state budget educational
institutions of higher education
"Orenburg State University"
(University College OSU)
Presentation
in social studies
on the topic:
"Man as a biosocial being"
Performed:
Group: №18ZIO-1
Mironova M.
Teacher:
Ushakova O. A.
09/05/2018 Plan:
▪ Understanding the word person.
▪
▪ Man as a subject of biological and social
evolution.
▪ Man as a biosocial being.
▪ The main difference between man and animal.
▪ Individual, individuality and personality.
▪ Conclusion. Understanding the word man.
MAN is a social being
possessing intelligence and consciousness,
as well as the subject of socio-historical activity
and culture. Originated on Earth in
evolutionary
process - anthropogenesis, details
which continue to be studied Versions of the origin of man.
General concepts
Since ancient times, man has been the subject of study.
sciences of spirit and nature. Between sociology
and natural science is still underway
dialogue about the problem of being and exchange
information. At the moment, scientists
given a specific definition.
It is a biosocial being
combines intellect and instincts.
It should be noted that not one person in
the world is such a creature. Similar
definition can be stretched to apply to
some members of the fauna
Earth. Versions of the origin of man.
Darwin's theory
Currently, there are various versions of the origin of man.
However, the most probable and closest to the truth is the theory
British scientist named Charles Darwin. It was he who contributed
invaluable contribution to biological science. His theory is based on
definition of natural selection, which plays the role of driving
forces of evolution. This is the natural science version of the origin
humans and all living things on the planet. The foundation of Darwin's theory
shaped his observations of nature while traveling
around the world. The development of the project began in 1837, and lasted
over 20 years. At the end of the 19th century, another natural scientist, A. Wallace, supported the Englishman. Shortly after his report in London, he
admitted that Charles was his inspiration. So it appeared
the whole trend is Darwinism. Darwin's theory Versions of the origin of man.
intervention theory.
At the heart of this version of the origin of man is the activity
foreign civilizations. Humans are believed to be descendants
alien creatures that have landed on Earth for millions of years
back. Such a history of the origin of man has immediately
several connections. According to some, people appeared as a result of
interbreeding of aliens with progenitors. Others believe that
it's all the fault of genetic engineering of higher forms of mind, which
brought Homo sapiens out of the flask and their own DNA. Someone is sure that
Humans evolved as a result of animal testing error. FROM
on the other hand, the version about
alien interference in the evolutionary development of homo
sapiens. It is no secret that archaeologists still find in various
corners of the planet numerous drawings, records and other
evidence that ancient people were helped by some
supernatural powers. Intervention theory Versions of the origin of man.
Theory of creation.
This branch is called
creationism. His followers deny
all major origin theories
person. It is believed that God created humans
which is the highest link in the world.
Man was created in his image from
non-biological material. biblical
version of the theory says that the first people
were Adam and Eve. Their God made their clay. AT
Egypt and many other countries religion
goes far into ancient myths.
The vast majority of skeptics
consider this theory impossible, evaluating
its probability in billionths
percent. Man as a subject of biological and social
evolution
The relationship of spiritual and bodily, biological
and social principles in man. human being,
his work and creativity. Purpose and meaning of life
person, his life choices and lifestyle.
Self-realization of a person and his self-knowledge.
Personality, its self-realization and education.
Human inner world. Conscious and
unconscious. Behavior, freedom and
responsibility of the individual. Cognitive
human activity. worldview as
system of views on the world and man's place in it.
Truth and its criteria. Scientific knowledge. Knowledge
and faith. The variety of human forms
knowledge. Sciences about man and society. social
and humanitarian knowledge. All this
preceded by a long evolutionary
biological development in man himself,
social and spiritual principles. Man as a biosocial being.
Man is inherently
biosocial being. He is part of
nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with
society. Biological and social in
man are merged into one, and only in such
unity exists man. biological
human nature is his natural
premise, condition of existence, and
sociality is the essence of man. How
biological being human belongs
to higher mammals, forming a special
type of Homo sapiens. biological nature
a person is manifested in his anatomy,
physiology. As a species of human
has circulatory, muscular, nervous,
bone and other systems The main difference between man and animal.
▪ Man himself creates the environment for himself,
transforming and changing the natural environment. Animal
can only adapt to the conditions
nature.
▪ Human needs are constantly growing and
are changing. The needs of the animal are almost non-existent.
are changing.
▪ Man evolves according to biological and
socio-cultural programs. Behavior
animals obey only instincts.
▪ A person relates to his life activity
consciously. The animal is not conscious
follows only instincts.
