Patriotism of the Russian people in the war of 1812 based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
An army of half a million, which had won the glory of being invincible in Europe, under the leadership of the great commander Napoleon suddenly fell on Russian soil. But she ran into strong opposition. The army and all the people unitedly stood up against the conquerors, defending their homeland, their independence to the last drop of blood.
“In the war of 1812, the question of life and death of the Fatherland was decided. For all Russian people then there was a common desire - the expulsion of the French from Russia and the extermination of their army ... The goal of the people was to clear their land from invasion.
The French were rapidly moving inland from its western borders. Residents of all cities and villages heroically defended their land. In the hero city of Smolensk, strong fires broke out as the enemy approached. Residents abandoned all their property, set fire to houses and left the city. In the novel, Tolstoy shows one wealthy merchant from Smolensk, who distributes goods from his shop to soldiers. "Get it all, guys! Don't get to the devils," Feropontov shouted. “Rossey decided! .. I’ll set it on fire myself. I made up my mind” and ran to his house.
After the capture of Smolensk, the Napoleonic army advanced towards Moscow. Napoleon was firmly convinced of his victory. But the Russian people did not give up. The peasants did not sell the products of the French army for any money. "Karps and Vlass did not bring hay to Moscow for the good money they were offered, but burned it." The feeling of patriotism that engulfed all Russian people in the face of danger united the entire people into a single whole. The consciousness of the rightness of one's cause gave the whole people tremendous strength.
Partisan detachments were organized all over the country. The headman Vasilisa beat hundreds of Frenchmen, and the village deacon led the partisan detachment. On the account of the detachments of Dolokhov and Denisov there were also quite a few Frenchmen. A simple Russian peasant, Tikhon Shcherbaty, caught "marauders" near Gzhat and was "the most useful and brave man” in the Denisov detachment.
“The cudgel of the people’s war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength and, without asking anyone’s tastes and rules, without understanding anything, rose, fell and nailed the French until the entire invasion died.” Such courage and steadfastness, which were shown by Russian soldiers on the Borodino field, Napoleon did not see in all the years of the war and conquests. The fighters knew that it was here that something very important was being decided, on which their future life depended. Before the battle, the soldiers stopped drinking vodka and put on clean shirts. Everyone's faces were tense, and in every feature of this face an inexorable hardness showed through, and the eyes somehow strangely, unnaturally shone.
Napoleon sat on a folding chair and watched the battle progress. For the first time in all these years of the victorious march of his army across Europe, the thought of defeat arose in him. All the events that befell him upon entering Russia were rapidly flashing through his head. He became terrified. He increasingly felt his failure, which began right here, on the Borodino field. Despite the fact that the Russian army was almost destroyed, the heroism of Kutuzov, Bagration, officers and soldiers won a moral victory over the French army.
The Russian army had to retreat, and Napoleon was at the goal of his invasion. He stood on Poklonnaya Hill and waited for a delegation of Muscovites with the keys of Moscow, admiring the beautiful blue sky and the brilliance of the golden domes of the capital's churches. But did not wait. “For the Russian people, there could be no question whether it would be good or bad under the control of the French in Moscow. It was impossible to be under the control of the French: it was the worst of all ... The entire population, as one person, leaving their property, flowed from Moscow, showing by this negative action the full strength of their people's feelings.
Both ordinary Muscovites and wealthy nobles behaved heroically. The Rostovs left all their expensive paintings, carpets and tapestries, all valuables, and the wounded were placed on the wagons that were freed from things. Count Bezukhov, the good-natured and gentle Pierre, stayed in Moscow to defend the capital and kill Napoleon.
Moscow met Napoleon with a terrible fire of conflagrations and deserted streets. An army entered Moscow, which could still be called an army, but after five weeks crowds of dirty, ragged robbers left. The morale of the army was undermined and it was impossible to raise it by any means. The wisdom and foresight of the great commander, the father of the people Kutuzov, the nationwide patriotism of the Russian people decided the fate of Napoleon and his army. Napoleon understood how great the spirit of independence and freedom, love for one's Motherland is in a Russian person.
Place of work, position: - MBOU "V (C) OSH No. 1", Almetyevsk, teacher of history and social studies
Region: — Republic of Tatarstan
Characteristics of the lesson (class) Level of education: - basic general education
Target audience: – Teacher (teacher)
Class(es): – Grade 8
Subject(s): — History
The purpose of the lesson: -
Recall the main events of the Patriotic War of 1812;
. talk about the patriotism of the Russian people during the war, find out what its national character was;
. instill a sense of pride and love for the motherland on the examples of the exploits of the Russian people;
. consolidate students' knowledge with a test;
. further mastery by students of the artistic and expressive properties of the language.
Lesson type: - Lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge
Students in the class (audience): - 17
Equipment used: -
multimedia projector
Used DERs: -
presentation on the topic "Russian patriotism in the Patriotic War of 1812"
Short description: - The lesson used a presentation on the topic "Russian patriotism in the Patriotic War of 1812". The teacher tells students about the deep feeling of love for the motherland, its people, culture, readiness to serve their country, to protect it from invaders. That in the Patriotic War of 1812 not only soldiers-liberators, career officers, but also ordinary citizens, peasants, women and children took part.
Russian patriotism during the years
Patriotic War of 1812
The purpose of the lesson:
- recall the main events of the Patriotic War of 1812;
- talk about the patriotism of the Russian people during the war, find out what its national character was;
- instill a sense of pride and love for the motherland on the examples of the exploits of the Russian people;
- consolidate students' knowledge with a test;
- further mastery by students of the artistic and expressive properties of the language.
Lesson type: lesson learning new material
Main methods: conversation and discussion. The work consists of methodological development lessons and applications (tests)
Lesson plan:
New terms and dates:
1812, Patriotic War, August 26, 1812 - battle of Borodino, partisans, people's militia, flushes, redoubt, battery, fodder.
Equipment:
Use of multimedia installation, presentation, tests
Preliminary preparation:
Individual students prepare small reports about partisans, commanders.
During the classes:
Conversation with students about the coming year - the year of Russian history.
