What is the psychological characteristic of a person. Psychological characteristics of personality. Psychological portrait of a person. Writing example

Dear visitors of the psychological office of Oleg Matveev, you are invited to take the test: "Psychological characteristics of a person's personality", based on Szondi's eight cravings test.

With the help of a portrait test for the psychological characteristics of a person’s personality, you can find out your secret, hidden desires, inclinations, inclinations, abilities, and other secrets of the human psyche, enclosed in the “unconscious” of a person, and unconsciously influencing life and destiny. (see what is personality)

Secrets of man: psychological characteristics of personality

To find out their secrets of the human psyche, the psychological characteristics of the individual; to determine your inclinations, abilities (including professional ones), desires and inclinations, you need to choose from 48 portraits of people, first 12 that are more likeable to you (well, or more acceptable), and then choose 12 that are completely unsympathetic (or completely unacceptable), and write their codes in Latin letters in different columns, and designate them: + (sympathy) and - (antipathy).

Personality portrait test, Psychological characteristics of a person

After choosing two options for portraits of people (+ and -), you count how many pluses for each factor and how many minuses.
(Personality factors, psychological characteristics test: h, s, e, hy, k, p, d, m - eight in total, their description).

After that, proceed to the description of the psychological characteristics of a person’s personality by the relevant factors, and find out your secrets of the psyche: inclinations, abilities, desires and attractions, and most importantly, professions that suit you.

Stimulus material of the test on portraits of people, to determine the psychological characteristics of a person:

A psychological portrait is a person described in psychological terms. In practical psychology, the compilation of a psychological portrait may be required in a number of situations, for example:

Although the psychological portrait is described in psychological terms, this is usually done in understandable terms - so that the consumer understands, so that there is no ambiguity in the descriptions.

A psychological portrait should be drawn up by a fairly experienced psychologist, because it requires deep knowledge, the ability to analyze data (for example, the results of psychological testing). If possible, use all the data that you can get. You should not rush to conclusions. If necessary, then conduct an additional study (repeated psychodiagnostics).

The very genre of psychological portrait implies almost complete freedom of presentation. However, this freedom should not be abused. It is advisable to limit yourself to dry, but understandable formulations, to present the material in a system. If some data is of interest to the customer, but they are not, then you can directly say so.

The facts stated in the psychological portrait may be of varying degrees of reliability. First, it is better to describe reliable facts (which the psychologist, at least, does not raise doubts).

It is necessary to distinguish between a psychological portrait and a psychological profile. The latter concept is mainly used to convey meaningful information about the identity of the client to another specialist who is able to understand the formal data. A psychological portrait is not a formalized characteristic, its task is to show the individual originality of a person. If the reader of a psychological portrait does not have such an understanding, if he cannot rely on this new knowledge to predict the behavior of the person being described, such a psychological portrait should be recognized as unsuitable.

- interests

- tendencies

- character (attitude to certain aspects of being),

- sociability

- sincerity

- conflict,

- loyalty,

A person as a subject (activity) - these are the qualities that affect the activity (educational, labor, gaming and other):

- intellectual ability

- rationality (reason, rationality),

- Creative skills,

- other abilities

- volitional traits

- traditional ways of making decisions

- motivation and self-motivation,

- Attention,

- features of thinking,

- features of speech,

- representation and imagination,

- communicative competence,

A person as an individual - all other qualities that did not fall into other categories:

- self-concept and self-esteem,

- level of self-control,

- personal biography

- characteristic features of behavior,

- characteristic features of the picture of the world,

- prejudices

- beliefs and values

– life strategy and current goals,

– intrapersonal conflicts,

- complexes (piling up of ideas),

- personal achievements, etc.

The following tips and descriptions of psychotypes will help you figure out how to make a psychological portrait. All people have the ability to adapt to certain life situations, but each person adapts in their own way. Someone who is focused on specific moments, therefore, easily adapts to any environment. Someone is focused on the past and can only act within a rigid framework - permissions, prohibitions, rules and duties. Still others are future-oriented with non-standard situations, which is why they are the main generators of ideas.

To know oneself, others, to determine one's temperament, personality orientation, character, it is important for any person to be able to. This is required in order to fully reveal your creative potential and understand how to make a psychological portrait of a person. Find out the details of the methods of drawing up a psychological portrait.

Psychological portrait of a person

One of the personality traits is temperament. Temperament - thanks to him, people are so significantly different from each other - some are slow and calm, others are fast and agile.

Temperament is the basis of a person's personality, which is based on the structure of the human body, the characteristics of its nervous system, metabolism in the body. Temperament traits cannot be changed, they are usually inherited. In order to effectively draw up a psychological portrait of a person, you need to understand its features. There is a special approach to each type of temperament.

Sanguine - require constant monitoring and verification.
Cholerics - must constantly be engaged in some business, otherwise their activity will be a burden to others.
Phlegmatic people cannot stand it when they are driven, because they are used to relying only on their own strength, and they will definitely finish the job.
Melancholic - cannot stand pressure, screams, harsh instructions, because they are vulnerable and sensitive. You can pass a test to determine your temperament using modern methods.

Another important personality trait is character. Character is a stable feature of human behavior. The structure of the character is divided into 4 groups, expressing the attitude of the individual to the activity.

To work.
To the team.
To myself.
To things.

Knowing such a structure will also help in the question of how to draw up your psychological portrait. The formation of character occurs on the basis of the moral and volitional qualities of the individual. It is customary to distinguish 4 types of character:

Demonstrative type - strongly expresses emotions and experiences them. These are artistic natures, playing with their feelings in public. They understand other people well, but all decisions are made by them impulsively.
The pedantic type is the opposite of the demonstrative type. They are indecisive and experience constant fear for their lives. Decisions take a long time.
Stuck type. Delays his negative feelings, but also focuses on his successes for a long time. Touchy and vindictive, never forget insults.
Excitatory type. The normal state for them is irritability and discontent. They cannot control themselves and provoke conflicts.

As a feature, abilities can be singled out separately. Personal abilities are the solution of certain tasks. They are of two types: general - their formation occurs with the development of intelligence. In particular, this is adaptation, flexibility of mind, composure, attentiveness, efficiency. Special abilities - something that develops for a certain type of activity. But do not forget about other personality traits that help to make psychological portraits:

Orientation is a vector where human activity is directed - to communication, to oneself, to tasks.
Intelligence is the basis of intelligence, its core.
Emotionality - subdivided into emotions and mind. Mind and will, something that obeys a person, and emotions can arise in addition to his desires.
Communication skills - verbal and non-verbal communication.

Now you know how you can make a psychological portrait of any person. In the future, this will help you build the right relationship with the people around you.

Instruction

The main criteria by which it is possible to draw up a psychological portrait of a person are:

1. character (reinforces the stable features of a person that determine his behavior in different situations);

2. temperament;

3. self-esteem;

4. intelligence;

5. level of emotionality.

Psychologists distinguish different amount character types. For example, K. Leonhard distinguishes demonstrative, stuck, pedantic and excitable characters. The main features of a demonstrative personality are the performance of actions under the influence of emotions, the ability to get used to invented (sometimes independently) images. Pedantic people, on the contrary, are not influenced by emotions, scrupulous, do not know how to "play", it is difficult to make decisions. "Stuck" people are those who have the most difficulty processing their own emotions and experiences. They find it difficult to forget both successes and grievances, constantly scrolling through them in their memory (including even far-fetched successes and grievances). In principle, they live by events experienced within themselves more than by real ones. People with an excitable character are similar to people with a demonstrative character, but they are more conflicted, they do not know how to use circumstances for their own purposes and play roles. It's like just very neurotic people, tired, irritable.

With temperament, everything is quite simple, it characterizes the mobility of human behavior, the speed of decision-making. By temperament, people are divided into 4 types: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic. The sanguine and phlegmatic have a strong nervous system, but the phlegmatic is inert and indecisive, and the sanguine is quite excitable. The nervous system of the choleric is extremely unbalanced, although it cannot be called weak. A choleric person does not know how to "press the brake pedal" in time, he must always, constantly be busy with something. The melancholic has a weak nervous system, is suspicious, sensitive, prone to deep inner experiences that deplete his nervous system even more.