▪ Man creates products of material and spiritual
culture, creates, creates. The animal is nothing new
creates and does not produce. Individual
The individual in translation from Latin (individuum)
means "indivisible". This is specific
representative of mankind, human
an individual that has characteristic only
her psychological and biological
peculiarities. Thus, the individual is
specific person with
features given to him from birth,
individuality is more
psychological term than
biological - a set of skills (character,
skills, knowledge) acquired in the process
vital activity. Individuality
Individuality -
set of characteristic
features and properties,
distinguishing one individual
from another; originality
the psyche and personality of the individual,
originality, uniqueness. Personality
PERSONALITY - relatively
sustainable holistic
intelligent system,
moral and
socio-cultural qualities
person expressed in
individual
peculiarities of his consciousness and
activities. Conclusion
In the 20th century, it was proposed to create a unified science,
the subject of study of which could be all
natural and social properties and relationships
person. If such a science were created, then
possible definition of the subject
study could be described as follows:
“Man is the subject of the socio-historical process, the development
material and spiritual culture on Earth,
biosocial being, genetically
associated with other forms of life, but
separated from them due to the ability
produce tools that have
articulate speech and consciousness,
moral character"
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
biosocial nature of man. Extremes of the concept of human biosocial nature. Prepared by: Antukova N.V.
2 slide
Description of the slide:
biosocial nature of man. Extremes of the concept of human biosocial nature. “Man is a material being, a substratum and functional unit of society, possessing an individual social essence”, therefore the concept of an individual as an “essential” phenomenon expressing a set of social relations external to him cannot serve as a theoretical basis for the concept of man. Some authors propose to distinguish between a person as a biosocial and personality as a social entity, but at the same time, biosocial dualism is again preserved in the interpretation of man, and the personality in this approach turns into a purely social phenomenon.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
Man is a part of nature and at the same time is firmly connected with society. Philosophers define man himself as a biosocial being with consciousness, speech, thinking, capable of creating tools and using them. The difference between man and animals Highly organized mental activity!!! Thinking Memory Imagination Speech
4 slide
Description of the slide:
5 slide
Description of the slide:
Biological Being The emergence of man is the result of the development of life in one of its evolutionary branches - the animal kingdom. Biological species Homo sapiens is a unique life form that combines biological and social essence.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
7 slide
Description of the slide:
A person exists in society, and the social way of life contributes to the strengthening of the role of social, in non-biological, patterns in his life. Production, political, spiritual activity are purely social phenomena that develop according to their own laws, different from those of nature. Consciousness is not a natural property, nature creates only a physiological basis for it. Conscious mental qualities are formed as a result of education, training, mastering the language, culture.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
Human activity is purposeful, it has a conscious-volitional character. People themselves model their behavior and choose different social roles. They have the ability to understand the long-term consequences of their actions. Animals cannot produce qualitative fundamental changes, they adapt to the world around them, which determines their way of life. A person transforms reality, based on his constantly developing needs, creates a world of spiritual and material culture.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Biological in man Anatomy and physiology of man Need for food, sleep, movement Instincts Condition, prerequisite for human existence Social in man Thinking Articulated speech Ability for conscious purposeful activity The essence of man
10 slide
Description of the slide:
The concepts of the biosocial nature of man continue to develop the ideas of Marxism in many ways, calling for the existence in man of both a social (leading, main) and a full-fledged biological side (V.P. Tugarinov, N.P. Dubinin, V.P. Petlenko, etc.) . However, philosophers who develop these concepts fall into the extreme of the following order: they lose the idea of the unity of human essence, since the latter should be an identity, and not a combination of two factors, no matter how their relationship is emphasized. So V.P. Petlenko believes that the biological in a person is everything connected with the body and its functioning, and the social is with consciousness. Other philosophers argue that man as an individual is a biological being, while the social essence of man is not in himself, but in the system of social relations external to him. But "man is a material being, a substratum and functional unit of society, possessing an individual social essence", therefore the concept of an individual as a "non-essential" phenomenon expressing a set of social relations external to him cannot serve as a theoretical basis for the concept of man. Some authors propose to distinguish a person as a biosocial and personality as a social entity, but at the same time, biosocial dualism is again preserved in the interpretation of man, and the personality in this approach turns into a purely social phenomenon.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
The extremes of the concept of the biosocial nature of man have tried to overcome the philosophers who develop the concept of the integral nature of man (E. Bauer, M.M. Namshilova, V.V. Orlov, etc.). according to this concept, society is the highest, social form of matter, including its biological basis, but representing a new, integral quality or essence
12 slide
Description of the slide:
The social essence of a person (as an element) or society (as a whole) is a dialectical integrity, which includes its opposite, from which it (the integrity) arose - its biological basis. The social essence is, therefore, not direct and one-dimensional, flat, but indirect, multi-level and integral (since it integrates the biological essence). From the standpoint of the integral concept, man and society have a "real biology" that has not suffered any damage in its biological essence.