What is patriotism? (the answer to the question is written on the first three slides)
Answers on questions:
(Napoleon's army only half consisted of the French. The second half were the wars of the conquered peoples of Europe, that is, the army of "two to ten languages." Manned according to the coercive principle - the thirst for fame and money, it lost its reliability in case of serious failures. In France there was universal military service, i.e. all men of draft age served in the army.This made it possible to quickly replenish the troops with people already trained in the basics of military affairs.The Russian army was recruited through recruitment, i.e. out of a certain number of men, only one served in the army. Consequently, the majority of the male population of the country were not trained in military affairs.)
Teacher: Not only those who were supposed to protect the state from external intrusions stood up to defend the Motherland, i.e. military - officers, generals, soldiers, but also ordinary people. And today we will talk about those who defended Russia during the Patriotic War of 1812. Let's talk about how Russian patriotism manifested itself in different social strata: among the nobles and ordinary people. And the first person to be discussed is a hereditary nobleman, a Russian commander - Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky.
The story of General Nikolai Raevsky(students say).
(Raevsky is a Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, cavalry general. For thirty years of impeccable service, he participated in many of the largest battles of the era. Including the Patriotic War of 1812. Raevsky led the 7th Infantry Corps of the 2nd Western Army of General P I. Bagration. On the morning of July 23, a fierce battle began near the village of Saltanovka (11 km along the Dnieper from Mogilev). Raevsky's corps fought for ten hours with five divisions of Davout's corps. The battle went on with varying success. At a critical moment, Raevsky personally led the attack Smolensk regiment with the words: "Soldiers! My children and I will open the way to glory for you! Forward for the tsar and the fatherland!"
Raevsky himself was wounded in the chest by buckshot, but his heroic behavior brought the soldiers out of confusion, and they, rushing forward, put the enemy to flight. According to legend, next to Nikolai Nikolaevich at that moment were the sons: 17-year-old Alexander and 11-year-old Nikolai.
At the moment of a decisive attack on the French batteries, he took them with him at the head of the column of the Smolensk regiment, and the smaller one, Nikolai, he led by the hand, and Alexander, grabbing the banner that lay near our lieutenant killed from previous attacks, carried it in front of the troops. The heroic example of the commander and his children inspired the troops to a frenzy.
However, Raevsky himself later objected that although his sons were with him that morning, they did not go on the attack. However, after the battle of Saltanovka, the name of Raevsky became known to the entire army. He became one of the most beloved soldiers and generals of the whole people.)
Definition of terms:
Flashes - field and long-term strengthening in the form of an obtuse angle;
Redoubt - a closed rectangular, polygonal field fortification, prepared for all-round defense, with an outer moat and earthen embankment on the outer side of the trench;
Battery - an artillery unit of several guns, as well as the position occupied by such a unit;
Cavalry - cavalry;
Infantry - foot army. In the 19th century - infantry;
Artillery - 1. Firearms (guns, howitzers); 2. Type of troops with such weapons.
Messages from the guys about the partisans Denis Davydov, Vasilisa Kozhina and Gerasim Kurin.
(Denis Davydov came from the old noble family, which originates from the noble Tatar Murza Minchak. From childhood, he dreamed of being a military man and, after the expiration of his term, in 1801 he was enrolled, not without difficulty because of his small stature, in the Cavalier Guard Regiment as a standard junker. In parallel with military studies, literary exercises were going on, and the muse of the young poet takes on a satirical direction. Denis Davydov took part in the war with Prussia and Turkey.
When the Patriotic War of 1812 began, Denis Davydov turned to Bagration with a request to enlist him in the ranks of the Akhtynsky Hussars and on April 8 he was granted the rank of colonel and participated in various battles near Mir, Katanya, Popovka and Pokrov.
But Davydov was weary of the position of an ordinary hussar officer and turned to Bagration with a letter in which he asked permission to personally explain to him his view of the guerrilla war, the thought of which had long been wandering in his head. On August 21, in a barn at the Kolotsky Monastery, Davydov detailed to the prince his view on the state of affairs and the significance of the partisan and people's war, which, according to his assumption, should have arisen behind enemy lines. Bagration listened to him with great attention and promised to immediately submit the whole matter to the discretion of the commander in chief.
Teacher's explanation:
(Kutuzov agreed, in the form of experience, to give Davydov 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks for action on enemy communications. In Davydov's life, the time came, which he repeatedly and with special love later recalled. Left to himself, the author of the fruitful idea of \u200b\u200bpartisan war " hacked down ", in his own words, his name in this formidable era, and the memory of the Patriotic War is inextricably linked with the memory of Denis Davydov. The tactics that Davydov decided to stick to was to avoid open skirmishes with enemy detachments and raid them unawares, beat off carts, provisions and ammunition. In the event of an unsuccessful attack, the entire party immediately scattered in different directions and gathered in a predetermined place. Davydov armed the peasants with weapons taken from the enemy, teaching them how to act against a common enemy.
One of the outstanding exploits of Davydov during this time was the case near Lyakhov, where he, along with other partisans, captured the two thousandth detachment of General Augereau; then, near the town of Kopys, he destroyed the French cavalry depot, scattered the enemy detachment near Belynichi, and, continuing the search to the Neman, occupied Grodno).
- Which of the partisans do you still know?
Vasilisa Kozhina prisoners and then handed them over to the Russian troops.For this feat, Vasilisa Kozhina was awarded a medal and a cash allowance).
_ (Another partisan - Kurin Gerasim Matveevich - the leader of a peasant partisan detachment operating in the Vokhonsky volost (area of the present city of Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Region). Thanks to the historian Alexander Mikhailovsky_Danilevsky, wide public attention was attracted to Kurin's detachment. He was awarded George cross first class. A street in Moscow was named after Gerasim Kurin in 1962. Gerasim Kurin was a man of personal charm and a quick mind, an outstanding commander peasant uprising. And - most importantly - for some reason everyone obeyed him, although he was almost a serf. (Although this is strange, because in the village of Pavlovsky, it seems, there were no serfs),
Summing up our lesson, once again I want to remind you of the patriotism of the Russian people, without which it would be difficult to win the war. Despite the fact that the war lasted less than a year, its significance was great. The Russian people rallied, defended the national independence and state independence of Russia. The war was of great international importance, laying the foundation for the liberation of peoples in Central and Western Europe.
