K.S. Vasiliev

When on June 26, 1945, the highest military rank of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was established and awarded to the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, then, naturally, the question arose of insignia and uniforms for a person bearing this title.

This was done, as it should be, by the rear service of the Red Army. The development was carried out in such a secret that until recently it was known only from the memoirs of the former Chief of the General Staff, General of the Army S.M. Shtemenko: "Somehow, having arrived at the Kremlin for a report, A.I. Antonov (Chief of the General Staff. -S.M.) were met in Stalin's reception room by the chief quartermaster of the Red Army, Colonel-General P.I. Drachev. He was dressed in magnificent military uniform cut unknown to us. The uniform was sewn according to the model of the times of Kutuzov, with a high standing collar. The trousers, on the other hand, looked modern, but shone with gilded stripes. When, surprised by such an operetta attire, we stopped and looked at the strange costume, Drachev quietly told us: "A new uniform for the Generalissimo ..." Members of the Politburo were in Stalin's office. The head of the rear, General of the Army A.V. Khrulev. Having finished his report, he asked permission to show the audience a new military uniform. I.V. Stalin was in a great mood and said: "Come on, the General Staff will take a look." They gave a sign to the reception. P.I. entered. Drachev. JV Stalin gave him a cursory glance and grew gloomy. Apparently, he guessed what kind of form it was. - Who are you going to dress like that? he asked A.V. Khruleva, slightly nodding his head in the direction of the chief quartermaster. - This is the proposed form for the Generalissimo, - answered A.V. Khrulev - For whom? Stalin asked. - For you, Comrade Stalin... The Supreme Commander-in-Chief ordered Drachev to leave, and he himself, not embarrassed by those present, burst into a long and angry tirade. He protested against the special exaltation of his personality, said that it was stupid, that he did not expect such a thing from the head of the rear. This idea ended with the fact that the form of the Generalissimo was never created. I.V. Stalin until the end of his days wore a marshal's uniform, like all other marshals".
T Only in 1996, a demonstration sample of the Generalissimo's ceremonial uniform was exhibited at the "Confrontation" exhibition at the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. on the Poklonnaya Hill. And only in the past, in 2001, some sketches of these developments were published in the Rodina magazine. Based on these materials, the following conclusions can be drawn.

Initially, the insignia of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was based on the shoulder straps of the Chief Marshals of the armed forces. That is, if the shoulder straps of the Chief Marshals differed from the shoulder straps of the marshals of the armed forces with a wreath of laurel leaves surrounding the star, then the shoulder straps of the Generalissimo should have differed from the shoulder straps of the Marshal of the Soviet Union with a wreath around the star, but not laurel, but oak. This meant that if the basis for decorating the dress uniform of generals and marshals of the military branches was an ornament in the form of laurel leaves, then the uniforms of the Marshals of the Soviet Union were decorated with oak leaf ornaments similar to those with which the general general uniforms of the Russian Imperial Army were embroidered.

Subsequently, it was decided to replace the shoulder straps on the dress uniform with epaulettes. In this regard, the star and the coat of arms of the USSR were reversed. The coat of arms was lowered down onto the wreath, and the star was raised up.

The cut, color schemes and decorations of the Generalissimo's uniforms were developed taking into account the traditions of the old Russian army. True, when considering the sketches of the form, the question involuntarily arises: for whom were these clothes intended? Indeed, the person depicted in the sketches does not in any way resemble I.V. Stalin, but the resemblance to G.K. Zhukov on some of them is very noticeable. In addition, one of the parade uniforms is clearly designed to receive parades on horseback. I.V. Stalin, as you know, did not know how to ride a horse, and G.K. Zhukov was an excellent rider.

When the demonstration sample of the dress uniform-coat was ready, the head of the rear of the Red Army, General of the Army A.V. Khrulev, accompanied by one of the generals of his department, who acted in the unusual role of a fashion model, went to I.V. Stalin.

I.V. Stalin immediately realized that he, with his small stature and shortcomings of the figure, would look simply ridiculous in this richly embroidered uniform. And no smart ruler can allow this. Naturally, he did not say this aloud, but read to the military and political figures present at the same time an instruction on modesty Soviet leader. At the same time, he added that the Soviet people recognize Comrade Stalin even in a marshal's uniform.

Indeed, until the end of his life, I.V. Stalin continued to wear the shoulder straps of the Marshal of the Soviet Union. But his clothes were still not the usual marshal's uniform. Until 1943, I.V. Stalin wore the traditional costume of a Soviet party functionary. It is traditional, not formal. Uniforms were never introduced in the Communist Party, but since almost all Soviet party leaders of that time were former commanders or political workers of the Red Army during the Civil War, and also in order to emphasize that all Communists were just soldiers of the party, they wore the usual yourself in paramilitary clothing - a tunic or tunic. Also, I.V. Stalin dressed in a gray closed tunic and trousers tucked into soft Caucasian boots. In winter, he wore an ordinary soldier's overcoat or bekesha. Headgear in the summer - a cap-tedder with a Red Army star, in winter - a hat with earflaps.

When in 1943 he was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union, he put on a military uniform: a tunic of the usual military cut with epaulettes and loose trousers with stripes. True, they were light gray, instead of the established protective and dark blue colors.

However, for an elderly person, the standing collar of the tunic presented certain inconveniences. Therefore, I.V. Stalin was sewn a new suit. It was a closed light gray tunic with a turn-down collar and four pockets of the same cut that was worn. Soviet generals before the introduction of shoulder straps. The same tunic was worn by lower-ranking Soviet civil servants after the war. The tunic was decorated with shoulder straps of the Marshal of the Soviet Union and the general's overcoat buttonholes - red with gold piping and buttons. The collar and cuffs, as usual, were edged with red piping. The loose trousers with red stripes were made of the same fabric as the tunic. In it, I.V. Stalin was depicted on official portraits and posters. In addition to the gray suit, it is possible that JV Stalin wore a suit in the summer of a similar cut, but made of pre-revolutionary cotton "shanzhan" fabric. From such a fabric in the first post-war years often they sewed a uniform for the higher generals (*).

No one else wore such a suit. In it, I.V. Stalin was depicted on official portraits and posters. He became the only uniform of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union. And a demonstration sample of the dress uniform-coat took its place in the closed museum of military clothing.

(*) The Kostroma Historical Museum-Reserve has a set of uniforms made of "shanzhan" fabric (a tunic with a standing collar and a cap), which belonged to Air Chief Marshal Novikov.

Materials of the magazine "Rodina" and Internet forums were used

In the 20th century in our history, only Stalin had the shoulder straps of a generalissimo. The workers of one of the Soviet factories “asked” for this title after the victory over Germany in 1945. Of course, all the inhabitants of the Union learned about this "petition" of the proletariat.

Few people remember, but Stalin was given the highest military rank of the tsarist empire. This was the final turning point in the minds of the Bolsheviks, since before that the ideology swept aside all attempts at the continuity of generations. Stalin realized that in a difficult hour for the country, the continuity and traditions of the victorious spirit of the Russian Empire, so hated by the communists, should save the country. Shoulder straps are introduced - a distinctive symbol of the "imperial punishers", the status of an officer, which had only a derogatory meaning before, some new ranks.

