Geographic zoning. Why zoning is called the most important method of geography What is zoning list the main

It is impossible to understand the peculiarities and problems of any country without appreciating its internal territorial diversity. This is especially important for Russia, which is extremely contrasting in nature, historical features, population distribution, and economy. Without a deep study of regional (regional) geographical features, it is impossible to solve the complex problems of both the regions themselves and the country as a whole. The most prominent scientists of Russia (M. V. Lomonosov, K. A. Arseniev, V. N. Tatishchev, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, D. I. Mendeleev, N. N. Kolosovsky.) used the method of zoning - division countries into areas that differ from each other in natural, economic, historical features, living conditions of people.

Zoning is the most important method of geography - the only science for which it is the main . The significance of zoning for geography can be compared with the periodization of epochs in geology, chronology in history, periodic system elements of D. I. Mendeleev in chemistry, classification and systematics in botany.

Geography uses different variants zoning. First, the entire territory of the country can be divided into regions, leaving no free spaces between them. Thus, in physical geography there are major natural complexes Russia: Russian plain, Ural, etc. The administrative-territorial division of Russia into regions, territories, republics also covers the entire territory. This is how economic regions and zones are distinguished.

At the same time, zoning proceeds, as it were, “from above” - from the entire territory of the country, which is divided into large regions (districts) of the same kind (natural, administrative, economic, etc.). Such homogeneous zoning is multi-stage (hierarchical). Each large region (macrolevel), in turn, can be subdivided into mesolevel regions, and so on up to the microlevel. But in social geography, along with homogeneous zoning, the so-called nodal zoning is also used.

On various maps of the country (population, industry, security

nature, etc.), "clots", "foci", "nodes of concentration" are clearly distinguished. On the population map - urban agglomerations. On the map of industry - the core of industrial centers and regions. On the ecological map - the centers of pollution and the areas on which they have an impact, the "foci" of environmental disasters and zones of environmental disasters. On special maps you can see the "nodes" of ethnic conflicts.

In nodal zoning, first of all, the centers (cores) of these objects and phenomena are distinguished, and then the surrounding territories gravitating towards them, which are affected by the influence of the core. The boundaries of such areas are less clear. In this case, there may be several conditional boundaries, each of which reflects the degree of influence of the core, decreasing gradually and differently in different directions.

There are several zones of influence of large cities: settlement, pendulum migration, interaction of industrial centers with the core, pollution, recreation, suburban Agriculture etc. Since the nodal zoning comes "from below" - from the nuclei, centers, focuses of concentration of various phenomena of social life, it often has a problematic character. This is especially important in our difficult time - a time of problems that also have their own geography.

Spatial (territorial) organization of society, which is considered as: a) a set of processes or actions for the location of enterprises in the sphere of material production and non-production sphere, population, nature management, taking into account their relations, connections, subordination and interdependence; b) a combination of functioning spatial (territorial) structures: population resettlement, production, nature management, united by management structures and the process of social reproduction.

The spatial organization of society is based on the territorial division of labor, which closely interacts with the processes of district and complex formation, the spatial differentiation of natural and socio-economic conditions. To understand their essence, let us recall that the study of any territory (for example, a country) inevitably leads to the establishment of territorial differences “from place to place”. At the same time, each phenomenon (natural or socio-economic) does not occupy the entire territory, but some part of it - the area. Within the area, it can cover it almost entirely (continuously) or only separate parts, that is, discretely.

The division of the territory (water area) according to some feature (phenomenon, condition) and the degree of its severity or according to a combination of features is spatial differentiation, i.e., zoning into broad sense. It should be borne in mind that such differentiation is always objective, since it proceeds from the presence or absence, the quantitative expression of any feature.

The essence of the zoning process is in identifying peculiar territorial formations and their boundaries in space. The term "zoning" is ambiguous. Under the economic (socio-economic) zoning is understood, firstly, a special scientific direction, problem solving substantiation of the composition (identification) and drawing boundaries on the map (delimitation) of economic regions, and, secondly, as a comprehensive scientific discipline, exploring the economic, social, political, environmental, organizational and managerial aspects of the development of districts.

Now let us dwell on the content of the concepts "district", "geographical region" and "economic region". The area is the main category in geography, which is a reflection of both the differentiation of space and the processes of territorial complex formation, thus being a criterion for the geographical nature of research and an attribute of geographical thinking. In the broadest sense, an area is a territory (water area) identified by the totality of any interrelated features or phenomena, as well as a taxonomic unit in any system of territorial division.

A geographical area is an integral territory (water area), characterized, as a rule, by a common genesis, the interconnectedness of the components of the geographical envelope and elements of the landscape or social reproduction (these characteristics differ from those observed in neighboring territories).

An economic (socio-economic) region is a territory that differs from others in its specialization and features of the integrated development of the economy, its unique geographical location, natural and labor resources.

Socio-economic zoning is an integral part of territorial research and is aimed at enhancing territorial management and optimizing territorial organization life of society, to address the most pressing economic, social, environmental issues. It provides an objective basis for all kinds of regional studies and transformations. Zoning makes it possible to actualize the natural resource, economic, social and demographic potential of all regions of the country, to use internal and external reserves and resources more fully and efficiently, to improve the organization of hierarchically structured regions, and to optimize the structure of federal and regional government. It takes into account the territorial division of labor and serves as the basis for the systematization of socio-economic and environmental information in the spatial and temporal context. The allocation of a grid of objectively existing areas for the purposes of territorial forecasting, programming and management has become the core of socio-economic geography.