January 6, 1813 Alexander 1 issues a manifesto about the end of the war. In honor of the winners, the Triumphal Arch was built in Moscow as a monument to the participants in the Patriotic War of 1812.
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Patriotism in Russian History January 18th, 2015
Where are the origins of Russian patriotism and what can be considered its historical verbal expression? What works should a “young man starting life” read, and what books should he read this life with?
The first monuments of Russian patriotic works can be safely considered "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and "The Tale of Bygone Years" by Nestor. Despite differences in literary style both works have both historical and artistic, but also patriotic value, which is especially important for us today. Different at first glance, the works speak of the glory of the Russian state, military prowess, Russian rulers, heroes and victories. Yes, at that time there was no intelligible, developed and shared ideology by the people and the authorities, but there was patriotism, love for the Motherland, as a necessary soil for the growth of both ideology, and the state and people.
The next iconic Russian patriotic works are the works of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Yes, a lot of time has passed between the life of Nestor and NM Karamzin. But all this time there were other patriotic works that are little known or have not come down to us (for example, remember Pavel Ivanovich Fonvizin). The greatest work of N.M. Karamzin's "History of the Russian State" is an example not only of historical seriousness, but also of patriotism and the author's strongest love for Russia.
In the 19th century, patriotic works in Russia began to appear, one might say, en masse. Slavophiles, such as Ivan Aksakov, made their contribution. I cannot but quote today the super-actual work of I. Aksakov "What is the strength of the people?":
"For exactly the same purpose, it is planned to build a church in Geneva, where at present up to 200 Russian families are being brought up in various Swiss boarding schools ... And these are our future leaders of the people! This is the future composition of the Russian folk society!
Nor the contempt of foreigners, so loudly expressed recently in the French Senate and the English Parliament through the lips of Prince Napoleon, Bonjean, Genessi and others, nor the insults inflicted daily and hourly on Russian not only state, but also popular honor by all organs of European publicity, nor the position of Russia itself, difficult, fulfilled dangers, a Russia that has entered a critical period of existence, a Russia rich in all sorts of business, not only governmental, but public as well—nothing enlightens, nothing angers our foreign Russians, who continue to spend our Russian money for the benefit of foreigners! "
Slavophilism, seriously filled with religious and messianic content, can be considered one of the Russian ideologies, and with all the variety of publicists - Slavophiles, they all agreed that the future of the Russian people is a great future, and the West will fall and rot. What is this if not an example of patriotism?
Interesting are the views of Konstantin Leontiev, a Slavophile (who criticized Slavophilism), who served Russia all his life, was a very religious person, denied nationalism, considering it a Western and modernist idea, and considered state socialism the future of Russia.
Nikolai Danilevsky, author of the popular work "Russia and Europe", also believed in the decay of Western civilization and in the long struggle between Russia and Europe, and in Russian expansion based on the world-historical mission of Russia.
It is impossible to ignore F.M. Dostoevsky, a Russian genius, subtle and super-deep. But you can’t even talk about it with dignity in the format of a note. Therefore, I will only point out the historical relevance, political acuteness, and Russian metaphysical depth of his Diaries of a Writer. The whole nerve of the life of Russia at that time and its prospects is in this work of Dostoevsky. An example of the highest, metaphysical Russian patriotism of Dostoevsky is his belief in the Russian people, as the only people - the God-bearer, the savior of the world, the incarnation of God.
One cannot idealize the Slavophiles and speak of the absence of problems and excesses in their works. In particular, Vladimir Solovyov pointed to this, accusing the Slavophiles of "zoological patriotism", the loss of the teaching of religious and humanistic content and the growth of national egoism, as the influence of nationalism.
Oleg Anatolievich
The patriotic spirit of the Russian people manifested itself already in the first months of the war. Only in Moscow were formed 12 divisions militia and 25 fighter battalions. Front-line writer K. Simonov then said about Moscow: A city that looks like a Russian person, as invincible as the Russian person himself". Moscow power, they said at that time, is a grave for the enemy. We will rise as one, but we will not surrender Moscow.
The patriotic impulse of the Russian people manifested itself in numerous cases of heroism in various fields. folk life both among the military and civilians.
Captain's plane N. F. Gastello June 26, 1941 during the bombing of the enemy tank column on the road Radoshkevichi-Molodechno received a hole in the gas tank. There was a fire. Then Gastello, together with the crew (lieutenants A. A. Budenyuk, G. N. Skorobogatov and senior sergeant A. A. Kalinin) decided not to leave the plane on parachutes. The burning car was directed at a cluster of tanks, vehicles and gas tanks, which exploded along with the aircraft, killing many dozens of German soldiers and a large number of military equipment.
Another pilot V. V. Talalikhin, Aug 7 1941 in an air battle rammed an enemy bomber, destroying it. Subsequently shot down another 5 enemy aircraft. Oct. 1941 died heroically in an air battle.
A brilliant example of the mass heroism of a Russian soldier was shown by the fighters of the 316th rifle division commanded by General I.V. Panfilov. In the battle near Moscow in Oct.-Nov. In 1941, the soldiers of this division entered into heavy defensive battles with superior enemy forces west of Volokolamsk. On November 16, when the Germans launched a new offensive to capture Moscow, 28 Panfilov fighters, led by the commander V. G. Klochkov occupied the defense in the area of the Dubosekovo junction near Volokolamsk. Before the battle, the commander addressed the soldiers with the words: Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat, behind Moscow ". In a 4-hour battle, Panfilov's heroes knocked out 18 German tanks, but almost all died, and on November 17. their general was also killed. For heroism in battle, the division received the name of the Guards with the assignment of the name of I.V. Panfilov.
The war gave more and more examples of the heroic self-sacrifice of Russian soldiers. Infantry school cadet A. Matrosov voluntarily went to the front as a private. Feb 23 1943 in the battle for the village of Chernushki (Kalinin Front) broke through to the enemy bunker and closed the embrasure with his body, sacrificing himself to ensure the success of his unit. Matrosov saved the lives of dozens of his comrades who found themselves under targeted enemy fire. Taking advantage of the confusion of the enemy, the Russian soldiers went on the attack and drove out the invaders.