Self-esteem can be normal, low or high. It is very subject to change, for example, due to the onset of a certain age. Most teenagers suffer from low self-esteem, but this mostly goes away when they become adults, achieve some significant success, which allows them to look at themselves differently and be less dependent on the opinions of others.

Intelligence allows a person to assess the situation, highlight the essential and non-essential, make decisions and correct their behavior. Thanks to the intellect, a person can function more or less effectively. The level of intelligence depends on age, education, social circle of a person, etc.

Emotions arise against the will of a person, the task of anyone is to be able to manage them, which is necessary both for behavior in society and for physical health. It is noticed that healthier people are distinguished by the ability to control their emotions. However, it must be remembered that managing emotions, controlling them does not mean at all hiding them, driving them inside: often they become even more acute from such actions. The level of emotionality of a person depends on the ability to properly manage emotions.

Even if it seems to us that we have made a clear psychological portrait of a particular person, this does not mean that we can completely rely on him. First, each person is still unique. Secondly, a person changes with age, under the influence of various life circumstances.

How to write a psychological portrait of a person? Examples on this topic are quite diverse, but before providing them, it should be remembered that each person has a certain choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic. It has been proved that in its pure form belonging to one or another type of nervous activity is rare. Most often, one individual combines a set of personal qualitiesthat can be adjusted.

However, the basis of temperament remains constant value. How can this be tracked in practice? Before assessing the psychological portrait of a person, an example of writing should be focused on how a person navigates in society. One goes through life without deviating from clear rules, the other, on the contrary, is creative and resorts to innovative methods.

Psychologists are unanimous in their opinion that one should begin with a description of temperament. Without this, it is impossible to make a psychological portrait of a person. A sample of any characteristic displays first of all the type nervous system.

Sanguine and choleric

Each type of temperament is distinguished by its own peculiarity, therefore, an individual approach is required for each personality. Sanguine people are owners of a strong nervous system and easily experience a change in mental processes: their excitation is quickly replaced by inhibition and vice versa. Because of this, they tend to not always fulfill the promises and need to be controlled.

But their positive traits usually outweigh the negative ones. Such individuals are endowed with sociability, sociability and optimism. In most cases, sanguine people are leaders and often occupy leadership positions in social life.

Cholerics are known for their unbalanced nervous system. The process of excitation in them prevails over inhibition. Cholerics feel the need to be busy all the time. They, like sanguine people, strive for leadership, but are often too assertive and quick-tempered.

Therefore, people around often find choleric people aggressive and conflicted. However, their vigor and purposefulness can only be envied. They are recommended to realize themselves in society as military, rescuers, doctors.

Phlegmatic and melancholic

In the course of research, scientists came to the conclusion that phlegmatic people are endowed with a strong type of nervous system. But, unlike sanguine people, these individuals are inert. They take a long time to make a decision and slowly assess their strength.

It is important not to push the phlegmatic, otherwise they will be very annoyed and may quit the job they have begun. Many believe that these individuals often tend to succumb to gloomy thoughts. But in fact, they rarely get depressed. Them positive features- consistency, reliability and thoroughness.

Melancholics are owners of a weak, unbalanced type of nervous system.
They are very sensitive and tend to get upset when pressured and given harsh instructions. Due to their softness, melancholics often cannot resist the dictator and withdraw into themselves.

This eloquently reflects their psychological portrait of personality. An example in psychology shows that it is important for such individuals to master professions related to communication and caring for others. After all, the distinguishing features of melancholic people are the ability to empathize and show mercy.

Psychological portrait of a person. Writing example

Perhaps many readers will think: "Is it so important today?" In fact, social life requires realization from the individual. Moreover, it is important that the activity is not only useful and well paid, but also brings moral satisfaction to a person.

Platonov's method is able to help a modern employer competently involve each member of the team in the process of activity. For example, the scientist emphasizes that the phlegmatic works best with the melancholic, the choleric with the sanguine. In addition, Platonov singled out important points from the structure of a person’s character:

Attitude towards work. In this case, diligence, responsibility, initiative of a person are evaluated. The main question is whether he realizes his potential, given to him by nature, or not.
Attitude towards others. It is known that the production process is involved in relationships, and how harmonious they are depends on the coherence of work and the final result. Therefore, it is estimated how responsive, respectful and flexible an individual is in society.
Attitude towards oneself. Today, the motto "love yourself" does not lose its relevance. After all, a person who cares about his appearance, a healthy lifestyle, not only evokes pleasant emotions, but is also able to attract positive events to himself. That is why a beginner is advised to pay attention to his appearancewhen he is going for an interview.

Characteristic example

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude: everyone is able to make a psychological portrait of a person. An example of writing about yourself might look like this: “The basis of my temperament is melancholic. I am moderately hardworking and responsible. Minus - suspiciousness, which prevents me from achieving success. I act according to my natural potential and am able to develop self-confidence through psychological training. Relationships in the team do not always work out well. I am friendly, but shy, hardly defend my opinion. I’m quite picky about myself, I doubt it in many ways, I have several bad habits, but I’m trying to get rid of them. ”

This method helps the individual to overcome psychological barriers, correct their behavior and change many things in their lives for the better. The leader, in turn, often focuses on the psychological portrait of the individual. The writing pattern is usually freeform, but there are large companies that provide a service pattern.

How does the Platonov method work in psychology?

In fact, the described method is successfully applied in the field of psychiatry and psychology. After all, before helping a person in solving his problem, a specialist characterizes his personal qualities.

So, how to write a psychological portrait of a person? The examples of this are quite varied. One of them implies, in addition to describing the type of temperament, also the definition of the emotional side of the human character. For example, experts consider 4 types of emotions: demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable.

The demonstrative type is distinguished by its emotionality. Such people violently express their emotions and often "play for the audience." But thanks to their artistry, they are able to understand the interlocutor well. Therefore, if a representative of a demonstrative type turned to a specialist for help with a request to help him decide on a profession, then the most successful recommendation for him is to choose a public activity. Or you can learn a specialty

The pedantic personality type is prone to indecision and a constant sense of fear. He is characterized by hesitations and doubts. However - punctuality, prudence and accuracy - are taken as a basis by a specialist and help to offer this type a certain method of resolving the situation.

Two difficult types

Are there any difficulties when a psychological portrait of a person is drawn up? An example of writing according to Platonov shows: yes, this happens. For example, there are 2 types of personality: stuck and excitable. At first glance, they are similar.

And some individuals are able to intertwine in character. But a professional in his field is still able to figure it out. For example, stuck-type personalities are distinguished by the fact that they are able not to demonstrate their negative emotions for a long time. “Revenge is a dish served cold” is an expression that perfectly fits the description of their condition. Such individuals are touchy, vindictive. First of all, they are offered programs to get rid of old grievances.

The excitable personality type is manifested in constant discontent and irritability. These negative phenomena lead to the fact that the individual is in conflict with the outside world and with himself. What leads to such a state? The psychologist carefully works with the applicant, trying to collect bit by bit all the details of life events, taking into account his temperament, genetic characteristics, social conditions and circle of acquaintances.

Platonov's method in society

Palatonov's method is used in various creative shows, politics, and science. Indeed, in this activity, first of all, a psychological portrait is important. A famous person, just like an ordinary person, cannot avoid such a characteristic. In this case, the scientist Platonov proposes to consider the intellectuality and orientation of a person.

That is, does he have a certain talent and will be able to realize it, based on willpower? In addition, experts take into account the ability of a person to manage their emotions and control moods and feelings.

Self-esteem - the basis of the characteristic

Experts pay special attention to the self-esteem of the individual. Many types of social activities put special emphasis on this when they make up a psychological portrait of a person. Writing example: “Korolev Ivan Stepanovich has high mathematical ability but low self-esteem. Can he manage the team? Currently, no."

This is not the whole list of issues that Konstantin Platonov touches upon in his writings. The description of a person's personal qualities depends on the circumstances and the field of activity that requests them. As a rule, the psychological portrait is individual and may be confidential.

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Introduction

Psychology ( other Greek shhchyu -- soul; lgpt - knowledge) - academic and applied science of behavior and mental processes in the psyche of people and animals.

