Speech styles are a system speech means that are used in any area of communication, as well as a variety literary language which performs some function in communication.
scientific style- special variety literary styles used in both spoken and written language. The main function of the scientific style of speech is the accurate presentation of scientific information. Careful preliminary consideration of the utterance and a strict selection of linguistic means distinguish the scientific style from the rest. Scientific speech is characterized by the use of special terms and neutral vocabulary. The scientific style is also characterized by its own grammatical features. AT scientific texts gerunds, participles, verbal nouns are often used. Singular nouns can be used to indicate the form plural. The scientific style is characterized by logic, accuracy, clarity of presentation. Emotion and imagery are rarely used. The direct word order in a sentence is characteristic of scientific speech.
business style used to accurately communicate business information. This style of speech is used mainly in written speech. It is used when writing various kinds of official documents, business papers: memorandums, statements, protocols, etc. The business style is characterized by brevity of presentation, accuracy, use of phraseological stamps, special terminology, abbreviations. In business speech there are no words of limited consumption and emotional vocabulary. AT business texts complex sentences, strict word order in a sentence, impersonal constructions are used. The business style is characterized by the use of verbal nouns and imperative verbs.
Scope of application journalistic style- these are periodicals, news feeds, texts of speeches to the public for propaganda purposes. The main task of texts written in this style of speech is influence, agitation and propaganda. This style is characterized not only by the communication of information, but by the attitude of the author, which complements the text. In a journalistic style, as in a scientific one, the strict logic of presentation and the use of accurate facts are of particular importance, but at the same time, the text may differ in emotional coloring, which is more characteristic of the artistic style. A variety of vocabulary is used in the journalistic style: from dry bookish to emotional colloquial, from terminological to evaluative. Often in journalistic texts, foreign language terms, phraseological units of various kinds, figurative and expressive means of speech can be used. This style is characterized by the use of both bookish and colloquial sentence structures. Often there are interrogative and exclamatory sentences.
Application area colloquial style of speech- communication in an informal setting. Used in written and oral forms. Spoken speech is not distinguished by a strict selection of language means; the speech situation is of greater importance. Spoken language is often emphasized and supplemented by gestures and facial expressions of the people talking. Emphasis, pauses, changes of intonation are used. Accordingly, less stringent requirements apply when using colloquial speech, special emphasis is placed on emotionality, expressiveness of vocabulary. Often found in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, a mark corresponding to the vocabulary of the colloquial style - “colloquial”. When applying this style of speech, non-literary words, incorrect speech (vernacular) may occur. Phraseological units are often used, giving the text greater expressiveness and emotionality. The colloquial style of speech is distinguished by the use of appeals, repetitions of words, introductory and plug-in constructions, incomplete sentences. It is common to use colloquial speech in fiction for the speech characterization of characters or the figurative display of events.
Art style or the style of fiction is used when writing works of fiction: novellas, short stories, novels, essays. The main function is to inform the reader and influence him with the help of emotions. Differs in emotionality, figurativeness, expressiveness. The use of artistic language means and verbal turns is widespread: metaphors, comparisons, epithets. Sometimes, to give the text a solemn, sublime color, a special color, outdated words are used - archaisms and historicisms. Artistic speech style stands out a high degree informativeness in combination with emotionality and expressiveness of language means. Artistic style is also characterized by the use of combinations of features of other styles of speech. The most commonly used elements of conversational style.
The style of the text is the design and purpose of speech.
There are 5 styles of text in Russian:
- scientific
- business
- journalistic
- art
- colloquial
Each style has its own canons and features and, accordingly, the scope of use.
Scientific text style
You can get acquainted with the scientific style by reading articles that describe phenomena, identify patterns, and make discoveries. This is the style of scientific conferences and seminars, monographs and dissertations. It is characterized by the use of precise terminology, a logical presentation of facts and conclusions that follow from the results of research, the use of impersonal pronouns. Scientific style is also used in textbooks.
Business text style
Business style is used to inform. Most often used in the field of legislation, administrative and legal activities. This is the style of official documents: laws, orders, resolutions, protocols. Each of these documents is compiled according to a specific and generally accepted cliché. A simple layman in his life also uses this style more than once in the preparation of statements, characteristics, and when submitting certificates. This style is characterized by a direct word order, strict adherence to the established cliche.
These two styles are not emotionally charged. Characterized by precision and dryness.
