("Military true story" No. 4, 1993)
On August 10, 1913, Emperor Nicholas II approved the new Statute of the complex of awards, which officially became known as St. George's. Among these distinctions was a soldier's cross of four degrees, also called St. George's. The numbering of new awards had to be carried out anew, separately for each degree. The issuance of special crosses for non-Christians was discontinued, since the very name "Georgievsky" suggested the image of St. George on the cross.
Already on October 28, 1913, Chancellor of Russian Orders Count V.B. Fredericks, in a letter to the Minister of Finance, asked for the production of a small amount George crosses and St. George's medals "in the event that there may be single awards with these insignia of the ranks of the border guards and the lower ranks of the units of the troops that are part of the military expeditions." George crosses 1st degree Frederiks asked to make 10 pieces (with numbers from 1 to 10), 2nd tbsp. - 15. 3rd - 50 and 4th - 150, all with corresponding numbers, starting from one. An innovation was the embossing of the "No" badge in front of the numbers. By this icon, crosses dating back to the time after 1913 are easily identified.
On April 24, 1914, the order of the Chapter of Orders was fulfilled. But in connection with the world war that began soon, on July 24 of the same year, an order was sent to the Mint to urgently produce "in the shortest possible time" another 300 crosses of the 1st degree, 800 - 2nd, 3000 - 3rd and 15000 - 4 th st. This was followed by a new order for 400 crosses of the 1st class, 1200 - 2nd, 10,000 - 3rd and 55,000 - 4th class, and it was reported that this number "can hardly be considered final." At the Mint, in connection with the new order, the execution of all other state and private orders was canceled, the working day was increased by 4 hours and 30 new employees were added. Until January 1, 1917, the Petrograd Mint produced St. George's Crosses, 1st class. 32510 pieces (numbered from 1 to 32.480). 2nd - 65015 (numbered from 1 to 65030), 3rd - 286050 (numbered from 1 to 289150) and 4th st. - 1190150 (numbered from 1 to 1210150).
The discrepancy between the number of crosses and the numbers on them is explained by the fact that some of them were minted without numbers (which gives an excess of the number of signs of the 1st degree in relation to the general numbering) and, in addition, but at the request of the Chapter of Orders, some were skipped during minting, and under these numbers crosses were issued from the old stocks of the Chapter. Occasionally there are crosses, part of the numbering on which (on the left beam) is cut off and new numbers are carved in this place. For example, one of the illustrations shown here shows George Cross 4th degree No. 9254. Now kept in the collection of the State Historical Museum (Moscow). The sign "No" indicates that the award was issued during the 1st World War. But the cross itself was made before 1914 and used to have a different numbering. In order to use it a second time, the numbers were cut off on the left beam and “No. 9” was knocked out, and thus there was no need to make a new sign under the number “9254”.
Of the total number minted before the beginning of 1917 George crosses(1573725 pcs.) 1186283 signs were poisoned to the General Staff, 3871 to the Main Naval Headquarters and 289535 signs to the Military Camping Office of Emperor Nicholas II, and a total of 1479739 crosses of all degrees.
From total Crosses were sent by the Chapter by year:
In 1914: crosses of the 1st degree. - 1651, 2nd - 3196, 3rd - 26560, 4th - 167400.
In 1915: 1st - 10230, 2nd - 21640, 3rd - 112540, 4th - 458600.
In 1916 - early 1917. (until February 16): 1st Art. - 18031, 2nd - 39825, 3rd - 144466, 4th - 475550.
Due to the significant increase in the number of St. George Soldier's Crosses, in the conditions of the economy undermined by the war, the question arose of reducing the content of precious metals in soldier awards. Already on May 26, 1915, the Emperor "deigned to order" St. George's crosses and medals of the 1st and 2nd degrees to be made from low-grade gold, containing only 600 parts of pure gold (out of a conditional 1000 parts), silver - 395 parts and copper - 5 parts. In crosses of the 3rd and 4th degrees, the silver content remained the same - 990 parts. On gold crosses made of a new alloy, they began to interfere with a special stamp - a small round sign on reverse side on the lower beam. Soon, the "exemplary" signs with a round hallmark were presented to the Emperor and approved by him, and already on July 23, 1915, the Mint presented an invoice for 20 crosses of the 1st and 300 - 2nd class. with low gold content. In total, it was minted until the end of 1916 (when the production of awards from precious metals was completely canceled) 26950 crosses of the 1st art. (from No. 5531 - 32480) and 52900 crosses of the 2nd class. (from No. 12131 - 65030) containing 600 parts of gold.