Psychology must answer the question of why a person behaves one way or another in a given situation. This science helps to understand not only the behavior of other people, but also to explain your own. Such knowledge allows you to behave correctly in difficult situations, get out of them, and sometimes bypass them. So, knowing your strengths and weaknesses, you can avoid unwanted conflicts. Also, psychological knowledge helps to behave correctly at work and among friends, which is necessary for every person.

In order to better understand myself and find out the features inherent in my character, I draw up my psychological portrait, where I will try to reflect the features of my character and my mental properties.

There are 2 types of mental properties inherent in each person. The first type - those properties that he has from his very birth, individual (such as the properties of the nervous system, body type, temperament type, structure of organic needs). These features, obtained upon birth, cannot be changed by a person, but he can learn to use them correctly and live in harmony, having developed his own individual style of activity.

The second type - properties characterizing the social position of the individual, these are properties acquired and changing in the course of a person's life. Such characteristics as his statuses and roles in society, value orientations, behavioral motivation, self-esteem, self-confidence and many other properties that are formed in the process of life under the influence of the social environment.

For psychological research in psychology, there are a fairly large number of methods, here are some of them, those that I will use when compiling my psychological portrait:

Test (from the English test - test, test) - a standardized task, the result of which allows you to measure the psychological characteristics of the subject. Thus, the purpose of a test study is to test, diagnose certain psychological characteristics of a person, and its result is a quantitative indicator that is correlated with previously established relevant norms and standards.

A survey is a method in which a person answers a series of questions asked of him.

What does a psychological portrait include?

There are many criteria by which people can be classified in order to draw up their psychological portraits.

Academician B.G. Ananiev, who created the Leningrad school of psychologists, substantiated that each person has a bright personality that combines his natural and personal characteristics. Through individuality, the originality of the personality, its abilities, and the preferred field of activity are revealed. In individuality, basic and programming properties are distinguished. The basic ones include temperament, character, abilities of a person. It is through the basic properties that the dynamic characteristics of the psyche are revealed (emotionality, reaction rate, activity, plasticity, sensitivity) and a certain style of behavior and activity of the individual is formed. Basic properties are an alloy of innate and acquired personality traits in the process of upbringing and socialization.

The main driving force behind the development of individuality is its programming properties - orientation, intellect and self-awareness. Individuality has its own inner mental world, self-consciousness and self-regulation of behavior, which are formed and act as organizers of the behavior of the "I".

B.G. Ananiev represented individuality as a unity and interconnection of the properties of a person as an individual, subject of activity and personality.

Based on the assessment of personality traits, it is possible to compile her psychological portrait, which includes the following components:

1. temperament; 2. character; 3. ability; 4. orientation; 5. intelligence; 6. emotionality; 7. strong-willed qualities; 8. ability to communicate; 9. self-esteem; 10. level of self-control; 11. ability to group interaction.

Personality development continues throughout life. With age, only the position of a person changes - from the object of education in the family, school, university, he turns into the subject of education and must actively engage in self-education.

psychological portrait personality

My psychological profile

Temperament

Watching other people, how they work, study, communicate, experience joys and sorrows, we undoubtedly pay attention to the differences in their behavior. Some are fast, impulsive, mobile, prone to violent emotional reactions, others are slow, calm, imperturbable, with imperceptibly expressed feelings, etc. The reason for such differences lies in the temperament of a person inherent in him from birth.

The founder of the doctrine of temperament is the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (V-IV century BC), who believed that there are four main fluids in the human body: blood, mucus, bile and black bile. The names of temperaments, given by the name of liquids, have survived to this day: choleric, comes from the word "bile", sanguine - from the word "blood", phlegmatic - mucus and melancholic - black bile. Hippocrates explained the severity of a certain type of temperament in a particular person by the predominance of one or another liquid.

AT modern psychology the word "temperament" refers to the dynamic features of the human psyche, that is, only the pace, rhythm, intensity of the flow of mental processes, but not their content. Therefore, temperament cannot be defined by the word “good” or “bad”. Temperament is the biological foundation of our personality, it is based on the properties of the human nervous system and depends on the structure of the human body, metabolism in the body. Temperamental traits are hereditary, so they are extremely difficult to change. Temperament determines the style of human behavior, the ways that a person uses to organize his activities. Therefore, when studying the traits of temperament, efforts should be directed not to their changes, but to the knowledge of the characteristics of temperament in order to determine the type of human activity.

Types of temperaments:

1. Sanguine is the owner of a strong type of nervous system (that is, nervous processes have strength and duration), balanced, mobile (excitation is easily replaced by inhibition and vice versa);

2. Choleric is the owner of an unbalanced type of nervous system (with a predominance of excitation over inhibition);

3. Phlegmatic - with a strong, balanced, but inert, immobile type of nervous system;

4. Melancholic - with a weak unbalanced type of nervous system.

To determine my type of temperament, I had to go through G. Eysenck's questionnaire. After answering the proposed questions, I found out that I have emotional stability and extroversion is characteristic of my temperament type. This means that I am a Sanguine temperament. And indeed, comparing the description of Sanguine, I found all those features inherent in me.

Their positive qualities: cheerfulness, enthusiasm, responsiveness, sociability.

And negative: a tendency to arrogance, dispersion, frivolity, superficiality.

“A dear sanguine person always promises so as not to offend another, but he does not always fulfill the promise, so you need to check whether he fulfilled his promise” - unfortunately this is about me.

Character

Character (Greek - “chasing”, “imprint”) is a set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, which determines her typical ways of behavior. Those personality traits that relate to character are called character traits. Character traits are not random manifestations of personality, but stable features of human behavior, features that have become properties of the personality itself. The character expresses not random, but the most typical, essential features of a person. In the structure of character, 4 groups of traits are distinguished that express the attitude of the individual to a certain side of activity: to work (for example, diligence, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness in work, responsibility, initiative, perseverance and their opposite traits - laziness, a tendency to routine work, irresponsibility , passivity); to other people, a team, society (for example, sociability, sensitivity, responsiveness, respect, collectivism and their opposites - isolation, callousness, callousness, rudeness, contempt, individualism); to oneself (for example, self-esteem, correctly understood pride and self-criticism associated with it, modesty and the opposite of them - self-conceit, sometimes turning into vanity, arrogance, touchiness, self-centeredness, selfishness); to things (for example, accuracy, thrift, generosity, or, on the contrary, stinginess, etc.).

The core of the formed character is the moral and volitional qualities of the individual. A person with a strong will is distinguished by certainty of intentions and actions, greater independence. He is determined and persistent in achieving his goals. The lack of will of a person is usually identified with weakness of character. Even with a wealth of knowledge and a variety of abilities, a weak-willed person cannot realize all his possibilities. My character traits:

I am creative, I like to draw; I am initiative and persistent, but, unfortunately, I have periodic bouts of laziness, sometimes I become somewhat infantile and irresponsible, and I am also unable to perform routine, uninteresting work for me for a long time.

In dealing with others, I am sociable and responsive, I try to show respect and be polite with everyone.

I have a sense of dignity and a certain pride, nevertheless I am quite modest. But, unfortunately, it is very easy to offend me, any harsh word addressed to me can hurt me and unsettle me for a while.

In relation to things, I should be more careful and thrifty.

K. Leonhard identified 4 types of character accentuation: demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable.

Accent types:

1. Demonstrative type

It is characterized by an increased ability to displace, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, to adventurism, artistry, posturing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being unnoticed weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (slight mood swings) in the absence of really deep feelings, a tendency to intrigues (with an external softness of the manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, reverence, surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence makes him particularly uncomfortable, he can not stand it. The desire of the company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. It can annoy with its self-confidence and high claims, it systematically provokes conflicts, but at the same time actively defends itself. Possessing a pathological capacity for repression, he can completely forget what he does not want to know about. It unchains him into lies. Usually lies with an innocent face, because what he says is the truth for him at the moment; apparently, he is not internally aware of his lie, or is aware of it very shallowly, without noticeable remorse. Able to captivate others with extraordinary thinking and actions.