These reforms, in a difficult hour for the country, were supposed to rally all the forces scattered by the civil war. The Germans understood that the weakness of the USSR was a generation gap. They skillfully used this, recruiting numerous battalions from the Red Army. Stalin understood this with his military encirclement.

It is in the critical years for the country that the continuity of generations is established. Speaking about these events, we will remember how many generalissimos there were in our history. We will also tell you some Interesting Facts about Stalin associated with this title.

Generalissimos in world history

The term "generalissimo" comes to us from Latin. In translation, it means "the most important." This is the highest rank that has ever been introduced in the army of any state. The uniform of the generalissimo gave not only military status, but also civil law, political. This title was awarded only to truly special people.

Until recently, this title was held by Chiang Kai-shek (pictured above), an opponent of the Chinese Communists. But today there are no acting generalissimos in the world. This rank is also absent in the system of our army. The last in the world who had such a high rank was Kim Jong Il, the leader of the DPRK, who was only posthumously awarded it in 2011. For North Koreans, this is not just a person, it is God, a symbol of the nation. In this country, a calendar is maintained that is directly related to this political figure. It is unlikely that anyone else with such a high rank can appear in the DPRK.

History knows little of the generalissimo. In France, for 400 years, only two dozen figures have been awarded this title. In Russia, to count them over the past three hundred years, the fingers of one hand are enough.

Who was the first generalissimo? Version one: "funny commanders"

The first to be awarded this title in national history, were associates of Peter the Great - Ivan Buturlin and Fedor Romodanovsky. However In a similar way it can be appropriated by every boy playing in the yard with friends. In 1864, twelve-year-old Peter awarded them the title of "generalissimo of amusing troops" during the game. They stood at the head of two newly formed "amusing" regiments. There were no correspondences with the real titles of that time.

Version two: Alexey Shein

Officially, the high ranks of the "amusing commanders" were not supported by written acts and orders. Therefore, as the main contender for the role of the first generalissimo, historians call the governor Alexei Shein. During the Azov campaign, he commanded the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments. Peter the Great appreciated Shein's competent leadership, tactics and military dexterity, for which he was awarded this high title on June 28, 1696.

Version three: Mikhail Cherkassky

Peter I loved to give high government titles and awards “from the master's shoulder”. Often these were chaotic and sometimes rash decisions that violated the usual and logical course of things. Therefore, it was during the time of Peter I that the first generalissimo of the Russian state appeared.

One of these, according to historians, was the boyar Mikhail Cherkassky. He was in charge of administrative affairs, was popular in society. With his own money, he built a warship for the Azov campaign.

Peter I highly appreciated his contribution to the country. Other, less significant, but useful things for society were not left without attention. For all this, Peter awarded the boyar Cherkassky with the highest military rank. According to historians, this happened on December 14, 1695, that is, six months before Shein.

fatal title

In the future, those who wore the shoulder straps of the Generalissimo were not lucky. There were three of them in total: Prince Menshikov, Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick and Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, who will have titles and regalia for more than one article.

Prince Menshikov, a faithful friend and comrade-in-arms of Peter the Great, was endowed with this title by the young Peter the Second. The young emperor was supposed to marry the daughter of the prince, but palace intrigues tipped the scales in the other direction. In fairness, let's say that young Peter did not have time to get married. At the last moment, he died of smallpox, after which Prince Menshikov was stripped of all titles and awards and exiled to his possessions in Berezniki, away from the capital.

The second holder of the highest military rank is the husband of Anna Leopoldovna, Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. However, he was not for long. A year later, he was also deprived of this title after the overthrow of his wife from the throne.

The third person to be awarded a high rank in the empire was A. V. Suvorov. His victories were legendary throughout the world. This title was never called into question. But the tragedy is that he stayed as a generalissimo for less than six months, after which he died.

After Suvorov, no one received this high rank in the Russian Empire. Thus, one can calculate how many generalissimos there were in Russian history before the USSR. We will talk about the title of Stalin a little later.

Instead of titles - positions

After the revolution, the Bolsheviks were negative about any reminders of the tsarist regime. The concept of "officer" was abusive. As a rule, the holder of this status, who did not have time to immigrate in time, fell under the persecution of the authorities. Often this ended in a shooting.

Instead of titles, there was a certain system of positions in the country. For example, the famous Chapaev was a divisional commander, that is, a division commander. The official appeal to such a position is “Comrade Divisional Commander”. Marshal was considered the highest rank. And the statutory appeal to him is “comrade marshal”, or by his last name: “comrade Zhukov”, “comrade Stalin”, etc. That is, the title of Stalin throughout the war was precisely marshal, and not generalissimo.

It is noteworthy that the ranks of general and admiral appeared later, only in 1940.

Ordering the system

AT hard days war, the Soviet leadership went on serious military reforms in the army system. The old posts have been abolished. In their place, "royal" military distinctions and ranks were introduced, and the army itself became not "red worker-peasant", but "Soviet", the prestige of the status of officers was introduced.

Many people, especially mature and elderly people, negatively perceived this reform. You can understand them: an officer for them was a synonym for “oppressor”, “imperialist”, “bandit”, etc. However, on the whole, this reform strengthened the morale in the army, made the management system logical, complete.

All the military leadership of the country and Stalin personally understood that these measures would help achieve victory, streamline the structure and hierarchy. Many people think that it was at this time that the highest rank of generalissimo was introduced. However, this is also misleading. Stalin throughout the war, until victory, was a marshal.

Victory Reward

So, until 1945, the highest rank in the USSR was Marshal. And only after the Victory, on June 26, 1945, the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was introduced. And the next day, on the basis of the "request" of the workers, it was assigned to I.V. Stalin.

The introduction of a separate title for Joseph Vissarionovich has been talked about for a long time, but the leader himself constantly rejected all these proposals. And only after the war, succumbing to the persuasion of Rokossovsky, he agreed. It is worth noting that until the end of his days, Stalin wore the uniform of a marshal, albeit a little deviated from the charter. The appeal "Comrade Stalin" was considered a violation of the charter, since this appeal was just to the marshal, but the leader himself did not mind. After June 1945, he should have been addressed as "Comrade Generalissimo."

After Stalin, there were proposals to give the highest rank to two other leaders of the USSR - Khrushchev and Brezhnev, but this never happened. After 1993, this title was not included in the new army hierarchy of the Russian Federation.

Shoulder straps of the Generalissimo

The development of a uniform for the new rank began immediately after it was awarded to Stalin. This work was carried out by the rear service of the Red Army. For a long time, all materials were classified as "secret", and only in 1996 the data was made public.

When creating the form, they tried to take into account the current uniforms of the chief marshal of the armed forces, but at the same time create something special, unlike everyone else. After all the work, the shoulder straps of the Generalissimo resembled the uniform of Count Suvorov. Perhaps the developers were trying to please Stalin, who had a weakness for the style of the uniforms of the Russian Empire with epaulettes, aiguillettes and other paraphernalia.

Stalin subsequently said more than once that he regretted agreeing to confer on him this highest military rank. He will never put on a new uniform of the Generalissimo, and all developments will fall under the heading "secret". Stalin will continue to wear a marshal's uniform - a white tunic with a stand-up collar or a gray pre-war cut - with a turned-down collar and four pockets.

