Disorganization as well as deviant behavior is inevitable. Social disorganization, deviant behavior and crime. Fragment of the work for review

1. Disorganization, like deviant behavior, is inevitable in any social system, as well as its basis - social organization and social norms. Society did not exist and it is impossible to exist without social deviations and crime, sociologists say. Can you give examples of societies that did not know the manifestation of deviant behavior, or at least such an extreme form of it as crime? Does it follow from the above thesis that it is pointless to fight deviant behavior? Justify your answer.

1 answer:

The process of socialization reaches a certain degree of completion when a person reaches social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition by the person of an integral social status (a status that determines a person's position in society). However, in the process of socialization failures and failures are possible. A manifestation of the shortcomings of socialization is deviant (deviant) behavior - this various forms negative behavior of persons, the scope of moral vices, deviation from the principles, norms of morality and law. Deviant behavior, understood as a violation social norms, acquired in last years massive character. It seems to me that this is due to the fact that the more complex society becomes, the more processes take place in it, the more people have the opportunity to show their deviant behavior. Therefore, this problem is in the center of attention of sociologists, social psychologists, doctors, law enforcement officers, and us ordinary people, members of society. Numerous forms of deviant behavior indicate a state of conflict between personal and public interests. Deviant behavior is most often an attempt to leave society, to escape from everyday life problems and hardships, to overcome a state of uncertainty and tension through certain compensatory forms. However, deviant behavior is not always negative. It may be associated with the desire of the individual for something new, an attempt to overcome the conservative, which hinders moving forward. Deviant behavior may include various types of scientific, technical and artistic creativity. The work will consist of three interrelated parts. In the first, I will try to explain what deviant behavior is, find its roots, consider different approaches to the study of deviant behavior. In the second, I will briefly review the main forms of manifestation, and in the third, I will turn to perhaps the most serious problem: deviant behavior among adolescents. And in conclusion, consider the main methods of preventing deviant behavior.

QUESTIONS:

1. Formulate three factors influencing the manifestation of delinquent behavior in a person, and accompany them with examples.

1) Unfavorable environment, for example: a young man grew up on the street, started drinking and smoking early, contacted a bad company.

2) Crisis phenomena in society (animal state of society), for example: during the economic crisis in the country, citizen N. started manufacturing counterfeit products in order to feed his family.

3) Dysfunctional family (stigmatization), for example: a young man grew up in an asocial family, his father was in prison for armed robbery, his mother drank. Pro young man those around him said that an apple does not fall far from an apple tree, gradually he got used to such an attitude and began to defiantly violate generally accepted norms.

2. In the code of laws Kievan Rus- "Russkaya Pravda" was provided with various punishments for the murder. So, the fine for killing a tiun (steward) was huge - it was equal to the cost of a herd of 80 oxen or 400 rams. The life of a serf or a serf was valued many times cheaper. Make two possible conclusions about social relations in society and ways to regulate them.

The following conclusions can be drawn:

1. About the social relations of the society of that time:

1) there were different social groups (tiuns, smerds, serfs);

2) there was inequality (the position of different social groups differed).

2. About ways to regulate social relations:

1) there were legal norms (laws) that reflected the inequality existing in society, protected the authorities;

2) since there are laws, then, consequently, there are moral, ethical and religious norms that condemn murder.

3. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social Control". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic, the plan should contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) The concept of social control:

a) in broad sense the words;

b) in the narrow sense of the word.

2) Elements of social control:

a) social norms;

b) sanctions.

3) Forms of social control:

a) internal (self-control);

b) external.

4) Conscience is a manifestation of internal control.

5) Methods of social control.

6) Authorities of the Russian Federation exercising social control:

a) the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation;

b) Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation;

c) the Federal Security Service, etc.

7) The ratio of external control and self-control.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.