Analysis of the objective process of district formation is one of the major areas research, but the central methodological and methodological method of cognition spatial organization society is economic zoning, which is constituent part territorial administration and regional policy.

District formation is the process of the emergence of stable spatial combinations of landscape elements (natural district formation) or elements of social reproduction (economic district formation) with a high intensity of internal relationships and interactions. District formation is a manifestation of the heterogeneity of the geographic envelope, the chorologically unequal intensity of the interaction of its various elements.

District formation may not cover the entire territory, while administrative zoning requires the division of the territory “without a trace”. In this case, empty, "reserve", from the point of view of the development of the district-forming process, territories are attached to the district by will (most often on the basis of territorial contiguity). Thus, an administratively fixed economic region may not have economic integrity at all (but only territorial).

Unlike the process of district formation, zoning is characterized by goal setting; it can be carried out to identify objectively existing areas, regionalization of socio-economic policy, in the interests of management, etc. The result of zoning is a network (grid) of districts, which reflects the hierarchy of spatial systems. At the same time, both the districts of the same level and the hierarchical chain of districts different levels must meet predetermined typological and classification characteristics.

Intra-district and inter-district communications should be built on the basis of an expedient territorial division of labor.

Economic regions have their own sectoral and territorial structure. The sectoral structure of the economy of the region is a combination of various sectors of the economy and reflects its participation in the inter-district (international) division of labor. It finds expression in combination within the economic region of the following branches and types of production.

The main ones determine the place of the region in the territorial division of labor, forming the production profile of the region. This group of industries provides not only their own, but also external needs.

Basic ones that provide raw materials and fuel to the main industries, as well as all other industries. These are branches of the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, chemical and timber industries. If these industries supply raw materials and fuel to other regions, they can become the main ones (for example, the gas and oil industry of Western Siberia).

Associated ones that arise on the basis of the joint use of sources of raw materials and fuel or the processing of production waste. These industries enhance the complexity of the development of the economy of the region and can provide both local needs and export products outside the region. Examples of related industries are the coke industry of Kuzbass, the cement industry of the Urals, etc.

Additional, which export their products to other areas, being industries of specialization, but not connected with the main and related industries. Additional industries are the timber industry of the Ural region, the textile industry of the Central and North-Western regions, non-ferrous metallurgy of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

Intra-district enterprises that satisfy the needs of the district itself with their products, regardless of its specialization, participate in raising the standard of living of the population of the district. These are numerous branches of light and food industries.

Service (infrastructure) includes industries that supply electricity, heat, water, general repair bases, warehouses to all sectors of the region.

Of the six groups of industries, only three are industries of specialization (main, related, additional) and only the main and basic industries define the boundaries of the region, thus being district-forming.

The economic region as a complex integral system has a certain territorial structure. Territorial structure is understood as a set of spatially dissected components and links between them. Each component of the territorial structure performs a specific function, the implementation of which is carried out through transport routes. The main components of the territorial structure of economic regions are economic nodes, economic centers and economic points.

An economic hub is an economically, socially and environmentally efficient combination of interconnected enterprises located compactly in a small area, interconnected by economic, industrial and technical ties that have common system settlement, the existing social and industrial infrastructure. Among the economic nodes are industrial, agro-industrial, transport, industrial-construction, recreational nodes.

The economic center is a group of industries and housing within the same urban settlement, united by a common economic and geographical location, industrial, social, environmental and market infrastructure.

Economic settlements include settlements with one economic object that performs a certain national economic function (agricultural, timber, mining, recreational, etc.).

In each economic region, spatial components and transport arteries form a certain frame of its territorial structure. So, in the Central District, the territorial structure has a radial-ring character, which is determined by the Moscow agglomeration, radial highways and several "rings", at the nodes of which there are regional centers located at a distance of 200-250 km from Moscow (Tver, Yaroslavl, Tula, Ryazan , Smolensk, Vladimir, etc.). Other types of territorial structure are radial-arc (North-Western region), lattice (Central Chernozemny region), linear (East Siberian region).

One of the important issues in the theory of economic zoning is the study of the dynamics and stability of economic regions and the connection between these processes. The sectoral structure of economic regions under the influence of scientific and technological progress is changing quite quickly. However, private changes, accumulating in an economic region, do not immediately lead to significant changes in its sectoral and territorial structure. Therefore, we can talk about a certain stability of the economic region as a whole and the entire system of economic regions. This issue is closely related to the staging of the formation and development of economic regions. N. N. Kolosovsky identified five stages in the development of the economy of economic regions.

Reserve territories with a weak level of economic development and low participation in the territorial division of labor. As a rule, they have a significant natural resource potential, but their specialization has not been finally determined and they are part of the region according to the principle of transport gravity.

Pioneer districts economic development, where natural resources are identified, there are necessary labor resources for their development, specialization is defined, but the use natural resources produced selectively due to small-focal settlement and production.

Areas of large-scale development of the economy are characterized by the presence of large industrial centers and transport routes with economically developed territories adjacent to them. In these areas, along with the developed regions, there are also reserve territories, which are gradually being introduced into economic circulation.

Areas of powerful centers of economic development are mainly formed economic complexes, some parts of which are still being built or are just being designed.