A special form of the patriotic movement was the partisan struggle behind enemy lines, which could not be stopped by the brutal repressions of the occupiers. Even before the outbreak of hostilities, the German leadership prepared a document stating that civilians suspected of crimes against German troops should be shot without trial, that German soldiers for crimes against the civilian population should not be prosecuted. On July 23, Field Marshal Keitel issued an order stating: " Considering the vast expanses of the occupied territories in the East, the available armed forces to maintain security in these territories will only be sufficient if all resistance is punished not by the prosecution of the perpetrators, but by the creation of such a system of terror on the part of the armed forces that will be sufficient to in order to eradicate from the population any intention to resist. Commanders must find the means to carry out this order through draconian measures.". The immeasurable cruelty of the German invaders gave impetus to the general partisan struggle against the conquerors. For the national humiliation of the Russians and cruelty towards them, the German invaders paid with the blood of tens of thousands of their soldiers who died at the hands of the people's avengers.
By the end of 1941, several hundred underground organizations and more than 2,000 underground organizations were operating in the occupied territory. partisan detachments who provided great support to the Russian army. The partisans smashed the headquarters, attacked the garrisons, blew up warehouses and bases, cars and trains.
Already during the winter offensive of the Russian army of 1941-42, partisans, in cooperation with the troops, struck at communications, enemy headquarters and warehouses, participated in the liberation of settlements, directed Russian aircraft at enemy targets, and assisted airborne assaults. In Jan. 1942 in the Znamenka region, Smolensk partisans liberated 40 villages and villages and assisted the 4th Airborne Corps in landing and conducting combat operations, and in February. carried out an attack on Dorogobuzh, expelling the invaders from it.
During the summer battles of 1942, the partisans diverted 24 enemy divisions, 14-16 of which were constantly used to guard communications. In Aug. 148 crashes of military echelons with soldiers and equipment were made in Sept. - 152, in Oct. - 210, Nov. - 238.
In contrast to the Patriotic War of 1812, in the fighting of 1941-45, only a small part of the partisan detachments fought spontaneously and independently, while their predominant number was controlled from Moscow. By 1943, the partisan movement was centralized to a strategic scale, carried out under the unified leadership of the partisans' combat activities, stable communications between partisan headquarters and detachments, and interaction with units of the Russian Army.
A striking example of the successful interaction of the Russian army with partisan detachments was the Belarusian operation of 1944, during which the partisans became, as it were, the fifth front, along with the four advancing fronts of the regular Russian Army.
In June 1944, 150 partisan brigades and 449 detachments with a total strength of more than 143 thousand people, not counting the reserve of 250 thousand people, concentrated in the Belarusian forests. (including 123 thousand armed). Most of the reserves of the German Army Group Center were shackled by the fight against the partisans. During the preparation of the operation in May-June, the partisans identified and confirmed information about 287 enemy units and formations located in the rear, 33 headquarters, 900 garrisons, defensive lines 985 km long, 130 anti-aircraft batteries, 70 large warehouses; established the composition and organization of 108 enemy military units, discovered 319 field postal stations, 30 airfields and 11 landing sites; recorded the passage and composition of 1642 echelons, captured 105 operational documents.
On the night of June 20, the partisans carried out a mass attack on all the most important railway communications, blowing up over 40 thousand rails. The movement of German troops completely stopped in the sector Orsha - Borisov, Orsha - Mogilev, Molodechno - Polotsk, Molodechno - Lida, Baranovichi - Osipovichi, Baranovichi - Minsk and others. The partisan detachments supported the Russian army in forcing the rivers Berezina, Sluch, Ptich, Drut, Lekhva, Neman and others. military equipment and leave in small groups through the forests, incurring heavy losses. The people's avengers liberated and held a number of settlements until the approach of the Russian army, and with the approach tank units acted as tank landings and participated in the liberation of Minsk, Slutsk, Borisov, Mogilev, Pinsk and other cities. With the help of partisan detachments, the forests were cleared of small enemy groups with the complete elimination of the enemy. In total, only in the Belarusian operation, Russian partisans destroyed St. 15 thousand enemy soldiers and officers and more than 17 thousand were taken prisoner. They also executed thousands of traitors to the Motherland, policemen and other traitors who collaborated with the enemy. Folk scales guerrilla war against the German occupiers reflected the high patriotic enthusiasm of the Russian people, their ardent hatred for the enemy, which had no analogues in world history. Names of partisan heroes such as Z. Kosmodemyanskaya, A. F. Fedorov, S. A. Kovpak and many others. etc., gained wide popularity among the people.
For a partisan Z. Kosmodemyanskoy war was a feat, the purpose of which was to destroy the enemy at any cost, and if necessary, without hesitation to sacrifice one's life. Captured by the German invaders, she shows great courage and contempt for her enemies before being executed. Addressing the Russian peasants, driven by the occupiers for the public hanging of the heroine, Zoya shouted in a loud and clear voice: “Hey, comrades! What are you looking at sadly? Be bolder, fight, beat the fascists, burn, poison!” The German standing next to him swung his hand and wanted to either hit her or clamp her mouth, but she pushed his hand away and continued: “I’m not afraid to die, comrades. It is happiness to die for your people.” The photographer had taken the gallows from a distance and close up, and now he moved in to photograph it from the side. The executioners looked uneasily at the commandant, who shouted to the photographer: “Hurry!” Then Zoya turned towards the commandant and shouted to him and the German soldiers: “ You hang me now, but I'm not alone. We are two hundred million. You don't outweigh everyone. You will be avenged for me. Soldiers! Before it's too late, surrender, anyway, victory will be ours!» The executioner pulled the rope, and the noose squeezed Zoya's throat. But she parted the noose with both hands, rose on her toes and shouted, straining with all her strength: “ Farewell, comrades! Fight, don't be afraid! Stalin is with us! Stalin is coming! »
The patriotic movement for the voluntary collection of money and material values for the needs of the front has become widespread. Fundraising for the construction of military equipment has gained particular popularity. It was initiated by the Russian peasants of Tambov and Saratov regions. Oct. 1942 Collective farm "Signal of the Revolution" Saratov region in one day they collected 170 thousand rubles. for the construction of combat aircraft. By 10 Dec. the peasants of this region donated 33.5 million rubles. for the construction of aircraft. In the Tambov region within two weeks the peasants contributed to the construction tank column "Tambov collective farmer" 40 million rubles
In n. dec. 1942 beekeeper F. P. Golovaty from the Stepnoy farm, Saratov region. contributed 100 thousand rubles. on a plane for the Stalingrad front. In the Saratov region 44 peasants contributed from 100 to 300 thousand rubles. each. These personal initiatives spread throughout the country. From the very beginning of the war, Russian peasants sent parcels to the army with various gifts, primarily with warm clothes. In just three months of 1941, the front received from the peasantry 1.2 million pairs of felt boots, more than 2 million sheepskins, 2.2 million pairs of woolen gloves and mittens, St. 2 million sheepskin coats.