A person, like any other living being, is characterized by a certain activity - the ability to respond to influences. environment. The activity of people in external (motor) and internal (mental, mental) forms in the process of interaction with the environment is usually called activity. Externally observable manifestations of the individual's activity, actions and deeds, as well as their specific sequence are defined as behavior. The behavior of an individual in one way or another affects the interests of other people, groups, and the whole society. Human behavior acquires social meaning, becomes personal when it is directly or indirectly included in communication with other people, is in connection with their actions, is directed to certain social facilities(groups, communities, institutions).

To explain the specifics of a particular behavior, sociologists widely use the concept "identity". This term was first used in psychoanalysis to refer to the unconscious process of imitating the behavior or certain qualities of the person with whom the individual identifies. In sociology, this socio-psychological category means an individual's identification with a certain person, social group, model or ideal. Identity as an awareness of one's group membership can be considered as the most important mechanism for the formation of a deviant personality. The process of gradually gaining or changing an identity is defined as personal identification. In the study of deviant behavior, the term " deviant identity" can mean a person's awareness of himself as a member, participant in a criminal group, gang, community of drug addicts or alcoholics.

In the sociology of deviant behavior, there are a number of concepts that analyze both deviant and conformal behavior. These are the theories of anomie by R. Merton, differentiated association by E. Sutherland, the theory of social control.

Personal behavior is considered conformal if it corresponds to social norms and expectations of the social environment (groups, society as a whole).

The degree of conformity, as well as deviance in behavior, depends on the extent to which a person identifies himself with the social environment. The terms "conventional", "normative" or "normal behavior" are sometimes used to refer to conforming behavior. For a long time, conforming behavior was opposed only to deviant behavior. Recently, however, nonconformal behavior has also been considered as independent, changeable, reactive behavior.

It is well known that not all people are characterized by behavior that is consistent with generally accepted social norms. In society, along with law-abiding citizens, there are offenders: bribe takers, thieves, drug addicts, rapists and murderers. Along with ordinary people, there is always a place for geniuses and altruists. Moreover, these variations are no less statistically significant than socially approved, conforming (normal) behavior.

Term "deviation"(from lat. deviatio - deviation), as well as in general deviant (deviant) behavior usually and quite strictly defined using the concept of social norms. Indeed, if there is no social norm, then it makes no sense to talk about deviation from it. Therefore, d evasion - it is an act of deviance that goes beyond one or more social norms.

For sociologists, it is important to evaluate not only a single action in relation to the norm, but also behavior - outwardly observable manifestations of an individual's activity, the sequence of his actions and actions.

In this way, deviant behavior is a retreat, a refusal to constantly follow, by doing actions, generally accepted social norms.

A deviant or deviant individual is one who, in his behavior, does not comply with the norms established in a group or social system. Consequently, deviant behavior is a capacious sociological term covering a wide range of behavioral deviations. In criminology, this concept has a narrower interpretation and is understood as “behavior that is contrary to legal or moral norms accepted in society, criminal or immoral behavior; the result of asocial development of the individual ... "

Many American sociologists associate deviant behavior not only with the violation of social norms, but also with social expectations, values, and social roles. Thus, the functionalist sociologist Albert Cohen defines deviant behavior "as one that goes against institutionalized expectations, that is, expectations that are shared and recognized as legitimate within the social system."

According to Cohen, a sociology of deviant behavior must deal "with the structure of systems of interaction, with the distribution and interconnection of events within these systems, and not with human personalities." From the object of study, functionalists derive some psychological aspects of social interaction - everything that relates to the psyche in the structure of personality. Neurotic, psychotic and other pathologies in the behavior of the individual are excluded by supporters of this scientific direction from the subject of the sociology of deviant behavior. In this regard, Cohen argues that in order to "create a sociology of deviant behavior, we must constantly have in mind precisely deviant behavior, and not types of people." The theory of deviant behavior, according to functionalists, should explain not only deviant behavior, but also its absence, that is, conformism.