The areas of the existing complex economy are distinguished by the formed structure of production, a significant level of use of natural and labor resources, a clearly defined place in the territorial division of labor, and the presence of the upper "floors" of the development of the district complex.

The system of economic regions is a set of hierarchically subordinate territorial units. The following taxonomic units of economic zoning are distinguished.

Economic zones - groups of economic regions allocated for the purposes of long-term forecasting of the distribution of productive forces during the formation of market relations. There are two economic zones in Russia - Western and Eastern. In the Western zone, labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries have developed, providing scientific and technical progress, and also formed a diversified agro-industrial complex. The eastern zone is the main fuel and energy and mineral resource base of the country.

Enlarged areas (macro-regions) are formed within economic zones according to the principle of homogeneity of the natural resource potential, specialization of the economy and economic ties. In the Western zone, three macro-regions are distinguished - the North and the Center of the European part of Russia, the Ural-Volga region and the European South, in the Eastern two - Siberia and the Far East.

A large economic region is the main link in the system of economic zoning. It is an integral territory with its own industrial specialization and close economic intra-district ties. Currently, 11 large economic regions are distinguished - Northern, North-Western, Central, Central Black Earth, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, North Caucasian, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian and Far East.

The meso-regions include the subjects Russian Federation(republics, regions, territories). They are also specialized complexes, but with a narrower specialization and strong internal economic ties.

Downstream districts, or microdistricts, are the primary district "cells" in the taxonomy of economic zoning. These include urban and rural administrative regions.

Due to the features geographical location and mainly combinations of various components and elements in a given territory, general patterns manifest themselves within the region in specific forms that are relatively stable and give the whole combination the character of a system. Internal (intra-district) relationships and interactions of the district differ from external (inter-district) in greater stability and intensity. As a rule, the intensity of the processes inherent in any region (especially the nodal region) is maximum in one of the sections (the core) and decreases towards the periphery, often not allowing to clearly delimit the territory of the region. Sometimes several such cores are found, which indicates a complication of the structure, the formation of spatial combinations of a lower hierarchical order - subdistricts.

Area homogeneous (homogeneous) - an area, at each point of which a zoned object or phenomenon (for example, soil, landscape, direction of agriculture) is characterized by the same feature or set of features. A homogeneous area is depicted on the map using a qualitative background method.

Nodal (nodal) area - an area with a center (core) that collects or separates flows (substances, energy, information). Nodal areas arise mainly as a result of the division of space between industrial, social, cultural and other enterprises and institutions, administrative and state bodies (states, territorial-political units, land holdings; areas of gravity to cities, ports, railway stations; areas of post offices, clinics, schools, etc.). The boundaries of the nodal region, identified by the prevailing flows, are drawn where connections with one's own center become weaker than with the neighboring one.

An important methodological problem of economic regionalization is the question of the objectivity of the existence of regions. In Western geographical science, it is widely believed that the area is a subjective intellectual concept, created by thinking in accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study. In domestic economic geography, the region is considered as the result of objective processes of development of productive forces. T. M. Kalashnikova provides the following evidence of the objectivity of economic regions.

The process of development of districts is a specific territorial manifestation of real district-forming factors for different periods development of the country. On the example of historical facts, one can trace how the emergence and formation of economic regions takes place, inter-regional relations become more complicated, new regions appear, etc.

The existence of a system of interconnected regions as specialized parts of the state, with the help of which a real economic result is achieved - the productivity of social labor increases.

The orientation of zoning into the future and verification in practice by comparing the forecast with reality, including as a method of clarifying the boundaries.

Continuity of zoning experiments carried out by researchers in different time, although these experiments differed from each other both in their scientific approach and in the degree of knowledge of reality.

Thus, economic regionalization solves a complex problem: by identifying and delimiting regions, to adequately reflect the objective process of regional formation - a continuous and extremely complex process. Zoning serves as a method of purposeful and regulated territorial organization not only of the national economy, but of the whole society. Its constructive nature requires the allocation of economic regions as objects of management. This takes into account not only production, but also diverse social processes. The practical implementation of the principle of matching the boundaries of economic, administrative and national regions is of great importance, taking into account federal structure and National composition population.

Zoning is the most important method of spatial analysis in economic geography. It is as important for geographical research as the classification of plants by K. Linnaeus for biology and periodic table D. I. Mendeleev for chemistry.

Allocated areas (territories that have, on the one hand, the specifics that distinguish them from their neighbors, and on the other, known integrity within the allocated area) are the result of scientific work researchers and at the same time objectively existing, regardless of their will and desire, reality.

distinction of districts,
comprehension (i.e. content characteristic)
delimitation (i.e., indication of boundaries).

In addition to its cognitive value, zoning is widely used in social practice - for the purposes of district planning, slicing districts during voting, etc.

Textbook for grade 11

Geography

§ 2. What are the types of districts and the principles of zoning?

There are two types of zoning - homogeneous and nodal, differing in principles, sequence of implementation and results (Fig. 229).

uniform zoning. It is aimed at finding identical areas. Similar objects can be combined into one group in two ways - union and division, which generally corresponds to two ways of knowing the world - inductive and deductive.

Rice. 229. Types of zoning

Combining territories that are similar in one or more characteristics makes it possible to single out synthetic regions. This type of zoning is called "zoning from below". It is used to study the geographic diversity of relatively small areas. "Zoning from below" begins with the selection of indicators by which the allocation, delimitation and understanding of areas will be carried out.