Journalistic text style
Journalistic style is the language of the mass media. They are used when creating a report, an interview. This style is characterized by logic, emotionality and appeal. Its purpose is to convey information, to arouse interest in an existing problem, to influence people's attitude to the pressing problems of society. Indirectly, journalistic style is involved in the formation of the worldview a large number people, people.
Conversational text style
The purpose of the conversational style is direct communication. They use it to discuss urgent needs, share their feelings, thoughts in an informal setting. It is characterized by emotionality. It often contains colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. Moreover, each region has its own typical folk speech, called dialects.
Artistic text style
Artistic style affects us through literature. This is the art style. It is characterized by both the richness of vocabulary and its emotionality, the use of various artistic techniques to enhance the perception and imagination of readers (allegorical images, metaphors, hyperbole, etc.). This style is easy to understand, there are often deviations from the norms of speech, foreign, outdated words are used. When reading texts artistic style one gets the impression of the constant presence of the author, his feelings about the fate of the heroes of the work.
Speech. Types of speech
- this is the result of the work of a person’s thought, expressed orally (we speak) or in writing (we write).Linguistics- This is the science of the Russian language, which describes the laws of the correct construction of speech. Its main concepts are sentence and text.
Text- These are sentences arranged in a certain sequence and interconnected in meaning.
Types of speech
1. Narration What happened?
Usually the text refers to the actions and events from the life of people, nature. Events occur in motion, sequentially, one after another.
After the arrival of the starling, they run along the paths in the garden, looking under each leaf, hunt in the field, in the forest, on arable land, and collect food. Sitting on a tree branch, fluttering its black wings, the starling sings its sonorous songs in the mornings and evenings.
(according to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
2. Reasoning Why did the event happen?
The text sets out the causes of the phenomenon, the event. All sentences are connected by cause-and-effect relationships. The following must be present: 1) a thesis (a statement that needs to be proved), 2) proof of this thesis, 3) conclusion, conclusion.
Love reading because literature gives you the widest and deepest experience of life. It makes a person intelligent, develops in him not only a sense of beauty, but also an understanding of life, serves as a guide to other peoples, opens the hearts of people before you. In a word, it makes you wise.
(D. Likhachev)
3. Description What event happened?
The text depicts objects, people, nature. All actions take place simultaneously. Many adjectives and participles, figurative means (metaphors, personifications, etc.).
Throughout the night, the fire of the fire flares up, then goes out. The foliage of birches hangs without moving. Dew flows down the white trunks. And you can hear how somewhere far away - it seems, beyond the edge of the earth - an old rooster cries hoarsely in a hut at dawn. In an extraordinary, never-heard silence dawn dawns. The sky is green in the east.
(K. Paustovsky)
Attention!
In one text can be intertwined different types speech.
2. Styles of speech and their characteristics.
Speech style- this is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.
Characteristics of speech styles
1. Style of fiction.
This is the style of works of art: stories, novels, novels, plays, poems, etc. It features different styles. The main function is to influence the reader, as well as to inform him about something. A sense of beauty is conveyed through the language of a work of art. The style is distinguished by figurativeness, expressiveness, emotionality. Are used figurative means(metaphors, personifications, etc.).
2. Conversational style.
The main function is communication, dialogue. This style is used in an informal setting (friendly conversation) in speech and writing. The style is emotional. Mostly common words are used, there may be colloquial expressions (canteen, drain, as if sunk into the water). Predominantly short, simple, incomplete sentences: Give me a book - it's on the table. Names are often abbreviated: Sonya, Masha, Sasha, Dasha.
3. Scientific style.
This style is used for communication in the scientific field in scientific articles, textbooks, encyclopedias, and reports. Main function - accurate transmission and evidence-based presentation of scientific information. This style is characterized by consistency and precision. Terms are used (atom, resistance of materials), verbs like suggest, note, notice, etc., chains of words (studying the specifics of units physically solid body). Introductory words serve to connect sentences: firstly, in this way.
4. Journalistic style.
The purpose of this style is to influence people, to communicate information, to form their public opinion. Used by journalists in newspapers, magazines, on television. Features: reflective actual problems and questions, there are interrogative and exclamatory sentences, words - appeals (dear listeners), direct speech, quotes. Visual means are used (metaphors, personifications, etc.), speech stamps (an important step, a worthy contribution).