"Man and the Biosphere" - Lesson - Conference "Man as an inhabitant of the biosphere". Basic laws of ecology. In the circles that correspond to the correct answer, put a + sign. Prevention of environmental pollution Conservation of species diversity Introduction of new species into ecosystems Reduction in the number of predators in ecosystems.
"Ecology of the apartment" - It has been known since the time of Zarathustra: It would be necessary to ventilate the room in the morning! The house we live in… Mirt Asparagus. Bacteria destroy, That life, mind you, makes it easier! In decoration, use better materials, Do not chase fashion! Open all the windows for 20 minutes, then you won't have to suffocate!
"Man is a part of nature" - Be grateful to every piece of land Where you have stepped for a century. E. Blaginina. 1. Which of the following, in terms of its consequences, relates to an ecological crisis, and which - to a catastrophe? And a man needs a home. I.S. Turgenev. The forest is beautiful in all seasons. Do not tear flowers, do not tear! RF Law On Environmental Protection.
"Climate and Man" - Hippocrates. Adaptation is the process of adaptation to changing environmental conditions. The influence of climate on man. The people of the north. Typhoons in Taiwan. ? Massive deforestation and decrease in the number of plankton. Indians. Before human impact. Flooding in Australia. anomalies of nature. Snowfall in Beijing.
"Ecology and Man" - The structure of the natural environment. 2. Environmental management Lecture 1. The subject of the course is environmental management. The surrounding organic world is an integral part of the environment of every living being. Environmental management. 7. Environmental management and social ecology. four.
Prepared by the teacher of history and social studies FGKOU secondary school No. 4 MORF Latypova O.Sh.
Origin and nature of man
Goals: to expand students' knowledge about the views on the origin of man; to form the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality", "society"; develop the ability to analyze information from different sources; educate the desire to realize their communication skills.
Problem
The philosopher I. Kant claims that the question “what is a person?” - the most difficult question in science. At the end of the lesson, try to give a value judgment whether the great philosopher I. Kant is right.
Of great importance for understanding the essence of man, the ways of his development is the clarification of the question of his origin.
The theory of the origin of man, which considers the process of its emergence and development, is called anthropogenesis.
The main theories of the origin of man
Religious theory
Paleovisit theory
Natural-science (materialistic) theories
divine origin of man. The soul is the source of the human in man
C. Darwin (1809 - 1882) - the creator of the evolutionary theory
Man is an extraterrestrial creature, aliens from outer space, having visited the earth, left human beings on it
F. Engels (1820-1895) - social thinker, politician
Man as a biological species has a natural origin and is genetically related to higher mammals.
The main reason for the appearance of man is labor. Under the influence of labor, specific qualities of a person were formed: consciousness, language, creative abilities
The main theories of the origin of man
The influence of the energy of space, electromagnetic waves, radiation and other influences on the psychophysical state of a person is enormous. The mystery of the origin of man is still very far from being solved. About the reasons that determined the formation of the actual person, one can only make assumptions.
Man as a biosocial being
Man is the highest stage in the development of living organisms on Earth. Biologically, man belongs to the mammalian humanids, human-like creatures that appeared about 550 thousand years ago. Man is a biosocial being. It is part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with society.
Biological + Social
creature creature
Condition, prerequisite for the existence of man
The essence of man
Man as a biological being
The biological nature of man is his natural prerequisite, the condition of his existence. It manifests itself in its anatomy, physiology, it has circulatory, muscular, nervous and other systems. Its biological properties are not rigidly programmed, which makes it possible to adapt to various conditions of existence.
Man is inextricably linked with society. He becomes a man only by entering into social relations, in society with others.
The social essence of a person is manifested through such properties as the ability for socially useful work, consciousness, reason, freedom and responsibility, etc.
Man as a social being
The examples of Mowgli children show how great the role of society in human development is. These are human children who lived out of contact with people from an early age and practically did not experience care and love from another person, had no experience of social behavior and communication, have features of social development: they cannot speak, they cannot walk on two legs, they consider themselves animals among which they grew up, their level of intelligence is very low.