Possible reason for the rejection of the new form

However, what is the reason why Stalin refused to wear a special uniform? There is an opinion that the leader had a number of complexes regarding his appearance and believed that such a curvaceous figure would look ridiculous and ridiculous on a short, unsightly elderly man.

According to this version, according to some, Stalin refused to lead the magnificent Victory Parade and sign the act of surrender of Germany. However, this is just a theory. So it was or not, we, the descendants, can only speculate.

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Shoulder straps of the Generalissimo, a brief history of the title in the USSR

In the last century, during Soviet Union there was a higher rank of generalissimo. However, this title was not awarded to any person during the entire existence of the Soviet Union, except for Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.

The proletarian people themselves asked for this man to be awarded the highest military rank for all his services to the Motherland. It happened after unconditional surrender Nazi Germany in the 45th year. Soon the entire Union learned that the working people asked for such an honor for their leader.

Interesting history of a unique title

However, there is a very important aspect - during the Soviet Union, Stalin was awarded the title, which was considered the highest even under the tsarist government. And this turn of events did not suit all the Bolsheviks, and in most cases most of the party members reacted very unfriendly to this.

Subsequently, this even turned out to be a kind of turning point, since everything related to royal power was unacceptable to them. But Stalin realized that in the situation that prevailed at that moment in the country, only the traditions and spirit of past times could save the Motherland.

For this reason, he introduces into circulation such a distinctive sign as epaulettes. Initially, this element of the appearance of a soldier is a symbol of the "imperial punishers", while this status of a soldier contained an abusive meaning.

The Germans have always understood that Russians become weak the moment they break their connection with their ancestors, and Stalin knew well that they were aware of this. Therefore, he took this action decisively, as he wanted to restore this connection again. And not only he understood the need for such reforms, but also his military environment.

When a turning point occurs in the country, it was necessary to look for a way out of the situation, and Comrade Stalin found it. Obviously, he tried with all his might to restore the continuity of generations.

How did the concept of generalissimo appear and what does it mean

Generalissimo comes from Latin. Literal translation of this word in Russian is "great and very first". Such a higher rank at one time was not only in Russian Empire and in all countries of the world. One of the most famous domestic servicemen in this rank is Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov.

On the uniform of the Generalissimo there were elements that betrayed not only his high military rank, but also his civil status in the country as a whole. As a rule, this title could only be achieved by truly heroic deeds. A person had to make a special contribution to the development of the history of his country.

The epaulettes of the generalissimo were insignia of an impressive size, which the person awarded this title wore on his shoulders. In appearance, they very much resembled epaulettes, but at the same time they had stars and several other elements characteristic of this title.

To date, this title has been preserved, but so far there has not been a worthy person who could be honored to wear it.

The last person to receive the title of Generalissimo was the Chinese politician Kim Jong Il. However, he never found out about this, because he was presented for this award only in 2011, when he had already died.

Very rarely did anyone manage to get the title of generalissimo, since the person to whom it was awarded was not just a ruler, but a national symbol. For a long time in different countries there are only a few who have been able to reach such heights. So in different world powers there was the following statistics:

• in France for four hundred years there were only about twenty generalissimos, which, in comparison with other states, is not such a bad result;
• on the territory of Russia over the past three hundred years, only Stalin was the generalissimo, but there were attempts to assign this title to Khrushchev and Brezhnev;
• in China, Kim Jong Il is still revered, and they even keep special calendars.

Rank insignia

Shoulder straps of Stalin met all the canons of the shoulder straps of the Generalissimo. The development of the features of the appearance of these shoulder straps began almost immediately after the Great Patriotic War ended. All materials related to this case were closed until the end of the last century.

The main parameters of standard shoulder straps still needed to be taken into account, however, those who were involved in the development wanted to create something really special. Shoulder straps included the following elements:

• from the collar, the epaulette began as a standard officer's, rectangular shape;
• the main color was gold, and the edging was red;
• then there was a large star, which with its ends touched the edges of the shoulder strap, its color is silver;
• then there was a narrow stripe, also golden in color and with a red border;
• the generalissimo's shoulder straps ended like epaulettes, which were also of a golden hue;
• in the center, inscribed in the circumference of the epaulette, was the coat of arms of the Soviet Union.

However, Stalin did not put on either shoulder straps or a uniform tailored especially for him. The uniform of the generalissimo included the following elements:

• the uniform itself with epaulettes, which included the coat of arms of the Soviet Union, inscribed in a circle of silver oak leaves;
• winter clothes were also specially sewn, on which shoulder straps were an integral part;
• a special form of the generalissimo for riding, which had an appearance similar to the uniform of the times of tsarist Russia.

Until the end of his life, Stalin did not appear in public in a uniform sewn especially for him. In all his most famous portraits, he is depicted in the epaulettes of a marshal of the Soviet army. The reason for this is that Stalin loved simplicity and practicality. For him, the outfit looked too catchy, pretentious and even a little ridiculous. Therefore, he resolutely rejected all proposals to change the already familiar form of the marshal to the uniform of the generalissimo.

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Shoulder straps of the Generalissimo: the distance between the stars, photo

The title of Generalissimo was known during the Soviet Union. The rank of generalissimo appeared in 1945; according to the law, a soldier had the right to command all the Armed Forces of the USSR. The Politburo nominated Stalin for this post, explaining this decision by his great merits in the Second World War. The victory of the USSR was hard, but as they say, the winners are not judged, but awarded, so Stalin was also awarded the Order of Victory in addition and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

According to historians, the rank of Generalissimo was previously discussed by the Politburo several times, but Stalin considered this unnecessary. The Commander-in-Chief changed his mind after the words of Marshal of the USSR Rokossovsky, who did not want to carry out one of Stalin's orders, appealing that they had the same ranks.

Appearance of the Generalissimo

The rear service of the Red Army was engaged in the development of the full dress and everyday uniforms of the highest military rank, but shoulder straps were never introduced during Stalin's lifetime. After the ruler died, there was no longer a need for shoulder straps, and the project was curtailed. The tailors, together with the rear service, suggested several options for shoulder straps and uniforms for the commander in chief:

• uniform decorated with epaulettes, which depicted the coat of arms of the USSR along with one five pointed star decorated in a wreath made of oak leaves;
• shoulder straps were also placed on special winter outerwear;
• a special uniform was designed for riding horses, it looked like a general's uniform of the 19th century.

During his lifetime, Stalin cut off all these proposals, considering the wardrobe too pretentious, catchy, outdated and out of date.

In 2017, the outfits that the Commander-in-Chief could wear are stored in the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War in the capital of Russia, this museum is located on Poklonnaya Hill.

On the shoulder straps of military officers of other ranks there are several insignia, while it is important that a certain distance is measured between the stars - mainly 25 mm. But since only one star was planned on Stalin's shoulder straps, such nuances were not taken into account.

Eyewitnesses who spoke with Stalin more than once note his unsurpassed strict style of clothing:

1. The generalissimo had shoulder straps of the Marshal of the USSR, the uniform general's tunic of a traditional cut suited him very well. How shoulder straps looked can be seen in the photo.
2. The light gray jacket always had 4 pockets and a turn-down collar.
3. The buttonholes were made according to the general format of the overcoat type - in a red tint with gold borders and buttons.

The described form was considered a parade-out, it was in such a tunic that Stalin was depicted in portraits and posters.

See also: The distance between the stars on the shoulder straps of a colonel general

Where did the title of Generalissimo go?

