In the article we will analyze what unions are. It has to do with the morphology section. In the picture below you can see the answer to the question of what parts of speech are in Russian.
The peculiarity of unions is that they do not belong to independent members of the sentence and do not change, like verbs or adverbs. So, in more detail.
Definition
Below is an image with the answer to the question: "What is a union?". Let's highlight three points:
- Unions refer to the official parts of speech. What does this mean? What are unions for? This is a method of communication that is used to connect homogeneous members, simple sentences that are part of a complex one.
- Morphemes cannot be distinguished in them, since they are whole and indivisible.
- These are not independent members of the sentence.
Communication examples
Conjunctions are different from prepositions: they are not related to grammatical features neighboring words. They do not require nouns to be in a specific case. This syntactic link is more high level. In this case, unions can be repeated, although this is absolutely not necessary. Consider in more detail sentences with unions:
- He hung the portrait back and looked thoughtfully out the window. "And" connects homogeneous predicates.
- The lessons were canceled because the air temperature was very low. "Because" connects two parts of the same complex sentence.
- We often forget memorable dates, names of friends, birthdays of loved ones. We also show inattention to our colleagues at work. "And also" combines the meaning of two separate sentences in the text.
Union types
A table is presented to your attention. Unions differ in the ways of formation, which can be clearly seen below:
The table shows that, from the point of view of morphology, they are divided into simple ones, which consist of one base ( and because), and composite (two or more). Example of the second kind: while. Compound, in turn, are divided into double and repeating. In doubles, the obligatory part can be highlighted.
Example: "Not so much he wanted, as circumstances required it." Other options are more common: "If it is cloudy outside, then he absolutely does not want to get up early." The most common of the recurring ones are: neither ... neither, or ... or, then ... then. Example: "Neither she nor he were ready to take a step towards each other."
You should pay attention to spelling: all compound (derivative) unions are written separately. Example: "She was happy, no one noticed her absence."
The diagram above shows that, depending on syntactic feature All unions are divided into two types: coordinating and subordinating.
The former connect simple sentences that are equal in their meaning, as well as homogeneous members. The second occurs when the parts are not equal. One sentence is subordinate to another and from it you can ask a question. In turn, they have a finer gradation. Examples are shown in the table below.
Coordinating conjunctions
To understand the meaning in which these unions are used, consider the table.
From the table proposed in the picture, it can be seen that sometimes others are distinguished coordinating conjunctions. These are explanatory and connecting. There is also such a thing as comparative conjunctions in Russian. But they are more often referred to as the first option - connecting. Example: "Both the children and the parents did not accept the new teacher."
Subordinating conjunctions
Connecting unequal components and indicating the dependence of one on the other, subordinating conjunctions are used not only to connect sentences, but also homogeneous and heterogeneous members.
Examples: "The series is interesting, although somewhat drawn out." Here "although" connects. What conjunctions are used for such connections? it like, than, like, like. Example: "The lake in winter is like a mirror."
Let us give the categories of subordinating unions, but note: some can be attributed to several at once. Multivalued examples: to(explanatory and target); when(conditional and temporary).
| Discharge name | Unions | Examples |
| Temporary | When, barely, yet, only | He went for walks until autumn came. |
| Causal | Because, because, because | Don't talk loudly in class as it distracts other students. |
| Conditional | If, if, if | If you eat irregularly, you can ruin your stomach. |
| Target | In order to | You need to drink purified water so as not to get poisoned. |
| concessions | that although | She spoke more and more quietly, although he continued to scream. |
| Consequences | So that | We need to hurry, so we can do without breakfast. |
| Comparative | How, precisely, as if, as if, than | He pounced on the food like he'd never eaten something so delicious before. |
| Explanatory | How to what | She didn't understand how he could do that. |
Pay attention to the spelling of unions. Most often they are written together (z ato, too, also). They must be distinguished from another part of speech - prepositions with adverbs. Only compound unions are written separately, as well as "that is" and "that is."
§one. general characteristics unions
Union is service unit speech, which serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences in the text. The peculiarity of unions in the role they perform. This role is an expression of coordinating and subordinating syntactic links. Unlike prepositions, conjunctions are not connected with the grammatical features of other words. Why? Because they serve for higher-level syntactic links.
