In the story in the spring of 1942. Depiction of the war in the novel “War and Peace. Literature and fine arts

The Patriotic War of 1812 began on June 12 - on this day, Napoleon's troops crossed the Neman River, unleashing wars between the two crowns of France and Russia. This war continued until December 14, 1812, ending with the complete and unconditional victory of the Russian and allied troops. This is a nice page Russian history, which we will consider, referring to the official textbooks of the history of Russia and France, as well as to the books of the bibliographers Napoleon, Alexander 1 and Kutuzov, who describe in great detail the events taking place at that moment.

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The beginning of the war

Causes of the War of 1812

The causes of the Patriotic War of 1812, like all other wars in the history of mankind, must be considered in two aspects - the reasons from France and the reasons from Russia.

Reasons from France

In just a few years, Napoleon radically changed his own view of Russia. If, having come to power, he wrote that Russia was his only ally, then by 1812 Russia had become a threat to France (consider the emperor). In many ways, this was provoked by Alexander 1 himself. So, this is why France attacked Russia in June 1812:

Breaking the Tilsit Accords: Relaxing the Continental Blockade. As you know, the main enemy of France at that time was England, against which the blockade was organized. Russia also participated in this, but in 1810 the government passed a law allowing trade with England through intermediaries. In fact, this made the entire blockade ineffective, which completely undermined the plans of France.
Refusals in dynastic marriage. Napoleon sought to marry the imperial court of Russia in order to become "God's anointed". However, in 1808 he was denied marriage to Princess Catherine. In 1810 he was denied marriage to Princess Anna. As a result, in 1811 the French emperor married an Austrian princess.
The transfer of Russian troops to the border with Poland in 1811. In the first half of 1811, Alexander 1 ordered the transfer of 3 divisions to the Polish borders, fearing an uprising in Poland, which could be transferred to Russian lands. This step was regarded by Napoleon as aggression and preparation for a war for Polish territories, which by that time were already subordinate to France.

Soldiers! A new, second in a row, Polish war begins! The first ended in Tilsit. There Russia promised to be an eternal ally for France in the war with England, but she broke her promise. The Russian emperor does not want to give explanations for his actions until the French eagles cross the Rhine. Do they think that we have become different? Are we not the winners of Austerlitz? Russia put France before a choice - shame or war. The choice is obvious! Let's go ahead, cross the Neman! The second Polish howl will be glorious for French weapons. It will bring a messenger to the destructive influence of Russia on the affairs of Europe.

Thus began a war of conquest for France.

Reasons from Russia

On the part of Russia, there were also weighty reasons for participating in the war, which turned out to be a liberation state. Among the main reasons are the following:

Great losses of all segments of the population from the break in trade with England. The opinions of historians on this point differ, since it is believed that the blockade did not affect the state as a whole, but only its elite, which, as a result of the lack of the possibility of trade with England, was losing money.
The intention of France to recreate the Commonwealth. In 1807, Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw and sought to recreate ancient state in true size. Perhaps this was only in the case of the seizure of Russia's western lands.
Violation of the Treaty of Tilsit by Napoleon. One of the main criteria for signing this agreement is that Prussia should be cleared of French troops, but this was not done, although Alexander 1 constantly reminded of this.

For a long time, France has been trying to encroach on the independence of Russia. Always we tried to be meek, thinking so to deflect her attempts at capture. With all our desire to keep the peace, we are forced to gather troops to defend the Motherland. There are no possibilities for a peaceful solution to the conflict with France, which means that only one thing remains - to defend the truth, to defend Russia from the invaders. I do not need to remind commanders and soldiers of courage, it is in our hearts. In our veins flows the blood of the victors, the blood of the Slavs. Soldiers! You are defending the country, defending the religion, defending the fatherland. I'm with you. God is with us.

The balance of forces and means at the beginning of the war

Napoleon's crossing of the Neman took place on June 12, with 450 thousand people at his disposal. Around the end of the month, another 200,000 people joined him. If we take into account that by that time there were no large losses on the part of both sides, then the total number of the French army at the time of the outbreak of hostilities in 1812 was 650 thousand soldiers. It is impossible to say that the French made up 100% of the army, since the combined army of almost all European countries (France, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Italy, Prussia, Spain, Holland) fought on the side of France. However, it was the French who formed the basis of the army. These were proven soldiers who won many victories with their emperor.