Molotov later claimed that Stalin had repeatedly expressed indignation at his decision to be commander in chief. The ruler complained about the pressure from outside, but could no longer refuse the honorary title he had been awarded. After the death of Stalin, no one else was the Generalissimo, but this rank was preserved in the statutes until 1993.

He acted in a formal form in the Russian Federation until January 1, 1993, after which the charter of the internal service of the RF Armed Forces was introduced on a temporary basis, and the generalissimo sank into oblivion. Sometimes a reminder of an unusual title still flashed, for example, history knows the facts when Khrushchev, and then Brezhnev, claimed this post.

How to become an army general

One of the highest ranks of the military is a general. Of course, only a few become generals, but having a great goal in front of you, even if you don’t achieve what you want, you won’t remain captains either. First determine why you need an army - if such a desire is dictated by total unemployment and good physical shape, it is better not to rush. Especially since Russian government from 2004 to 2020, he conducts a total purge among the ranks of the military, not allowing hacks and people who do not understand anything about the military profession.

If you want to rise to the highest ranks in the army, get ready to go through a thorny and long path:

1. It is desirable to enter a military school as a teenager. Military education do not give to anyone - admission committee you will have to prove that you are a capable, disciplined and courageous student. To do this, you must pass a series of tests and provide the necessary list of documents, ranging from an autobiography, characteristics from school teachers, ending with a medical certificate of professional suitability.
2. After receiving a red diploma, you will definitely need to enter a university. Intermediate and higher officers Russia is far from being illiterate, these people make up combat strategies, are distinguished by their ingenuity and quick mind.
3. Many years of service lie ahead. If you want to become a general, you need to move from rank to rank, not be afraid to be a leader, take responsibility, become an active and loyal comrade for colleagues.

If there is no desire to enter a military school, this item can be skipped. If a young man goes to the army after school on conscription, he has the right to apply to the university later, but by this time he will already know what the army is and what he will have to devote his whole life to. An important nuance - they will not be admitted to a military university if you already have a diploma from another higher education. But this does not mean at all that military career will have to be abandoned - many civilian specialties in the army are very valuable.

What you should not do is to be careless, inattentive, undisciplined - any oversight can harm your career. If an outstanding criminal record “hung” on you, one can only dream of military service.

How to get promoted to police general

If problems annoy you strangers, so you definitely should not serve in the police. Only with charisma, perseverance, masculinity and assertiveness, a kind but strong heart, one can achieve great ranks and titles. This takes into account several important factors:

• qualification;
• education - higher education is quoted the most;
• attitude to service, activity;
• current position and success in work.

See also: The distance between the stars on the shoulder straps of a lieutenant general

The fastest way to become a general in the police involves the following systematic actions:

1. Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs or education in legal institute MIA.
2. The better the marks in the diploma, the more profitable for the military.
3. Excellent service, great experience. Again, it is realistic to become a police general if there is another education in demand.

You will also have to monitor your health and fitness - regularly visit the gym. Officers of the highest ranks have excellent endurance and mental stability.

As part of our website, there is a special promotion - you can get advice from a professional lawyer for free, just leaving your question in the form below.

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Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (Stalin Line) | Alternative history

Ceremonial epaulette of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union

Generalissimo of the Soviet Union- The highest military rank in the Armed Forces of the USSR. Introduced by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1944 on the basis of consideration of the collective petition of workers and employees of the Moscow plant "Ressora" of February 6, 1943, and the notes of the commander Western front K. K. Rokossovsky dated April 22, 1943. And other letters from Bagramyan, Govorov, Shaposhnikov, Voroshilov.

The next day, June 27, at the suggestion of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the written provision of the front commanders, the title was awarded to the first Generalissimo I. V. Stalin in the history of the USSR, in commemoration of his exceptional military and organizational merits during the war against the hated Nazis . In addition, Joseph Vissarionovich was awarded the Order"Victory" for No. 1, and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Subsequently, in 1954, and in 1972, respectively, the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was awarded to Lavrenty Beria, and Andrey Grechko. Ironically, starting with Stalin, this title was awarded after him to the leaders of the Soviet state. This tradition was destroyed by Gorshkov, who came to power after Grechko in 1976.

Story

Beginning in 1939, the first army reforms in the history of the USSR were carried out aimed at improving the combat readiness and mobility of the army. Along with the reform of the Military-Industrial Complex, the army itself was reformed, special ranks were abolished, and their number was reduced. Was unified general system military ranks of the ground forces, and aviation. There was also a reform military uniform troops of the Red Army, and the RKKF. Shoulder straps were added for optimization (as they were called in the early years in the army), and soon there was a discussion about the introduction of insignia on shoulder straps.

Then this idea seemed to all the higher command staff wild, and counter-revolutionary, since shoulder straps were under the Tsar, and in Imperial Army. However, Shaposhnikov, the then chief of the General Staff, spoke out in support of this idea. In the winter of 1942, even before the start of the Great War of Liberation, and at the same time the entry into the Second world war, a resolution was adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the introduction of new insignia in the army and navy on shoulder straps. A year later, during the war, when Stalin was appointed to the place of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the question arose of conferring a military rank on him. In accordance with the procedure for conferring military ranks, Stalin was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. At that time it was the highest military rank. After receiving the first letters with a proposal to create the title of Generalissimo, Stalin often refused this, and blocked the consideration of this issue. Rokossovsky decided the fate of the title:

"Comrade Stalin, you are a marshal and I am a marshal, you cannot punish me" - Rokossovsky in a conversation with Stalin.

After consideration of this issue at a meeting of the Supreme Council, and the adoption of an appropriate decision, the next day the title was awarded to I. V. Stalin, as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

Later, a sharp question arose about the very form of the Generalissimo of the USSR. Numerous variants have been developed by the Army Logistics Service. And almost all of them were rejected by Stalin as "too pompous and not corresponding to the conditions of the present time." In some versions of the uniform, there were epaulettes and uniforms embroidered with gold, reminiscent of the old uniforms of generals during the Patriotic War of 1812. One of these options, Stalin extremely sharply rejected the words: "What am I, a clown?" According to contemporaries, Stalin rejected a total of 34 options. Already after the war, the irreplaceable uniform general's tunic, with four pockets, of a unique light gray color, short Stalin often wore, and was depicted in it in photographs, portraits, and posters, officially became the uniform of the Generalissimo, with four pockets. The only thing that before the official approval, Stalin wore Marshal's shoulder straps. After the approval of the official epaulette of the Generalissimo, among other things, golden stripes were added to Stalin's uniform, oak leaves were added to the red buttonholes, and a large star on the epaulette was crowned with a wreath of oak leaves. On Stalin's cap, a cockade with a red star was also crowned with a wreath of oak leaves, and the leaves themselves diverging from the cockade to the left and right. Stalin really liked the new version of the form, and called it: "The best indicator of Soviet modesty of the necessary modernity." However, according to the memoirs of Molotov, Stalin, until the end of his days, regretted that he allowed this rank to be introduced into the system of military ranks.

legal status.