On October 10, 1916, the Emperor approved the decree "On the replacement of gold and silver used in the manufacture of medals and orders with other materials." Instead of precious metals, other metals began to be used, only repeating the color of gold and silver (yellow and white). This was to continue "until the end of the war and the passing of the extraordinary circumstances associated with it." On new George crosses began to put additional designations in small letters "Zh.M" (yellow metal) and "BM" (white metal).
The minting of crosses and medals from base metals began only in February 1917. In total, 10,000 St. George's crosses of the 1st degree (Nos. 32481 to 42480), 20,000 - 2nd (Nos. 65031 to 85030), 49,500 - 3rd (Nos. 289151 to 338650) and 89000 - 4 th degree (No. from 1210151 to 1299150). Incidentally, coinage lowest degree The cross was completed only on November 24, 1917, a month after the October Revolution.
In addition, there were made George crosses without numbers, including 300 - 1st degree, 500 - 2nd, 1000 - 3rd and 5000 - 4th degree. They were minted unnumbered for issuance in exchange for lost ones, as well as for more efficient issuance in combat conditions. This group of crosses was made by October 17, 1917.
When the number of manufactured George crosses The 4th degree reached a million, an unexpected difficulty arose. On June 17, 1916, from the Chapter of Orders they reported to the Coin Sycamore that since “it is not possible to fit more than six signs on the transverse ends of the cross without a significant reduction in the numbers themselves, it is necessary to establish how to depict the numbering of the crosses in seven digits ... To eliminate of the above inconveniences, as well as to preserve the uniformity of signs, it would be advisable to place the number corresponding to a million on the free upper blade of the cross, while the number of thousands, hundreds, tens and units should be placed on the transverse ends of the cross.
This proposal was accepted, and new stamps of crosses were made at the Mint, on the upper rays of which the designation "1 / M", that is, "One million", is placed. The remaining digits of the serial number of the award were still minted on horizontal rays. At the same time, in numbers less than six digits, zeros were put in front to total number there were six digits. For example, on the sign with serial number 1002250, only the numbers 002250 on the horizontal rays were used as punches, and the designation “1/M” was minted even during the manufacture of the cross itself at the Mint.
St. George's crosses of the 4th degree from 1 million to 1210150 were minted from silver, later, with the transition to base metals, starting from the next number and until the end of their manufacture (the last number is 1299150), they were made of white metal, with the corresponding addition in the form small letters "BM".
Kozma Kryuchkov, who immediately became famous, was the first to deserve the order (corporal) of the 3rd Don Cossack Yermak Timofeevich Regiment, who immediately became famous. Having met with four ordinary Cossacks an enemy patrol of 22 German cavalrymen, he personally killed an officer and several horsemen, 11 enemies in total, while receiving 16 wounds. Already on August 11, 1914, he was awarded George Cross 4th st. No. 5501. Such a large number is explained by the fact that the awards were sent out simultaneously and in large parties to different fronts. Possibly 1st Army Northwestern Front, by order of which K. Kryuchkov was awarded, received crosses starting with No. 5501. The brave Don Cossack was the very first of them. Later, during the years of the Civil War, promoted to officer Kryuchkov (who by then was already a full Knight of St. George) fought with the Bolsheviks in the ranks of the Don Army and died in battle in the summer of 1919.
BUT George Cross 4th degree No. 1 was received by another hero. On September 20, 1914, Emperor Nicholas II personally presented it in Tsarskoye Selo to Pyotr Cherny-Kovalchuk, a private of the 41st Selenginsky Infantry Regiment, who captured the banner of the Austrian Grenadier Regiment in battle. The Tsar awarded the non-commissioned officer of the same regiment Alekseev with a cross of the same degree with the serial number "2".