Russia after mobilization had 590 thousand soldiers. Initially, the size of the army was 227 thousand people, and they were divided along three fronts:

Northern - First Army. Commander - Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly. The population is 120 thousand people. They were located in the north of Lithuania and covered St. Petersburg.
Central - Second Army. Commander - Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration. Number - 49 thousand people. They were located in the south of Lithuania, covering Moscow.
Southern - Third Army. Commander - Alexander Petrovich Tormasov. The number is 58 thousand people. They were located in Volhynia, covering the attack on Kyiv.

Also in Russia, partisan detachments were actively operating, the number of which reached 400 thousand people.

The first stage of the war - the offensive of Napoleon's troops (June-September)

At 6 o'clock in the morning on June 12, 1812, the Patriotic War began for Russia with Napoleonic France. Napoleon's troops crossed the Neman and headed inland. The main direction of the strike was supposed to be in Moscow. The commander himself said that “if I capture Kyiv, I will lift the Russians by the legs, I will capture St. Petersburg, I will take it by the throat, if I take Moscow, I will strike the heart of Russia.”

The French army, commanded by brilliant commanders, was looking for a general battle, and the fact that Alexander 1 divided the army into 3 fronts was very helpful to the aggressors. However, on initial stage decisive importance was played by Barclay de Tolly, who gave the order not to engage in battle with the enemy and retreat inland. This was necessary in order to combine forces, as well as to pull up reserves. Retreating, the Russians destroyed everything - they killed cattle, poisoned water, burned fields. In the literal sense of the word, the French moved forward through the ashes. Later, Napoleon complained that the Russian people were carrying out a vile war and were not behaving according to the rules.

North direction

32 thousand people, led by General MacDonald, Napoleon sent to St. Petersburg. The first city on this path was Riga. According to the French plan, MacDonald was to capture the city. Connect with General Oudinot (he had 28 thousand people at his disposal) and go further.

The defense of Riga was commanded by General Essen with 18,000 soldiers. He burned everything around the city, and the city itself was very well fortified. MacDonald by this time captured Dinaburg (the Russians left the city with the outbreak of war) and did not conduct further active operations. He understood the absurdity of the assault on Riga and was waiting for the arrival of artillery.

General Oudinot occupied Polotsk and from there tried to separate Wittgenstein's corps from the army of Barclay de Tolly. However, on July 18, Wittgenstein delivered an unexpected blow to Oudinot, who was saved from defeat only by the corps of Saint-Cyr who came to the rescue. As a result, a balance came and no more active offensive operations were carried out in the northern direction.

South direction

General Ranier with an army of 22,000 men was to operate in the southern direction, blocking the army of General Tormasov, preventing it from joining with the rest of the Russian army.

On July 27, Tormasov surrounded the city of Kobrin, where the main forces of Ranier gathered. The French suffered a terrible defeat - 5 thousand people were killed in the battle in 1 day, which forced the French to retreat. Napoleon realized that the south direction in Patriotic War 1812 is in danger of failure. Therefore, he transferred the troops of General Schwarzenberg there, numbering 30 thousand people. As a result, on August 12, Tormasov was forced to retreat to Lutsk and take up defense there. In the future, the French did not undertake active offensive operations in the southern direction. The main events took place in the Moscow direction.

The course of events of the offensive company

On June 26, the army of General Bagration advanced from Vitebsk, tasked by Alexander 1 to engage in battle with the main enemy forces in order to wear them out. Everyone was aware of the absurdity of this idea, but only by July 17 the emperor was finally dissuaded from this undertaking. The troops began to retreat to Smolensk.

On July 6, the large number of Napoleon's troops became clear. To prevent the Patriotic War from dragging on for a long time, Alexander 1 signs a decree on the creation of a militia. Literally all the inhabitants of the country are recorded in it - in total, there were about 400 thousand volunteers.

On July 22, the armies of Bagration and Barclay de Tolly united near Smolensk. The command of the united army was taken over by Barclay de Tolly, who had 130 thousand soldiers at his disposal, while the front line of the French army consisted of 150 thousand soldiers.

On July 25, a military council was held in Smolensk, at which the issue of accepting the battle was discussed in order to go on the counteroffensive and defeat Napoleon with one blow. But Barclay spoke out against this idea, realizing that an open battle with the enemy, a brilliant strategist and tactician, could lead to a grand failure. As a result, the offensive idea was not implemented. It was decided to retreat further - to Moscow.

On July 26, the retreat of the troops began, which General Neverovsky was supposed to cover, occupying the village of Krasnoe, thereby closing the bypass of Smolensk for Napoleon.

On August 2, Murat with a cavalry corps tried to break through the defenses of Neverovsky, but to no avail. In total, more than 40 attacks were made with the help of cavalry, but it was not possible to achieve the desired.