The legal status of the Generalissimo, as well as the procedure for conferring this title, is regulated by the "Legal Regulations on the Service of Officers of the Armed Forces of the USSR." In particular, this document defines the criteria for awarding this title to a particular person:

"The title of Generalissimo of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics awarded for leadership of the Soviet Armed Forces during the conduct of the war, for outstanding military successes during the conduct of the war, for outstanding services in strengthening the Armed Forces of the USSR, for victory in the war over the enemies of the Socialist Fatherland.

Under these criteria, in the entire history of the existence of the title of Generalissimo, Stalin, Beria, Grechko fell, to whom it was actually awarded. At one time, there was a discussion about the legality of the proposal to award this title to Andropov, but the arguments against outweighed the arguments for, and Andropov was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Generalissimos

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin

The first Generalissimo of the USSR Joseph Stalin.

Iosif Vissarionovich was awarded this title during the Great Liberation War, in commemoration of his outstanding services in strengthening the Red Army, its strengthening, and for outstanding services during the war. The text of the official decree read as follows:

“To assign to Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, for the brilliant leadership of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the war against hated enemies, for outstanding military merits, and outstanding organizational work during the war aimed at increasing the combat capability of the Red Army, and the RKKF, the military rank of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, and to award Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich, for outstanding military merits with the Order of Victory, with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and the Order of Lenin, respectively.- M. I. Kalinin in the text of the official decree.

Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria

Generalissimo Beria.

Stalin's successor, Lavrenty Beria, was awarded this title for his titanic contribution to the development of the Military-Industrial Complex, and for the creation of new military branches. In particular, the Airborne Forces, the Strategic Missile Forces, and the Mechanized Infantry Forces. The text of the official decree read:

“To assign Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria, for titanic efforts in strengthening the Armed Forces of the USSR, and for outstanding organizational work aimed at strengthening the Armed Forces of the USSR, the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, with the awarding of Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria with the Order of Lenin, and the Order Stalin, respectively. — V. S. Abakumov in the text of the official decree.

Andrey Antonovich Grechko

Generalissimo Grechko.

Andrei Grechko was awarded the title of Generalissimo for the victory in the Korean War of 1968-1971, as well as for outstanding services in strengthening the army. The text of the official decree read:

“Award Andrei Antonovich Grechko, for the victory over enemies, for the brilliant leadership of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the conduct of the war, and for outstanding services in strengthening the Armed Forces of the USSR, the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, and award him the Order of Victory in commemoration of the victory over the enemy, with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, with the award of the Order of Lenin and Stalin, respectively. — A. N. Shelepin in the text of the official decree.

Discussion about the assignment of the Generalissimo to S. G. Gorshkov.

The discussion began immediately after Gorshkov contributed to the Ugandan war, and the capture of Idi Amin, and the active contribution to the victory of Soviet-friendly forces in Angola and Mozambique. The initiator of this discussion was the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Voronov. The initiative was quickly picked up by other secretaries and deputies of the Supreme Council. Since Gorshkov was one of the authors of the army reform of 1962-64, he could already become a Generalissimo according to the criterion. In 1978, it was proposed to amend the "Regulations on the service of officers in the Armed Forces of the USSR", in particular, it was proposed to introduce into the criterion for conferring the title, and assistance in winning the National Liberation Movement, and assistance to the Revolution in a foreign country with friendly people. However, Gorshkov himself rejected this initiative, arguing that he is not self-praising, and he is not going to exalt his merits. And he also motivated this by the fact that he is a naval officer, and therefore he will walk with Admiral's shoulder straps. So Gorshkov became the only president of the USSR with the title of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union. His successor, Ogarkov, also did not receive the title of Generalissimo, although he also had certain merits that were in the criteria.

current status.

At the present time, there is no Generalissimo in the armed forces of the USSR, since after Grechko there was not a single person who met the criterion for conferring the title. Recently, the USSR could have a new Generalissimo, it could be Boris Pugo, for the victory over Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Algeria, and Morocco which were known to the world as the Axis of Evil. The reason why Pugo could become the Generalissimo is quite simple. During his presidency, he served in the army, or rather in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, he led the armed forces during the war, and he was the author of a new military reform. However, he refused the title of Generalissimo, following the example of Gorshkov, although he had all the rights to the title. He was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. The rank of Generalissimo is still the highest military rank in the system of military ranks of the Soviet Armed Forces.

en.althistory.wikia.com

Generalissimo of Russia: from Shein to Stalin

On June 26, 1945, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the highest military rank was introduced - "Generalissimo of the Soviet Union". There was this rank in the military system of tsarist Russia. True, only a few have been awarded this honorary title over three centuries. Someone for military exploits, someone for belonging to the imperial family. Today we remember who these chosen ones were.

Peter I, as a teenager, produced his associates Fyodor Yurievich Romodanovsky and Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin in the "generalissimos of amusing troops." These titles were used during the amusements of the king and were not taken seriously.

Despite the fact that the title of generalissimo is found only in the Military Regulations of 1716, for the first time the title of "chief in the army" was awarded in 1696. He became an associate of Peter I, boyar Alexey Semenovich Shein. In the Azov campaigns, he commanded first the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, and then all ground forces. After the capture of Azov for military merit, Peter I elevated Shein to the rank of generalissimo.

The second generalissimo was another closest associate of Peter I, Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov. Major victories of the Russian troops in northern war. However, despite the favor of the ruler, Field Marshal Menshikov was promoted to generalissimo not by Peter I, but by his grandson Peter I. I. 1727. “Today I want to destroy the field marshal!” the emperor said, shocking the audience. And then he handed the prince a patent for the highest military rank.

Along with the largest commanders, a member of the imperial dynasty, who had no military merit, was also awarded the highest military rank. Princess Anna Leopoldovna (mother of John VI) during her short reign conferred the title of Generalissimo to her husband, Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. The highest military rank was not for long the privilege of Anna Leopoldovna's husband: after Elizabeth Petrovna came to power, the Duke of Brunswick was stripped of all ranks and sent into exile.

The only generalissimo who really deserved the highest military rank was Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov. He became famous during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, he is rightfully considered a great commander. “Fight not by numbers, but by skill,” said Suvorov and always followed this rule. No wonder most of his victories were won with the numerical superiority of the enemy.

The title of generalissimo returned to the army only a century and a half later - after the victory of the USSR over Germany in 1945. The first and only highest military rank in the USSR was awarded Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. He also became the last generalissimo - this title was abolished in 1993.

defendingrussia.ru

All generalissimos of the world: list and photo

Generalissimo is the highest rank a military man can receive. The peculiarity is that often it is given not just for long service or skillful leadership, but for special achievements in front of the Motherland. First of all, this statement is typical for the 20th century, when literally a few people around the world received this title. the globe. Practically all generalissimos were distinguished by special qualities that are far from being available to every military man. We will consider a list of the most famous of them in this review.

History reference

The term "generalissimo" is translated from Latin as "the most important in the army." Indeed, for the entire period of existence human civilization there has never been a higher military rank.

For the first time this high rank was granted in 1569 by the King of France Charles IX to his brother, who later succeeded him on the throne and became known to the world under the name of Henry III. True, then it was rather not a title, but an honorary title. And the eighteen-year-old young man, who was Heinrich, could hardly have seriously distinguished himself on the battlefields by that time.

This title was then given to various countries often without any systematization. In some cases, it was indeed the highest military position, and in others it was just a title, some states assigned this rank for life, while others only for the duration of hostilities. So not all generalissimos of the late Middle Ages were associated with the army.