George Cross The 3rd degree No. 1 was received by the warrant officer of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment Ananiy Rushpitsa, the cross of the 2nd degree No. 1 went to the warrant officer of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment Yegor Shestakov.
Cross the highest degree with the number 1, Nikifor Klimovich Udalykh, sergeant major of the 1st Nevsky Infantry Regiment, was awarded. In mid-August 1914, after unsuccessful battles in East Prussia the regiment retreated, and the regimental banner Nikifor Udalykh was forced to bury during the retreat. After some time, Udalykh, together with the lieutenant of the same regiment, Alexander Ipatiev, went to the territory occupied by the enemy, found the banner and delivered it to their own. At the same time, both heroes were fired upon by the Germans and Ignatiev was wounded.
For this feat, Nikifor Udalykh was presented immediately to the St. George Cross of the 1st degree and received a badge with the serial number "1", and Lieutenant Alexander Ignatiev became a Knight of the 4th Art. Order of St. George.
A few years will pass, and the revolution and the Civil War will split the corps Knights of St. George just like all of Russia. Many holders of the St. George's Crosses fought in the ranks of the White armies (by the way, all the White governments continued to award soldiers and Cossacks who distinguished themselves in battles with St. George's crosses and medals). But there were Knights of St. George in the Red Army - some of them later became famous Soviet military leaders. So, private Rodion Malinovsky received a cross of the 4th degree; junior non-commissioned officers Konstantin Rokossovsky and Georgy Zhukov were awarded two crosses each, 3rd and 4th degrees. All three later became Marshals Soviet Union. The well-known Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev earned three St. George's crosses in battles. Sometimes in the literature there is a statement that he was a full Knight of St. George. In fact, Chapaev received in November 1915 the St. George Cross of the 4th degree No. 46347, a month later, in December of the same year - the cross of the 3rd class. No. 49128, and in February 1917 - the 2nd degree of this award for No. 68047. He also had the St. George medal of the 4th class.
Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny became a full Cavalier of St. George, who had four crosses and four medals. Unfortunately, exhibited in the Central Museum Armed Forces The St. George awards are not the ones he received during the war years. The same can be said for four George crosses received by the Historical Museum as a gift from the family of General of the Army Ivan Vladimirovich Tyulenev. During World War I, dragoons Ivan Tyulenev earned four soldier Georges, but they were lost in civil war. On one of the anniversaries, Ivan Vladimirovich was presented with four other crosses, but with the “correct” numbers stamped on them, that is, those that were on the lost awards.
The story of rewarding the soldier of the 5th Kargopol Dragoon Regiment Ivan Tyulenev during World War I also turned out to be difficult ... On November 20, 1915, the regiment commander, Colonel Peters, reported to the division chief: The entire warrior was presented for military distinctions to the St. George Crosses of all degrees, but did not receive any of the awards. When, nevertheless, as they say, “the awards found the hero,” on the chest of the junior non-commissioned officer were one St. George Cross of the 4th degree, two crosses of the 3rd and one cross of the 2nd class. As a result, a new correspondence arose, one of his crosses of the 3rd degree was replaced by a cross of the 2nd class, and the second cross of the same 2nd class. was exchanged for George 1st degree only on February 5, 1917.
The only foreigner awarded all four degrees George Cross- French pilot Alphonse Poiret - fought in the 1st world war on the Russian front. In new air battles, he earned an officer rank, the Order of St. Stanislav 2nd degree with swords, Vladimir 4th degree with swords and a bow, the Golden St. George weapon.
Sister of mercy Kira Bashkirova deserved in battle George Cross 4th class and another sister. Antonina Palshina - two crosses, 4th and 3rd degrees, and two St. George medals.
The archives have preserved a curious document for us. In November 1914, even at the beginning of the war, the order of the commander was given to the 3rd Caucasian Army Corps: “On the 6th of November, I was awarded for merit by the hunter (volunteer. - V.D.) of the 205th Shemakha Infantry Regiment Anatoly Krasilnikov St. George's Cross of the 4th degree, No. 16602, which at the dressing station turned out to be the maiden Anna Alexandrovna Krasilnikova, a novice of the Kazan Monastery. Having learned that her brothers, workers of the Artillery Plant, were taken to the war, she decided to dress in all soldier's clothes and join the ranks of the aforementioned regiment ... Acting as an orderly, as well as participating in battles, she, Krasilnikova, had military merit and showed rare courage, inspiring the company with which she had to work. In addition to being awarded the St. George Cross, Anna Krasilnikova was promoted to ensign and, after recovering, returned to her regiment.