2. Stuck type

He is characterized by moderate sociability, tediousness, a tendency to moralizing, taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows wariness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and disappointments, is vulnerable, suspicious, is distinguished by vindictiveness, experiences what happened for a long time, and is not able to easily move away from insults. He is characterized by arrogance, often acts as the initiator of conflicts. Self-confidence, rigidity of attitudes and views, highly developed ambition often lead to the persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high performance in any business he undertakes, and shows great perseverance in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affects (truthfulness, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertness in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

3. Pedantic type

It is characterized by rigidity, inertness of mental processes, heaviness to rise, a long experience of traumatic events. Rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active side. At the same time, it reacts very strongly to any manifestation of a violation of order. In the service, he behaves like a bureaucrat, presenting many formal requirements to others. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried, assiduous, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-checks, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, grumbling, formalism. Willingly yields leadership to other people.

4. Excitable type

Insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and urges are combined in people of this type with the power of physiological drives. He is characterized by increased impulsiveness, instinctiveness, rudeness, tediousness, gloom, anger, a tendency to rudeness and scolding, to friction and conflicts, in which he himself is an active, provocative side. Irritable, quick-tempered, often changes jobs, quarrelsome in a team. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions, heaviness of actions. For him, no work becomes attractive, works only as needed, shows the same unwillingness to learn. Indifferent to the future, lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it. Increased impulsivity or the resulting excitation reaction is extinguished with difficulty and can be dangerous to others. He can be imperious, choosing the weakest for communication.

After passing the Shmishek questionnaire, I found out that I have an excitable type of character accentuation.

In part, I agree with the description of this type, I really am sometimes too impulsive, irritable and quick-tempered. I live in the present, trying to get the maximum pleasure from what is happening to me at the moment. Nevertheless, I believe that I do not have a tendency to rudeness and conflicts, and I am also very sociable.

Capabilities

Ability in psychology is considered as a special property of a psychological functional system, expressed in a certain level of its productivity. Quantitative parameters of system productivity are accuracy, reliability (stability), speed of operation. Ability is measured by solving problems of a certain level of difficulty, resolving situations, etc.

The level of abilities is determined by the degree of resolvability of contradictions between the properties of the individual and the relationship of the individual. The best option is when there is an ability in any field of activity and an interest in doing it.

Abilities are divided into general and special. General abilities can predetermine a tendency to a fairly wide range of activities; they are formed by the development of intelligence and personality traits. General abilities include: willingness to work, the need to work, industriousness and high efficiency; character traits - attentiveness, composure, focus, observation, development of creative thinking, flexibility of mind, ability to navigate in difficult situations, adaptability, high productivity of mental activity.

The general ability acts as a socio-psychological basis for the development of special abilities for a certain type of activity: musical, research, teaching, etc.

I really want to develop in myself a greater industriousness than what I have now, this would help me become more successful in my studies, and in the future, in work.

I am lucky that I am quite attentive and collected, and I also have a well-developed creative thinking. Although, perhaps I lack some sense of purpose in the fulfillment of my tasks.

It turns out very well that in my case my ability to create coincides with my interest in this area.

Orientation

The basis of the orientation of the personality is the motivation of its activities, behavior, satisfaction of needs. Orientation is on the task, on communication, on oneself. One person can only satisfy physiological needs and ensure the safety of existence. For others, in addition to these needs, it is very important to satisfy social needs and needs for self-expression, the realization of creative abilities. The task of the psychologist is to identify the needs, interests, beliefs of each individual and determine the specific direction of her motives.

I try to develop in myself all kinds of directions, but sometimes I focus on one thing, forgetting about others at the same time. At the moment, I am completely absorbed in my studies, I have set myself a certain number of tasks that I need to complete, in addition to studying, I spend the remaining free time with my close friends and family.

Intelligence

The famous Soviet psychologist S.L. Rubinstein considered intelligence as a type of human behavior - "smart behavior". The core of the intellect is the ability of a person to identify essential properties in a situation and bring his behavior in line with them. Intelligence is a system of mental processes that ensure the realization of a person's ability to assess the situation, make decisions and, in accordance with this, regulate their behavior.

Intelligence is especially important in non-standard situations - as a symbol of teaching a person everything new.

The French psychologist J. Piaget considered one of the most important functions of the intellect to be interaction with the environment through adaptation to it, that is, the ability to navigate in conditions and build one's behavior accordingly. Adaptation can be of two types: assimilation - adapting the situation through changing conditions to a person, his individual style of mental activity, and accommodation - adapting a person to a changing situation through a restructuring of the style of thinking.

Intelligence can also be defined as the general ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and function effectively in the environment.

The structure of intelligence depends on a number of factors: age, level of education, the specifics of professional activity and individual characteristics.

In addition to cognitive, there is professional and social intelligence (the ability to solve problems of interpersonal relations, to find a rational way out of the situation). It should be remembered that intelligence is knowledge plus action. Therefore, it is necessary not only to develop all types of intelligence, but also to be able to implement rational decisions, show your intelligence both in words and in deeds, since only the result, specific actions determine the level of intelligence of the individual.

I try to develop all kinds of intelligence and I believe that I manage to find the most rational ways to solve problems that sometimes develop.

Emotionality

Since the time of Plato, all mental life is divided into three relatively independent entities: mind, will and feelings, or emotions.

The mind and will to some extent obey us, but emotions always arise and act against our will and desire. They reflect the personal significance and assessment of external and internal situations for human life in the form of experiences. This is the subjectivity and involuntary nature of emotions.

The ability to manage emotions most often means the ability to hide them. Ashamed, but pretending to be indifferent; it hurts, but it is hidden; offensive, but outwardly only irritation or anger. We can not show our emotions, because of this they do not weaken, but often become even more painful or take a defensive form of aggression. It is simply necessary to manage emotions, firstly, for health, and secondly, out of ambition.

All emotional phenomena are divided into affects, actually emotions, feelings, moods and stressful conditions.

The most powerful emotional reaction is affect. It captures the whole person and subjugates his thoughts and actions. Affect is always situational, intense and relatively short-lived. It occurs as a result of some strong (objective or subjective) shock. Properly, emotions are a longer reaction, which arises not only as a reaction to past events, but mainly to those that are supposed or remembered. Emotions reflect the event in the form of a generalized subjective assessment. Feelings are stable emotional states that have a clearly defined objective character. These are relationships to specific events or people (perhaps imaginary). Moods are long-term emotional states. This is the background against which all other mental processes proceed. The mood reflects the general attitude of accepting or not accepting the world. The prevailing moods in a given person may be related to his temperament. Stress is a non-specific reaction of the body in response to an unexpected and tense situation. This is a physiological reaction, which is expressed in the mobilization of the body's reserve capabilities. The reaction is called non-specific, since it occurs in response to any adverse effect - cold, fatigue, pain, humiliation, etc. Stress management issues are discussed in special literature. There are other emotions that arise during communication.

I consider myself a very emotional and open person and in most situations I openly express my emotions. It is quite difficult for me to hide my feelings from others, whether they are positive emotions or negative ones, one way or another they are reflected on my face. I don’t think it’s very bad, maybe it’s easier to make contact with others. Although communicating with people who are unfavorably inclined towards you, such a quality, of course, is unlikely to be an advantage.

Ability to communicate

Communication is an extremely subtle and delicate process of human interaction. In communication, the individual characteristics of all participants in this process are most diversely revealed. Communication has its own functions, means, types, types, channels, phases. The most obvious function of communication is the transmission of some information, some content and meaning. This is the semantic (semantic) side of communication. This transmission affects a person's behavior, actions and deeds, the state and organization of his inner world. In general, it is possible to single out informational (obtaining information), cognitive, managing and developing functions of communication, the function of exchanging emotional and in general mental states. Means of communication are verbal (speech in various forms) and non-verbal (pantomime, facial expressions, gestures, etc.).

Types of communication: communication of two (dialogue), communication in a small group, in a large group, with a mass, anonymous communication, intergroup communication. The listed types refer to direct communication.

Communication channels: visual, auditory, tactile (touch), somatosensory (sensations of one's body).

Types of communication: functional-role (boss - subordinate, teacher - student, seller - buyer), interpersonal, business, rapport (communication with one-sided trust - the patient trusts).

Phases of communication: planning, getting into contact, concentration of attention, motivational probing, maintaining attention, argumentation, fixing the result, completion of communication.

It seems to me that I am a sociable person, I need communication with loved ones like air, communicating, I exchange energy with my interlocutor, I get new emotions. I also use non-verbal communication, use facial expressions and gestures when I am overwhelmed with emotions.