The main differences between humans and animals
- Thinking and articulate speech
- Ability for conscious purposeful creative activity
- The ability to transform the surrounding reality and create the necessary material and spiritual benefits
4. Ability to make tools and use them
5. Reproduction of not only one’s biological, but also social essence, satisfaction of not only material, but also spiritual needs
Human
Being universal
(capable of any kind of activity )
Being unique, open to the world, spiritually incomplete
Whole being
(integrates the mental, spiritual and physical principles)
Individual
An individual (translated from Latin - inseparable, undivided) is a single kind, a specific carrier of all social and psychological traits of humanity (mind, will, needs, interests, etc.). Man as a separate individual among other people
Individuality
Individuality is a unique originality of manifestations of a person, emphasizing the exclusivity, versatility, harmony and ease of his activity. A person as one of many, but taking into account his personal characteristics: appearance, demeanor, character, etc.
Personality
A personality (translated from Latin as a person) is a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features that he implements in public life. Personality is a person with socially significant qualities. Not every person is a person. Humans are born, they become individuals in the process of socialization.
Personality structure
social role
A pattern of behavior that is normatively approved and corresponds to social status
social status
The place of a person in the system of social relations
Orientation
Needs, interests, views, ideals, motives of behavior.
Human Sciences
The question of the essence of man is most often considered in four main dimensions: biological, mental, social and cosmic. Biological refers to the anatomical and
physiological structure, features of genetics,
the main processes that determine
functioning of the human body.
These properties of a person are studied by various branches
biology and medicine
Human Sciences
Mental - a synonym for the inner world of man.
It covers conscious and unconscious processes, intellect, will, memory, character, temperament, emotions.
etc.
psychology. One of the main problems of this
area of knowledge is the study of internal
the human world in all its multidimensionality, complexity and inconsistency.
Human Sciences
The social in man is studied by a whole complex of sciences. Human behavior is dealt with by social psychology, the sociology of the individual and groups. Man is society in miniature.
Since human life is unthinkable without the diverse world of culture - mythology, religion, art, science, philosophy, law, politics, mysticism, it becomes obvious that one of the main subjects of cultural studies is also a person.
Human Sciences
Cosmic - the problem of the relationship of man with the universe. Ideas about the influence of cosmic processes on man were expressed by K. E. Tsiolkovsky, V. I. Vernadsky, A. L. Chizhevsky. Rhythms of the Cosmos
render
Influence at
dynamics
changes in the biofields of plants, animals and humans. A close connection of rhythms in the macro- and microworld is revealed. Human -
part of the noosphere.
conclusions
Three groups of factors influence the formation of a person:
biological data(gender and age characteristics, features of the physical structure and nervous activity, temperament, etc.);
social environment, or sociocultural conditions. They change the environment, impose many prohibitions on people's behavior, form new needs and orientations in a person;
individual history.
Man has:
common human traits, characteristic of all people as members of one human race;
socially typical traits, characteristic for him as a representative of a certain group, class, people, a particular society;
personality traits, constituting the unique originality of this particular person.
At the beginning of the lesson, we said that, according to I. Kant, the question “What is a person?” - the most difficult question in science. Do you think the great philosopher is right?
Homework
Prepare an essay based on the statements “Man is the biggest mystery in the world”, “A worthy person is not one who has no flaws, but one who has dignity” (V. O. Klyuchevsky)
ALMATY UNIVERSITY OF ENERGY AND COMMUNICATIONS
Department of Social Disciplines
Semester work №3
By discipline Philosophy
on the topic "Man as a biological, social and cultural being"
Fulfilled
group student
Gaydyshev Vitaly
No. of graduation book 093104
Checked:
Shitsko V.L.
Almaty, 2011
PLAN
Introduction… 3
1. Development of the idea of a person as a person ... 5
2. The biological nature of man, its influence on the formation of personality 7
3. The social nature of man, the process of socialization ... 11
4. The influence of culture on the development of personality ... 16
Conclusion… 19
Theme of the work: "The ratio of biological, social and cultural in the development of personality." The choice of this topic is determined by its relevance. Today, the human personality is the starting point of sociological research. But the concept of "personality" is one of those phenomena that are rarely interpreted in the same way by different authors.
In modern sociological science, there are many concepts of personality. The theory of personality as a subject and object of activity (Marxist sociology) focuses on the interaction of the individual and society; the dispositional theory of self-regulation of social behavior (T. Znanetsky, Ch. Thomas, V.A. Yadov) considers the behavior of an individual on the basis of its predisposition to a certain perception of specific conditions. In accordance with the behavioral concept (B. Skinner, J. Homans), the behavior of each person is determined and controlled by the social environment through language, customs, and social institutions. In psychoanalytic sociology (Z. Freud), an attempt was made to link the biological principles and the social in a logically rigorous way, to pay attention to the energy, sensory-analytical basis of the individual as a social subject. The role theory of personality (G. Cooley, J. Mead, R. Linton) considers personality as a function of the set of social roles that are inherent in any individual in a particular society.