Even children who fled to the front from their parental home, having distinguished themselves in battles, became St. George's Cavaliers. So, a 10-year-old volunteer of the machine gun team of the 131st Tiraspol Infantry Kidney Styopa Kravchenko was wounded twice, for saving a machine gun in battle he was awarded the St. George Cross of the 4th Art. 12-year-old volunteer Kolya Smirnov was captured, "for silence about the location and size of his unit" received 50 lashes from the Germans, later fled. In subsequent battles, he performed several feats - he brought a wounded officer out of the fire and delivered him to a dressing station, captured a German officer. Awarded George Cross 4th degree and two St. George medals. Dozens of children deserved St. George's awards in the 1st World War.
Of particular difficulty is the work with lists of awarded soldiers St. George's crosses after 1913. All Knights of St. George were to be included in the general Eternal List. During the 1st World War, officers marked with the Order of St. George were included in this list. But the names of the holders of the soldiers' St. George's crosses and medals, due to the large number of awards, were supposed to be placed there under the corresponding numbers at the end of hostilities. The war for Russia, as you know, ended in a revolution, and only the lower ranks, who received awards before 1913, remained on the Eternal List. But the information preserved in archival documents, albeit sometimes meager and fragmentary, about the awards to the soldier's "egory", is a clear evidence of the courage and heroism of the soldiers of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War.
Internet project "St. George Cavaliers great war» - This is a database of those who were awarded the Orders of St. George, St. George's Crosses, as well as St. George's weapons during the First World War.
An alphabetical list of holders of the Order of St. George of the 2nd and 3rd degrees and St. George's arms, awarded for distinction during the First World War, and descriptions of their exploits are given according to the Highest Orders on the ranks of the military for 1914-1917, orders of the army and navy on the ranks of the land department for 1917 and archival documents.
The identification was carried out according to the documents of the federal archives: the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA), the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) and the Russian state archive Navy(RGAVMF).
The RGVIA studied the following funds and types of documents:
The highest orders on the ranks of the military for 1914-1917 . (printed);
Orders of the army and navy on the ranks of the land department for 1917 (printed);
Orders for the fronts and armies of the period of the First World War (printed and from the funds of the fronts and armies);
F. 400 - "Main Headquarters of the Military Ministry"; Op. 9, 12 - service records, short notes about the service, award lists, lists of seniority in ranks in military units;
F. 408 - “Lists by seniority of generals, staff and chief officers”;
F. 409 - “Certificate records of officers”; Op. 1, 2 - track records, brief notes about the service; Op. 3 - attestations; Op. 4 - award sheets;
F. 970 - “Military field office e. i. in. at the Imperial Main Apartment” - correspondence about the awarding of generals and officers of the armies of Russia's allies in the First World War;
F. 2000 - “Main Directorate of the General Staff” - documents on the service of officers of the General Staff, lists of officers of aviation units by seniority in ranks, correspondence on rewarding generals and officers of the Allied armies and award sheets for them;
F. 2003 - “The Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (Stavka)” - award lists, correspondence on rewarding Russian and foreign military personnel;
F. 2007 - “Field headquarters Cossack troops under the Supreme Commander-in-Chief - general lists of officers of the Cossack units;
F. 2008 - “Field Directorate of Aviation and Aeronautics at the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief” - personal files of aviators of the Russian army;
Funds of the Caucasian, Romanian and Southwestern Fronts (F. 2100, 2085, 2067) - service records, award lists, resolutions of St. George's Dumas;
Army Funds (F. 2122, 2129, 2134, 2148, etc.) - award lists, correspondence on awarding, resolutions of St. George's Dumas;
Funds of the Guards units (F. 2583, 2584, 2586, 2587, 7773, etc.) - track records, short notes about the service, lists of seniority in the ranks of officers, correspondence about awards;
Separate materials from the funds of other military units and formations (corps, divisions, infantry and cavalry regiments, artillery brigades);
F. 16180 - "Commission for the organization and arrangement of the people's military-historical museum of the war of 1914-1918." - questionnaires, descriptions of the exploits of the Knights of St. George.