Unions are an invariable part of speech. The union is not a member of the proposal. Conjunctions - a class that unites dissimilar words. Unions differ in education, structure, function, meaning.
§2. Union formation
Like prepositions, unions, according to the method of formation, are divided into non-derivative and derivative.
- Non-derivatives unions: and, but, or, like, what and etc.
- Derivatives educated differently.
- by connecting non-derivative unions: as if, but also, as
- by combining a demonstrative word and a simple union: in order to, in order to
- by combining a union with a pronoun and a word with a generalized meaning: while, until
from other parts of speech: although to
§3. The structure of unions
By structure, unions are divided into simple and compound:
- Simple:and, and, but, or, what, so that, how, if, however, but, also, also, moreover, moreover etc., consisting of one word.
- Composite: since, while, as soon as, due to the fact that, due to the fact that. Compounds are divided into double and repeating: not only ..., but also ..., neither ... nor ..., then ... then ...
§four. The function (role) of unions. Ranks by value
The function (role) of unions is the expression of syntactic links: coordinating and subordinating.
A coordinative connection is a connection that expresses equal relations of elements.
Writing unions. Ranks by value
- Connecting: and, yes (=and: cabbage soup and porridge), and ... and ..., not only ... but also, like ... so and, too, also
- Dividing: or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, or ... or, either ... or
- Opposite: a, but, Yes(= but: good-looking, but poor), but, but
- Gradational *: not only, but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but
- Explanatory*: that is, namely
- Attachment *: also, also, yes and, and moreover, moreover
* Traditionally, sentences with a coordinative connection are considered more accessible for understanding and are introduced into training earlier than others: already in primary school. Then the children are taught to distinguish the meanings of unions. Therefore, the material is presented in a simplified form. This is how the idea is assimilated that there are three types of coordinating conjunctions: connecting, dividing and adversative. In high school, children are faced with a wider range of phenomena that need to be understood and realized. For example, everyone should be able to distinguish and write conjunctions correctly too, also and combinations the same, the same you need to know how to punctuate sentences with different conjunctions. And the question of what these unions are does not arise. However, gradational, explanatory and joining unions are very frequent, they can get caught in test tasks. Therefore, I advise high school students and graduates to pay special attention to them.
A subordinate relationship is a relationship of unequal components, in which one of the components depends on the other. This is how parts of complex sentences are connected.
subordinating unions. Ranks by value
- Temporary: when, while, barely, just, while, just, a little, just a little
- Causal: because, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because (obsolete), due to the fact that
- Conditional: if (if, if, if - obsolete), if, once, whether, how soon
- Target: so that, in order to, in order (obsolete), in order to, so that, then so that
- Consequences: so
- Concessions: although, despite the fact that
- Comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, like, rather than (obsolete)
- Explanatory: what, how, to
Attention:
Some unions are polysemantic and can, performing different functions, enter into different categories. For example, let's compare:
Tell him, to he did not call: I will not be at home.
to - explanatory conjunction
To to please his mother, he washed the dishes left in the sink in the morning.
to- target union
When the teacher entered the classroom, Mishka was talking on the phone.
when- temporary union
I dont know, when he will call.
when- explanatory union
When He does not want to understand anything, how can you explain it to him?
when- conditional union
Attention:
Many unions have homonymous forms, which creates problems in their distinction and correct spelling. See the exam: "A, B, C" - everything for preparation. A18. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of words.
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What are unions for?
- To connect words in a sentence
- To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of complex sentences and individual sentences in the text
Is there a difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions?
Is it true to assume that simple conjunctions are coordinating, and compound ones are subordinating?
Is it correct to assume that simple conjunctions are used in simple sentences, and compound ones in complex ones?
What syntactic relationship expresses equal relations of elements?
- writing
- Subordinating
What syntactic relationship expresses the unequal relationship of elements, in which one depends on the other?
- writing
- Subordinating
Do coordinating or subordinating conjunctions express a coordinating connection?
- writing
- Subordinating
Do coordinating or subordinating conjunctions express a subordinating relationship?