When "zoning from above" (the allocation of analytical areas), carried out over vast territories, on a global scale, the existence and existence of regions is accepted a priori. The task of the researcher is reduced to the choice of features that most fully reflect the delimitation of regions and their further division (Fig. 230).

Rice. 230. Sequence of allocation of districts

The objects of homogeneous zoning in economic geography are units of administrative-territorial division, for which averaged statistical data are collected and published. When conducting professional research, absolute indicators are “weighted” taking into account the area of territorial units or population (Fig. 231).

Rice. 231. Labor productivity in the EU regions, euro per employee, 2007. Homogeneous areas are singled out on one basis. Their placement shows differences in labor productivity between old and new EU members.

With homogeneous zoning, districts can be distinguished both on one basis (single-line zoning) and on several grounds (multi-line zoning). If one-sign zoning is carried out, then, as a rule, there is one option for drawing the border. If there are several signs of zoning, then there may be several options for placing boundaries.

Suppose a researcher is faced with the task of identifying an area of ecological disaster. It is possible to carry out zoning by water pollution, by soil pollution or by the number of growth of diseases. The boundaries of the area allocated for water pollution will certainly not exactly coincide with the boundaries of the areas of soil pollution and the growth of diseases. Where will the epicenter of the ecological disaster be located? In this case, multi-sign zoning methods are used.

"Quality" of zoning, ie.

What is zoning? Why is zoning called the most important method of geography?

e. compliance of the selected area with the set goals, largely depends on the choice of the most representative indicators. Based on them, a matrix of statistical data is compiled and analyzed. The so-called Moul method is often used, according to which a series of maps is drawn up with the boundaries of areas identified according to one attribute, after which they are “imposed” on a common basis. Where the boundaries coincide, a multi-attribute region stands out. Accounting a large number The identification of signs and indicators makes it difficult to identify areas, since transition zones of significant size appear.

Nodal (or functional) zoning involves the allocation of areas depending on the intensity of economic ties within them. It reveals the spheres of influence of cities, transport hubs, and enterprises. Each nodal region has a core where all indicators and phenomena are clearly manifested. The intensity of the phenomenon weakens from the core to the periphery.

The boundaries of the district are located where the indicators take the minimum values. Therefore, the drawing of the actual boundaries when delimiting functional areas is of no significant importance; probable errors will not affect the characterization of the area (Fig. 232).

Regional principles. The most important principle in solving problems of practical zoning is its continuity, i.e., each object must necessarily be assigned to some class and there should be no “white spots” in the grid of regions. The system of districts should be extended to objects of the same nature, i.e., such fundamentally different objects as animals and rivers, land and sea, kings and cabbages, etc. cannot be included in one scheme.

Rice. 232. Borders between nodal regions

Regionalization should serve a specific purpose, which determines the set of features and the number of allocated areas. The reliability of the final results largely depends on the correct choice of signs of zoning. Firstly, the signs should reflect the properties of the zoning objects themselves; secondly, among the signs it is important to choose the most significant ones, according to which the territory should be divided. Measures used to divide by more high levels, should be more important for regionalization purposes than the features used at low levels.

Borders between nodal regions are located where the properties of the regionalized phenomenon become insignificant and pass into the properties of the adjacent region.

Gravity models are used to identify the boundary between two nodal areas (market zones).

If two market centers are of the same size (in terms of population, in terms of the total cost of goods and services offered), then the border between their spheres of influence will pass in the middle between them (Fig. 233).

Rice. 233. Competition among merchants for market territory based on transport costs and the value of goods

If the centers and their market areas are not of equal size, then the boundary will move towards the smaller center.

The division of a territory into regions is commonly referred to as zoning. It is carried out in accordance with the set goals, in connection with which it can be carried out at several levels.

At the macro level, the total territory of the country is divided into two macro zones - European and Eastern. The division of the territory of the Russian Federation into two zones more accurately focuses on the identification of the most important natural resources, the rational development and deployment of productive forces in the long term, and the solution of global state tasks.

Economic regions and federal districts. The main element of the territorial structure at this macro level is the economic region. It is distinguished by specialization in the territorial division of labor, has an economic structure inherent only to it, developed on the basis of a specific combination of natural resources and socio-economic prerequisites for a given territory.

Outline of a lesson in geography on the topic Zoning of the territory of Russia

A mandatory feature of an economic region is a relatively complete system of the reproduction process.

Currently, 11 large economic regions have been identified: Northern, North-Western, Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, Volga, North Caucasus, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far East. Large economic regions are called based mainly on the area they occupy. They do not have governing bodies. Due to the geographical location Kaliningrad region It is considered an independent economic region, although it is not a large one.

In order to strengthen state unity, ensure the exercise by the President of the Russian Federation of his constitutional powers, increase the efficiency of the activities of federal state authorities and improve control over the execution of their decisions in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000. 7 federal districts are allocated on the territory of the Russian Federation: Central, Southern, Volga, Ural, Siberian, Far Eastern.

Subjects of the Russian Federation. At the mesolevel, there is a separation of mesoregions within large economic regions of the middle link, which include 86 constituent entities of the Russian Federation since January 1, 2007 (including 2 cities of federal significance - Moscow and St. Petersburg). These are districts of regional, regional, republican type. They are completely independent economic education have governing bodies. The subjects of the Russian Federation are: 21 sovereign republics, 44 regions, 8 territories, 10 autonomous regions, 1 autonomous region, 2 cities of federal subordination (changes: on December 1, 2005, the Perm Territory appeared on the map of Russia, and from January 1, 2007, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which united three subjects).