August 5 is one of important dates in the Patriotic War of 1812. Napoleon began the assault on Smolensk, capturing the suburbs by evening. However, at night he was driven out of the city, and the Russian army continued its mass retreat from the city. This caused a storm of discontent among the soldiers. They believed that if they managed to drive the French out of Smolensk, then it was necessary to destroy it there. They accused Barclay of cowardice, but the general implemented only 1 plan - to wear down the enemy and take the decisive battle when the balance of power was on the side of Russia. By this time, the French had the advantage.

On August 17, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov arrived in the army, who took command. This candidacy did not raise any questions, since Kutuzov (Suvorov's student) enjoyed great respect and was considered the best Russian commander after Suvorov's death. Arriving in the army, the new commander-in-chief wrote that he had not yet decided what to do next: "The question has not yet been resolved - either lose the army or give up Moscow."

On August 26, the Battle of Borodino took place. Its outcome still raises many questions and disputes, but there were no losers then. Each commander solved his own problems: Napoleon opened his way to Moscow (the heart of Russia, as the emperor of France himself wrote), and Kutuzov was able to inflict heavy damage on the enemy, thereby introducing an initial turning point in the battle of 1812.

September 1 is a significant day, which is described in all history books. A military council was held in Fili, near Moscow. Kutuzov gathered his generals to decide what to do next. There were only two options: retreat and surrender Moscow, or organize a second general battle after Borodino. Most of the generals, on the wave of success, demanded a battle in order to defeat Napoleon as soon as possible. Opponents of such a development of events were Kutuzov himself and Barclay de Tolly. The military council in Fili ended with the phrase Kutuzov “As long as there is an army, there is hope. If we lose the army near Moscow, we will lose not only the ancient capital, but the whole of Russia.”

September 2 - following the results of the military council of the generals, which took place in Fili, it was decided that it was necessary to leave the ancient capital. The Russian army retreated, and Moscow itself, before the arrival of Napoleon, according to many sources, was subjected to terrible looting. However, even this is not the main thing. Retreating, the Russian army set fire to the city. Wooden Moscow burned down almost three-quarters. Most importantly, literally all food depots were destroyed. The reasons for the Moscow fire lie in the fact that the French did not get anything from what the enemies could use for food, movement, or in other aspects. As a result, the aggressor troops found themselves in a very precarious position.

The second stage of the war - the retreat of Napoleon (October - December)

Having occupied Moscow, Napoleon considered the mission accomplished. The commander's bibliographers later wrote that he was faithful - the loss historical center Russia will break the victorious spirit, and the leaders of the country should have come to him with a request for peace. But this did not happen. Kutuzov stationed himself with an army 80 kilometers from Moscow near Tarutin and waited until the enemy army, deprived of normal supplies, weakened and itself introduced a radical change in the Patriotic War. Without waiting for an offer of peace from Russia, the French emperor himself took the initiative.

Napoleon's Desire for Peace

According to Napoleon's original plan, the capture of Moscow was to play a decisive role. Here it was possible to deploy a convenient bridgehead, including for a trip to St. Petersburg, the capital of Russia. However, the delay in moving around Russia and the heroism of the people, who literally fought for every piece of land, practically thwarted this plan. After all, a trip to the north of Russia in winter for the French army with irregular food supplies was actually equal to death. This became clear by the end of September, when it started to get colder. Subsequently, Napoleon wrote in his autobiography that his biggest mistake was a trip to Moscow and a month spent there.

Understanding the severity of his position, the French emperor and commander decided to end the Patriotic War of Russia by signing a peace treaty with her. Three such attempts have been made:

September 18th. Through General Tutolmin, a message was sent to Alexander 1, which said that Napoleon honored the Russian emperor and offered him peace. Russia is only required to give up the territory of Lithuania and return to the continental blockade again.
September 20th. Alexander 1 was delivered a second letter from Napoleon with an offer of peace. The conditions were the same as before. The Russian emperor did not answer these messages.
The 4th of October. The hopelessness of the situation led to the fact that Napoleon literally begged for peace. Here is what he writes to Alexander 1 (according to the prominent French historian F. Segur): “I need peace, I need it, no matter what, just save the honor.” This proposal was delivered to Kutuzov, but the emperor of France did not wait for an answer.

The retreat of the French army in autumn-winter 1812

For Napoleon, it became obvious that he would not be able to sign a peace treaty with Russia, and to stay for the winter in Moscow, which the Russians, retreating, burned down, was recklessness. Moreover, it was impossible to stay here, since the constant raids of the militias caused great damage to the army. So, for a month, while the French army was in Moscow, its number was reduced by 30 thousand people. As a result, the decision was made to retreat.