As for the types of communication, I feel most comfortable alone with an interlocutor or in a small group, such communication gives me more pleasure than communication with a large number of people at the same time.

Self-esteem

On the basis of self-knowledge, a person develops a certain emotional and value attitude towards himself, which is expressed in self-esteem. Self-esteem involves an assessment of one's abilities, psychological qualities and actions, one's life goals and the possibilities of achieving them, as well as one's place among other people.

Self-esteem can be underestimated, overestimated and adequate (normal).

I determined the level of my self-esteem using a scale of personal qualities, I divided the proposed qualities into 2 columns, in the first - the qualities that my ideal possesses, in the second - the qualities of the anti-ideal. After that, from both columns I singled out the qualities inherent in me. The key to the test is the ratio of the qualities I have in each column to the number of qualities in that column. Ideally, with adequate self-esteem, this ratio should be approximately 1:2

Here are the features I have chosen:

Qualities that an IDEAL should have	ANTI-IDEAL
1. Accuracy	slovenliness
2. Cheerfulness	envy
3. Restraint	Nervousness
4. Tenderness	Suspicion
5. Integrity	Carelessness
6. Responsiveness	Pride
7. Passion	rancor
8. Caring	Touchiness
9. Sincerity	slowness
10. Persistence	Shyness
11. Caution	indecisiveness

The ratio in the column with positive qualities is 1:2, which indicates normal self-esteem

In the second column, out of 10 negative qualities, I chose 6 that are characteristic of me, this indicates a slightly low self-esteem (or my self-criticism?!)

I believe that I have a normal self-esteem, that I adequately assess the strengths and weaknesses of my character, and also try to fight my negative traits ... and I have a lot of them ... I need to become more organized, punctual and more obligatory in fulfillment the promises I made.

Conclusion

I enjoyed writing this term paper, describing my character, passing tests - almost all of their results turned out to be, in my opinion, truthful and truly reflect the main features of my character. But most of all I remember the temperament accentuation test, i.e. to identify overly pronounced individual personality traits. As a result of passing this questionnaire (Schmishek's questionnaire), according to the highest rates of accentuation, I received 4 types: Hyperthymic, Exalted, Emotive and Cyclothymic.

Hyperthymic type

People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, excessive independence, a penchant for mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relations with others. Often spontaneously deviate from the original topic in conversation. Everywhere they make a lot of noise, they love the companies of their peers, they strive to command them. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, high vitality, often blooming appearance, good appetite, healthy sleep, a tendency to gluttony and other joys of life. These are people with high self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous, superficial and at the same time businesslike, inventive, brilliant interlocutors; people who know how to entertain others, energetic, active, enterprising. A strong desire for independence can serve as a source of conflict. They are characterized by outbursts of anger, irritation, especially when they meet with strong opposition, fail. Prone to immoral acts, increased irritability, projectionism. They do not take their duties seriously enough. They hardly endure the conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, forced loneliness.

exalted type

A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much enthusiasm for others, they are easily delighted with joyful events and in complete despair - from sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not bring matters to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive side. They are attached to friends and relatives, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

emotive type

This type is related to exalted, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, fearfulness, deep reactions in the field of subtle feelings. Their most pronounced feature is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, they rejoice in other people's successes. They are impressionable, tearful, they take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react sharply to scenes from films where someone is in danger, a scene of violence can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disrupt sleep. They rarely come into conflict, they carry grievances in themselves without splashing them out. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty, diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants, take care of animals.

Cyclothymic type

It is characterized by a change in hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events. Joyful events cause them to have pictures of hyperthymia: a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, a jump in ideas; sad - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communicating with people around them also often changes.

In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear, something that was previously given easily, now requires exorbitant efforts. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a drop in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, deep down, however, falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not ruled out. They study unevenly, make up for the omissions that have happened with difficulty, give rise to an aversion to classes. In labile cycloids, the phases of mood swings are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. Bad days are marked by more intense bad mood than lethargy. During the recovery period, desires are expressed to have friends, to be in the company. Mood affects self-esteem.

In my opinion, the description of these 4 types most fully reflects almost all of my features.

Despite all the work done, I did not learn anything new about myself and my mental traits, I knew all this before, but I systematized all the information and re-checked it with the help of tests and questionnaires. Such a “revision” of my inherent qualities reminded me again of my shortcomings and served as an incentive for a new stage in the fight against them.

On this, I will probably finish compiling my psychological portrait and will continue to work on myself in order to be happy and successful.

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Lecture notes

By discipline: "Fundamentals of General Psychology"

Topic: " general characteristics psychology as a science. The main branches of psychology "

In scientific research, the spiritual qualities of a person are usually called mental, and the science that studies them is called psychology. The question naturally arises as to how this science got its name. The term "psychology" comes from two Greek words: “psyche” - soul and “logos” - teaching. Thus, psychology is the science of the soul. However, the term "soul" is rarely used in scientific psychology. But it is widely used in everyday life. Evaluating a person, people, first of all, talk about his soul: a bright soul, an honest soul, a kind soul, a dark soul, a low soul.

Psychology owes its name and first definition to Greek mythology. Eros, the son of Aphrodite, fell in love with a very beautiful girl, Psyche. Aphrodite was unhappy with her son's choice and did her best to separate the lovers. However, Eros and Psyche overcame all obstacles, their love won. For the Greeks, this myth was a model of true love, the highest realization human soul. Psyche has become a symbol of the soul seeking its ideal.

The word "psychology" itself, although it was found in the literature as early as the 10th century, was introduced as a designation for the science of the soul by the German philosopher H. Wolf only in the 18th century (in the books "Rational Psychology" and "Empirical Psychology"). Psychology is a young branch of knowledge that emerged as an independent science in the middle of the 19th century. It is dynamic and promising, as it responds to the demands of modern social and economic progress, which involves the improvement of people and their psyche. Instead of the term "soul" in modern scientific psychology, the term "psyche" is used.

Psychology- the science of the laws of origin, development and functioning of the human psyche and consciousness.

In its turn, psyche- this is a property of the brain that provides humans and animals with the ability to reflect the effects of objects and phenomena of the real world. Consciousness- the highest form of the human psyche, a product of socio-historical development.

Consider the main features of psychology as a science.

Firstly, psychology is the science of the most complex that is known to mankind. It deals with the property of highly organized matter, called the psyche.

Secondly, the tasks of psychology are more difficult than the tasks of any other sciences, since only in it the thought, as it were, makes a turn on itself (in psychology, the object and subject of knowledge merge (a person studies himself).

Thirdly psychology is one of the youngest sciences. Conventionally, its scientific design is associated with 1879, when the world's first Laboratory of Experimental Psychology was created in Leipzig by the German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt.

Fourth, psychology has a unique practical value for any person. It allows:

to know oneself more deeply, and therefore to change oneself;

learn to manage their mental functions, actions and all their behavior;

better understand other people and interact with them.

The subject of study of modern psychology is mental processes, mental states and mental propertiespersonalities.

mental processes are dynamic formations of the psyche, which are characterized by great mobility, intensity and instability. Mental processes include three main aspects of mental life: knowledge, feelings and will. Cognitive processes include: sensations, perception, attention, memory, imagination, thinking; with their help we comprehend the world and ourselves. Feelings, emotions reflect a person's experience of attitude to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the events of his life. Will provides regulation of behavior.

mental states- holistic manifestations of the personality, reflecting the general internal mood, characterizing the level of its activity. These include, for example: curiosity, composure, absent-mindedness, passivity, confidence, etc.

Mental Properties are not only stable, difficult to change formations, but are also characterized by a more complex structure than other mental phenomena. These include: orientation, motivation, temperament, character and abilities.

There is an inextricable connection between all the structural elements of the psyche. At the heart of mental activity are mental processes that reflect both the external and internal world of a person. On their basis, subjective, internal states arise that fill the spiritual world of a person. Mental properties arise on the basis of mental processes and states that are fixed and have a stable permanent character characteristic of a particular individual.

The form of existence of mental phenomena can also be varied. It can be: impressions, images, ideas, thoughts, views, experiences, dreams and ideals.

The human psyche provides internal regulation of its activity, expressed in behavior and activity.