One of the most famous generalissimo of this period was the great commander of the Holy Roman Empire, Albrecht von Wallenstein, who became famous during the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648).

But what about in Russia?

In Russia, the rank of generalissimo was for the first time officially assigned to the voivode Alexander Sergeevich Shein by Tsar Peter I in 1696 after the second Azov campaign.

Then this honorary title was awarded to Duke Alexander Danilovich Menshikov. True, he stayed in it for only a few months, and then was deprived of his rank, falling into disfavor. Not much longer was the father of the emperor in the rank of generalissimo Russian John VI Anton Ulrich, namely before the overthrow of his son. It followed in 1741.

But the most famous holder of the title of generalissimo in Russia was the greatest commander, who more than once won victories over the Turks and the French, Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730 - 1800). His famous Italian campaign was included in almost all textbooks on military strategy. Probably, all the generalissimos of the world would envy the number of his victories. The list of Suvorov's achievements is really impressive.

Generalissimos of the 19th century

The 19th century gave a galaxy of remarkable people awarded this title. Almost all the generalissimos of this period were major military leaders. The exception is perhaps the Duke of Angouleme Louis, who nominally even managed to be the king of France for twenty minutes.

The rest were all commanders who showed themselves as worthy generalissimo of the world. Their list is crowned by the famous winner of Bonaparte - the British Duke Arthur Wellesley Wellington. In addition, this title was given to such famous military leaders as the Austrian Archduke Karl, Generalissimo of America Miguel Hidalgo, Prince Karl Philipp zu Schwarzenberg, Napoleon's General Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, who was awarded the highest military rank, like King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden, the Bavarian Prince Karl Philip von Verde.

But in the Russian Empire, despite the large number of worthy commanders, no one in the 19th century was awarded the title of generalissimo.

Great Generalissimos of the last century

The twentieth century brought two major global conflicts and many local wars. This led to the militarization of many countries of the world, in which the top leader often held a civil and military position at the same time. Almost all generalissimos of the 20th century were heads of state. Among them are such prominent figures as the leader of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin, the President of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek, the dictator of Spain Francisco Franco, the head of the DPRK Kim Il Sung and others. Let's dwell on their biographies, find out in more detail how they lived and what the great generalissimos of the world did. Photos and biographies of these prominent people are presented below.

Sun Yat-sen - the first generalissimo of the 20th century

Sun Yat-sen (1866 - 1925) - statesman, revolutionary and leader of the Republic of China. He was awarded this important title before other generalissimos of the world in the 20th century.

It was Sun Yat-sen who stood at the origins of the founding of the revolutionary Chinese Kuomintang Party. During the struggle for power after the revolution that overthrew the monarchy in the Celestial Empire, a government was formed in the south of the country. Sun Yat-sen received the highest position in it - Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China.

Until the end of his life, he fought for the unification of the country into a single democratic state, but his death in 1925 prevented this work.

Chiang Kai-shek - President of the Republic of China

Perhaps the most famous Chinese generalissimo of the 20th century was Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975).

This great commander political figure in 1933 he became at the helm of the Kuomintang party, which he actually led immediately after the death of Sun Yat-sen. It was he who insisted on the start of the Northern Expedition in 1926, which made it possible to significantly expand the borders of the Republic of China during the civil war. In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek became head of government.

In 1931, the Japanese intervention in Manchuria began, and in 1927 an open war broke out, in which Chiang Kai-shek took an active part. Then he was awarded the title of Generalissimo. After the victory of the allied forces over Japan during World War II, a civil war broke out in China between supporters of the Kuomintang and the communists led by Mao Zedong. Chiang Kai-shek at the head of his troops was defeated and had to retreat to Taiwan. There, the government of the Republic of China was formed by the Kuomintang. Chiang Kai-shek remained president of this partially recognized state until his death in 1975.

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Dzhugashvili) (1878 - 1953) - an outstanding politician, leader of the USSR. It was during his reign that the Soviet Union mined what he got at a high price great victory over Nazi Germany. For this he was awarded the title of Generalissimo. This happened for the first time in Russian history since the time of Suvorov.

Following the victory October revolution Stalin ended up in the top leadership of the young state. After Lenin's death, he gained the upper hand in the struggle for power and in the second half of the 1920s became the de facto sole leader of the Soviet Union.

The policy pursued by Stalin caused a lot of conflicting opinions among historians because of its harshness, and sometimes cruelty, mass repressions. And, nevertheless, a significant result was achieved, since the USSR from a country with an economy that collapsed after the civil war was rapidly turning into an industrial power.

Stalin and the Great Patriotic War

Immediately after the sudden German attack on the territory of the USSR, it became clear that Soviet army came to the fighting unprepared. The soldiers of the Reich advanced rapidly, and our troops retreated deep into the country, suffering huge human losses. The blame for the unpreparedness of the army lies largely with Stalin.

But still, at the cost of the incredible efforts of the Red Army, they managed to turn the tide of the Great Patriotic War, push the enemy beyond the borders of the country, and then take Berlin.

This was also a significant merit of Joseph Stalin as the head of state and supreme commander in chief. Despite the failures of the first months of the war, he managed to take control of the situation and choose the strategically correct decision in organizing the defense. For these merits, Stalin was awarded the highest military rank - Generalissimo. This rank was assigned to him by the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in June 1945. He skillfully combined his military rank with the activities of a state leader, as, indeed, at that time, other generalissimos of the world. The list of people awarded this high rank in our country is closed by Joseph Stalin.

Francisco Franco - dictator of Spain

Francisco Franco (1892-1975) is one of the most controversial figures in modern history. But, nevertheless, his deeds allowed him to become famous no less than other generalissimos of the world. The list of Franco's accomplishments is quite wide, and includes both actions aimed, of course, for the benefit of Spain, and dubious decisions.

Caudillo gained world fame, as he was called after coming to power, by organizing a military coup in Spain in 1936. Then he received the title of Generalissimo. Winning in civil war Republicans, with the support Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, he became virtually the only ruler of Spain, establishing an authoritarian regime in the country.

After the outbreak of World War II, Franco did not take the side of his allies, but tried to remain neutral, which, as history has shown, was a very wise decision. This allowed him to remain in power after 1945. In fact, he ruled Spain until his death in 1975, transferring control of the state to King Juan Carlos I.

Thus, in the 20th century, Franco stayed in power longer than all the generalissimos of the world. In total, he ruled, combining the highest state and military positions, for 36 years.

Kim Il Sung - Founder of North Korea

Kim Il Sung (1912 - 1994) - the first leader and founder of the DPRK. He spent less time in the highest military rank in the 20th century than all the generalissimos of the world - just over two years.

Kim Il Sung was born in Korea in 1912. His biography still causes a lot of controversy, although almost all the generalissimos of the world were shrouded in a certain secret. names during their revolutionary activity Kim Il Sung changed often, although he was Kim Song-ju by birth.

In 1945, Kim Il Sung became chairman of the Communist Party of Korea, and the following year, head of the new state of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. In the 1950s, a fierce war broke out with South Korea supported by the US. But, in essence, fighting did not bring any tangible advantage to anyone. The war ended without a clear winner.

After that, Kim Il Sung focused on domestic affairs. His regime bore bright features of authoritarianism and a cult of personality. In 1992, two years before his death, Kim Il Sung was awarded the title of Generalissimo.