On October 7, preparations began for the retreat of the French army. One of the orders on this occasion was to blow up the Kremlin. Luckily, he didn't succeed. Russian historians attribute this to the fact that due to the high humidity, the wicks got wet and failed.

On October 19, the retreat of Napoleon's army from Moscow began. The purpose of this retreat was to get to Smolensk, since it was the only major nearby city that had significant food supplies. The road went through Kaluga, but this direction was blocked by Kutuzov. Now the advantage was on the side of the Russian army, so Napoleon decided to get around. However, Kutuzov foresaw this maneuver and met the enemy army at Maloyaroslavets.

On October 24, a battle took place near Maloyaroslavets. During the day, this small town passed 8 times from one side to the other. In the final stage of the battle, Kutuzov managed to take up fortified positions, and Napoleon did not dare to storm them, since the numerical superiority was already on the side of the Russian army. As a result, the plans of the French were frustrated, and they had to retreat to Smolensk along the same road along which they went to Moscow. It was already scorched earth - without food and without water.

Napoleon's retreat was accompanied by heavy losses. Indeed, in addition to clashes with the Kutuzov army, we also had to deal with partisan detachments, who daily attacked the enemy, especially his closing parts. Napoleon's losses were terrible. On November 9, he managed to capture Smolensk, but this did not make a radical change in the course of the war. There was practically no food in the city, and it was not possible to organize a reliable defense. As a result, the army was subjected to almost continuous attacks by militias and local patriots. Therefore, Napoleon stayed in Smolensk for 4 days and decided to retreat further.

Crossing the Berezina River

The French were heading to the Berezina River (in modern Belarus) in order to force the river and go to the Neman. But on November 16, General Chichagov captured the city of Borisov, which is located on the Berezina. Napoleon's situation became catastrophic - for the first time, the possibility of being captured actively loomed for him, since he was surrounded.

On November 25, by order of Napoleon, the French army began to simulate a crossing south of Borisov. Chichagov bought into this maneuver and began the transfer of troops. At that moment, the French built two bridges across the Berezina and began crossing on November 26-27. Only on November 28, Chichagov realized his mistake and tried to give battle to the French army, but it was too late - the crossing was completed, albeit with the loss of a huge number of human lives. When crossing the Berezina, 21,000 Frenchmen died! The "Great Army" now consisted of only 9 thousand soldiers, most of whom were already unfit for combat.

It was during this crossing that unusually severe frosts set in, to which the French emperor referred, justifying the huge losses. In the 29th bulletin, which was published in one of the French newspapers, it was said that until November 10 the weather was normal, but after that very severe cold came, for which no one was ready.

Crossing the Neman (from Russia to France)

The crossing of the Berezina showed that Napoleon's Russian campaign was over - he lost the Patriotic War in Russia in 1812. Then the emperor decided that his further stay with the army did not make sense and on December 5 he left his troops and headed for Paris.

On December 16, in Kovno, the French army crossed the Neman and left the territory of Russia. Its number was only 1600 people. The invincible army, which inspired fear throughout Europe, was almost completely destroyed by Kutuzov's army in less than 6 months.

Below is a graphical representation of Napoleon's retreat on a map.

Results of the Patriotic War of 1812

The Patriotic War between Russia and Napoleon great importance for all countries involved in the conflict. Largely due to these events, the undivided dominance of England in Europe became possible. Such a development was foreseen by Kutuzov, who, after the flight of the French army in December, sent a report to Alexander 1, where he explained to the ruler that the war must be ended immediately, and the pursuit of the enemy and the liberation of Europe would be beneficial for strengthening the power of England. But Alexander did not heed the advice of his commander and soon began a campaign abroad.

Reasons for Napoleon's defeat in the war

Determining the main reasons for the defeat of the Napoleonic army, it is necessary to focus on the most important ones that historians most often use:

The strategic mistake of the emperor of France, who sat in Moscow for 30 days and waited for the representatives of Alexander 1 with pleas for peace. As a result, provisions began to get colder and run out, and constant raids partisan movements made a difference in the war.
Unity of the Russian people. As usual, in the face of a great danger, the Slavs rally. So it was this time. For example, the historian Lieven writes that the main reason for the defeat of France lies in the mass nature of the war. Everyone fought for the Russians - both women and children. And all this was ideologically justified, which made the morale of the army very strong. The emperor of France did not break him.
The unwillingness of the Russian generals to accept a decisive battle. Most historians forget about this, but what would have happened to Bagration's army if he had accepted a general battle at the beginning of the war, as Alexander 1 really wanted? 60 thousand army of Bagration against 400 thousand army of aggressors. It would be an unconditional victory, and after it they would hardly have had time to recover. Therefore, the Russian people must express their gratitude to Barclay de Tolly, who, by his decision, gave the order to retreat and unite the armies.
Genius Kutuzov. The Russian general, who learned well from Suvorov, did not make a single tactical miscalculation. It is noteworthy that Kutuzov never managed to defeat his enemy, but he managed to win the Patriotic War tactically and strategically.
General Frost is used as an excuse. In fairness, it must be said that the frost did not have any significant impact on the final result, since at the time of the start of abnormal frosts (mid-November), the outcome of the confrontation was decided - great army was destroyed.

Literature lesson 5th grade No. 57.

The date ____________________

Subject: POETS ABOUT THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR. A. T. Tvardovsky. "Tankman's Tale". K. M. Simonov. "The major brought the boy on a gun carriage ...". Patriotic deeds during the Great Patriotic War.

Target: the study of lyrical works dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.

Tasks: to acquaint with poems dedicated to the theme of military childhood; develop the skills of attentive, thoughtful reading, the ability to hear the author's voice in the work; to cultivate interest in the history of their native country, patriotism, grateful memory for those who won the right to a peaceful life.

Basic concepts: poem, theme.

Equipment: textbook, notebook, audio recording, illustrations, portraits of writers.

Methodical methods: conversation, expressive reading, analysis of the poem, vocabulary work listening to an audio recording.

LESSON STRUCTURE

I . Organizing time.

Purpose of the stage:switching students from the state of carefree rest, change to work during the lesson.

II. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. - What war is dedicated to M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "Borodino"? What was the name of the war of 1812 in history?

1. 2. Target setting.

Purpose of the stage:introduction to the topic, objectives of the lesson

- This year we will get acquainted with the poems of two outstanding poets: Konstantin Mikhailovich Simonov and Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky.

3. A. T. Tvardovsky. The poem "Tankman's Tale". Purpose of the stage: analysis of the poem.

B. Conversation.

- retreat or advance Soviet troops dedicated poem?
(The poem depicts an episode of the offensive of the Soviet troops: “We broke through to the square forward”).

What event is the poem about?
(The boy did a heroic deed, helped the tankers to destroy the enemy cannon).

Why didn't the narrator ask the boy what his name was? Why can't he forgive himself?
(The narrator cannot forgive himself for not asking the name of the boy, because he wants to know the name of the one who helped save the lives of him and his comrades. The narrator, not knowing the name of the boy, showed ingratitude).

AT. Vocabulary work.

We work with the vocabulary of the poem according to the 1st task of the textbook(p. 159) .
- Everything now, as if awake ... - after a long time it seems that this heavy battle was a dream.
- Poor, one of those that are the leaders of children ... - mischievous, all the time comes up with new, inventive. Such children are usually leaders in boyish companies.
- And he nails - do not look out of the towers ... - he, a German (i.e., a German cannon), shoots continuously, so that it is impossible for Soviet tankmen to raise their heads, it is impossible to look out of a tank turret.
- ...behind what little house he perched... - where is the shelter from which the German cannon hits.
- We go to the rear and give full throttle.
And this gun, along with the calculation,
We sank into loose, greasy black soil. - The tankers went to the rear of the German cannon and crushed it at full speed.

D. Continuation of the conversation.

There are many colloquial words and expressions in the poem. Why?

- What do you think, in what situation could a fighter tell about a brave boy and to whom?

(The painting by Y. Neprintsev “Rest after the battle” depicts a detachment of fighters at a halt. They eat, laugh, listen to one fighter in a hat on one side, with a red pouch in his hand, who tells some funny story. Maybe on one of these halts and told the tanker from Tvardovsky's poem his story about a terrible battle and a brave boy).

- Remember the definition of a ballad. Try to prove that "Tankman's Tale" is a ballad.

E. Working with an illustration (p. 157).

- Read an excerpt from A. T. Tvardovsky's story "In the Spring of 1942"(2nd task of the textbook, p. 158) :

“I don't think I've ever been so excited about something like this in my life. The sunset stood over the road, a wide, wrapped, winter, steppe road at the exit from the village.
On the extraordinary, crimson edge of the sky, thick blue and black smokes of the village rose. And everything was so inexpressibly speaking and significant - the steppe, Russia, the war - that the heart was compressed and it was as if there was nothing to breathe.
In the story "In the Spring of 1942" the war appears as great sorrow- not only human, but also the grief of the entire Russian land.
- Compare the description of the sunset with your impression of the painting by Y. Neprintsev "Here the soldiers are coming ...".