After analyzing these concepts, we can distinguish two opposite views on the development of personality. From the point of view of some, each personality is formed and develops in accordance with its innate qualities and abilities, while the social environment plays a very insignificant role. Representatives of another point of view completely reject the innate internal traits and abilities of the individual, believing that the individual is a product that is completely formed in the course of social experience. At the same time, in some concepts, the idea that a person is a complex, multifaceted, internally structured entity can be traced. In my opinion, it is advisable to consider the formation of personality as a combination of biological and social development. Therefore, no theory of personality should be taken as the only and exhaustive one.
Based on the above, we formulate the main goal and define the tasks. The goal is to consider the correlation of biological, social and cultural in the development of the individual. Tasks:
Analyze the development of ideas about a person as a person;
· define the concept of "personality";
Consider the biological nature of the individual;
· describe the process of socialization of the individual, introducing it to culture.
Before defining the concept of “personality”, it is worth paying attention to the evolution of views about a person. The philosopher of antiquity Socrates said that “Man is rational: he sets goals for himself and, achieving them, bears responsibility for them. The perfection of man is the result of his activity and education. Each person has an inner "I" center, which is the mind, thinking. A fundamentally new approach to man is associated with Christianity, which was embodied in the teachings of humanism. Christianity placed man at the center of the universe. Man is a Temple, he is created in the image and likeness of God. On man is the imprint of the absolute personality of the creator. The views on man that developed in the era of the European Renaissance absorbed all the best from antiquity and Christianity and were embodied in the teaching of humanism. The thinkers of that era proclaimed the freedom and sovereignty of the human person. It was presented as a harmony of body and spirit, mind and feelings, earthly and divine. The Renaissance is also called the “age of reason”, because it proclaimed reason as the highest dignity of man. The Enlightenment continues the struggle begun in the Renaissance to establish the "kingdom of reason", political freedoms and civil rights. Freedom, reason, activity, mobile lifestyle, individualism and entrepreneurial spirit are the main parameters of the emerging personality. Historians claim that the very word "individuality", like the word "personality", appeared some 200 - 300 years ago, that is, in the Enlightenment. Throughout the 19th century, natural scientists attributed the personality traits of an individual to heredity. In the first half of the 20th century, so many new facts accumulated that forced us to reconsider our initial views on the essence of man. It turned out that innate genius does not guarantee that a person will become a great personality. And an unfavorable combination of biological factors does not exclude the possibility for a person to become a full-fledged member of society. The environment in which a person enters after birth plays a huge role. Thus, the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man has become acute.
Scientists have come to the conclusion: it is impossible to put an equal sign between the concepts of “personality” and “person”, “personality” and “individual”.
Man is the most general, generic concept, leading its origin from the moment of isolation of homosapiens. The individual is understood as a separate, concrete person, as a single representative of the human race. In sociology, the concept of personality is introduced to highlight, emphasize the non-natural (social) essence of a person and an individual. In this regard, the definition of personality given by V. Yadov seems satisfactory: “Personality is the integrity of a person’s social properties, a product of social development and the inclusion of an individual in the system of social relations through vigorous activity and communication.”
Conclusion: man is a biosocial being; the advantages and disadvantages of his physical organization powerfully influence the course of his mental processes. However, the biological, entering the personality of a person, becomes social. Whether an individual has remained mentally handicapped or has become a kind of historical person depends on the historical milieu. Natural features appear in the structure of personality as socially conditioned. Consequently, in the structure of human nature, three components of it can be found: biological nature, social and cultural nature. Let's consider them in detail.
2. The biological nature of man, its influence on the formation of personality
The biological nature of man was formed over a long, 2.5 billion years, evolutionary development from blue-green algae to Homo sapiens. The ascending line of human evolution has gone through the following stages: Australopithecus (fossil southern monkey, 3.3 million years ago) - Pithecanthropus (monkey man, 1 million years ago) - Sinanthropus (fossil "Chinese man", 500 thousand years ago) - Neanderthal (100 thousand years) - Cro-Magnon (Homo Sapiens fossil, 40 thousand years) - modern man (20 thousand years ago).
