The first Russian Emperor Peter I the Great was born

autocratic hand
He boldly sowed enlightenment,
He did not despise his native country:
He knew her purpose.

Now an academician, then a hero,
Now a navigator, now a carpenter,
He is an all-encompassing soul
On the throne was an eternal worker.

Pushkin A. S. "Stans", 1826

May 30 (June 9), 1672 in Moscow in the family Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov and his second wife Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina was born first Russian emperor (1721) Peter I Alekseevich the Great.

Being the youngest of the heirs, Peter Alekseevich received the Moscow throne in April 1682, immediately after the death of his childless half-brother, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, bypassing the second prince, Ivan. This caused dissatisfaction with the relatives of the first wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, the Miloslavskys, who used Streltsy Moscow uprising of 1682 for palace coup. Adherents and relatives of the Naryshkins were repressed, Peter I was crowned king together with his half-brother, Ivan V, as a junior co-ruler, and the sister of the elder tsar, Princess Sofya Alekseevna, became regent under them. During her reign, Peter, along with his mother, was away from the Court in the village of Preobrazhensky. Only in 1689 did he succeed in removing Princess Sophia from power, and in 1696, after the death of Ivan V, he became an autocratic tsar.

Like all children of Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter I received a good home education, and then throughout his life he replenished his knowledge and skills in various fields, paying special attention to military and naval affairs. In 1687, he created the amusing Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments, which later became the basis of the Russian regular army. In 1688-1693. an amusing flotilla operated on Pleshcheyevo Lake, the experience of which was then used in the construction of a fleet in the Black Sea region and the Baltic. And in 1697-1698. the young king made a trip abroad, during which he not only got acquainted with the features state structure other countries, but also completed a full course of artillery sciences in Königsberg, theoretical course shipbuilding in England and a six-month practice as a carpenter in the shipyards of Amsterdam.

While maintaining and strengthening the feudal serf system during his reign, Peter I carried out a series of reforms aimed at overcoming Russia's separation from the Western European path of development and strengthening the country's influence on the international economy and politics.

This was largely facilitated by the energetic foreign policy of the king. So, as a result of the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. Russia captured the Turkish fortress of Azov and received access to the Azov and Black Seas. During Northern War (1700-1721) the lands along the banks of the Neva, in Karelia and the Baltic states, previously conquered by Sweden, were returned, the country received access to the Baltic Sea, which greatly influenced its economic, political and cultural development. During the Persian campaign (1722–1723), the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku went to Russia.

Important transformations were carried out inside the country in all spheres of life. So, there was a transfer of the capital to the city created in 1703. city ​​of St. Petersburg , division of the country's territory into provinces in 1708–1715., the formation of a higher body government controlled- Senate, creation of colleges etc. Changes in the social sphere, reflected in the decree on uniform inheritance of 1714, touched upon the merger of two forms of land ownership (patrimonies and estates) and the transformation of the nobility into a life service. In 1722, a document was approved regulating the procedure for moving through the service - "Table of Ranks". In 1721, Peter I introduced "Spiritual regulation" officially abolished the Patriarchate in the Russian Church and created a Spiritual Board for its management, which was soon renamed the Holy Governing Synod. Bthanks to military reform a regular Russian army and navy took shape, the organizational basis of which was the “Military Charter” and the “Marine Charter”.Under Peter was created the Russian Academy of Sciences, a number of higher educational institutions, formed a secular comprehensive school, the first museum and public library in Russia were opened, began to publish the first Russian newspaper "Vedomosti", a number of expeditions were organized to Central Asia and Far East etc. In 1721 Russia became an empire, and a year later decree of succession, which secured the autocratic rights of the monarch to appoint his successor.

The activity of the king was evaluated by society ambiguously. The promotion of the service nobility and bureaucratic bureaucracy to the fore, the elimination of the patriarchate, the loss of political independence by the church caused dissatisfaction among the boyars and the church hierarchy. The answer to many violent innovations and the increased tax burden was the uprisings of the townspeople and soldiers.

On January 28 (February 10), 1725, the first Russian emperor died and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. His successor was his wife, Catherine I.