That's why the main tasks of modern psychology are:

The study of qualitative (structural) features of mental phenomena and processes:

analysis of the formation and development of mental phenomena in activity and in the conditions of life in general;

study of the physiological mechanisms underlying mental phenomena;

Assistance in the systematic introduction of psychological knowledge into the practice of people's lives and activities.

The inclusion of psychological science in the solution of practical problems significantly changes the features of the development of its theory. Tasks, the solution of which requires psychological competence, arise in all spheres of human life, determined by the growing role of the so-called human factor, which takes into account a wide range of socio-psychological, psychological and psycho-physiological properties of a person manifested in his life.

Psychology, like any other science, has gone through a certain path of development. Famous psychologist of the late XIX - early XX century. G. Ebbinghaus was able to say very briefly and precisely about psychology - psychology has a huge prehistory and a very short history. History refers to that period in the study of the psyche, which was marked by a departure from philosophy, a rapprochement with the natural sciences and the emergence of their own experimental methods. This happened in the second half of the 19th century, but the origins of psychology are lost in the mists of time.

From the point of view of changing a person's ideas about mental phenomena in the process of historical development and changing the subject of research in psychological science, four stages can be conventionally distinguished in the history of psychology. At the first stage, psychology existed as the science of the soul, at the second - as the science of consciousness, at the third - as the science of behavior, and at the fourth - as the science of the psyche. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

A feature of psychology as a scientific discipline is that a person has been confronted with manifestations of the psyche since he began to realize himself as a person. However, psychic phenomena for a long time remained an incomprehensible mystery for him. For example, the idea of the soul as a special substance, separate from the body, is deeply rooted among the people. This opinion was formed among people because of the fear of death, since even primitive man knew that people and animals die. At the same time, the human mind was not able to explain what happens to a person when he dies. At the same time, primitive people already knew that when a person sleeps, that is, does not come into contact with the outside world, he sees dreams - incomprehensible images of a non-existent reality. Probably, the desire to explain the relationship between life and death, the interaction of the body and some unknown intangible world led to the emergence of the belief that a person consists of two parts: tangible, i.e. body, and intangible, i.e. soul. From this point of view, life and death could be explained by the state of unity of soul and body. While a person is alive, his soul is in the body, and when it leaves the body, the person dies. When a person sleeps, the soul leaves the body for a while and is transferred to some other place. Thus, long before mental processes, properties, states became the subject of scientific analysis, a person tried to explain their origin and content in an accessible form.

It is likely that the desire of a person to understand himself led to the formation of one of the first sciences - philosophy. It was within the framework of this science that the question of the nature of the soul was considered. Therefore, it is no coincidence that one of the central issues of any philosophical direction is connected with the problem of the origin of man and his spirituality. Namely, what is primary: soul, spirit, i.e. ideal, or body, matter. The second, no less significant, question of philosophy is the question of whether it is possible to know the reality surrounding us and the person himself.

Depending on how the philosophers answered these basic questions, and all can be attributed to certain philosophical schools and trends. It is customary to single out two main directions in philosophy: idealistic and materialistic.

The study and explanation of the soul is the first stage in the development of psychology. But answering the question, what is the soul, was not so easy. Representatives of idealistic philosophy consider the psyche as something primary, existing independently, independently of matter. They see in mental activity a manifestation of an immaterial, incorporeal and immortal soul, and they interpret all material things and processes either as our sensations and ideas, or as some mysterious manifestation of the “absolute spirit”, “world will”, “ideas”. Such views are quite understandable, since idealism arose when people, having practically no idea about the structure and functions of the body, thought that mental phenomena represent the activity of a special, supernatural being - the soul and spirit, which instills in a person at the time of birth and leaves him at the moment of sleep and death. Initially, the soul was represented as a special subtle body or beings living in different organs. With the development of religious views, the soul began to be understood as a kind of double of the body, as an incorporeal and immortal spiritual entity associated with the “other world”, where it lives forever, leaving a person.

The materialistic understanding of the psyche differs from idealistic views in that, from this point of view, the psyche is a secondary phenomenon derived from matter. However, the first representatives of materialism were very far in their interpretations of the soul from modern ideas about the psyche. So, Heraclitus(530-470 BC) speaks of the material nature of mental phenomena and the unity of soul and body. According to his teaching, all things are modifications of fire. Everything that exists, including the physical and mental, is constantly changing. In the microcosm of the organism, the general rhythm of the transformations of fire is repeated on the scale of the entire cosmos, and the fiery principle in the organism is the soul - the psyche. The soul, according to Heraclitus, is born by evaporation from moisture and, returning to a wet state, perishes. The drier the soul, the wiser it is.

With the idea of fire as the basis existing world we also meet in the works of another famous ancient Greek thinker Democritus(460-370 BC), who developed an atomistic model of the world. According to him, the soul is a material substance, which consists of atoms of fire, spherical, light and very mobile. Democritus tried to explain all mental phenomena by physical and even mechanical causes. So, in his opinion, human sensations arise because the atoms of the soul are set in motion by air atoms or atoms that directly “flow” from objects.

We encounter much more complex concepts of the soul in the views Aristaboutbody(384-322 BC). His treatise "On the Soul" is the first specially psychological work, which for a long time remained the main guide to psychology, and Aristotle himself can rightly be considered the founder of psychology. He denied the view of the soul as a substance. At the same time, he did not consider it possible to consider the soul in isolation from matter (living bodies), as the idealist philosophers did. The soul, according to Aristotle, is an expediently functioning organic system. The main essence of the soul, according to Aristotle, is the realization of the biological existence of the organism.

The ethical aspects of the soul were most clearly revealed for the first time by a student Socrates(470-399 BC) - Plato(427-347 BC). In the works of Plato, the view of the soul as an independent substance is stated. In his opinion, the soul exists along with the body and independently of it. The soul is an invisible, sublime, divine, eternal principle. The body is the beginning of the visible, base, transient, perishable. Soul and body are in a complex relationship. According to its divine origin, the soul is called to control the body. However, sometimes the body, torn apart by various desires and passions, takes precedence over the soul. Plato's idealism is clearly expressed in these views. Plato and Socrates draw ethical conclusions from their conception of the soul. . The soul is the highest thing in a person, so he must take care of its health much more than the health of the body. At death, the soul leaves the body, and depending on what kind of life a person led, a different fate awaits his soul: either it will wander near the earth, burdened with earthly elements, or it will fly off from the earth into an ideal world.

The next major stage in the development of psychology is associated with the name of the French philosopher Rene Descartes(1596-1650). Descartes is considered the founder of rationalist philosophy. According to his ideas, knowledge should be built on directly obvious data, on direct intuition. They must be deduced from it by the method of logical reasoning.

Based on his point of view, Descartes believed that a person from childhood absorbs many delusions, taking various statements and ideas on faith. Therefore, in order to find the truth, in his opinion, everything must first be questioned, including the reliability of the information received by the senses. In such a denial, one can reach the point that the Earth does not exist. What then remains? Our doubt remains, a sure sign that we are thinking. Hence the well-known expression belonging to Descartes "I think - therefore I exist." Further, answering the question "What is a thought?", he says that thinking is "everything that happens in us", everything that we "perceive directly by itself." In these judgments lies the basic postulate of the psychology of the second half of the 19th century. - the postulate that the first thing a person discovers in himself is his conscienceanie.

Approximately from this time, a new idea of the subject of psychology arises. The ability to think, feel, desire began to be called consciousness. Thus, the psyche was equated with consciousness. The psychology of the soul has been replaced by the psychology of consciousness. However, consciousness has long been considered separately from all other natural processes. Philosophers interpreted conscious life in different ways, considering it a manifestation of the divine mind or the result of subjective sensations. But all idealist philosophers were united by a common conviction that mental life is a manifestation of a special subjective world, cognizable only in self-observation and inaccessible either to objective scientific analysis or to causal explanation. This understanding has become very widespread, and the approach has become known as the introspective interpretation of consciousness. psychology process behavior human

For a long time, the method of introspection was not just the main, but the only method of psychology. It is based on two statements developed by representatives of introspective psychology: firstly, the processes of consciousness are “closed” to external observation, but, secondly, the processes of consciousness are able to open up to the subject. From these statements it follows that the processes of consciousness of a particular person can be studied only by himself and no one else.