In terms of biological adaptation to nature, man is significantly inferior to the vast majority of representatives of the animal world. If a person is returned to the animal world, he will suffer a catastrophic defeat in the competitive struggle for existence and will be able to live only in a narrow geographical zone of his origin - in the tropics, on both sides close to the equator. A person does not have warm wool, he has weak teeth, instead of claws - weak nails, an unstable vertical gait on two legs, a predisposition to many diseases, a degraded immune system. Superiority over animals is biologically ensured to man only by the presence of a cerebral cortex, which no animal has. The cerebral cortex consists of 14 billion neurons, the functioning of which serves as the material basis for the spiritual life of a person of his consciousness, abilities for work and life in society. The cerebral cortex abundantly provides space for the endless spiritual growth and development of man and society. Suffice it to say that today, for the entire long life of a person, at best, only 1 billion - only 7% - of neurons are included in the work, and the remaining 13 billion - 93% - remain unused "gray matter".
In the biological nature of a person, the general state of health and longevity is genetically laid; temperament, which is one of four possible types: choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic; talents and inclinations. At the same time, it should be taken into account that each person is a biologically unique organism, the structures of its cells and DNA molecules (genes). It is estimated that 95 billion of us, people on Earth, were born and died in 40 thousand years, among which there was not at least one second identical.
Biological nature is the only real basis on which a person is born and exists. Each separate individual, each person exists from that time until his biological nature exists and lives. But with all his biological nature, man belongs to the animal world. And a person is born only as an animal species of Homo Sapiens. The newborn biological creature Homo Sapiens has yet to become a man in the full sense of the word.
And the biological nature of every animal being steadily requires that, having been born, it satisfies its biological needs: eat, drink, grow, mature, mature and reproduce its own kind in order to recreate its kind. To recreate one's own kind - that's why the individual animal is born, comes into the world. And in order to recreate its kind, the born animal must eat, drink, grow, mature, mature in order to be able to reproduce. Having carried out what was laid down by biological nature, an animal being must ensure the fruitfulness of its offspring and die. To die so that the family may continue to exist. An animal is born, lives and dies for the sake of procreation. And the life of an animal has no meaning anymore. The same meaning of life is invested by biological nature in human life. A person, having been born, must receive from his ancestors everything necessary for his existence, growth, maturation, and having matured, reproduce his own kind, give birth to a child. The happiness of parents is in their children. Washed away their lives - to give birth to children. And if they do not have children, their happiness in this regard will be detrimental. They will not experience natural happiness from fertilization, birth, upbringing, communication with children, they will not experience happiness from the happiness of children. Having brought up and let out children, parents in due course should make room for others. Must die. And there is no biological tragedy here. This is the natural end of the biological existence of any biological individual. In the animal world, there are many examples of the fact that after the completion of the biological cycle of development and the reproduction of offspring, parents die. A one-day butterfly emerges from the chrysalis only to, having fertilized and laying eggs, immediately die. She, a one-day butterfly, does not even have organs of nutrition. The female cross-spider, after fertilization, eats her husband in order to give life to the fertilized seed with the proteins of the body of "her lover". Annual plants after growing the seeds of their offspring calmly die on the vine. And a person's death is biologically laid down. Death for a person is biologically tragic only when his life is interrupted prematurely, before the completion of the biological cycle. It is worth noting that biologically human life is programmed for an average of 150 years. Therefore, death at the age of 70-90 can also be considered premature. If a person exhausts the time of life genetically determined for him, death becomes as desirable for him as sleep after a hard day's work. From this point of view, "the purpose of human existence is to go through the normal cycle of life, leading to the loss of vital instinct and painless old age, reconciled with death." Thus, biological nature imposes on man the meaning of his life in maintaining his existence for the reproduction of the human race for the reproduction of Homo Sapiens.
As for the influence of biological nature on the development of the personality, it can be noted that the features of the higher nervous system, the physical constitution, the biological needs that characterize the individual do not become features of his personality. For example, such an anatomical feature as a dislocation of the hip joint, dooming a child to lameness, does not apply to personality. However, its significance for the formation of personality is enormous, even more than the type of nervous system (say, the balance or imbalance of a person). Lameness dooms the child to isolation from peers, gives rise to a sense of inferiority, limits wide and full-blooded communication with people. But "some individuals can overcome the awkwardness associated with a natural deficiency, while others are immersed in it, become withdrawn, touchy."
Conclusion: no anatomical, physiological or mental features determine the formation of personality strictly unambiguously. They are only prerequisites, but not integral parts of the personality.