Each major economic region includes a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Thus, the Volga-Vyatka economic region includes two regions (Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov) and three republics (Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvash).

Administrative-territorial structure - a system of territorial organization of the state, on the basis of which state authorities and LSG operate. Administrative-territorial formations within the regions - subjects of the Russian Federation are relatively independent production-territorial units with their own management system, with their own laws of social production, as they are distinguished taking into account the rational distribution of productive forces, closeness of internal ties, territorial features (historical, national, ethical). The allocation of administrative entities within the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is determined by the specifics of the population settlement and the complexity of centralized management of socio-economic processes in the vast territory of the state and is aimed at ensuring the efficiency and efficiency of territorial administration.

Zoning implies not only general - throughout the country, but also internal. At the micro level, the subject of the Federation is divided into such administrative entities as districts, cities, urban-type settlements, rural settlements.

The allocation of territorial units is not a frozen process, it can be modified depending on specific social conditions. In particular, the current grid of economic regions is considered not entirely suitable and requires some adjustment in accordance with state objectives and scientific principles of zoning. Its main disadvantages include: 1) almost universal use for solving diverse tasks (current and strategic); 2) the different scale of individual regions, which differ greatly in economic potential; 3) insufficiently complete and consistent reflection of the principle of territorial specialization; 4) excessive differentiation within many areas of estimates for multipurpose resources.

A number of scientists propose to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing ter-org structure by granting all subjects equal not only economic, but also political rights, or by switching to an unambiguous territorial division on the established regional basis. Currently, there are a number of projects aimed at enlarging the network of administrative-economy formations, since in last years the implementation of the idea of strengthening inter-regional integration of adjacent regions, territories, republics is traced. Practice shows that independently, without participation federal center, the regions are beyond the power to create unifying ter-org structures.

2.Goals and methods of regional development

In the literature, development is understood as progressive change. In the regional aspect, as a rule, this is the development of the material basis of the region. This development can be viewed from both quantitative and qualitative sides. If the change is quantitative, then there is economic growth, qualitative - a change in the structural characteristics of the object, which lead to a change in the content of development and the acquisition of new characteristics by the system.

The development of the region is a multidimensional and multidimensional process, which includes:

§ Growth in production and income, changes in the institutional, administrative and social structures

§ Changes in traditions and habits

§ Changes in public consciousness, but the ultimate goal at all times was to improve the quality of life of the population, which

includes 3 main areas:

§ increasing incomes, improving the health of the population and increasing its education

§ creation of conditions conducive to the growth of people's self-respect;

§ increasing the degree of people's freedom, including economic freedom.

The objects of regional development management include:

1) management of the emergence of new and development of old industries

2) development of urban infrastructure, primarily connections and communications

3) employment and welfare of the population

The administration for the purpose of managing these areas uses a variety of methods of influencing economic development:

1) creation in the region of general favorable conditions for the development of business activity;

2) regulation of business activity

3) direct cooperation between the district administration and business. The latter is most often used to solve social problems. This is a budget substitution method. Previously, the budget-supplementing method was used. Entrepreneurs are now developing projects in the social sphere, thus saving budget funds for other tasks. At the same time, such business projects involve making a profit, which increases their interest in solving social problems.

The word zoning

The word zoning in English letters (transliteration) - raionirovanie

The word zoning consists of 13 letters: a a b e i i y n o o r r

Meanings of the word regionalization. What is zoning?

Zoning

Zoning is the division of a territory or water area into parts (districts) that differ from each other and are somewhat homogeneous within themselves. homogeneous (Homogeneous zoning - search and selection of identical areas.

en.wikipedia.org

Zoning is the division of a territory or water area into parts (districts) that differ from each other and are somewhat homogeneous within themselves. The features by which areas are distinguished can be different in nature, in terms of the breadth of coverage of features ...

Zoning, a system of territorial division into regions: administrative, economic, natural, etc. (see also Physiographic zoning, Economic zoning, Zoogeographic zoning, etc.).

TSB. - 1969-1978

BREED ZONING

BREED ZONING, planned placement of breeds of agricultural - x. well-nyh, depending on the natural-economic. conditions. Main the principle of selection and consolidation of breeds for determining. zones and districts - households. necessity and economic

BREED ZONING Planned placement of breeds of farm animals depending on natural and economic conditions. The basic principle of selecting and fixing breeds for certain zones and regions is due, on the one hand ...

Terms of selection, genetics and reproduction of agricultural animals. — 1996

Varietal zoning

VARIETY REGIONING, selection of highly productive, valuable in terms of product quality and other indicators of varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops.

What is zoning? Why is zoning called the most important method of geography?

crops and their implementation in x-wah defined. natural zones.

High-quality regionalization, selection of the best grades of page - x. crops and the definition of the territorial boundaries of their cultivation. In the USSR, it is held annually on the basis of proposals from variety-testing plots.

TSB. - 1969-1978

VARIETY ZONING - selection of the best varieties of agricultural crops and determination of the territory of the boundaries of their cultivation. In the USSR it has been carried out annually (since 1929) on the basis of state variety testing data.