In Orthodox parishes in cities and in the countryside, funds were collected for defense needs, for gifts to soldiers, for the maintenance of the wounded in hospitals and orphans in orphanages. Dec 30 1942 Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) appealed to the flock with an appeal to raise funds for the construction of a tank column to them. Dmitry Donskoy. In response to the call of the First Hierarch in the Moscow Epiphany Cathedral, the clergy and laity collected more than 400 thousand rubles. The whole of ecclesiastical Moscow collected over 2 million rubles, and in besieged hungry Leningrad, the Orthodox raised 1 million rubles. for the needs of the army; in Kuibyshev, 650 thousand rubles were donated by old people and women. In Tobolsk, one of the donors brought 12 thousand rubles. and wished to remain anonymous. A resident of Chebarkuli, Chelyabinsk region M. A. Vodolaev wrote to the Patriarchate: “I, an elderly, childless, with all my heart join the call of Metropolitan Sergius and contribute 1,000 rubles from my labor savings, with a prayer for the speedy expulsion of the enemy from the sacred confines of our land.” Freelance priest of the Kalinin diocese M. M. Kolokolov donated to tank column a priestly cross, 4 silver chasubles from icons, a silver spoon and all his bonds. In total, more than 78 million rubles were collected for the tank column. In Novosibirsk, Orthodox clergy and laity donated 110 thousand for the construction of aircraft Siberian Squadron "For the Motherland" In one Leningrad church, unknown pilgrims brought a package and placed it near the icon of St. Nicholas. The package contained 150 gold 10-ruble coins of royal minting. In total, more than 200 million rubles were collected for the needs of the front during the war, as well as warm clothes for soldiers: felt boots, mittens, padded jackets.
During the Great Patriotic War, patriotic feelings returned to many intellectuals, they realized that they were part of a great thousand-year-old community. Quite significant was the poem by K. Simonov: “Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region”, in which he was proud that his Russian mother “gave birth” to the world. For many, the words became a return to the original sources:
You know, probably, after all, the motherland -
Not a city house, where I lived festively,
And these country roads that grandfathers passed,
With simple crosses of their Russian graves.
Gained widest notoriety play by K. Simonov "Russian people", depicting the heroic features of the Russian People, the inherent feeling of love for the Motherland, a high understanding of one's civic duty, the will to win, and readiness for self-sacrifice.
A remarkable achievement of Russian wartime literature was poem by A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin", who created an epic folklore image of a daring Russian soldier, selflessly loving his Motherland, capable of a feat without false pathos, perceiving heroism as ordinary work with a lively and crafty soldier's joke.
Writer during the war M. Sholokhov created the story "The Science of Hatred"(1942), in 1943-44 in Pravda and Krasnaya Zvezda chapters from novel "They fought for the Motherland", in which he set the goal of showing the feat of the Russian people in the Great Patriotic War.
At L. Leonov in 1942 appears the play "Invasion”, followed by “Lenushka” (1943) and the story “The Capture of Velikomushsk”. All of them are imbued with a deep, unshakable faith in the victory of the Russian people over the German invaders. In the play "Invasion", the writer revealed the depth of Russian patriotic feeling, burning out everything petty and insignificant in a person's soul.
Russian songwriters created new popular songs imbued with deep love for the Motherland, sacred hatred for the enemy, praising the steadfastness and selflessness of the Russian People, the fearlessness and valor of its illustrious heroes. In the songs of the war years, the features of composure, stern determination, concentration are intensified. popular will. Among the songwriters of those years, V. Lebedev-Kumach ("Holy War"), M. Isakovsky ("Katyusha", "And who knows", "In the forest near the front", "Spark", "Oh, my fogs ..." became famous, “Enemies burned their own hut”, “Everything froze again until dawn”, “Migratory birds are flying”).
The war time brought to life many new proverbs and sayings. Proverbial appeals, eyewitnesses say, were written on billboards and exhibited at crossroads: “ The bastard crawls to Leningrad and is not happy himself; zenki puffs on Moscow - it will get even stronger»; « Hitler will not have to make a sea out of Leningrad, and a field out of Moscow»; « Let's meet the Germans not with pies, but with batogs».
There are especially many proverbs about Moscow: The fascist eye sees Moscow, but the tooth is numb»; « Close, Hitler, Moscow, don't bite»; « Do not grow an acorn in the grass, do not be an enemy in Moscow»; « Moscow is like granite: no one will defeat it ».
Hatred of the enemy was expressed in such proverbs: The fascist is nasty - he is greedy for murder»; « Fell into the hands of the Nazis - you will suffer torment»; « For murder and torture, the Nazis are quick».
The restoration of the guard units in the Russian army was welcomed by the people as follows: “ The Suvorov testament is holy: the guards stand to death»; « The best army man is our guardsman»; « From the guards' grip, the fascist seems to heel»; « Guards glory - poison to the enemies».
Dozens of new winged words: « The Nazis wanted to relax in Moscow, but they had to die near Moscow»; « The Nazis wanted to visit Moscow, but they left their bones near Moscow»; « To Moscow - on tanks, and from Moscow - on sleds»; « The Fritz started a parade in Moscow, but they didn’t come back from Moscow»; « To Moscow - “Hoh!”, And from Moscow - “Oh!”»; « Hitler went to Moscow, and the Beatler left"(i.e. broken); " Hitler wanted to swallow Russia, but Moscow choked»; « Hitler went to Moscow with the royal crown, and flew away from Moscow like a wet crow».
The feeling of patriotism became the main factor in the great victory of the Russian People over the creators of the new world order.