- writing
- Subordinating
Are there multi-valued conjunctions in Russian?
Is it true that many unions have homonyms?
Unions are derivative or non-derivative: and, but, or, how - ?
- Derivatives
- non-derivative
All parts of speech are usually divided into independent and auxiliary. The first ones are the most important.
They are the basis of linguistic diversity. The latter perform an auxiliary function. These include unions. In Russian, they serve as a link. There are also special rules for their use. In addition, such parts of speech can be divided into types. What are unions in Russian? You will find the answer to this question below.
What are unions?
In Russian, this part of speech is designed to connect as well as parts and at the same time express the semantic relationships between them.
Unlike prepositions close to them, unions are not assigned to any case. All of them are classified on various grounds. So, according to their structure, unions are divided into two types: simple and compound. The former consist of one word (or, too), while the latter consist of several since).
Main classification
There is one more reason on which unions in Russian are divided into types. The table fully reveals the essence of this classification.
Types of unions depending on the functions performed |
|||
writing (serve to connect both homogeneous members and parts of compound sentences) | Subordinating (connect the main and subordinate parts in a complex sentence) |
||
Connecting | And, yes, too, no-no, also | Explanatory | To how... |
Causal | Because, because... |
||
opposing | Yes, but, but, but, however | To, then to... |
|
Temporary | When, barely... |
||
Conditional | If when... |
||
Dividing | Or, or, something, or something, not that, not that | concessions | Although, let... |
Comparative | As if... |
||
In addition, all unions can be divided into non-derivatives (and, how) and derivatives, that is, formed from other parts of speech (despite).
Punctuation points
There are special rules according to which it is determined whether any punctuation mark should be applied or not. As a rule, it is most often a comma. It is always placed before the union, but not after.
It should be noted that, despite the similarity of some parts of speech, the same rules cannot be applied to them. Thus, the conjunctions and prepositions dotting the Russian language, although they have much in common, are still characterized differently. Let us return to the rules established directly for the part of speech that interests us. So, a comma before unions is needed if they are adversative (“She didn’t get angry, but even screamed”), paired (“Whether it will snow, or rain”) or subordinating (“I will come if you call"). In addition, this punctuation mark is needed if it separates parts of a complex sentence (“Spring has come, and starlings have arrived”). If the union connects homogeneous members, then a comma is not required ("Green and blue balls rushed into the sky"). These are the general rules for using this part of speech in writing. If, when writing, there is a comma before the union, then a pause should be made in speech at this place.
In the lesson we will talk about what unions are, how they can be classified.
All windows, both in the manor house and in the human house, are wide open.
(Union so... like double compound, or paired).
The wolf cub jumped off the road into a ditch, pushing its way through the thickets beside the road, and turned sharply deeper into the forest.
(Union and simple, connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence).
One day I got up before everyone else, because the day before I noticed several figs on the tree.
(Union because composite).
The horses were alert but calm.
(Union but simple, obnoxious).
Between heaven and earth, now fading, now again clearly indicated, the trills of a simple but pretty song of a lark murmured and rang incessantly.(Fig. 3) .
(Union and simple, connecting, union then ... then repeating, dividing, union but simple, obnoxious).
Rice. 3. Larks ()
They went down the overgrown slope, as the river here came close to its foot.
(Union because composite).
He heard as if someone knocked on the window.
(Union as if composite).
We had to hurry because the water was coming.
(Union because composite).
As they moved forward, the contours of the island became clearer.
(Union as composite).
Bibliography
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
2. Internet portal "YaClass" ()
Homework
1. Rewrite the sentences and write out simple and compound conjunctions in two columns.
I was sailing in a boat down the river and suddenly heard, as if in the sky, someone began to carefully pour water from a resonant glass vessel into the same vessel. These sounds filled all the space between the river and the firmament. It was the cranes flying. I lifted my head to get a better look at them. The birds said goodbye to Russia, with its swamps and thickets, as autumn air was already oozing from there, giving off freshness. I am writing this despite the late night. Autumn is not visible outside the window, but as soon as you go out onto the porch, it will surround you. Autumn persistently breathes in the face with the cold bitter smell of the first thin ice that bound the still waters by night.