Another functionalist sociologist N. Smelser considers "deviant behavior that is seen as a deviation from group norms and leads to isolation, treatment, correction or punishment of the offender." Moreover, he associates the concept of norm not only with expectations, like Cohen, but, first of all, with the rules of behavior, the standards that regulate the interaction between people. There are interpretations of deviant behavior that consider not norms and expectations as a starting point, but social roles, that is, typical patterns of behavior. The approach to deviance as behavior that violates social norms and roles has become widespread in modern criminology and sociology. It is being developed by functionalists: R. Merton, R. Eikers, A. Liska, A. Tio, M. Klinard, R. Meer.

From the positions of symbolic interactionism and understanding sociology, social groups themselves create rules and breakers, naming them in this way. This means that deviation acts as a consequence of excessive social control, when society reacts to the behavior of an individual with negative sanctions. Among the supporters of the interactionist or constructivist orientation in the sociology of deviant behavior are well-known American researchers G. Becker, D. Black, K. Erickson, E. Shur, E. Lemmert, E. Good. In their opinion, deviation is not an inherent quality of this or that action, but a consequence of correlating the action with the rules for applying sanctions to the violator. And, consequently, deviance acts as a "reactive construction". From the positions of symbolic interactionism and constructivism, the phenomena of deviant behavior do not so much exist objectively, per se, sui generic, as they are artificially “constructed”. Therefore, within the framework of this approach, such concepts as "crime", "corruption", "terrorism", "prostitution" are social constructs. The key role in such "design" activity belongs to the political regime and legal institutions, which are controlled by those in power.

In the works of the famous American social psychologist R. Harre, deviant behavior is seen in psychological state personality, due to a change in its position in the system of socio-political coordinates. This researcher comes to the conclusion that "deviant and normative behavior are two equivalent components of social role behavior."

In domestic sociology, a capacious formulation of deviant behavior has received some recognition, in fact, combining it with the concept of deviation, which is given by Ya. Gilinsky:

deviant behavior- this is:

“1) an act, an action of a person that does not correspond to officially established or actually established in a given society (social group) norms and expectations;

2) a social phenomenon, expressed in relatively massive and stable forms of human activity that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms and expectations in a given society».

Social deviations are understood as social processes, which are based on the deviant behavior of individuals and groups. These are crises, wars, revolutions, etc.

As you can see, deviant behavior has many definitions, which, according to the American sociologist Alex Tio, can be summarized in two main groups: scientific and humanitarian.

Supporters scientific approach consider the deviation from “normal” behavior to be objective, inherent in human nature. This position is most clearly represented in the works of functionalist sociologists (R. Merton, R. Eikers, M. Clinard, R. Meyer, A. Cohen, N. Smelser), who developed the views of E. Durkheim regarding the natural origin of deviations. However, the deviant behavior itself, according to the functionalists, is defined as non-normative, dysfunctional, destroying the balance of the social system, leading after exceeding a certain threshold to its disintegration. In this case, the system of social control extends to deviant behavior.

However, it is impossible not to see that deviant behavior, using the findings of R. Merton, is not only dysfunctional, but also adaptive, its various types continue to exist and develop even in economically prosperous countries. It is no coincidence that one of the most high levels crime is observed in the United States, many times higher than all known world indicators.

From positions humanitarian approach, deviation is considered as a product of society, as a result of excessive social control, which does not have internal, objective properties, as a social construction.

The modern "Encyclopedia of Criminology and Deviant Behavior" contains another approach to understanding deviance. It is interpreted as a violation of human rights (G. Schwedinger, J. Schwedinger).

A broad sociological interpretation of the social norm presupposes the dual nature of social deviations from it. Obviously, some of them contribute to constructive social changes. For example, social creativity in science, art, technology acts as a violation of generally accepted norms and standards. It always defies time, serves progress, overcomes reactionary stereotypes of consciousness and clichés of behavior. These deviations are called positive apo terminology of Higgins and Butler - "creative".

Negative deviations are dysfunctional, because they disorganize the social system, threatening its existence. These include such social pathologies as crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, corruption, and prostitution. Most often, negative deviations arouse the interest and attention of researchers, since they create problems for society. And largest number research is devoted delinquent (criminal) behavior understood as a deviation from legal norms.