(Emphasis in the text is made by VPK "Sevastopol")
Today, the problem and how it should be understood is more relevant than ever. It concerns every citizen and is largely connected with the very complex and sometimes acute political situation in the world and the threats that are directed at today's Russia. Against Russia, with the help of the Ukrainian junta, a new “ cold war", which some international forces (the US and the European Union) are trying to lead to a "hot" war.
It is these forces that Russia is called the “aggressor country” (for the return of Crimea in the spring of 2014), they are trying to crush us with sanctions and isolate us. But they don't get anything. The more sanctions, the stronger and more united Russian society and people. They will never understand the Russian mentality, the most important integral part which is high.
The purpose of our study: to reveal the concept of "patriotism" through its various interpretations, to show Russian patriotism in the history of our country, to characterize the concept of "anti-patriotism" using scientific and fiction literature, as well as sociological research methods (survey, questioning, sampling methods and data processing). ). The term "patriotism" translated from Greek means "land of the fathers", "homeland". The feeling of patriotism originated in ancient times.
This is a person's attachment to the land on which he lived for a long time, where the graves of his ancestors are located. The words "patriot" and "patriotism" were borrowed in Russia in the era of Peter I from French, where patriote meant "compatriot". Patriotism also implies pride in one's country and is largely based on a sense of "organic belonging" to the homeland and people.
Having considered various sources on this topic, we can say that the concept is multifaceted and unified. general definition there is no patriotism. Most sources define patriotism as love for the Motherland, Fatherland, but there is also an interpretation of patriotism as a moral position, moral and political principle, loyalty to one's history, devotion to one's culture. It is natural for a person to have a special emotional attachment to his native places, where he spent his childhood, where his parents and ancestors lived and worked, that relatively limited territory of a huge the globe, with which the main events of his individual destiny are connected. It is on this territory that a person feels most at ease, here everything is most understandable and close to him.
The attitude of a person to his country, to the people around him, to the state and preservation of life depends on the feeling of patriotism. cultural heritage country and its ecology. Patriotism includes several aspects: emotional-volitional, rational, ideological. The emotional-volitional aspect is especially manifested in critical situations, expressed in a strong-willed impulse that unites the people, helps to realize common goals, subordinate private interests to them, activates joint activities aimed at overcoming difficulties and obstacles. In the historical memory of Russians, there are many events accompanied by the experience of such an emotional upsurge. Often for this reason, patriotism is associated with military exploits, heroism, self-sacrifice.
The rational aspect of patriotism in everyday life is manifested as an awareness of the need to bring private interests in line with the general interests of the nation and the state, associated with the interested attitude of citizens to events and processes in the external and domestic politics and their conscious activity aimed at maintaining and reproducing public relations which are based on legitimately fixed and socially approved norms. The ideological aspect of patriotism consists in coordinating a complex set of emotions, feelings, experiences in relation to the Motherland, “big” and “small”, with the principles and postulates of the state and with political, socio-cultural, religious ideas shared in society, even despite their inconsistency. V.A. Korobanov believes that patriotism is one of the phenomena public consciousness, which is defined by three levels. The first level includes the subconscious, created in the form of images and archetypal ideas about the motherland.
The second is the activist, volitional level, based on feelings that prompt a person to active manifestations. Third, most high level awareness of patriotism, ideological. At this level, the individual proceeds from convictions, based on the patriotic values of belonging to a particular society, acts in accordance with the established highest spiritual and moral guidelines. A.N. Vyrshchikov, M.P. Buzsky distinguish state, Russian, national, local or regional patriotism. At the heart of state patriotism are the relations "personality-state". State patriotism is revealed among Russian citizens through common interests, common goals. The state monitors the observance of the rights of citizens. And citizens, in turn, fulfill their obligations to the state. Russian patriotism is explained by the emotional world of a person through the development of patriotic experience, fixed in moral norms, customs, traditions, values. National patriotism is based on national culture. It contributes to the awakening of a sense of love for the Motherland, national pride, the spirit of the people, the upbringing of national traditions. Local or religious patriotism is manifested in love for small homeland, spiritual culture of their ancestors, family, relatives.
Patriotic values have always determined the specifics of the Russian national character, his mentality and political culture of Russian society. Russian patriotism has such features as sovereignty and internationalism. Russia was and remains a great country. Russia has always defended weaker states, always preached responsibility for the world as a whole. Speaking against national extremism, state patriotism is the main one in making tough political decisions, if it was about protecting state interests, Russian society.
Russia has emerged as a multinational and multi-confessional state. The international character was clearly manifested during the years of wars, when external enemies threatened Russian statehood. Russian patriotism is directed against chauvinism, nationalism, fascism, racism, political terrorism, which is increasingly acquiring nationalist forms. Patriotism is increasingly acting as the most important resource for the consolidation of Russians, as the protection of national interests, the implementation of social order in society, as support for the political course of power. Russian patriotism has found its vivid expression in the best examples our fiction. Russian writers believed that human activity is driven by love for the Motherland. A.S. Pushkin can be called a real patriot, and Pushkin is “our everything”! Pushkin's patriotism took shape in his youth, under the influence of the war of 1812 and the general patriotic upsurge caused by it. This is evidenced by his following words: “I swear on my honor that for nothing in the world I would not want to change my fatherland, or have another, except for the history of our ancestors, which God gave it to us.” It should be emphasized that Pushkin never changed his patriotic moods, unlike a considerable number of friends of his youth.
Under the influence of the obvious shortcomings of Russian life and under the influence of the common understanding of liberalism, which gained popularity among the nobility, some of the progressive figures of that period (among whom were Pushkin's close acquaintances) lost the sharpness of patriotic feelings. Patriotism began to be perceived as something unfashionable, out of date, outdated. Pushkin's views were sharply opposed to such views. It is to this period that the poem "Slanderers of Russia" belongs. In it, the poet sharply speaks out not only against the Western press, which has brought down on Russia all conceivable and unthinkable accusations, but also against those representatives of Russian society who, due to their childishly naive and incomprehensible cosmopolitanism, gladly joined such accusations. Unlike the latter, the mature Pushkin clearly understood that good and outwardly innocent liberal phrases could be used by Russia's enemies to destroy it, and there can be no question of any cosmopolitanism in international relations, where a fierce struggle of contradictory national interests is constantly going on (as this is true for modern Russia!).