4. The word of the teacher. The feat of the fighters of the fortress-hero of Brest.

Purpose of the stage: a brief introduction to the history of the Brest Fortress.

The fortress within the city of Brest in Belarus was built in 1833-1838. for the defense of the western borders of Russia. At the beginning of the XX century. it has been upgraded. It was on this fortress, which was defended by a small garrison, that on June 22, 1941, the first blow fell fascist troops. For almost a month, being surrounded, the garrison of the fortress under the command of P. M. Gavrilov, I. N. Zubachev, E. M. Fomin held the line. The fighters did not have enough ammunition, food, water, but not one of them raised his hands and did not surrender to the enemy.
In 1965, the Brest Fortress was awarded the title of "Hero-Fortress Brest".

5. K. M. Simonov. "The major brought the boy on a gun carriage ...".

Purpose of the stage: analysis of the poem.

A. Listening to an audio recording of a poem.

B. Conversation.

- What does the expression mean: "... The gray-haired boy was sleeping on a gun carriage"?
(The expression "... The gray-haired boy slept on the gun carriage" means that the boy, who turned gray from grief, slept on the gun carriage, that is, on the machine tool of an artillery gun).

What picture struck the narrator?
(The narrator was struck by the picture that he saw during the retreat of the troops from Brest. The Brest fortress was the first to take the blow of the fascist army. The boy’s mother died under fire, the boy turned gray with grief. The wounded father tied the boy to a shield so that he would not fall. Waking up, the boy waved his hand to the troops that were marching from the depths of Russia to the front.
It is difficult for children to understand the words: “You say that there are others, // That I was there and it’s time for me to go home ...” The author probably recalls a woman who persuades her beloved not to go on dangerous business trips (recall: Simonov was a war correspondent), tells him that he has already seen a real war, that there are other correspondents who have not yet gone to the front, and it can be arranged so that they stay at home, so that they send not him, but others ...)

- To whom does the author address with the words: “You know this grief by hearsay, // But it broke our hearts”?
(The author of the poem refers to a person who was not at the front (to a woman), knows about the war only from the words of other people and cannot feel the tragedy of the war with all his heart. For front-line soldiers who retreated from the western border, a feeling of compassion penetrated deep into the soul).

- “Whoever saw this boy once, // He won’t be able to come home until the end.” What do these lines mean? How does the following quatrain reveal the author's thought?
(Until the war is over, until our entire land is liberated from the Nazis, the soldiers cannot feel calm, they cannot “come home ... to the end”: they constantly remember that at this time someone is suffering there, where the fights are.
The author wants to say that he will participate in the fight against enemies until the Nazis are driven out of our land. He wants to see how the child will be returned to his homeland, how he will return to his city and "kiss a handful of his land").

- About what, whose boy is the author talking about in the last two stanzas?
(The child of the beloved woman, to whom the poet addresses, is safe, in evacuation, while millions of other children suffer every day from the war approaching their homes. The author believes that he will remain alive, will return to his beloved: “Tested by fate, // I believe we're no matter what // I'll see you eventually."
But if he doesn’t return, if the son grows up and “the date comes” for him, the time will come “to go on such days”, that is, to the front, the poet asks his beloved to remember him when she says goodbye to her son. With these words, he seems to say: we, men, are soldiers, and our duty is to protect our country from enemies. Save, women, the memory of us, men, leaving for battle).

III . Summary of the lesson.

Purpose of the stage: generalization of information.

Teacher's word.

- Simonov's poem is a deeply personal monologue of a warrior man imbued with passionate conviction. It consists of two parts - a description of the picture seen during the retreat and a direct appeal to the beloved woman. The poem makes a powerful integral impression. It was precisely such penetrating verses, not alienated appeals, but lines in which the presence of the author's personality is vividly felt - it was precisely such verses that the Russian people needed in the difficult months of retreat: they ignited hearts and called to fight the enemy.

In Tvardovsky's poem "Tankman's Tale", the war is shown as hard, terrible work, where courage, ingenuity and perseverance are needed. Support these words with lines from the text of the poem.

"It was a tough fight..."

“There was a fight outside. The fire of the enemy was terrible ... "

“Here, guess what house
He perched - there are so many holes.

“I wiped off the sweat. Suffocated fumes and soot:
There was a big fire going from house to house.

After the war, Memory Books were created. For what?