The RGIA studied materials from the fund 496 - "Chapter of Russian Orders" - Alphabetical lists of persons. awarded with St. George's Crosses of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree for 1914–1917.
The RGAVMF studied:
The highest orders on the ranks of the Naval Department for 1914-1917 . (printed);
Orders for the Baltic and Black Sea Fleet for 1917 (printed);
F. 406 - “Certificate and official lists of officials of the Maritime Department”;
F. 417 - “Main Naval Staff” - award lists, correspondence about the award;
F. 418 - "Naval General Staff" - award lists, correspondence about the award.
Except archival documents, the official bodies of the Military Ministry were involved - the magazine "Military Collection" and the newspaper "Russian Invalid" for 1914-1917. These publications published information about the awardees and descriptions of the exploits of the Knights of St. George.
An alphabetical list of those awarded for distinction during the First World War with the St. George Crosses, indicating the numbers of the awards, is given based on the materials of the Russian State Historical Archives from the fund 496 - "Chapter of Russian Orders"; Op. 3.
The list of those awarded for distinction during the First World War with the Order of St. George and the St. George Arms is published indicating the surnames, names, patronymics, titles, ranks, positions, names of units in which feats were accomplished, types of St. George awards, dates of awards in accordance with the Highest orders or other sources. Due to the large number of posthumous awards, the dates of the death of those awarded are also given - those who died and died from wounds during the war. The ciphers of archival documents relating to the biographies of the Knights of St. George are indicated. These are track records, award lists, brief notes about the service, lists of seniority in ranks, correspondence about awards, etc.
In a number of cases, due to the lack of service records and other documents in the archives, some data on the awardees could not be established. The fates of most of the Knights of St. George during the First World War were tragic. Many of these most worthy officers died in the civil war, were destroyed during the Red Terror, or died in exile.
Publication complete list Knights of St. George 1914-1918 is an undeserved tribute forgotten heroes Russia.
Project prepared:
project management: A.V. Yurasov(Rosarchive);
project coordination: O.A. Antipova(Rosarchive);
project creation, data import: N.V. Glishchinskaya(RGANTD), BEFORE. Oleinik;
preparing information about awarded with the Order St. George and St. George's arms
AND ABOUT. Garkusha, V.M. Shabanov, T.Yu. Burmistrova, N.A. Gavrilova, A.M. Kulchitsky, M.S. Neshkin, V.P. Ponomarev, I.S. Potapeyko, M.R. Ryzhenkov, S.A. Kharitonov, N.N. Shabanova(RGVIA)
assistance in preparing information about those awarded the Order of St. George and St. George's weapons
E.A. Epifanova, I.V. Kartashova(RGIA),
V.N. Gudkin-Vasiliev(RGAVMF)
specialists of the Center for storage of the insurance fund.
computer set of the list of those awarded with St. George's crosses: T. Izotova, E.A. Efimova
You can send your comments, suggestions and comments on the database to the technical support of the Archives of Russia portal at: [email protected].
The First World War (1914-1918) was a disaster not only for the inhabitants European countries and Russia, it affected more than 80% of the population of the entire Earth. It killed 10 million people and more than 20 million became disabled. In this war, two military alliances opposed each other: on the one hand, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Italy, on the other, the alliance of Russia, France and England (the so-called Entente).
In 1914, Russia took the blow of the Germans, saving France and the retreating Anglo-French troops, after which two fronts were formed - the North-Western (from the Baltic to the mouth of the Bug) and the South-Western (along the border of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). At the beginning of the war, success accompanied the Russian troops in the South, but they were defeated in the North. In 1915, the Russian army began to retreat, and she had to leave Poland, the Baltic states, the western parts of Ukraine and Belarus.
The war took on a protracted character, but in May 1916 there was a breakthrough in Southwestern Front: the Austro-Hungarian troops were defeated, and in the Transcaucasus, the Russians began to win victories over the Turks. The Russian offensive diverted the German forces from the West, which eased the position of the French near Verdun. Such a course of the war led the Russian army to victory over the already exhausted enemy, but 1916 was followed by 1917 ...
