region of the Earth where the given people or nation was formed. It is known that most chemical processes in nature accelerate with increasing temperature. Apparently, the same thing happens in physiology. The acceleration of biochemical reactions in the body, in turn, causes a more intense metabolic process, the activity of the entire nervous system , which controls the processes in the body. Naturally, all this is reflected in the activity of the brain. Since the overall intensity of signal exchange in the nervous system of the body increases, the spontaneous activity (random failures) of the excited neuronal structures of various functional systems also increases. But, it is known that with such excitation of the nervous system, the release of adrenaline is stimulated in the body. As a result, the activity of the motor organs is initiated. Che-lo-century all the time strives to do something (itching activity and fuss-li-ness). But the increased spontaneous activity of neural structures affects not only motor activity, but also the entire activity of the brain, stimulating emotionally-initiative and creative ways -ness of personality. After all, any creativity carries an element of fantasy. What is fantasy? This is an overlay of random combinations of signals of spontaneous activity of excited parts of the nervous system, on signals that circulate in the neural circuits of the brain involved in thought -telny activity. These random spontaneous signals change the real analyzed images and situations, which are transformed, acquiring a new look, receiving different assessments and forming new conclusions. As a result, excessive emotionality, unpredictability and fantasy begin to appear in the activities of such personalities, which can be very useful when solving creative problems, creating phenomena " intuition”, “intuition” and “pro---vision”. In other words, the creative ability of the individual, obviously, directly depends on the intensity of the spontaneous activity of neurons in the brain. All this is also manifested in a higher overall activity and initiative of individuals with such features of the intellectual activity of the brain. But, not everything is so smooth and simple in the assessment of intelligence. If we understand intelligence more broadly, not only as the ability to create, i.e. put forward new ideas, but also the ability to coolly, impartially and objectively analyze them, taking into account all the factors, opinions, assessments and arguments of opponents, then the increased intensity of spontaneous activity brain power is good only within certain limits. Too low activity (suppressed reaction) - this is debility, idiocy - a person devoid of any initiative and desires. Too high activity (over-excitation, obsession) - self-confident, a person who does not recognize anyone's other points of view. In the limit, this is a maniac, a mentally unbalanced or even sick person, unable to realistically and correctly assess both the situation and the results of the undertaken actions. The boundaries between genius and psychopathy from increased activity of brain neurons, as you know, have not yet been defined, so it is clear that this is a “double-edged sword”, like everything in nature. By way of distraction, it can be noted that the same effect of increased emotionality and spontaneous activity of brain neurons is caused by the intake of alcohol, drugs and other "stimulants" of various nature. Maybe that's why the "northern" people love strong drinks in order to somehow compensate for the lack of natural activity stimulants. And for some "creative personalities", it often becomes simply necessary to constantly maintain vitality and creative activity, unfortunately, as a rule, with a sad finish. So what is the conclusion? Increased activity can really be useful when an individual performance of work is required, especially a creative one. Therefore, such individuals are prone to creative activity and to pre-principling, as a way of self-affirmation and satisfaction of their indefatigable egoism. But, when it is necessary to carry out a large-scale planned work that requires in-depth analysis, unification of the opinions and efforts of a large team of performers, concentration and significantly th period of its implementation, such individual activity (hurriedness, fussiness) is not always useful, and often harmful. Therefore, individuals with a calm and balanced mentality, prone to leisurely serious analysis and balanced decisions, are more prone to collective work in practical life. Being balanced and cold-blooded, they more easily accept both someone else's negative opinion (criticism) and authoritative control from above. Therefore, the majority of the people of Russia prefer collective work. Consequently, with a correct understanding of the mentality of this or that people and individuals, many issues of the organization of society can be resolved more reasonably and without excesses. For example, if in each work-capable team there can be (and it is desirable that there be) personalities of all types, then the real leader of the team should be only a personal with moderate spontaneous activity. And the more serious, global and responsible task the team faces, the more restrained, and not impulsive, the leader should be. A temperamental carrier of emotional intelligence is generally not suitable for such roles, as well as for roles associated with influencing large masses of people, due to its imbalance and the possibility of unwanted excitation of people. But, unfortunately, we often put forward people who knew how to speak well, and not to do well, to leadership positions. That is why various “talkers” came to power, either lovers of the “new thinking” (although later its complete absence was discovered), then throwing out all sorts of “squiggles” instead of real decisions to improve life and restore order in the country. Consider now the nature of mentality. As we were taught in the universities of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, all phenomena and events that occur in our lives must be studied in the context of a dialectical understanding of history. The dialectical approach to the study of historical processes has shown that the type of mentality depends not only on geopolitical, demographic and historical conditions, but also on the natural and climatic characteristics of the region of the Earth, where he has formed. If we look at the map of the spread of early civilizations on Earth, and then at the map of modern “hot spots”, where extremism and terrorism never subside, we will see that they practically coincide. This is the Mediterranean basin (North Africa, South Europe, the Middle East), this is the Middle East (Persian Gulf), this is Indo-China, this is the Caribbean region and the tropical belt of Latin America. Common sense tells us that these coincidences are not accidental. The current explanation that "since these places are densely populated, and their population is variegated, then conflicts are inevitable there" is too simple and, apparently, not complete. Yes, this is undoubtedly the case, but is this the only reason? For example, there is no data on conflicts between tribes or peoples of the North. Obviously, the mentality of the "northern" peoples is completely different --- goy. Understanding that climatic conditions clearly affect the emotional and intellectual activity of the individual, forming the appropriate mentality, is confirmed by all the life experience of peoples living in regions with different climatic conditions and, accordingly, with different solar activity. About "hot" southern nations already said. For contrast, we note that the peoples living in the northern regions of Europe have a cold-blooded, balanced mentality, which is confirmed by the constant political stability in such European countries as Sweden, Norway, Finland , Denmark, where there have almost never been conflicts between peoples. Also among the "northern" peoples of Asia and America. Naturally, everything that has been said applies, first of all, to character traits, as subconsciously innate. When the real conditions of life differ from those in which his ancestors lived, the subconscious generic will still affect. For example, if a person lives in the North, and his ancestors lived in the South, then his temperament and mentality, although they will be somewhat softened by the influence of climate, still his subconscious part will break through. And, on the contrary, the "northerners" with a more "inert" mentality and in the South live according to their habits and customs, and therefore, at critical moments in history and social cataclysms, adapting more slowly to rapidly changing conditions, often find themselves in a distressed situation. -nii.

1. History of the North Caucasus in printed editions. Bibliographic guide

   Directory

   - one . - No. 39. The main legalizations and orders for 189 -1893. - St. Petersburg, 1894. Dedulin S.A. Disadvantages of the procedure for the alienation of land for state and public needs (Appendix to the Collection of Laws on the alienation of land).

2. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 20th century in 3 books (1)

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   The third book in the series. "History of Russia of the XX century" - another or protracted "failure" in the history of mankind or another desperate attempt to defend their culture, territory, mentality, their faith as an integral element

3. The program of the discipline History of Entrepreneurship for the direction 080500. 62 "Management" of the bachelor's degree The author of the program

   discipline program

   The real program academic discipline establishes minimum requirements to the knowledge and skills of the student and determines the content and types of training sessions and reporting.