(Don't forget the names of the characters)

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls out to people:

Come on people never

Let's not forget about it.

May her memory be true

Keep about this flour

And the children of today's children,

And our grandchildren grandchildren.

The song "Victory Day" sounds.

IV. Homework.

Purpose of the stage: communication and explanation of the content of homework.

Prepare an expressive recitation by heart of one of the poems (K. M. Simonov “The Major brought the boy on a gun carriage ...” or A. T. Tvardovsky “Tankman’s Story”.

Literature

tell me what kind of war is shown in Tvardovsky's memoirs about the war and in the poem the story of the tanker and got the best answer

Answer from ELENA[guru]

The poet also wrote several front-line sketches in which specific people talk about their military life. Such poems include, for example, "Tankman's Tale". In the center of this poem is the figure of a boy who helped to discover the disguised artillery crew of the enemy. This work tells about the front-line childhood, and, most importantly, emphasizes the need for the participation of everyone and everyone in the military everyday life of the country. The reader's mind is presented with the following picture:
Well, the fight doesn't wait. -
Get in here, buddy! -

And only a shirt with a bubble ...

Source: http://teacher.ts6.ru/dopolnitelnie_materiali/voennaya_lirika_a_t_tvardovskogo.html

Answer from ruslan vedernikov[newbie]

What's his name, I forgot to ask.
Ten or twelve years old. troublesome,
Of those that are the leaders of children,
Of those in the front-line towns
They greet us like honored guests.
The car is surrounded in parking lots,
Carrying water in buckets for them is not difficult,
They bring soap with a towel to the tank
And unripe plums stick ...
There was a fight outside. The fire of the enemy was terrible,
We broke through to the square ahead.
And he nails - do not look out of the towers -
And the devil will understand where it hits from.
Here, guess what house
He perched - so many holes,
And suddenly a boy ran up to the car:
- Comrade Commander, Comrade Commander!
I know where their gun is. I unraveled...
I crawled up, they are over there, in the garden ...
- Yes, where, where? .. - Let me go
On the tank with you. I'll bring it straight.
Well, the fight doesn't wait. - Get in here, buddy! -
And here we are rolling to the place four of us.
There is a boy - mines, bullets whistle,
And only a shirt with a bubble.
We drove up. - Here. - And with a turn
We go to the rear and give full throttle.
And this gun, along with the calculation,
We sank into loose, greasy black soil.
I wiped off the sweat. Suffocated fumes and soot:
There was a big fire going from house to house.
And, I remember, I said: - Thank you, lad! -
And shook his hand like a friend...
It was a difficult fight. Everything now, as if awake,
And I just can't forgive myself
Of the thousands of faces I would recognize the boy,
But what's his name, I forgot to ask him.

Answer from Nikolay ivlev[newbie]
Tvardovsky's poems of the war years are a chronicle of front-line life, which consisted not only of heroic deeds, but also of army, front-line life.
The poet also wrote several front-line sketches in which specific people talk about their military life. Such poems include, for example, "Tankman's Tale". In the center of this poem is the figure of a boy who helped to discover the disguised artillery crew of the enemy. This work tells about the front-line childhood, and, most importantly, emphasizes the need for the participation of everyone and everyone in the military everyday life of the country. The reader's mind is presented with the following picture:
Well, the fight doesn't wait. -
Get in here, buddy! -
There is a boy - mines, bullets whistle,
And only a shirt with a bubble ...
This picture is imprinted in the memory of the tanker forever. The poet takes on part of the guilt of the lyrical hero for the fact that he forgot to ask the name of the boy. However lyrical hero I am sure that he will recognize him among thousands of faces. The unity of the people is emphasized in the poem - everyone remembers well their comrade-in-arms, with whom they fought together against a common enemy.

“I don’t know anyone who would write about the war better than Tolstoy”

Ernest Hemingway

Many writers use real historical events for the subjects of their works. One of the most frequently described events is war - civil, domestic, world. The Patriotic War of 1812 deserves special attention: battle of Borodino, the burning of Moscow, the expulsion of the French Emperor Napoleon. In Russian literature, a detailed depiction of the war is presented in the novel "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy. The writer describes specific military battles, allows the reader to see real historical figures, gives his own assessment of the events that took place.