Lit .: Bazilevich K. V. Peter I - statesman, converter, commander. M, 1946; Brikner A. G. History of Peter the Great. M., 2004; Valishevsky K. F. Peter the Great. M., 2003; Great reformer of Russia: On the 300th anniversary of the birth of Peter I. Voronezh, 2002; Memorable stories about the life and deeds of Peter the Great. SPb., 1872; Legislation of Peter I. M., 1997; Zolotov V. A. History of Peter the Great. SPb., 1872; Kara-Murza A. A. Reformer: Russians about Peter I. Ivanovo, 1994; Massey R.K. Peter the Great: Personality and Epoch. St. Petersburg, 2003; Pavlenko N. I. Peter I. M., 2003; Peter the Great in legends, anecdotes, fairy tales, songs. St. Petersburg, 2000; Letters and papers of Peter the Great. St. Petersburg; M. T. 1-13. 1887-1992; Poghosyan E. A. Peter I - architect Russian history. SPb., 2001; Reforms of Peter I and the fate of Russia. M., 1994; Senigov I.P. Tsar-worker and teacher. Pg., 1915; Tarle E.V. Russian fleet and foreign policy of Peter I. St. Petersburg, 1994; Shchebalsky P.K. Sovereign Tsar Peter the Great, the first Russian emperor. Warsaw, 1873.

See also Presidential Library:

Battle of Lesnaya // On this day. October 9, 1708 G.;

The first civil calendar was published in Moscow // On this day. January 8, 1709 G.;

Alexander Nevsky Lavra founded in St. Petersburg // On this day. April 5, 1713 G.;

A decree of Peter I "On wearing a dress in the manner of the Hungarian" was issued // On this day. January 14, 1700 ;

The Treaty of Constantinople was signed between Russia and Turkey // On this day. July 14, 1700 ;

Treaty of Preobrazhensky signed between Peter I and August II // On this day. November 21, 1699 ;

The Russian Tsar Peter the Great since 1682, ruling since 1689 and being the Russian emperor since 1721, was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. during his successful reign, the king carried out many reforms of public administration.

This ruler used the rich experience of Western European countries in the development of culture, trade and industry, and also pursued the so-called mercantilism policy (that is, the creation of canals, marinas, shipyards, various factories, etc.). Peter the Great also led the Russian army in such military campaigns:

· Azov campaigns 1695 - 1696;

Northern War (1700 - 1721);

Prut campaign of 1711;

· Persian military campaign (1722-23), etc.

In addition, the tsar commanded the soldiers in 1702 during the capture of Noteburg, as well as in the battles near Poltava, etc.

In 1697, the tsar, together with his subjects, went abroad and lived in Austria, Venice, England, Saxony, Holland, getting acquainted with the achievements of these states in the technical industry, as well as in the field of architects and shipbuilding. However, the news of the Streltsy rebellion in Russia that reached him forced him to return to his homeland, where this disobedience was suppressed by him with particular cruelty.

During the reign of Peter the Great, a number of successful reforms were undertaken in the state administration system. For example, the Senate is formed, the division of the state into provinces is introduced, the church is subordinate to the state, etc. In 1703, the Russian new capital, St. Petersburg, was built. It was this city that was supposed to later become a kind of "paradise", a model city.

In 1721, Russia received the status of the Empire and Peter began an active foreign policy, developing trade and industry between Europe and his country.

One of the important decisions of Peter the Great is the creation of a navy and a regular army. Also during this period, the state territory was significantly expanded.

Russian culture in the era of the reign of Peter was able to replenish a huge number of different European elements. At this time, the Academy of Sciences is opening, as well as many secular educational institutions.

It was thanks to the efforts of Peter that the promotion of the nobles in the service depended primarily on the level of their education.

Suffering from various illnesses, Peter the Great died in his city of St. Petersburg in 1725.

Peter I - the youngest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage with Natalya Naryshkina - was born on May 30, 1672. As a child, Peter was educated at home, from a young age he knew German, then studied Dutch, English and French. With the help of palace masters (carpentry, turning, weapons, blacksmithing, etc.). The future emperor was physically strong, agile, inquisitive and capable, had a good memory.

In April 1682, Peter was enthroned after the death of a childless man, bypassing his older half-brother Ivan. However, the sister of Peter and Ivan - and the relatives of Alexei Mikhailovich's first wife - the Miloslavskys used the streltsy uprising in Moscow for a palace coup. In May 1682, the supporters and relatives of the Naryshkins were killed or exiled, Ivan was declared the "senior" tsar, and Peter the "junior" tsar under the ruler Sophia.

Under Sophia, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow. Here, from his peers, Peter formed "amusing regiments" - the future imperial guard. In those same years, the prince met the son of the court groom Alexander Menshikov, who later became " right hand"emperor.

In the second half of the 1680s, clashes began between Peter and Sofya Alekseevna, who were striving for autocracy. In August 1689, having received news that Sophia was preparing a palace coup, Peter hastily left Preobrazhensky for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where troops loyal to him and his supporters arrived. Armed detachments of nobles, gathered by the messengers of Peter I, surrounded Moscow, Sophia was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, her close associates were exiled or executed.

After the death of Ivan Alekseevich (1696), Peter I became an autocratic tsar.