Homogeneous zoning

Homogeneous zoning - search and selection of identical areas. Combining territories that are similar in a number of characteristics makes it possible to single out synthetic regions. Forms: single-featured and multi-featured.

Economical geography. — 2002

Seismic zoning

Seismic zoning, assessment of potential seismic hazard in a seismically active region. The identification of seismically hazardous areas is based on the results of a joint analysis of instrumental and macroseismic data on earthquakes of past years ...

TSB. - 1969-1978

Seismic zoning is a branch of seismology whose task is to assess the potential seismic hazard, expressed in terms of the maximum possible intensity of earthquakes in points.

Seismic zoning (a. seismic zoning; n. Gebietsaufteilung in Erdbebenzonen; f. zonation sismigue; and. division en regiones sismicos) is the division of a territory into regions with varying degrees of intensity of expected earthquakes.

Geological dictionary. — 1978

Climatic zoning

Climatic zoning - the division of the area into belts, zones, regions and smaller regions with more or less uniform climatic conditions or climatic characteristics.

CLIMATIC ZONING CLIMATIC ZONING The division of a locality (region, country, continent or ocean, the entire globe) into belts, zones, regions and smaller areas with more or less uniform climatic conditions.

Ecological dictionary

Economic zoning

Economic zoning Economic zoning is the allocation of a system of subordinate economic regions of the country or major region, objectively reflecting the existing geographical division of labor.

Glossary of financial terms

Economic zoning is the allocation of a system of subordinate economic regions of a country or a large region that objectively reflects the existing geographical division of labor.

Glossary of financial terms

ECONOMIC ZONING - the allocation of a system of subordinate economic regions of a country or a large region, objectively reflecting the existing territorial division of labor.

Big encyclopedic dictionary

faunal zoning

Faunistic zoning is the zoning of the Earth's surface into subordinate regions that differ in the features of the faunal composition.

en.wikipedia.org

FAUNISTIC ZONING FAUNISTIC ZONING of land and the World Ocean, division of the Earth's surface and otd. its territories and waters into regions…

Zoogeographic zoning of land and the World Ocean, division (based on zoogeographic data) of the globe and its individual territories and water areas into zoogeographic regions.

TSB. - 1969-1978

Floristic zoning

Floristic zoning, the division of the Earth's surface into areas that differ in the systematic composition of the flora and the history of the formation and development of floras.

TSB. - 1969-1978

Floristic zoning - zoning of the Earth's surface into subordinate regions that differ in the peculiarities of the floristic composition. The largest units of floristic zoning are kingdoms, sub-kingdoms, regions, sub-regions ...

en.wikipedia.org

FLORAL REGIONING FLORAL REGIONING division of the Earth's surface into regions that differ Ch. arr. according to the composition of endemic taxa and the history of the formation and development of their floras.

Biological encyclopedic dictionary. — 1986

Physical-geographical zoning

Physical-geographical zoning, a system of territorial divisions of the earth's surface (regions), which have internal unity and peculiar features of nature; the process of their identification is one of the forms of synthesis in physical geography.

TSB. - 1969-1978

Physical-geographical zoning is a system of territorial division of the earth's surface, based on the identification and study of a system of subordinate natural regions ...

PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ZONING PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ZONING A system of territorial division of the earth's surface based on the identification of subordinate natural regions.

Ecological dictionary

Russian language

Zoning, -i.

Orthographic dictionary. - 2004

When filling out a special accounting card in the Assay Chamber, jewelers often make mistakes when filling out the "Administrative District" cell. We suggest that you consider in this article the procedure for filling out this cell.

"Administrative region" the cell in the special account card to the Assay Office must be filled out.

In the cell " Administrative region» special accounting cards must indicate the administrative district of the republic, territory, region, autonomous region, autonomous district, which is part of the Russian Federation, an intracity district or district of a city of federal significance - related to objects of the second level of classification according to OKATO, or an intracity district, district of a republican city , regional, regional significance (subordination) - objects of the third level of classification.

Nizhny Novgorod region - the code of the subject of the Russian Federation - 52

Locality	Administrative region
Nizhny Novgorod	Avtozavodsky district Kanavinsky district Leninsky district Moskovsky district Nizhny Novgorod region Prioksky district Sovietsky district Sormovsky district
Arzamas	Urban district city of Arzamas
	Bor city district
	Vyksa city district
Dzerzhinsk	Urban district city of Dzerzhinsk
Kulebaki	Urban district city of Kulebaki
Navashino	Urban district city of Navashino
Pervomaisk	Urban district city of Pervomaisk
	Urban district city of Sarov
Semenov	City district Semenovsky
Sokolskoye	Sokolsky urban district
Chkalovsk	Urban district city of Chkalovsk
Shakhunya	Urban district city of Shakhunya

Vladimir region - the code of the subject of the Russian Federation - 33

Kirov region - code of the subject of the Russian Federation - 43

The Republic of Tatarstan - the code of the subject of the Russian Federation - 16

The Republic of Mordovia - the code of the subject of the Russian Federation - 13

Chuvash Republic - code of the subject of the Russian Federation - 21

The Republic of Mari El - the code of the subject of the Russian Federation - 12

Zoning is the most important method of spatial analysis in economic geography.

With the help of zoning, territorial integrity ( Earth, region, country) is divided into parts that differ in a number of ways. Thus, geographical differences are revealed, the explanation of which serves as a means to achieve the goal - the knowledge of its territorial diversity.
The following steps are distinguished in the zoning procedure:

1. distinction between districts,

2. comprehension (i.e. content characteristic)

3. delimitation (i.e., indication of boundaries).