3. The social nature of man, the process of socialization
Let us begin the description of the social nature of man with the definition of society. Society is an association of people for the joint production, distribution and consumption of material and spiritual goods; for the reproduction of their kind and their way of life. Such association is carried out, as in the animal world, to maintain (in the interests of) the individual existence of an individual and to reproduce Homo Sapiens as a biological species. But unlike animals, human behavior - as a creature that is inherent in consciousness and the ability to work - in a team of its own kind is controlled not by instincts, but by public opinion. The process of acquiring elements of social life by a newborn is called human socialization. Only in society and from society does man acquire his social nature. In society, a person “assimilates human behavior, guided not by instincts, but by public opinion; zoological instincts are curbed in society; in society, a person learns the language, customs and traditions developed in this society; here, a person perceives the experience of production and production relations accumulated by society.
Sociobiologists have found that animals, it turns out, know how to love, make friends, create a family, come to the aid of each other, cooperate and form communities, be altruists, and get irritated.
But what they failed to discover was socialization. In a rudimentary form, learning the "rules of life" exists in monkeys or wolves. But animals do not convey the meaning and significance of actions, social norms and values, the development of social roles, rights and obligations.
Cases when human cubs were brought up by animals are widely known. When they were found, it turned out that the "children of the jungle" do not know how to think, speak and participate in social interaction. Returning to society, they were able to learn only the most elementary skills, to master oral speech, consisting of 30 words. But even this would not have happened if not for the genetic inheritance, the biological predisposition of the human race to learning. The “Isolators” never learned how to be friends, smile, think abstractly, or carry on a conversation. In human society, they lived no more than 10 years. They are called feral people. They are a product of social isolation. The social environment, which plays a decisive role in the transformation of a biological being into a social being, dropped out of the process of socialization at a very early stage. Feral people could not become full-fledged members of society because socialization began too late for them. Human cubs (feral people) raised in a pack of wolves (that is, representatives of a different species) learned their habits: they quickly moved on four limbs, approaching the meat, sniffed it beforehand, feeling thirsty, licked their teeth. However, they could not learn the “rules of social life” from them. It is not surprising that, having returned to society, that is, to representatives of their own species, the “ferals” did not become full-fledged social beings.
Society does not act on the newborn directly, but through his family, his inner circle, or, as sociologists say, through the microenvironment, which for the newborn is the whole society, the whole “social being”, which always determines social consciousness. If the family or microenvironment in which the newborn has got has some specific ideological differences, then, as a rule, they will become his ideological differences. In this regard, society and the microenvironment act on the formation of a person's worldview almost with the force of natural law. Along with the family and the microenvironment, the upbringing of a child, teenager, and youth has a huge impact on the formation of a person’s worldview. It is carried out by the system of family, public and state education through nurseries and kindergartens, schools, children's and youth (pioneer, scout) organizations. It is here that the foundations of personal communication are laid, the development of social ideals, the ideal of the meaning of life, the ideal of heroism, self-sacrifice is formed.
An even greater influence on the formation of one or another type of worldview is exerted by the social position of a person. The social status of a worker, businessman, employee, peasant; as well as more narrowly - an engineer, a military man, a nurse, a courier, a manager, a student, a railway worker, an agronomist, a teacher, a miner, and so on, dictates to everyone their social interests, which follow from their social position and place in society. On these social interests, as if on a pivot, all personal tastes, habits, aspirations and actions are strung. Everything that protects, expresses social interests, is strung on this rod and held on to it. Various elements of worldview are also strung on the core of social interests and for their expression. Thus, a worldview, regardless of its truth or fallacy, always has a pronounced social character in an individual. Based on his social position, a person always accepts some elements of the worldview and discards others; he feels sympathy for some positions of the worldview, and disgust for others. A change in social status often leads to a change in the worldview orientations of a person. Moreover, this concerns not only the transition from one class position - worker, employer, peasant, employee - but also a change in any specific social position of a person.
Since throughout life we have to master not one, but many social roles, moving up the age and career ladder, the process of socialization continues throughout life.
Until a very old age, a person changes his views on life, habits, tastes, rules of conduct, roles. Socialization explains how a person turns from a biological being into a social being. Socialization, as it were, tells how things are going on at the individual level that happened to society at the collective level. After all, a person, growing up, in a collapsed form goes through the same stages that society has gone through in 40 thousand years of its cultural evolution, and which the human race has gone through in 2 million years of its biological evolution. Not a single biological species has learned to “curl up” the stages of its development. Thanks to socialization, a weak human cub does not have to go through an infinitely long path of development. Socialization is a process that cannot be artificially controlled or manipulated. By the age of 14, a child prodigy can be made from a talented child who knows this or that subject to perfection. There are many examples of accelerated learning, but there are no examples of accelerated socialization. Of course, early growing up is possible, especially if life was difficult: in childhood, a person lost his parents, went to work early, and knew all the hardships of fate. However, this is not yet socialization. It is possible to shorten its individual stages, speed up their passage, but it is impossible to lengthen or shorten the process of socialization as a whole. Socialization should begin in childhood, when about 70% of the human personality is formed. It is worth being late, as irreversible processes begin. In childhood, the foundation of socialization is laid, and at the same time this is its most unprotected stage. Children who are isolated from society are socially dying, although many adults sometimes consciously seek solitude and self-isolation for a while, for in-depth reflection. Even in those cases when adults find themselves in isolation against their will and for a long time, they are quite capable of withstanding spiritually and socially. And sometimes, overcoming difficulties, they even develop their personality, learn new facets in themselves.