The ideologist of the method of introspection was the philosopher John Locke (1632-1704), who developed Descartes' thesis about the direct comprehension of thoughts. J. Locke argued that there are two sources of all knowledge: the objects of the external world and the activity of our own mind. A person directs his external senses to the objects of the external world and as a result receives impressions of external things, and a special inner feeling lies at the basis of the activity of the mind - reflection. Locke defined it as "the observation to which the mind subjects its activities." At the same time, under the activity of the mind, Locke understood thinking, doubt, faith, reasoning, knowledge, desire.

In parallel with the teachings of J. Locke, science began to develop association direction. The emergence and development of associative psychology was associated with the names of D. Hume and D. Gartley.

The English physician D. Hartley (1705-1757), opposing himself to the materialists, nevertheless, laid the foundations of the associative theory, materialistic in its spirit. He saw the cause of mental phenomena in the vibration that occurs in the brain and nerves. In his opinion, the nervous system is a system subject to physical laws. Accordingly, the products of its activity were included in a strictly causal series, no different from the same in the external, physical world. This causal series covers the behavior of the whole organism: both the perception of vibrations in the external environment (ether), and the vibrations of the nerves and brain matter, and the vibrations of the muscles.

It should be noted that by the middle of the XIX century. associative psychology was the dominant trend. And it is within this direction that late XIX in. the method of introspection became very widely used. The fascination with introspection was rampant. It was believed that the cause-and-effect relationship of mental phenomena is directly reflected in consciousness. It was believed that introspection, in contrast to our senses, which distort the information obtained by studying external objects, delivers psychological facts, so to speak, in their purest form.

However, over time, the widespread use of the method of introspection did not lead to the development of psychology, but, on the contrary, to a certain crisis. From the standpoint of introspective psychology, the mental is identified with consciousness. As a result of such an understanding, consciousness closed in on itself, and, consequently, there was a separation of the mental from objective being and the subject itself. Moreover, since it was argued that a psychologist can study himself, the psychological knowledge revealed in the process of such study did not find its practical application. Therefore, in practice, public interest in psychology has declined. Only professional psychologists were interested in psychology.

Thus, the impotence of the “psychology of consciousness” in the face of many practical tasks caused by the development industrial production, which required the development of tools to control human behavior, led to the fact that in the second decade of the XX century. a new direction of psychology arose, whose representatives announced a new subject of psychological science - it was not the psyche, not consciousness, but behavior, understood as a set of externally observed, mainly motor reactions of a person. This direction was called "behaviorism" (from the English. behavior - « behavior") and was the third stage in the development of ideas about the subject of psychology.

The founder of behaviorism J. Watson saw the task of psychology in the study of the behavior of a living being, adapting to its environment. And in the first place in the conduct of research in this area is the solution of practical problems due to social and economic development. Therefore, in just one decade, behaviorism has spread throughout the world and has become one of the most influential areas of psychological science.

In psychology, behavior is understood as the external manifestations of a person's mental activity. And in this regard, behavior is opposed to consciousness as a set of internal, subjectively experienced processes, and thus the facts of behavior in behaviorism and the facts of consciousness in introspective psychology are separated according to the method of their detection. Some are revealed by external observation, and others - by self-observation.

Watson believed that the most important thing in a person for the people around him is the actions and behavior of this person. And he was right, because, ultimately, our experiences, the features of our consciousness and thinking, that is, our mental individuality, as an external manifestation is reflected in our actions and behavior. But where we cannot agree with Watson is that, while arguing that it is necessary to study behavior, he denied the need to study consciousness. Thus, Watson separated the mental and its external manifestation - behavior.

According to Watson, psychology should become a natural science discipline and introduce an objective scientific method. The desire to make psychology an objective and natural science discipline led to the rapid development of an experiment based on principles different from introspective methodology, which brought practical results in the form of economic interest in the development of psychological science.

As you already understood, the main idea of behaviorism was based on the assertion of the significance of behavior and the complete denial of the existence of consciousness and the need to study it.

A special place in the development of psychological thought in Russia is occupied by the works of M. V. Lomonosov. In his works on rhetoric and physics, Lomonosov develops a materialistic understanding of sensations and ideas, speaks of the primacy of matter. According to Lomonosov, it is necessary to distinguish between cognitive (mental) processes and the mental qualities of a person. The latter arise from the correlation of mental faculties and passions. In turn, he considers the actions and sufferings of a person to be the source of passions. Thus, already in the middle of the XVIII century. the materialistic foundations of domestic psychology were laid.

The formation of Russian psychology took place under the influence of the French enlighteners and materialists of the 18th century. This influence is clearly visible in the works of Ya. P. Kozelsky and the psychological concept of A. N. Radishchev. Speaking of scientific papers Radishchev, it must be emphasized that in his works he establishes the leading role of speech for the entire mental development of a person.

In our country, psychology as an independent science began to develop in the 19th century. A major role in its development at this stage was played by the works of A. I. Herzen, who spoke of “action” as an essential factor in the spiritual development of man. It should be noted that the psychological views of domestic scientists in the second half of the XIX century. largely contradicted the religious point of view on mental phenomena. One of the most striking works of that time was the work of I. M. Sechenov "Reflexes of the brain." This work made a significant contribution to the development of psychophysiology, neuropsychology, and the physiology of higher nervous activity.

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. Russia develops such psychological directions like general psychology, zoopsychology, child psychology. Psychological knowledge began to be actively used in the clinic by S. S. Korsakov, I. R. Tarkhanov, V. M. Bekhterev. Psychology began to penetrate into pedagogical process. In particular, the works of P. F. Lesgaft, devoted to the typology of children, were widely known.

G. I. Chelpanov, who was the founder of the first and oldest Psychological Institute in our country, played a particularly prominent role in the history of domestic pre-revolutionary psychology. Preaching the positions of idealism in psychology, Chelpanov could not engage in scientific research after October revolution. However, the founders of Russian psychological science were replaced by new talented scientists. These are S. L. Rubinstein, L. S. Vygotsky, A. R. Luria, who not only continued the research of their predecessors, but also raised an equally famous generation of scientists. Among them are B. G. Ananiev, A. N. Leontiev, P. Ya. Galperin, A. V. Zaporozhets, D. B. Elkonip. The main works of this group of scientists belong to the period of 30-60s of the XX century.

During this period, several scientific schools and directions arose. Thus, the well-known psychological school of D. N. Uznadze was formed in Georgia. Representatives of this trend adopted the concept of attitude and widely used it to analyze many psychological phenomena.

Another scientific direction is associated with the name of L. S. Vygotsky, the creator of the cultural-historical theory of the development of the human psyche. This direction mainly included scientists who worked at Moscow State University. The sphere of their scientific interests was the questions of general and pedagogical psychology.

The third school was created by S. L. Rubinshtein, who at one time directed scientific research at the Department of Psychology at Moscow State University and at the Institute of General and Pedagogical Psychology. S. L. Rubinshtein is credited with writing the first fundamental psychological work in our country, Fundamentals of General Psychology.

At the same time, such world-famous psychologists as B. M. Teplov and A. A. Smirnov lived and worked. The latter is known for his work in the psychology of memory, and B. M. Teplov laid scientific foundations study of temperament and psychology of creative activity.

In later years, the main modern psychological schools were formed. These are the schools of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) State University and Moscow State University. The creation of the first school is associated with the name of B. G. Ananiev, who not only formulated the principles of the study of man and determined from these positions the main directions in the development of psychology, but also created the Faculty of Psychology of Leningrad State University, from which a galaxy of famous scientists emerged.

A similar organizational role in the creation of the psychology faculty at Moscow State University was played by A. N. Leontiev, author psychological theory activities. In addition, Leontiev's merit was the development of many problems in the field of perception, memory, consciousness, personality and the development of the psyche.

A. V. Zaporozhets, together with D. B. Elkonin, laid the foundations of child psychology. The sphere of the main scientific interests of Zaporozhets - the organizer and long-term head of the Institute of Preschool Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR - included questions age development and upbringing of children. Elkonin is known as the author of a textbook on child psychology, the theory of children's play, and the concept of periodization of age development.

The contribution to the development of pedagogical psychology by P. Ya. Galperin, the creator of the theory of planned (staged) formation of mental actions, is significant.