The ratio between positive and negative deviations in the behavior of an individual or group is relative. For example, killing in war is not only permitted but also encouraged, while in peacetime it is prosecuted. In addition, sanctions for violating certain social norms are relative and differ significantly. Thus, it is well known that in different US states the same crime (for example, rape) leads to different forms and terms of punishment.

Thus, deviations are changeable in time and socio-cultural dimension.

In social systems, as well as in biological ones, the processes of organization, self-organization and disorganization take place simultaneously. Therefore, when studying deviant behavior, sociologists widely use the concept of "disorganization", usually associating it with the weakening of the influence of norms and rules of behavior in society.

Disorganization is a social process in which the established social order and habitual actions become unsustainable. This is a state of confusion in society, the case when there is a growing inability social institutions to constructive activities. Personal disorganization is understood as a state in which an individual cannot behave in a socially approved manner. social disorganization arises, as a rule, in conditions of rapid social changes, a lack of social identity, a number of social reasons.

Presence in transitional Russian society a steady upward trend in the level and scale of socially dangerous deviations (for example, corruption, terrorism and drug addiction) leads to an increase in the processes of disorganization, which provokes the state and its legal institutions to take repressive measures. However, it is not possible not only to “eradicate”, but also to limit social problems only by traditional prohibitive and repressive actions. This is especially evident in the sphere of drug control and terrorism.

In general, the organization and disorganization of social life coexist in an inseparable connection, the norm and deviation mutually complement each other. They manifest themselves in unity, and only their joint consideration can lift the veil of secrecy. Control over deviant behavior makes sense only with a comprehensive and systematic study of the problem, which requires knowledge of the mechanisms of rule-making and law enforcement, explicit and latent functions of deviations, processes of stigmatization and deviant identity, the formation of deviant careers and subcultures.

Disorganization, like deviant behavior, is inevitably inherent in any social system, as well as its basis - social organization and social norms. Society did not exist and it is impossible to exist without social deviations and crime, sociologists say.

Answers:

Can you give examples of societies that did not know the manifestations of deviant behavior, or at least such an extreme form of it as crime? Does it follow from the above thesis that it is pointless to fight deviant behavior? Argument your Deviant behavior, understood as a violation of social norms, has become widespread in recent years. It seems to me that this is due to the fact that the more complex society becomes, the more processes take place in it, the more people have the opportunity to show their deviant behavior. Therefore, this problem is in the center of attention of sociologists, social psychologists, doctors, law enforcement officers, and us ordinary people, members of society. Numerous forms of deviant behavior indicate a state of conflict between personal and public interests. Deviant behavior is most often an attempt to leave society, to escape from everyday life problems and hardships, to overcome a state of uncertainty and tension through certain compensatory forms. However, deviant behavior is not always negative. It may be associated with the desire of the individual for something new, an attempt to overcome the conservative, which hinders moving forward. Various types of scientific, technical and artistic creativity can be attributed to deviant behavior.

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More

Explanation of deviation		His essence
biological		People are biologically predisposed to a certain type of behavior. Moreover, the biological predisposition of a person to crime is reflected in his appearance.
Psychological		Deviant behavior is a consequence of psychological qualities, character traits, internal life attitudes, personality orientation, which are partly innate, partly shaped by upbringing and environment. At the same time, the act itself, the violation of the law, can be the result of the psychological state of the deviant.
Sociological	The concept of anomie(from fr. anomie- iniquity)	Deviant behavior is caused by the anomic state of society (anomie), i.e., the disintegration existing system social values and norms governing the life of people.
	Stigma theory (from gr. stigma- stigma, stain)	Deviation is determined not by behavior or a specific act, but by a group assessment, the application of sanctions by other people against those whom they consider "violators" of established norms. Distinguish between primary and secondary deviation. With primary deviation, the individual from time to time violates some social norms. However, others do not attach much importance to this, and he himself does not consider himself a deviant. Secondary deviation is characterized by the fact that a person is labeled as a “deviant” and begins to be treated differently from ordinary people.