Causes of war in the novel "War and Peace"

L.N. Tolstoy in the epilogue tells us about “this man”, “without convictions, without habits, without traditions, without a name, not even a Frenchman ...”, who is Napoleon Bonaparte, who wanted to conquer the whole world. The main enemy on his way was Russia - huge, strong. By various deceitful ways, cruel battles, seizures of territories, Napoleon moved slowly from his goal. Neither the Peace of Tilsit, nor Russia's allies, nor Kutuzov could stop him. Although Tolstoy says that “the more we try to reasonably explain these phenomena in nature, the more unreasonable, incomprehensible they become for us,” nevertheless, in the novel War and Peace, the cause of the war is Napoleon. Standing in power in France, subjugating part of Europe, he lacked the great Russia. But Napoleon was mistaken, he did not calculate the strength and lost this war.

War in the novel "War and Peace"

Tolstoy himself presents this concept as follows: “Millions of people committed against each other such an innumerable number of atrocities ... that for whole centuries the annals of all the courts of the world will not collect and which, during this period of time, the people who committed them did not look like crimes” . Through the description of the war in the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy makes us understand that he himself hates war for its cruelty, murder, betrayal, and senselessness. He puts judgments about war into the mouths of his heroes. So Andrei Bolkonsky says to Bezukhov: "War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and you need to understand this and not play war." We see that there is no pleasure, pleasure, satisfaction of one's desires from bloody actions against another people. It is definitely clear in the novel that war in Tolstoy's portrayal is "a nasty human mind and all human nature an event.

Major battle of the War of 1812

Even in the I and II volumes of the novel, Tolstoy tells about the military campaigns of 1805-1807. Shengraben, Austerlitz battles pass through the prism of the writer's reflections and conclusions. But in the war of 1812, the writer puts the Battle of Borodino at the forefront. Although he immediately asks himself and his readers the question: “Why was the Battle of Borodino given?

Neither for the French nor for the Russians it made the slightest sense. But it was the battle of Borodino that became the starting point until the victory of the Russian army. LN Tolstoy gives a detailed idea of the course of the war in War and Peace. He describes every action of the Russian army, the physical and mental state of the soldiers. According to the writer's own assessment, neither Napoleon, nor Kutuzov, and even more so Alexander I did not expect such an outcome of this war. For everyone, the Battle of Borodino was unplanned and unforeseen. What is the concept of the war of 1812, the heroes of the novel do not understand, just as Tolstoy does not understand, just as the reader does not understand.

Heroes of the novel "War and Peace"

Tolstoy gives the reader the opportunity to look at his characters from the outside, to see them in action in certain circumstances. Shows us Napoleon before leaving for Moscow, who was aware of all the disastrous situation of the army, but went forward to his goal. He comments on his ideas, thoughts, actions.

We can watch Kutuzov - the main performer popular will who preferred "patience and time" to the offensive.

Before us is Bolkonsky, reborn, morally grown and loving his people. Pierre Bezukhov in a new understanding of all the "causes of human troubles", who arrived in Moscow with the aim of killing Napoleon.

Militia men "with crosses on their hats and in white shirts, who, with a loud voice and laughter, are lively and sweaty," ready at any moment to die for their homeland.

Before us is Emperor Alexander I, who finally gave the "reins of control of the war" into the hands of the "all-knowing" Kutuzov, but still does not fully understand the true position of Russia in this war.

Natasha Rostova, who abandoned all family property and gave wagons to the wounded soldiers so that they could leave the destroyed city. She takes care of the wounded Bolkonsky, giving him all her time and affection.

Petya Rostov, who died so absurdly without a real participation in the war, without a feat, without a battle, who secretly "signed up for the hussars" from everyone. And many more heroes who we meet in several episodes, but deserve respect and recognition in true patriotism.

Reasons for winning the War of 1812

In the novel, L.N. Tolstoy expresses thoughts about the reasons for Russia’s victory in the Patriotic War: “No one will argue that the reason for the death of Napoleon’s French troops was, on the one hand, their entry at a later time without preparing for a winter campaign deep into Russia, and on the other hand, on the other hand, the character that the war assumed from the burning of Russian cities and the incitement of hatred for the enemy in the Russian people. For the Russian people, the victory in the Patriotic War was the victory of the Russian spirit, Russian strength, Russian faith in any circumstances. The consequences of the war of 1812 for the French side, namely for Napoleon, were heavy. It was the collapse of his empire, the collapse of his hopes, the collapse of his greatness. Napoleon not only did not take possession of the whole world, he could not stay in Moscow, but fled ahead of his army, retreating in disgrace and the failure of the entire military campaign.

My essay on the topic “The depiction of war in the novel War and Peace” tells very briefly about the war in Tolstoy’s novel. Only after a careful reading of the entire novel, you can appreciate all the skill of the writer and discover interesting pages military history Russia.

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