Thanks to the research of A. R. Luria, domestic psychology has made significant progress in the field of neurophysiological foundations of memory and thinking. The works of Luria laid the scientific and psychological basis for modern medical psychology. The results of his research are still widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in medical practice.

The works of the psychophysiologist E. N. Sokolov, who, together with his colleagues, created the modern theory of color vision, gained world fame; a theory that explains how a person perceives the shape of objects; neurophysiological theory of memory, etc.

No less well-known psychologists are working in our country at the present time, continuing the research and work of their predecessors. Their works make a worthy contribution to the development of modern psychological science.

Concluding this topic, it should be noted that psychology has come a long way of becoming. We will probably not be mistaken if we say that the first psychological views appeared together with humanity itself. Throughout the development of psychological science, idealistic and materialistic directions developed in parallel. Teachings based on materialistic views primarily contributed to the development of a natural scientific understanding of the nature of mental phenomena and the formation of experimental psychology. In turn, the teachings based on idealistic philosophical views brought ethical aspects of the mental into psychology. Due to this, modern psychology considers such problems as personal values, ideals, morality.

Modern psychology is a very branched science with many branches. Branches of psychology are relatively independently developing areas of scientific psychological research. Moreover, due to the rapid development of psychological science, new directions appear every four to five years.

The emergence of branches of psychology is due, firstly, to the widespread introduction of psychology into all areas of scientific and practical activity, and secondly, to the emergence of new psychological knowledge. Some branches of psychology differ from others primarily in the complex of problems and tasks that this or that scientific direction solves. At the same time, all branches of psychology can be conditionally divided into fundamental (general) and applied (special).

Fundamental(they are also called basic) branches of psychological science are of general importance for understanding and explaining various mental phenomena, including the behavior of people, regardless of what activity they are engaged in. Fundamental knowledge is necessary for everyone who deals with the problems of psychology and human behavior. Fundamental knowledge is the basis that not only unites all branches of the psychological science, but also serves as the basis for their development. Therefore, fundamental knowledge, as a rule, is united by the term "general psychology".

There are the following branches of fundamental psychology:

· general psychology- a branch of psychological science that combines fundamental psychological knowledge and solves problems in the study of an individual - a specific representative of a species Homo sapiens. It includes theoretical and experimental studies that reveal the most general psychological patterns, theoretical principles and methods of psychology, its basic concepts and categorical structure. The basic concepts of general psychology are mental processes (cognitive, volitional, emotional), mental properties (temperament, character, abilities, orientation) and mental states.

· age-related psychology, which studies the regularities of the stages of mental development and personality formation from birth to old age. Having emerged as child psychology, developmental psychology in the process of its development began to solve the problems of a holistic analysis of ontogenetic processes. Currently, the main sections of developmental psychology are: the psychology of childhood, the psychology of youth, the psychology of adulthood, and gerontopsychology. Developmental psychology studies the age-related dynamics of mental processes, which is impossible without taking into account the influence of cultural, historical, ethnic and socio-economic conditions on the individual development of a person. In addition, for developmental psychology, differential psychological differences, which include age-sex and typological properties, are of great importance, therefore very often studies in developmental psychology are carried out using the methods of differential psychology.

· differential psychology The branch of psychology that studies differences both between individuals and between groups, as well as the causes and consequences of these differences.

· social Psychology , which studies the patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their inclusion in groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of the groups themselves. Modern social psychology as an independent science includes the following main sections: patterns of communication and interaction between people (here, in particular, the role of communication in the system of social and interpersonal relations is studied); psychological characteristics of social groups, both large (classes, nations) and small (where phenomena such as cohesion, leadership, etc. are studied); personality psychology (this includes problems of social attitude, socialization, etc.).

Applied called branches of science, the achievements of which are used in practice. In most cases, applied branches of psychological science solve specific problems within the framework of their direction. However, in some cases, the achievements or scientific discoveries of applied industries can be of a fundamental nature, which determines the need to use newly acquired knowledge in all industries and areas.

Branches of applied psychology:

· pedagogical psychology- a branch of psychology that studies the psychological problems of training and education. Educational psychology explores the issues of purposeful formation cognitive activity and socially significant personality traits, and also studies the conditions that ensure the optimal learning effect. No less significant for educational psychology are the issues of taking into account the individual characteristics of the student in the construction of the educational process and the relationship between the student and the teacher, as well as relationships within the educational team. By area of application educational psychology can be divided into the psychology of preschool education, the psychology of education and upbringing at school age, divided into junior, middle and senior school age, psychology vocational training, psychology of higher education.

· political psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the psychological components political life and activities of people, their moods, opinions, feelings, value orientations, etc. These psychological phenomena are formed and manifested at the level of the political consciousness of nations, classes, social groups, governments, individuals and are realized in their specific political actions.

· psychology of art- a branch of psychological science, the subject of which is the properties and conditions of an individual or a group of individuals that determine the creation and perception of artistic values, as well as the influence of these values on the life of an individual and society as a whole.

· medical psychology studying the psychological aspects of hygiene, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, examination and rehabilitation of patients. The field of research in medical psychology includes a wide range of issues related to the onset, development and course of the disease, the influence of certain diseases on the human psyche and, conversely, the influence of the psyche on the disease. The structure of medical psychology includes the following sections: clinical psychology, including pathopsychology, neuropsychology, somatopsychology; general medical psychology; psychoprophylaxis and psychohygiene; psychocorrection.

· engineering psychology- a branch of psychology that studies the processes and means of interaction between man and machine. The main problems solved by engineering psychology are: analysis of human tasks in control systems, distribution of functions between humans and automatic devices; study of the joint activities of operators, information interaction between them and communication processes; analysis of the psychological structure of the operators' activity; study of factors affecting the efficiency, quality and reliability of operators' activities: study of the processes of receiving information by a person; analysis of the processes of information processing by a person, its storage and decision-making; development of methods for psychodiagnostics of human abilities in the interests of solving the problems of professional psychological selection and career guidance; analysis of the processes of optimizing the training of operators.

It should also be emphasized that in most cases the applied branches of psychology are not isolated from each other. Most often, in a particular branch of psychology, the knowledge or methodology of its other branches is used. For example, space psychology - a branch of psychological science dealing with the problems of psychological support for human activity in space - includes engineering psychology, medical psychology, educational psychology, etc. Consequently, the applied areas of psychology, according to the degree of their generalization, can be conditionally divided into syntheticeskies(combining knowledge of other areas) and primary(which are a relatively narrow and specific area of the applied industry). For example, medical psychology includes general medical psychology, clinical psychology, pathopsychology, psychohygiene and psychoprophylaxis, psychocorrection, etc. Similarly, in engineering psychology, the following sections can be distinguished: ergonomics, labor psychology, management, etc.

In conclusion, it should be noted that we have become acquainted with only a small number of branches of psychological science. In addition to those mentioned, there are others that are no less interesting for scientific research and branches of psychology no less significant for practical human activity, including: sports psychology, legal psychology, aviation and space psychology, military psychology, psychology of computerization, experimental psychology. However, all these branches of psychology are not only independent areas, but also elements of a single complex science - psychology - and use common approaches to solving their specific problems. Thus, in order to specialize in a particular area of psychological science, it is necessary, first of all, to become familiar with its fundamental foundations.

1. Vygotsky L.S. Psychology. - M.: April-Press: Eksmo-Press, 2002.

2. Galperin P.Ya. Introduction to psychology. 3rd ed. - M.: University, 2000.

3. Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. - M.: AST, Astrel, 2008

4. Enikeev M.I. General psychology: Textbook for universities. - M.: Prior, 2002.

5. Ivannikov V. A. Branches of psychology // Reader for the course "Introduction to psychology" / Ed. E.E.Sokolova. - M., 1999.

6. Klimov E.A. Fundamentals of psychology: Textbook for universities. - M.: Unity, 2003.

7. Leontiev A.N. Lectures on General Psychology. - M.: Meaning, Academy, 2007.

8. Nemov R.S. Psychology. Textbook. - M.: Higher education, 2008.

9. Psychology: A textbook for the human. universities / Ed. V.N. Druzhinin. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002.

10. Rubinstein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000.

11. Stankin M.I. General psychology: Functional phenomena of the human psyche: Teaching aid. - M.: MPSI; Voronezh: MODEK, 2001.

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