Generalissimo: historical role

It is difficult to overestimate the historical role of almost every outstanding person who had the highest military rank. Greatest Contribution almost all the generalissimos of the world have made history. A list of their victories and achievements is contained in any history textbook. And their memory is passed from mouth to mouth.

And this is not surprising, because the glory of military and state achievements is in itself a monument to such outstanding historical figures as the generalissimo of the world. The names of Suvorov, Wallenstein, Menshikov, Sun Yat-sen, Stalin, Kim Il Sung and other famous figures will forever remain the property of history.

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According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the issue of conferring the title of Generalissimo was discussed several times, but I. V. Stalin invariably rejected this proposal. And only after the intervention of the Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky (when he said: “Comrade Stalin, you are a marshal and I am a marshal. You cannot punish me!”) He agreed.

The uniform and insignia of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union were developed by the rear services of the Red Army, but during the life of I.V. Stalin they could not be officially approved, and after his death the need for this disappeared. In one version, the uniform had epaulettes, which housed the coat of arms of the USSR and a large five-pointed star in a wreath of oak leaves. A winter overcoat and a riding uniform, reminiscent of the general's uniform of the mid-19th century, were also submitted for approval. The manufactured samples were rejected by I. V. Stalin, who considered them too luxurious and out of date. Currently, they are stored in the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War in Moscow on Poklonnaya Hill. [ source unspecified 364 days]

Below are the projects of the epaulette of the Generalissimo of the USSR

This epaulette is present on the sewn uniform of the Generalissimo

Somehow, having arrived at the Kremlin for a report, Antonov and I met the chief quartermaster of the Red Army, P. I. Drachev, in Stalin's waiting room. He was dressed in a magnificent military uniform of a cut unknown to us. The uniform was sewn according to the model of the times of Kutuzov with a high standing collar. The trousers, on the other hand, looked modern, but shone with gilded stripes. When, surprised by such an operetta attire, we stopped and looked at the strange costume, Drachev quietly told us: "A new uniform for the Generalissimo."
In Stalin's office were members of the Politburo. The head of the rear, General of the Army Khrulev, reported. Having finished his report, he asked permission to show the audience a new military uniform. Stalin was in a great mood and said: "Come on, the General Staff will take a look."
They gave a sign to the reception. Enter Drachev. Stalin gave him a cursory glance and grew gloomy. He must have guessed what form it was.
- Who are you going to dress like that? he asked, nodding his head slightly in the direction of the chief quartermaster.
- This is the proposed form for the Generalissimo, - answered Khrulyov.
- For whom? - asked Stalin.
- For you, Comrade Stalin.
The Supreme Commander-in-Chief ordered Drachev to leave. The form of the Generalissimo was never created. Stalin wore a marshal's uniform until the end of his days.

Generalissimo Stalin in marshal uniform.

In fact, Generalissimo Stalin wore a standard-cut general's uniform (before the introduction of shoulder straps) tunic with a turn-down collar and four pockets, but of a unique light gray color. Shoulder straps on the tunic - Marshal of the Soviet Union. General overcoat buttonholes - red with gold edging and buttons. This uniform was official and featured in portraits and posters.

According to V. M. Molotov, “Stalin regretted that he had agreed to the Generalissimo. He always regretted. And rightly so. This was overdone by Kaganovich, Beria ... Well, the commanders insisted.

After I.V. Stalin, the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was not awarded, however, it was listed in the charters until 1993.

So, according to paragraph 9 of the Charter of the internal service Armed Forces USSR dated July 30, 1975:

This Charter continued to formally operate in the Russian Federation until January 1, 1993, when the Interim Charter of the Internal Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was put into effect, in which the title of Generalissimo is no longer mentioned.

At the same time, letters were preserved in the archives containing proposals for conferring this title on Lieutenant General N. S. Khrushchev and Marshal of the Soviet Union L. I. Brezhnev:

These proposals were not given an official move, although, according to the memoirs of TASS Deputy Director E.I. Ivanov, on May 12, 1976, at a meeting with veterans of the 18th Army, Brezhnev (five days before he was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union) stated the following:

Whether this was a joke, a slip of the tongue, or the sincere desire of Leonid Ilyich, it is now difficult to establish.

The title of Generalissimo was known during the Soviet Union. The rank of generalissimo appeared in 1945; according to the law, a soldier had the right to command all the Armed Forces of the USSR. The Politburo nominated Stalin for this post, explaining this decision by his great merits in the Second World War. The victory of the USSR was hard, but as they say, the winners are not judged, but awarded, so Stalin was also awarded the Order of Victory in addition and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

According to historians, the rank of Generalissimo was previously discussed by the Politburo several times, but Stalin considered this unnecessary. The Commander-in-Chief changed his mind after the words of Marshal of the USSR Rokossovsky, who did not want to carry out one of Stalin's orders, appealing that they had the same ranks.

Appearance of the Generalissimo

The rear service of the Red Army was engaged in the development of the full dress and everyday uniforms of the highest military rank, but shoulder straps were never introduced during Stalin's lifetime. After the ruler died, there was no longer a need for shoulder straps, and the project was curtailed. The tailors, together with the rear service, suggested several options for shoulder straps and uniforms for the commander in chief:

• a uniform decorated with epaulettes, which depicted the coat of arms of the USSR along with one five-pointed star, decorated in a wreath made of oak leaves;
• shoulder straps were also placed on special winter outerwear;
• a special uniform was designed for riding horses, it looked like a general's uniform of the 19th century.

During his lifetime, Stalin cut off all these proposals, considering the wardrobe too pretentious, catchy, outdated and out of date.

In 2017, the outfits that the Commander-in-Chief could wear are stored in the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War in the capital of Russia, this museum is located on Poklonnaya Hill.

On the shoulder straps of military officers of other ranks there are several insignia, while it is important that a certain distance is measured between the stars - mainly 25 mm. But since only one star was planned on Stalin's shoulder straps, such nuances were not taken into account.

Eyewitnesses who spoke with Stalin more than once note his unsurpassed strict style of clothing:

1. The generalissimo had shoulder straps of the Marshal of the USSR, the uniform general's tunic of a traditional cut suited him very well. How shoulder straps looked can be seen in the photo.
2. The light gray jacket always had 4 pockets and a turn-down collar.
3. The buttonholes were made according to the general format of the overcoat type - in a red tint with gold borders and buttons.

The described form was considered a parade-out, it was in such a tunic that Stalin was depicted in portraits and posters.

Where did the title of Generalissimo go?

Molotov later claimed that Stalin had repeatedly expressed indignation at his decision to be commander in chief. The ruler complained about the pressure from outside, but could no longer refuse the honorary title he had been awarded. After the death of Stalin, no one else was the Generalissimo, but this rank was preserved in the statutes until 1993.

He acted in a formal form in the Russian Federation until January 1, 1993, after which the charter of the internal service of the RF Armed Forces was introduced on a temporary basis, and the generalissimo sank into oblivion. Sometimes a reminder of an unusual title still flashed, for example, history knows the facts when Khrushchev, and then Brezhnev, claimed this post.