In this bloody war, the main awards for soldiers and all lower ranks were, as mentioned earlier, the St. George Cross and the St. George Medal.
Artillery Ensign. 1916
Recall that a year before the start of the First World War, on August 10, 1913, a new “Statute of the Imperial Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George, belonging to this Order of the St. The Russian soldier's award - the Insignia of the Military Order - officially became known as the St. George Cross. The numbering of the signs of all its degrees, as well as the St. George medals, began anew.
In general, the statute of the St. George medal remained the same as it was. Only a few paragraphs have been added in connection with the appearance of new military equipment. The first degrees of the medal were no longer gold, but made of gilded silver, but they did not remain so for long. On September 10, 1916, a decree was issued that banned the manufacture of orders and other awards from precious metals. St. George medals began to be made from the so-called "yellow" and "white" metals. On their reverse side were the letters "zh m" or "b m", which meant - "yellow metal", "white metal".
Medals "For Courage" were awarded in Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Since 1807, after the establishment of the Insignia of the Military Order, the medal "For Courage" instead of the soldier George began to be awarded to soldiers of other faiths, and since 1844 they began to be given silver crosses with a double-headed eagle in the center instead of St. George.
To mid-nineteenth century, the medal "For Courage" on the St. George's Ribbon becomes an award for lower ranks for various military distinctions. Sometimes it was awarded to civilians (not nobles) for courage in a combat situation.
In 1878, the medal "For Courage" was established to reward distinguished officials of the border and customs services. This medal, like the Insignia of the Military Order, was divided into four degrees:
1st degree - gold with a bow; 2nd degree - gold without a bow; 3rd degree - silver with a bow; 4th degree - silver without a bow.
Ensign of the Guards Cavalry. 1916
The medals were numbered and worn on the St. George Ribbon to the left of the Insignia of the Military Order, but to the right of all other medals. The front side of the medal had a profile image of the emperor, and on the reverse side - the inscription "For courage" and a number.
But there were medals without a number: they were awarded "for feats of courage in the war" to women, civilians and warriors of peoples Central Asia and the Caucasus. Such a medal could be not only breast, but also neck.
Since 1896, the medal "For Courage" began to look somewhat different: the image of Nicholas II on it was turned to the left, and on the reverse side, along the circumference, there were laurel, oak and palm branches intertwined with a ribbon. Since 1910, this medal has been awarded to the lower ranks of the police and the secret police "for feats of courage shown in the fight against armed troublemakers."
The mass medal with the inscription "For Bravery" becomes only in 1913. According to the new statute, a numbered medal was intended for all branches of the military; it was awarded to soldiers and non-commissioned officers for courage and bravery in battle. Could receive such a medal and non-military people who showed courage and bravery in wartime. So, during the First World War, nurses were often awarded with it.
During the period from February to October revolution on the medals "For Courage" instead of the profile of the emperor there was an image of St. George the Victorious. Quite a lot of silver medals "For Bravery", especially the 4th degree, have been preserved. Most of them are St. George medals from the First World War.
George medals of the Provisional Government
The awarding of the St. George's Cross and the St. George's Medal could take place in parallel, as presented by the authorities. But the cross, of course, was a higher reward. St. George's crosses were given personally, for a specific feat, and St. George's medals were allocated a certain number for military units. The medal was the only one of all types of St. George distinctions that could be issued in peacetime, but only to soldiers and sailors of the border service.
In paragraph 170 of the new statute, it was said: “At the end of the war, all those awarded the St. In total, on November 23, 1916, 1,505 thousand people were awarded the St. George medal.
The last award medal of the tsarist government can be considered the light bronze medal established on February 28, 1915 "For the work on the excellent implementation of the general mobilization of 1914." It was the only medal worn on the dark blue ribbon of the Order of the White Eagle. It was awarded to those who prepared the conscription into the army, as well as those who took part in the transportation of troops and military cargo.
The February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 changed little in the existing reward system. The bourgeois Provisional Government, as before, awarded those who distinguished themselves with royal orders, only removed the image of the imperial crown from the insignia and made some more compromises.
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