Possessing a strong will, purposefulness and great capacity for work, Peter I throughout his life replenished his knowledge and skills in various fields, paying special attention to military and naval affairs. In 1689-1693, under the guidance of the Dutch master Timmerman and the Russian master Kartsev, Peter I learned to build ships on Lake Pereslavl. In 1697-1698, during his first trip abroad, he completed a full course in artillery sciences in Koenigsberg, worked as a carpenter at the shipyards of Amsterdam (Holland) for six months, studying ship architecture and drawing plans, and completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England.

By order of Peter I, books, instruments, weapons were purchased abroad, foreign craftsmen and scientists were invited. Peter I met with Leibniz, Newton and other scientists, in 1717 he was elected an honorary member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

During the reign of Peter I carried out major reforms aimed at overcoming the backwardness of Russia from the advanced countries of the West. Transformations touched all areas public life. Peter I expanded the landlords' property rights over the property and personality of serfs, replaced the household taxation of peasants with poll tax, issued a decree on the possession of peasants, who were allowed to acquire the owners of manufactories, practiced the mass registration of state and yasak peasants to state and private factories, the mobilization of peasants and townspeople into the army and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals, etc. The decree on uniform inheritance (1714) equalized estates and estates, giving their owners the right to transfer real estate to one of the sons, and thereby secured noble ownership of land. The Table of Ranks (1722) established the order of rank in the military and civil service not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merit.

Peter I contributed to the rise of the country's productive forces, encouraged the development of domestic manufactories, means of communication, domestic and foreign trade.

The reforms of the state apparatus under Peter I were an important step towards the transformation of the Russian autocracy of the 17th century into the bureaucratic-noble monarchy of the 18th century with its bureaucracy and service classes. The place of the Boyar Duma was taken by the Senate (1711), boards were established instead of orders (1718), the control apparatus was represented first by "fiscals" (1711), and then by prosecutors headed by the prosecutor general. Instead of the patriarchate, the Spiritual College, or Synod, was established, which was under the control of the government. Great importance had an administrative reform. In 1708-1709, instead of counties, voivodships and governorships, 8 (then 10) provinces headed by governors were established. In 1719, the provinces were divided into 47 provinces.

As a military leader, Peter I is among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, commanders and naval commanders of Russian and world history of the eighteenth century. His whole life's work was to strengthen the military power of Russia and increase its role in the international arena. He had to continue the war with Turkey, which began in 1686, to wage a long-term struggle for Russia's access to the sea in the North and South. As a result of the Azov campaigns (1695-1696), Azov was occupied by Russian troops, and Russia fortified on the banks of Sea of ​​Azov. In the long Northern War (1700-1721), Russia under the leadership of Peter I achieved a complete victory, gained access to the Baltic Sea, which gave it the opportunity to establish direct ties with Western countries. After the Persian campaign (1722-1723), the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku went to Russia.

Under Peter I, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates abroad were established, outdated forms of diplomatic relations and etiquette were abolished.

Major reforms were also carried out by Peter I in the field of culture and education. A secular school appeared, the monopoly of the clergy on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical and Surgical School; the first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy (1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), schools of translators at collegiums were established, the first Russian museum, the Kunstkamera (1719) with a public library, was opened. In 1700 were introduced new calendar with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and the reckoning from the "Nativity of Christ", and not from the "Creation of the World".

By order of Peter I, various expeditions were carried out, including to Central Asia, the Far East, Siberia, and a systematic study of the country's geography and mapping was laid.

Peter I was married twice: to Evdokia Feodorovna Lopukhina and to Marta Skavronskaya (later Empress Catherine I); had a son from his first marriage Alexei and from the second - daughters Anna and Elizabeth (besides them, 8 children of Peter I died in early childhood).

Peter I died in 1725 and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

The main dates of the life and work of Peter the Great

1682 - 1689 - The reign of Princess Sophia.

1689 September- The deposition of the ruler Sophia and her imprisonment in the Novodevichy Convent.

1695 - The first Azov campaign of Peter I.

1696 - The second Azov campaign of Peter and the capture of the fortress.

1698 April - June- Streltsy uprising and the defeat of the archers near New Jerusalem.

1699 November- Conclusion of Peter's alliance with the Saxon elector Augustus II and the Danish king Frederick IV against Sweden.

1699, December 20- Decree on the introduction of a new chronology and the celebration of the new year on January 1.

1700 October- Death of Patriarch Andrian. Appointment of Ryazan Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne.

1701 - 1702 - Victories of Russian troops over the Swedes at Erestfer and Gumelstof.

1704 - The capture of Derpt and Narva by Russian troops.

1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.

1707 - 1708 - The uprising on the Don led by K. Bulavin.

1708 - 1710 - Regional reform of Peter.