Physical-geographical zoning is a system of territorial division of the earth's surface, based on the identification and study of a system of subordinate natural regions that have internal unity and unique individual features of nature.

Zoning can be zonal (belts, zones and subzones) and azonal (physical-geographical countries, regions, provinces, districts, tracts, facies), sectoral (by relief, climate, soils, etc.) and complex.

Economic zoning is the process of dividing a country into integral territorial parts of the national economy, which have their own production specifics and strong economic ties. Economic zoning is based on the allocation of economic regions.

Recreational zoning - division of the territory according to the principle of homogeneity of features, the nature of recreational use.

Lecture: Zoning as a method of geographical synthesis

The main features of recreational zoning are the level of recreational development of the territory and the structure of recreational functions (medical, health, tourist, excursion).

Seismic zoning is the mapping of potential seismic hazard due to the maximum possible seismic impacts, expressed in points of the macroseismic intensity scale, as well as in other physical units- in accelerations, velocities, spectra, duration of ground vibrations, etc., which must be taken into account when designing and building in seismic areas.

Floristic zoning is the zoning of the Earth's surface into subordinate regions that differ in the peculiarities of the floristic composition. The largest units of floristic zoning are kingdoms, sub-kingdoms, regions, sub-regions, provinces, districts.

Faunistic zoning - zoning of the Earth's surface into subordinate regions that differ in the features of faunal

Hydrogeological zoning is the allocation of hydrogeological regions according to certain hydrogeological indicators, or according to their combination. Zoning, depending on the goals and objectives of the research, is carried out on a different scale, with different detail, taking into account various factors in the formation of groundwater.

Administrative-territorial division

Russia is a federal state, uniting 83 subjects of the Federation, which are divided into 8 federal districts.

In Russia, two types of territorial division are used:

administrative-territorial - for the orderly implementation of functions government controlled(see OKATO codes)

municipal - for the organization of local self-government (see OKTMO codes)

There are two main approaches to the ratio of administrative and municipal divisions:

the combination of two types of division - the boundaries of municipal districts coincide with the boundaries of administrative districts. Example: Administrative-territorial division of the Chelyabinsk region

legal separation of two types of division - the boundaries of administrative and municipal units can change independently, two municipal districts or a municipal district and an urban district can operate within the boundaries of an administrative region. Example: Administrative-territorial division of the Sverdlovsk region

In addition, additional administrative levels may be created in the subjects of the Federation. For example:

in terms of municipal division, Moscow is divided into

146 "intracity territories of a city of federal significance" (see Local government in Moscow)

Moscow is administratively divided into:

12 administrative districts (for example: North-East administrative district) - an administrative level that is absent from the municipal division scheme

Districts (coincide in territory with municipalities)

There are currently 9 federal districts in Russia:

Central Federal District

Southern Federal District

Northwestern Federal District

Far Eastern Federal District

Siberian Federal District

Ural federal district

Volga Federal District

North Caucasian Federal District

Crimean Federal District

Successful management of any large territory is impossible without its zoning, or administrative-territorial division, i.e. division of this territory into its component parts. The problems of zoning are especially relevant for states with a vast territory, diverse natural conditions, and a great potential for productive forces. The need for zoning and administrative-territorial division reflects the objective process of regional and regional formation, which is determined by the size of the territories, the economic ties that have developed in them, national, religious and other features. Zoning is carried out at two levels, determined by its goals: cognitive and transformative.

The cognitive level pursues the study of the natural, demographic and economic potential of the country by highlighting homogeneous territories. It allows you to accumulate statistical material, thereby creating the basis for the transition to a transformative level.

The transformative level of zoning is associated with the development and implementation of prospects for the rational use of natural, demographic and economic potential and the corresponding allocation of regions in order to maximize the efficient use of their resources. Depending on the features by which districts are distinguished at the above levels, the types of zoning also differ. In particular, natural, demographic and economic zoning are distinguished. It should be borne in mind that economic zoning, along with established economic ties and economic relations to one degree or another, it already takes into account both natural (climate, fertility, resource endowment, etc.) and demographic (population, labor resources, etc.) zoning. In turn, economic zoning is divided into sectoral and integral. Sectoral zoning contributes to the correct placement of enterprises in a particular industry, while integral zoning contributes to the integrated development of regions. As a rule, the territorial division of countries is carried out on the basis of integral economic zoning. The main element of the territorial structure of the country's economy, taking into account specialization in the territorial division of labor, the specifics of natural resource and socio-economic conditions, is the economic region. An economic region is a part of the country's national economy in a certain territory, characterized by a certain economic and geographical position, territorial and economic unity, originality of natural and economic conditions, historically established industrial specialization based on the territorial division of labor.

General economic zoning.

There are 11 economic regions in Russia: Northern, Northwestern, Central, Central Black Earth, Volga, Volga-Vyatka, North Caucasian, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian and Far East. The role of economic regions is performed by interregional associations of economic interaction. Along with economic regions for strategic analysis and forecasting, Russia is divided into macroeconomic zones (West and East or European, including the Urals, and Eastern, including the territories of Siberia and the Far East).

Special economic zoning (problematic).