5. Official - business style.
This is the style used to write official documents, business papers: statements, protocols, laws, instructions. Characterized by the use of stamps (I bring to your attention, according to the order), complex verbal constructions, lack of emotionality. In this style there should be no dialectisms and vernacular, pictorial means. Word repetition is the norm. The texts have a strict structure, so it is important to know the form of writing statements, petitions.
Stylistic norms
1. Words that are appropriate in one speech situation are out of place in another. Unjustified use of words of a different stylistic coloration should be avoided: colloquial expressions and dialect words(In my essay, I want to write about my favorite hero), stamps(Due to the lack of a red rose, my life will be broken).
2. Mixing vocabulary of different historical eras leads to a stylistic error: Pechorin received a ticket to the Caucasus. Should be used: Pechorin was assigned to the Caucasus.
3. Not every reverse word order decorates written speech and can lead to mistakes: Savelich asked for forgiveness for Grinev on Pugachev's knees. Pugachev granted Grinev a fur coat and a horse from his shoulder. It should be used: Savelich on his knees asked Pugachev for forgiveness for Grinev. Pugachev granted Grinev a fur coat from his shoulder and a horse.
4. Repetitions of words within one sentence and paragraph: Many eyes looked at Danko, and Danko raised his heart above him. Danko went ahead of everyone.
Antithesis- this is the opposition of sharply contrasting concepts to create an artistic image.
You are poor, you are rich, you are powerful, you are powerless, Mother Russia.
Oxymoron It is a combination of two contradictory concepts.
magnificent withering, wretched luxury of attire, bitter joy, ringing silence.
Metaphor is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on similarity.
the smell of hearth and smoke, the sounds of old harpsichords. In smoky clouds the purple of a rose, a reflection of amber.
personification- this is the transfer of properties, qualities of a person to natural phenomena (plants, animals, natural phenomena).
The wind moaned across the deserted island. His sad voice sounded wistfully over the quiet forest.
Epithet- this is a bright, colorful definition, most often expressed by an adjective, participle.
beautiful places, dark clouds, delicate aroma.
Paraphrase is an expression that is a descriptive transfer of the meaning of another expression or word.
Paraphrase- this is the replacement of the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features.
king of beasts (lion), Foggy Albion (England).
Comparison- this is the likening of one object to another on the basis of a common feature they have.
The comparison can be expressed:
- the form of comparison. Art. adjective or adverb: more beautiful, further;
– comparative turnover with unions as, as if, as if, exactly, as if: Clouds sailed across the sky, like wonderful ships; - with the help of words similar, similar: I do not know a city similar to ours in terms of the variety of architectural monuments;
- phraseologism: how he sank into the water, like water off a duck's back; – SPP with comparative clause (conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly, as if): The summer air was so hot and stuffy, as if it had passed through giant heating pipes.
Metonymy is the transfer of a name from one object to another on the basis of adjacency (some objects are associated with others similar to them). Metonymy makes thought more vivid and expressive. Examples:
Yes, what on silver, on gold ate!
Rugal Homer, Theocritus,
But read Adam Smith
Amber on the pipes of Tsaregrad,
Porcelain and bronze on the table
And, feelings of pampered joy,
Perfume in cut crystal.
Irony- an expression of mockery or cunning through allegory, when the word takes on the opposite meaning.
Where, smart, are you wandering, head?
Allegory- it's an allegory artistic image some object, human character traits through animals, plants, mythological characters. Used in parables, fables, fairy tales. Examples:
justice - Themis, the image of cunning in the form of a fox, strength and power - in the form of a lion.
Inversion- a change in the usual (direct) word order in a sentence in order to give a special meaning to a word or sentence.
Rhetorical exclamation- this is an artistic technique with which the author of the text conveys various emotions: surprise, delight, chagrin, joy, etc. When reading, it is distinguished by an exclamatory intonation.
Example: What a summer, what a summer! Yes, it's just magic!
Rhetorical question- this is a question that is posed by the author not in order to get an answer to it, but to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon.
Do you know Ukrainian night? Where can I get the strength to regain the lost peace?
Rhetorical address- this is an appeal of the author of the text not to a specific addressee, but to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Motherland! Forgive and accept us, your prodigal sons!
Hyperbola(from the Greek "transition; excess, excess; exaggeration") - a strong exaggeration in order to enhance the expressiveness of the said thought.
Example: I've said this a thousand times, we have enough food for six months, cockroach.
Litotes- intentional understatement by the author of the text of an object or phenomenon.
a boy with a finger, a little man with a fingernail.
The book “Write correctly”
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06.05.2018Main types of speech are description , narration and reasoning .