Pushkin's patriotism has another aspect that cannot be ignored. It is closely connected with a deep understanding of the importance for human life of a respectful attitude to ancestors, to the hearth, family traditions, to "native land". Pushkin's worldview is characterized by a close connection between patriotism and the family in its broadest sense - as the continuity of a number of generations. “Two feelings are wonderfully close to us - In them the heart finds food: Love for the native ashes, Love for the fatherly coffins. From time immemorial, the self-sufficiency of man, the pledge of his greatness, has been based on them ... A life-giving shrine! The earth was dead without them, Without them, our cramped world is a desert, The soul is an altar without a deity. Love for the Motherland is poetically expressed, for example, in the famous stanza of S. Yesenin: “If the holy army shouts:“ Throw Russia away, live in paradise! I'll say: "Don't need paradise, Give me my homeland!" . The theme of the Motherland also occupies a large place among modern authors: “Over Canada, the sky is blue, / Between the birches the rains are slanting, / Although it looks like Russia, / But it’s still not Russia,” one of the famous bard songs sings.
The patriotism of our people has deep historical roots. Russia never threatened anyone, but always gave a worthy rebuff to all its enemies, guided by the motto "Whoever enters us with a sword will die by the sword!" (Alexander Nevskiy). Examples of unbending fighting spirit is the struggle against the Swedish invaders on the Neva River (1240), German (battle on Lake Peipsi « Battle on the Ice”, 1242), the defeat of the Tatar-Mongol on the Kulikovo field (1380), the great Poltava battle with the Swedes (1709) and many many other heroic pages. A special surge of patriotism is observed during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the entire Russian people came to the defense of the Napoleonic French army. The greatest test for our people and their patriotic feelings was the First World War of 1914-1918, which claimed the lives of millions of our soldiers and bravely fought against superior enemy forces.
But an unparalleled example of Russian patriotism, in our opinion, is the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders of 1941-1945, the 70th anniversary of the victory in which we celebrate on May 9, 2015. It is known that the victory went to our people at a very high price. .War claimed 27 million lives. It is well known that a huge contribution to the victory was the general feeling of devotion to one's people, one's country, which became a convincing test of the invincibility of our multinational state. The slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" entered the main meaning of the life of all our people. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat behind Moscow!” - this is the call of 28 Panfilov heroes, sounded throughout the country and supported by all the people. Near Stalingrad, a new patriotic appeal was born: "There is no land for us beyond the Volga!" During the war years, there was no division, regiment, battalion, company that did not have its own heroes.
Everyone was different: from soldiers, junior commanders to generals. The first multiple manifestation of the highest patriotism was the many thousands of volunteers in the military commissariats. Only in Moscow during the first three days of the war, more than 70 thousand applications were received from residents with a request to be sent to the front. Many patriots, rejected, as it was then said, for health reasons or who had "armor" (ensuring stay in the rear), rushed to the line of fire. In the summer and autumn of 1941, about 60 divisions and 200 separate regiments of the people's militia were created, the number of which amounted to 2 million people. From the first days of the war, the world learned about the incredible exploits for many peoples who had already surrendered to the mercy of Hitler. Soviet pilots about the ramming of German aircraft. In a night battle, for the first time in world practice, a ml, lieutenant V.V. went to ram. Talalikhin. In total, during the war years, 636 pilots rammed enemy aircraft. At the same time, more than half of the pilots saved their cars and continued to fight. The highest patriotism was shown by Soviet soldiers, who covered enemy firing points with their bodies. 134 of them received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Note: not one of the Nazi soldiers dared such a feat for the entire world war. The patriotism that gripped the Soviet people in the field of defending the Fatherland was clearly manifested in the partisan movement deployed behind enemy lines. The first detachment of volunteers was created on the day the aggression began - June 22, 1941. Sublime patriotism during the war manifested itself among the population of the occupied territories, which opposed the advance of the occupiers into the interior of the country. The amazing feat accomplished by Ivan Susanin in the winter of 1613 was repeated by our compatriots more than 50 times under the conditions of the Nazi invasion. The war highlighted the best patriotic qualities Soviet citizens- home front workers. The life of people during the war years was associated with death: at the front - from a bullet, shell, bomb; in the rear - from hard work, malnutrition, disease.
The Soviet front and rear during the war years functioned as a single organism. Today it is difficult to imagine how it was possible to transport more than 1,500 enterprises to the east and put into operation in half a year of tense wartime. The machines were installed in workshops without walls. They started producing planes and tanks when there were no windows or roofs. Snow covered the working people, but they did not leave the shops, they lived in the shops. The work of millions of citizens, ennobled by the patriotic idea of defending the Fatherland, produced amazing results. Tank T-34 became the best tank of the war. "Katyushas" brought terror to the enemy. The PPSh submachine gun became the main type of small arms, and new aircraft gained an advantage in the air. During the war years, rural residents showed high patriotism. The labor force there was made up of women, old people and teenagers. Crop yields fell due to the war. However, for 1941-1944. the country received more than 70 million tons of grain.
True patriotism was shown by millions of Soviet citizens who sacrificed their last piece of bread for the sake of victory over the enemy. People voluntarily handed over money, bonds, jewelry, things, products. In total, the defense fund received 17 billion rubles. in cash, 131 kg of gold, 9,519 kg of silver, etc. These funds were used to build 2,500 combat aircraft, several thousand tanks, 8 submarines, and other weapons. Mass patriotism manifested itself in the donor movement: 5.5 million people took part in it, donating 1.7 million liters of blood to save the wounded. During the war years, patriotic muses were not silent. Together with workers, collective farmers, other representatives of the national economy, fighters at the front, artists fought and brought Victory closer: writers, poets, composers, artists, artists. Prose, poetry, music, media visual arts they educated the Soviet people in the spirit of ardent patriotism and hatred of the enemy, “equating the pen and the word with the bayonet. The words of the songs “about four steps to death”, about a mother's tear at the crib, about the love and fidelity of wives, mothers, girlfriends, who are waiting for their warriors with victory, touched the soul. Artistic front-line brigades carried a high spirit of patriotism among the masses of soldiers. They attacked the poems of K. Simonov, A. Tvardovsky, the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, newspaper editorials.