There are several types of problem regions:

backward or poorly developed - territories that traditionally have a low (compared to other regions of the country) level of economic development and life of the population.

depressive - these are territories in which, for economic, political, social, environmental and other reasons, they have ceased to conditions and incentives for development, these territories cannot count on self-resolution of the depressive situation and require organized state support for this.

Crisis regions are regions that are currently experiencing a decline in economic activity due to socio-economic or natural disasters.

Border - a type of regions in need of special state regulation. The concept of "border region" implies that the territory included in it is significantly influenced by the state border. Economic zoning is the most important prerequisite for the administrative-territorial division of the country, which should be built on a socio-economic basis, taking into account both economic specifics and historical factors. At the same time, the criteria for administrative-territorial division can be: the approximate equality of the area of territorial entities, their population, economic potential, etc., as well as the convenience of manageability of territories by bringing the subject of management closer to the object - to the population and economic units (taking into account transport and other . communications).

Administrative-territorial division.

There are 83 regions in the Russian Federation - 21 republics, 46 regions, 9 territories, 4 autonomous districts, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous region.

In May 2000, 7 federal districts were formed on the territory of Russia. Now there are 8 of them: Northwestern, Central, Volga, North Caucasian, Southern, Ural, Siberian, Far Eastern.

The federal district is an administrative-territorial unit of direct subordination to the central authorities of the state, which is not a subject of the federation.

Federal districts do not affect the main ATD and serve as a form of strengthening the vertical of state power.

- (zoning) Territorial distribution process various kinds economic activities by public authorities within their powers to manage land use. As a rule, with the help of zoning, residential, ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

zoning- me, cf. rayon m. German Rayonieren. new, official Administrative territorial division of the country into regions. R. areas. Ush. 1939. Action on value. ch. regionalize. Economic zoning of the country. Agro-climatic zoning. BASS 1.… … Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

REGIONING, zoning, pl. no, cf. (neol. official). Administrative territorial division of the country into regions. Regionalization of regions. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Zoning Dictionary of Russian synonyms. zoning noun, number of synonyms: 4 zoning (1) ... Synonym dictionary

ROOM, roar, rue; this; owls. and nesov., that. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Administrative territorial. By February 1917, the territory of Petrograd in administrative police terms was divided into 12 police units (Admiralteyskaya, Aleksandro Nevskaya, Vasilievskaya, Vyborgskaya, Kazanskaya, Kolomenskaya, Liteynaya… St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

English division into districts; German Rayonierung; Gebietseinteilung. 1. The division of the country's territory into regions according to certain characteristics (natural, economic, administrative, political, national, etc.). 2. Distribution by individual districts. Antinazi.… … Encyclopedia of Sociology

REGIONING- a set of actions to identify territorial differentiation and integration of the geographical envelope or its section, as well as natural and social economic processes interaction between society and nature. Ecological encyclopedic ... ... Ecological dictionary

zoning- The system of territorial division into districts. Note The features by which districts are distinguished may be different in nature, in the breadth of coverage of features, and in the purpose of zoning. [RD 01.120.00 KTN 228 06] Topics main oil pipeline ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

zoning- Allocation according to accepted criteria (both natural and anthropogenic) in the study area (water area) of areas in such a way that within their limits the phenomenon or process under consideration is sufficiently homogeneous, but noticeably different from ... ... Geography Dictionary

Books

Climatic zoning of the territory of Russia. Poster, . Scale 1:6 000 000. Colored backgrounds on the map show climatic zones and climate types. For individual settlements- Diagrams of the annual course of temperatures and precipitation. Art.…
Physical-geographical zoning of the territory of Russia. Poster, . Scale 1:6 000 000. Colored backgrounds on the map show plain and mountain landscapes, numbers indicate physical and geographical countries and regions. A solid red line in Roman numerals...

- (zoning) The process of territorial distribution of various types of economic activities by public authorities within their powers to manage land use. As a rule, with the help of zoning, residential, ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

REGIONING- REGIONING, zoning, pl. no, cf. (neol. official). Administrative territorial division of the country into regions. Regionalization of regions. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

zoning- zoning Dictionary of Russian synonyms. zoning noun, number of synonyms: 4 zoning (1) ... Synonym dictionary

zoning- ROOM, roar, rue; this; owls. and nesov., that. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Zoning- administrative territorial. By February 1917, the territory of Petrograd in administrative police terms was divided into 12 police units (Admiralteyskaya, Aleksandro Nevskaya, Vasilievskaya, Vyborgskaya, Kazanskaya, Kolomenskaya, Liteynaya… St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

REGIONING- English. division into districts; German Rayonierung; Gebietseinteilung. 1. The division of the country's territory into regions according to certain characteristics (natural, economic, administrative, political, national, etc.). 2. Distribution by individual districts. Antinazi.… … Encyclopedia of Sociology

REGIONING- a set of actions to identify territorial differentiation and integration of the geographic shell or its section, as well as natural and socio-economic processes of interaction between society and nature. Ecological encyclopedic ... ... Ecological dictionary

Books

Climatic zoning of the territory of Russia. Poster, . Scale 1:6 000 000. Colored backgrounds on the map show climatic zones and climate types. For individual settlements - diagrams of the annual course of temperatures and precipitation. Art.… Buy for 492 rubles
Physical-geographical zoning of the territory of Russia. Poster, . Scale 1:6 000 000. Colored backgrounds on the map show plain and mountain landscapes, numbers indicate physical and geographical countries and regions. A solid red line in Roman numerals...