Description- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any phenomenon of reality is depicted by listing its permanent or simultaneously present signs or actions (the content of the description can be conveyed on one frame of the camera).
In the description, most of all, words denoting qualities, properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are used.
Verbs are often used in the form imperfect form past tense, and for special clarity, pictorial description - and in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and inconsistent) and nominal sentences.
For example:
The sky was clear, clear, pale blue. Light white clouds, lit from one side with a pink glow, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in other places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From behind the horizon, like giant spread fingers, stretched up across the sky golden stripes from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A. I. Kuprin)
The description helps to see the subject, to present it in the mind.
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Narration- this is a type of speech, with the help of which it is told about any events in their temporal sequence; successive actions or events are reported (the content of the narrative can be conveyed only on a few frames of the camera).
In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the form of the past tense of the imperfective form ( came, saw, developed etc.).
For example:
And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The Great Dane suddenly fell on its back, and some invisible force pulled it off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly gripped the astonished Jack's throat... Jack propped himself up with his front legs and shook his head violently. But an invisible "something" squeezed his neck so that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A. I. Kuprin)
Narrative helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.
reasoning- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any position, thought is proved or explained; it talks about the causes and consequences of events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).
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In reasoning texts, a special role belongs to introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation ( firstly, secondly, so, therefore, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinating unions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order to, because, although, in spite of the fact that etc.)
For example:
If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he writes about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.
But if the writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire novelty, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. G. Paustovsky)
The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are rather arbitrary. At the same time, any one type of speech is not always presented in the text. Much more often there are cases of their combination in various versions: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narrative with elements of reasoning, etc.
Speech styles
Style- this is a historically established system of language means and ways of organizing them, which is used in a certain area of human communication ( public life): the sphere of science, official business relations, agitation and mass activities, verbal and artistic creativity, the sphere of everyday communication.
Each functional style characterized by:
a) scope of application;
b) main functions;
c) leading style features;
d) language features;
e) specific forms (genres).
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scientific style
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scientific style is divided into three sub-styles: actually scientific , scientific and educational and popular science .
Each of these sub-styles has its own characteristics. In scientific, educational and popular science sub-styles, it is allowed to use some (separate) linguistic means characteristic of colloquial speech and journalism, including means of linguistic expressiveness (metaphors, comparisons, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, parcels and some others).
In scientific style texts, all types of speech can be presented: description, narration and reasoning (most often: reasoning-proof and reasoning-explanation).
Formal business style
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Two types of speech are usually presented in formal business style texts: description and narration.
Journalistic style
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Journalistic style It is divided into two sub-styles: the actual publicistic and artistic-journalistic.
Actually journalistic style characterized by the topicality of the topic, the use of socio-political vocabulary and terminology ( deputy, power, patriot, parliament, conservatism), specific journalistic vocabulary and phraseology ( reporting, peacemaking, corridors of power, conflict resolution), the frequency of the use of borrowed words naming new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena ( distributor, investment, inauguration, killer, croupier, rating and etc.).
The artistic and journalistic sub-style, in its linguistic features, approaches the style of fiction and is characterized by a combination of the functions of influence and persuasion with an aesthetic function, as well as the widespread use of figurative and expressive means of language, including tropes and figures.
In texts journalistic style all types of speech can occur: description, narration and reasoning.
For artistic and journalistic substyle reasoning-thinking is especially characteristic.
Art style
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In artistic style texts, as well as in journalism, all types of speech are widely used: description, narration and reasoning. reasoning in works of art appears in the form of reasoning-reflection and is one of the most important means of revealing the inner state of the hero, psychological characteristics character.
Conversational style
| Scope (Where?) | Household (informal setting) |
| Functions (why?) | Direct everyday communication; |
| Main style features | Ease, simplicity of speech, concreteness, emotionality, imagery |
| Basic language tools | Colloquial, including emotional-evaluative and expressive, vocabulary and phraseology ( potato, book, daughter, baby, long, plop, the cat cried, headlong); incomplete sentences; the use of expressive syntactic constructions characteristic of colloquial speech (interrogative and exclamatory sentences, sentence words, including interjectional ones, sentences with parcellation ( Will you come tomorrow? Be silent! Sleep would! - Are you in the cinema? - Not. Here's another! Ouch! Oh you!); |
| Genres | Friendly conversation, private conversation, everyday story, dispute, notes, private letters |