How to become an army general

One of the highest ranks of the military is a general. Of course, only a few become generals, but having a great goal in front of you, even if you don’t achieve what you want, you won’t remain captains either. First determine why you need an army - if such a desire is dictated by total unemployment and good physical shape, it is better not to rush. Moreover, from 2004 to 2020, the Russian government is conducting a total purge among the ranks of the military, not allowing hacks and people who do not understand anything about the military profession.

If you want to rise to the highest ranks in the army, get ready to go through a thorny and long path:

1. It is desirable to enter a military school as a teenager. Military education is not given to just anyone - the selection committee will have to prove that you are a capable, disciplined and courageous student. To do this, you must pass a series of tests and provide the necessary list of documents, ranging from an autobiography, references from school teachers, ending with a medical certificate of professional suitability.
2. After receiving a red diploma, you will definitely need to enter a university. The average and senior officers of Russia are far from being illiterate; these people draw up combat strategies, are distinguished by ingenuity and a quick mind.
3. Many years of service lie ahead. If you want to become a general, you need to move from rank to rank, not be afraid to be a leader, take responsibility, become an active and loyal comrade for colleagues.

If there is no desire to enter a military school, this item can be skipped. If a young man goes to the army after school on conscription, he has the right to apply to the university later, but by this time he will already know what the army is and what he will have to devote his whole life to. An important nuance is that they will not be admitted to a military university if you already have a diploma of another higher education. But this does not mean at all that you will have to give up a military career - many civilian specialties in the army are very valuable.

What you should not do is to be careless, inattentive, undisciplined - any oversight can harm your career. If an outstanding criminal record “hung” on you, one can only dream of military service.

How to get promoted to police general

If you are annoyed by the problems of strangers, then you definitely should not serve in the police. Only with charisma, perseverance, masculinity and assertiveness, a kind but strong heart, one can achieve great ranks and titles. This takes into account several important factors:

• qualification;
• education - higher education is quoted the most;
• attitude to service, activity;
• current position and success in work.

On June 26, 1945, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the highest military rank was introduced - "Generalissimo of the Soviet Union". There was this rank in the military system of tsarist Russia. True, only a few have been awarded this honorary title over three centuries. Someone for military exploits, someone for belonging to the imperial family. Today we remember who these chosen ones were.

Peter I, as a teenager, produced his associates Fyodor Yurievich Romodanovsky and Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin in the "generalissimos of amusing troops." These titles were used during the amusements of the king and were not taken seriously.

Despite the fact that the title of generalissimo is found only in the Military Regulations of 1716, for the first time the title of "chief in the army" was awarded in 1696. He became an associate of Peter I, boyar Alexey Semenovich Shein. In the Azov campaigns, he commanded first the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, and then all the ground forces. After the capture of Azov for military merit, Peter I elevated Shein to the rank of generalissimo.

The second generalissimo was another closest associate of Peter I, Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov. Major victories of the Russian troops in the Northern War are associated with his name. However, despite the favor of the ruler, Field Marshal Menshikov was promoted to generalissimo not by Peter I, but by his grandson Peter I. I. 1727. “Today I want to destroy the field marshal!” the emperor said, shocking the audience. And then he handed the prince a patent for the highest military rank.

Along with the largest commanders, a member of the imperial dynasty, who had no military merit, was also awarded the highest military rank. Princess Anna Leopoldovna (mother of John VI) during her short reign conferred the title of Generalissimo to her husband, Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. The highest military rank was not for long the privilege of Anna Leopoldovna's husband: after Elizabeth Petrovna came to power, the Duke of Brunswick was stripped of all ranks and sent into exile.

The only generalissimo who really deserved the highest military rank was Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov. He became famous during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, he is rightfully considered a great commander. “Fight not by numbers, but by skill,” said Suvorov and always followed this rule. No wonder most of his victories were won with the numerical superiority of the enemy.

In the last century, during the Soviet Union, there was a higher rank of generalissimo. However, this title was not awarded to any person during the entire existence of the Soviet Union, except for Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.

The proletarian people themselves asked for this man to be awarded the highest military rank for all his services to the Motherland. This happened after the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany in the 45th year. Soon the entire Union learned that the working people asked for such an honor for their leader.

However, there is a very important aspect - during the Soviet Union, Stalin was awarded the title, which was considered the highest even under the tsarist government. And this turn of events did not suit all the Bolsheviks, and in most cases most of the party members reacted very unfriendly to this.

Subsequently, this even turned out to be a kind of turning point, since everything related to royal power was unacceptable to them. But Stalin realized that in the situation that prevailed at that moment in the country, only the traditions and spirit of past times could save the Motherland.

For this reason, he introduces into circulation such a distinctive sign as epaulettes. Initially, this element of the appearance of a soldier is a symbol of the "imperial punishers", while this status of a soldier contained an abusive meaning.

The Germans have always understood that Russians become weak the moment they break their connection with their ancestors, and Stalin knew well that they were aware of this. Therefore, he took this action decisively, as he wanted to restore this connection again. And not only he understood the need for such reforms, but also his military environment.

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When a turning point occurs in the country, it was necessary to look for a way out of the situation, and Comrade Stalin found it. Obviously, he tried with all his might to restore the continuity of generations.

How did the concept of generalissimo appear and what does it mean

Generalissimo comes from Latin. The literal translation of this word into Russian is "great and very first." Such a higher rank at one time was not only in the Russian Empire, but in general in all countries of the world. One of the most famous domestic servicemen in this rank is Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov.

On the uniform of the Generalissimo there were elements that betrayed not only his high military rank, but also his civil status in the country as a whole. As a rule, this title could only be achieved by truly heroic deeds. A person had to make a special contribution to the development of the history of his country.

The epaulettes of the generalissimo were insignia of an impressive size, which the person awarded this title wore on his shoulders. In appearance, they very much resembled epaulettes, but at the same time they had stars and several other elements characteristic of this title.

To date, this title has been preserved, but so far there has not been a worthy person who could be honored to wear it.

The last person to receive the title of Generalissimo was the Chinese politician Kim Jong Il. However, he never found out about this, because he was presented for this award only in 2011, when he had already died.

Very rarely did anyone manage to get the title of generalissimo, since the person to whom it was awarded was not just a ruler, but a national symbol. For a long time in different countries there are units that were able to reach such heights. So in different world powers there was the following statistics:

• in France for four hundred years there were only about twenty generalissimos, which, in comparison with other states, is not such a bad result;
• on the territory of Russia over the past three hundred years, only Stalin was the generalissimo, but there were attempts to assign this title to Khrushchev and Brezhnev;
• in China, Kim Jong Il is still revered, and they even keep special calendars.

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Rank insignia

Shoulder straps of Stalin met all the canons of the shoulder straps of the Generalissimo. The development of the features of the appearance of these shoulder straps began almost immediately after the Great Patriotic War ended. All materials related to this case were closed until the end of the last century.

The main parameters of standard shoulder straps still needed to be taken into account, however, those who were involved in the development wanted to create something really special. Shoulder straps included the following elements:

• from the collar, the epaulette began as a standard officer's, rectangular shape;
• the main color was gold, and the edging was red;
• then there was a large star, which with its ends touched the edges of the shoulder strap, its color is silver;
• then there was a narrow stripe, also golden in color and with a red border;
• the generalissimo's shoulder straps ended like epaulettes, which were also of a golden hue;
• in the center, inscribed in the circumference of the epaulette, was the coat of arms of the Soviet Union.