Conclusion: initial, or early (children), and continued, or late (adults), socialization are qualitatively different stages, but components of the same process. The first stage is the most important and the most difficult. Therefore, children, isolated from their own kind, die, but adults do not. Accelerated learning and maturation are possible, but accelerated socialization is impossible. It is a process in which social skills are accumulated. Only in society can a person become a person. Social in the structure of personality plays a decisive role.
4. The influence of culture on personality development
Socialization leads to familiarization of a person with culture. Its content is made up of customs, mores, laws, etiquette, symbols, and much more. Culture is a purely human way of life. Animals have no culture, just as there are no people who do not have culture. In sociology, culture in a broad sense is understood as a specific, genetically non-inherited set of means, methods, forms, patterns and guidelines for the interaction of people with the environment of existence, which they develop in their life together to maintain certain structures of activity and communication. In a narrow sense, culture is interpreted as a system of collectively shared values, beliefs, patterns and norms of behavior inherent in a certain group of people. Each specific community creates its own culture over many centuries, which accompanies the individual throughout his life and has a huge impact on his development as a person, forms his value orientations, worldview.
Therefore, it is society in all its diversity that is the main factor in the formation of the type of personality. Take, for example, people with a religious worldview. A person born in Turkey is most likely to become a Muslim, a person born in Burma a Buddhist, one born in India a Hindu, and one born in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus an Orthodox Christian.
An important social factor in the formation of a worldview is the time and national characteristics of the society to which a person belongs. People of the 21st century have a different worldview than people of the Middle Ages had; we do not have the one that the modern African tribes of Tutsi and Hutto have, or among the inhabitants of the American state of Arizona. National features of the worldview, regardless of national awareness, are formed during childhood. The national features of the worldview embody a certain understanding of the hierarchy of values, the peculiarities of the interpretation and evaluation of most life-meaning ideals. This is manifested, first of all, in the formation of everyday behavior and tastes, fixed in the color of the language. By assimilating the language, the child, together with it, assimilates the whole integral culture of his people. In language, in speech, the entire spiritual life of the nation, the people is most fully embodied.
Conclusion: the cultural component in the development of personality plays a huge role. From birth, a person grows up in a certain cultural environment, a certain historical era. This forms his morals, moral principles, worldview. Introduction to other cultures, the study of their characteristics contributes to spiritual enrichment, broadens the horizons of the emerging personality.
A person exists due to the exchange of substances with the environment. He breathes, consumes various natural products, exists as a biological body within certain physical, chemical, organic and other environmental conditions. As a natural, biological being, a person is born, grows, matures, grows old and dies. All this characterizes a person as a biological being, determines his biological nature. But at the same time, it differs from any animal and, above all, by the following features: it produces its own environment (housing, clothing, tools), changes the world around it not only according to its utilitarian needs, but also according to the laws of knowledge of this world, as well as and according to the laws of morality and beauty, it can act not only out of necessity, but also in accordance with the freedom of its will and imagination, while the action of an animal is oriented exclusively to the satisfaction of physical needs (hunger, the instinct of procreation, group, species instincts, etc.); makes his life activity an object, relates to it meaningfully, purposefully changes, plans. The above differences between man and animal characterize his nature; it, being biological, does not consist in the natural activity of man alone. He, as it were, goes beyond his biological nature and is capable of such actions that do not bring him any benefit: he distinguishes between good and evil, justice and injustice, is capable of self-sacrifice and of posing such questions as “Who am I?”, “For what am I living?”, “What should I do?” and others. Man is not only a natural, but also a social being, living in a special world - in a society that socializes a person. He is born with a set of biological traits inherent in him as a certain biological species. A reasonable person becomes under the influence of society. He learns the language, perceives social norms of behavior, is saturated with socially significant values that regulate social relations, performs certain social functions and plays specific social roles. All his natural inclinations and senses, including hearing, sight, smell, become socially and culturally oriented. He evaluates the world according to the laws of beauty, developed in a given social system, and acts according to the laws of morality.
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