1710 January 29- Statement civil alphabet. Decree on the printing of books in a new font.

1710 - Capture by Russian troops of Riga, Revel, Vyborg, Kexholm, etc.

1712 - Marriage of Peter I with Ekaterina Alekseevna.

1713 - Relocation of the court and higher government institutions to St. Petersburg.

1715 - Foundation of the Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg.

1716, August- Appointment of Peter as commander of the combined fleet of Russia, Holland, Denmark and England.

1716 - 1717 - Expedition of Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky to Khiva.

1716 - 1717 - Peter's second trip abroad.

1718 - Start of construction of the Ladoga bypass channel.

1718 - 1720 - Organization of colleges.

1719 - Opening of the Kunstkamera - the first museum in Russia.

1721 October 22- Presentation by the Senate to Peter the title of Emperor, Great and Father of the Fatherland.

1722 - Reform of the Senate. Office of the Attorney General.

1722 - 1724 - Carrying out the first audit. Replacing the household tax with a poll tax.

1722 - 1723 - Caspian campaign of Peter. Accession to Russia of the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea.

1724 - Introduction of a protective customs tariff.

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Peter the Great was born on May 30 (June 9), 1672 in Moscow. In the biography of Peter 1, it is important to note that he was the youngest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage to Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. From one year he was brought up by nannies. And after the death of his father, at the age of four, Peter's half-brother and new Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich became Peter's guardian.

From the age of 5, little Peter began to learn the alphabet. The clerk N. M. Zotov gave him lessons. However, the future king received a poor education and was not distinguished by literacy.

Rise to power

In 1682, after the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, 10-year-old Peter and his brother Ivan were proclaimed kings. But in fact, their elder sister, Princess Sofya Alekseevna, took over the management.
At this time, Peter and his mother were forced to move away from the court and move to the village of Preobrazhenskoye. Here Peter 1 becomes interested in military activities, he creates "amusing" regiments, which later became the basis of the Russian army. He is fond of firearms, shipbuilding. He spends a lot of time in the German Quarter, becomes a fan of European life, makes friends.

In 1689, Sophia was removed from the throne, and power passed to Peter I, and the government of the country was entrusted to his mother and uncle L.K. Naryshkin.

King's reign

Peter continued the war with the Crimea, took the fortress of Azov. Further actions of Peter I were aimed at creating powerful fleet. Foreign policy Peter I of that time was focused on finding allies in the war with Ottoman Empire. For this purpose, Peter went to Europe.

At this time, the activities of Peter I consisted only in the creation of political unions. He studies shipbuilding, device, culture of other countries. He returned to Russia after the news of the Streltsy rebellion. As a result of the trip, he wanted to change Russia, for which several innovations were made. For example, the Julian calendar was introduced.

For the development of trade, access to the Baltic Sea was required. So the next stage of the reign of Peter I was the war with Sweden. Having made peace with Turkey, he captured the fortress of Noteburg, Nienschanz. In May 1703, the construction of St. Petersburg began. The following year, Narva and Dorpat were taken. In June 1709, Sweden was defeated in the Battle of Poltava. Shortly after the death of Charles XII, peace was concluded between Russia and Sweden. New lands joined Russia, access to the Baltic Sea was obtained.

Reforming Russia

In October 1721, the title of emperor was adopted in the biography of Peter the Great.

Also during his reign, Kamchatka was annexed, the coast of the Caspian Sea was conquered.

Peter I carried out military reform several times. Basically, it concerned the collection of money for the maintenance of the army and navy. It was carried out, in short, by force.

Further reforms of Peter I accelerated the technical and economic development of Russia. He carried out church reform, financial reform, transformations in industry, culture, and trade. In education, he also carried out a number of reforms aimed at mass education: many schools for children and the first gymnasium in Russia (1705) were opened.

Death and legacy

Before his death, Peter I was very ill, but continued to rule the state. Peter the Great died on January 28 (February 8), 1725 from inflammation of the bladder. The throne passed to his wife, Empress Catherine I.

The strong personality of Peter I, who sought to change not only the state, but also the people, played a crucial role in the history of Russia.

Cities were named after the Great Emperor after his death.

Monuments to Peter I were erected not only in Russia, but also in many European countries. One of the most famous - Bronze Horseman in St. Petersburg.

Other biography options

• Contemporaries and historians note that Peter I was tall, more than two meters, beautiful, lively features and noble posture. Despite the formidable dimensions, the king still could not be called a hero - 39 shoe size and 48 clothing size. Such disproportion was observed literally in everything: for his gigantic growth, his shoulders, small arms and head were too narrow. His frequent swiftness and fast walking did not save the situation. Those around him did not feel strength and power in him. He conquered others.
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