A significant contribution to patriotic education brought in by film workers. The people cherished their actors, who themselves, experiencing the hardships of the war, created memorable patriotic images that warmed the hearts of people at the front and in the rear. A certain force of the anti-fascist movement was the patriotic part of the “white emigration”, who advocated the victory of their compatriots over Germany. So, A.I. Denikin declared that "the fate of Russia is more important than the fate of emigration." Thus, the patriotism of our people during the war years was multifaceted. His characteristic features were: the conviction of the Soviet people in the rightness of their cause, selfless love for the Motherland; nationwide character (the whole people rose to fight the enemy - from small to large, it is not for nothing that this war is called "people's, sacred"); international character, which consisted in the friendship of the peoples of the USSR, their joint desire to defeat the enemy who treacherously attacked the Motherland; in respect for the national dignity and national culture of the peoples of Europe and Asia, readiness to assist them in liberation from the invaders. In the history of Russia there have been periods of both growth and decline in the feeling of patriotism among the people.
Moreover, along with bright patriotic manifestations, dangerous features of anti-patriotism are also revealed. It usually comes to the surface public life in critical periods of history and has a significant impact on the historical fate of Russia. To eradicate the patriotic idea from the minds of people, completely replacing it with a class one, was the task set by the Bolsheviks in the first period of their rule from 1917 to approximately 1935-1937. The anti-patriotic attitude was a direct continuation of the Bolshevik line of the pre-October period and was most clearly expressed in Lenin's slogan of the defeat of his fatherland in the First World War.
It was the only party not only in Russia but also in Europe that put forward the idea of defeatism. The “world revolution” orientation, based on a purely class, anti-patriotic approach, remained the official party policy until the mid-1930s. Before the destruction of the USSR, patriotism in our country was high. In connection with the collapse of the USSR in the 90s. In the 20th century, this high sense of patriotism was undermined. Unfortunately, the decline in patriotism occurred due to the destruction of the stable Soviet socialist system and the transition of our country to democracy and market relations. The rejection of a unified state, political, party pluralism gave rise to the loss of familiar values and guidelines among the people. The collapse of the totalitarian regime in the USSR also led to the destruction of public organizations engaged in patriotic work with children, schoolchildren and youth. The country abandoned the "Octobers", "pioneers", "Komsomol members". Those organizations in which early childhood Basically, the state patriotic consciousness of children and youth was formed. But instead of these destroyed organizations, children and youth did not receive any worthy alternative. But in connection with the democratization of our society, we received its westernization, which began to introduce values that were previously alien to us and considered unacceptable for our people: egocentrism and individualism.
As a consequence of such an introduction: a decrease in patriotic feelings, indifference to other people's troubles, disrespectful attitude towards the older generation, state and social institutions, cynicism. But historical facts testify that in difficult times patriotism unites people, gives them faith in themselves and their country. In 2009, a group of Voronezh scientists conducted a sociological study on the topic "The concept of the Motherland in the minds of the inhabitants of the Voronezh region." 915 people were interviewed by means of a questionnaire. The results of the survey are as follows: the majority of respondents (48%) consider Russia their homeland. 22% believe that the homeland is locality, where they were born and raised. 13% suggest that the homeland is where they are valued and respected, where they are needed. 7% consider their homeland a place where they live well. 5% suggest that the homeland is the USSR. 3% call the Motherland the place where a person can realize his abilities. 2% think that their homeland is something else. Studying the problems of Russian patriotism, in our work we conducted a small sociological study.
Respondents were offered a questionnaire on the topic “Patriotism and citizenship”, consisting of 53 features of these concepts, to which they were asked to give answers presented in 4 options: 1) yes; 2) rather yes than no; 3) rather no than yes; 4) no. We set the following task for the respondents: to choose from these 53 features those that to the greatest extent (from the point of view of the respondents) are characteristic of the concepts of "patriotism" and "citizenship". In the course of the study, 25 students of our Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I of the Faculty of Humanities and Law, the Faculties of Accounting and Finance, and Economics and Management were interviewed. The results of our survey are as follows: 88% of respondents are proud of Russia. 92%. proud of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. 76% believe that Russia has sufficient potential for the status of a great world power. The historical victories of the Russian armed forces evoke a sense of pride: 72%. .68% of respondents prefer to observe the rights of a citizen Russian Federation, are proud when the Russian anthem sounds. 64% consider conscription compulsory military service and respect the past historical experience of their country. 60% of respondents consider it their duty to provide assistance to the elderly and elderly, and are ready to conduct patronage or volunteer activities. 56% are proud of Russia's sporting achievements. Unfortunately, only 76% consider themselves patriots of their country.
Only 72% know the symbols of the Russian Federation. 56% of respondents believe that, while serving in the army, young men become real men. 48% of respondents are not indifferent to the country's heritage. A sense of pride in technical and scientific achievements The Russian Federation is also called in 48%. And only 4% would like to leave Russia. Thus, based on the analysis of the above personal data, we can conclude that the students of the Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I overwhelmingly consider themselves patriots of their country, love their Fatherland, are ready to help the elderly, want to volunteer, love and respect the historical past of their country. However, it should be noted that 6 respondents did not identify themselves as patriots, and this is 24% of the respondents. The reason for this, in our opinion, is either a misunderstanding of the whole essence of the concept of "patriotism", or education on completely different values. Now the task is to revive patriotic values among all our citizens, young and old.
In our opinion, its revival should be based on: objective coverage of our historical past, regardless of time (grand-ducal, tsarist, Soviet, modern), political, ideological, economic state of the state; on the illustrations of the heroic struggle, deeds, talents of Russian citizens in the wars to defend the Fatherland, excellent examples to follow; on the development of intransigence towards modern ill-wishers and enemies of the Fatherland; on the exclusion of bacilli of the superiority of some people over others, manifestations of chauvinism and nationalism in Russia.
The patriotic education of Russian citizens will yield positive results only if all the structures of our society are once again permeated with this work: Kindergarten, school, family, army, university, labor collectives, public organizations. This problem is very relevant and significant in our time, since the future of our country depends on the younger generation and teachers face a difficult task to form all the necessary qualities that will create a stable foundation for the development of a personality - a patriot of their country.
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D.D. Lyabina, student T.L. Skrypnikova, senior lecturer.
